Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Renforcement (Psychologie)'
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Launay, Michel. "Le renforcement signalé chez l'animal : renforcement positif." Montpellier 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON30014.
Full textThe signaled reinforcement is a typical pavlovina conditioning procedure in which the reinforcer is preceded by the presentation of a signal. In instrumental conditioning with signaled reinforcement, the reinforced response lend to the presentation of a stimulus which predicts the reinforcer. Such an experimental paradigm represents an excellent test of the associative processes which develop between responses, signal and reinforcer and, therefore, of the theoretical models describing those processes in animals. The experimental results confirm the validity of recent models of conditioning (e. G. The wagner-rescorla model) as opposed to the traditional s-r interpretations. The results also suggest some constraints the future models should support, especially in relation to the functioning of neural networks or to inferential information processing
Hervieux, Chloé. "Pracs : programme de renforcement de l'autonomie et des capacités sociales." Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX10008.
Full textDeroche-Gamonet, Véronique. "Interactions entre glucocorticoides et processus de renforcement." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR28264.
Full textMontagne, Fabien. "Une architecture logicielle pour aider un agent apprenant par renforcement." Littoral, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DUNK0198.
Full textThis thesis deals with reinforcement learning. One of the main advantage of this learning is to not require to know explicitely the expected behavior. During its learning, the agent percieves states, gets a set of rewards and selects actions to carry out. The agent fits its behavior by optimizing the amount of rewards. Nevertheless, the computing time required quickly becomes prohibitive. This is mainly due to the agent’s need of exploring its environment. The approach considered here consists in using external knowledge to “guide” the agent during its exploration. This knowledge constitutes an help which can, for example, be expressed by trajectories that set up a knowledge database. These trajectories are used to limit the exploration of the environment while allowing the agent to build a good quality behavior. Helping an agent does neither involve knowing the actions choose in all states, nor having the same perceptions as the agent. The critic-critic architecture was devised to fulfill to this problematic. It combines a standard reinforcement learning algorithm with an help given through potentials. The potentials assiociate a value to each transition of the trajectories. The value function estimation by the agent and the potential of the help are combined during the training. Fitting this combine dynamically makes it possible to throw assistance into question while guaranteing an optimal or almost optimal policy quickly. It is formally proved that the proposed algorithm converges under certain conditions. Moreover, empirical work show that the agent is able to benefit from an help without these conditions
Buffet, Olivier Bernard Henri. "Une double approche modulaire de l'apprentissage par renforcement pour des agents intelligents adaptatifs." Nancy 1, 2003. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2003_0108_BUFFET.pdf.
Full textThese PhD thesis has been interested in two fields of artificial intelligence: reinforcement learning (RL) on the one hand, and multi-agent systems (MAS) on the other hand. The former allows for the conception of agents (intelligent entities) based on a reinforcement signal which rewards decisions leading to the specified goal, whereas the latter is concerned with the intelligence that can result from the interaction of a group of entities (in the perspective that the whole is more than the sum of its parts). Both these tools suffer from various difficulties. The work we accomplished has shown how these tools can serve each other to answer some of these problems. Thus, agents of a MAS have been conceived through RL, and the architecture of a reinforcement learning agent has been designed as a MAS. Both tools appear to be very complementary, and our global approach of a ``progresssive'' design has proved its efficiency
Prevel, Arthur. "Etude du conditionnement rétrograde dans une procédure de renforcement conditionné." Thesis, Lille 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL30040/document.
Full textIn human and non-human animals, environmental stimuli that reliably accompany the presentation of significant events are able after repeated exposures of eliciting anticipatory behaviors. Many authors underlined the adaptive value of anticipatory responses, and suggested a connection with Pavlovian conditioning. Linking anticipatory behaviors to Pavlovian conditioning is supported by the similarity in procedure (i.e. a pairing between a neutral stimulus with a significant event), but also on the common effects and phenomena, and the authors assume that Pavlovian conditioning is the process underlying the anticipation of events. This assumption is at the heart of the Information Hypothesis, and more generally of a functional and predictive perspective of Pavlovian conditioning. According to the Information Hypothesis, Pavlovian conditioning only occurs when an unexpected significant event is presented, and learning (i.e. the formation of association) would be about stimuli that allow the anticipation of the significant event. Using a backward conditioning procedure in a conditioned reinforcement preparation, we tested the assumptions made by the Information Hypothesis. The results found argue against the Information Hypothesis and, in contrast, support the assumption made by two others types of leaning models, illustrated by the Temporal Coding Hypothesis and the SOP model. The Temporal Coding Hypothesis and SOP are tested in a third experiment. Implications for Pavlovian conditioning models and anticipatory behaviors in general are discussed
Rahmouni, Sohir. "Adaptation saccadique : un modèle d’apprentissage opérant et ses contraintes biologiques." Thesis, Lille 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL3H070.
Full textHow do organisms adapt their motor behaviors to environmental variations? This thesis attempts to answer this question within the framework of operant conditioning applied to a form of motor learning called saccadic adaptation. We postulate that the vision of a target is the functional reinforcer that leads to the adaptation of the saccade amplitudes. In the first study of this thesis we measured the saccade adaptation in a large number of participants. The results reveal the high reproducibility of this learning. However, we also report strong inter-individual differences that do not appear to be correlated to the individual characteristics of the saccadic system, and may reflect more general differences in sensitivity to reinforcement contingencies.To explore the effect of the reinforcement on the amplitude of the saccades we have constructed a paradigm to dissociate the role of reinforcement from the role of the position error signal. The second study of this thesis reveals that having the ability to perform a visual discrimination task contingent on the saccades amplitudes can effectively induce modifications of the saccadic gain, which supports the hypothesis of the operant nature of saccadic adaptation. The analysis of the motor changes also suggests that there are strong biological constraints for this learning. In a third study, we further explore other biological constraints by focusing on the conditions for discriminative control for saccadic adaptation. We show that the shape and colour of the target can serve as a discriminative stimulus to evoke different states of adaptation. By taking into account the biological dimension of the behavior and making these stimuli relevant by adding a distractor, we forced the target selection and increased the relevance of the characteristic used for discriminative control. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that saccades are operant behaviors. They also reveal the specific nature of the constraints applying to learning and underline the importance of matching the reinforcement contingencies to the behavioral system under consideration
Fournier, Pierre. "Intrinsically Motivated and Interactive Reinforcement Learning : a Developmental Approach." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS634.
Full textReinforcement learning (RL) is today more popular than ever, but certain basic skills are still out of reach of this paradigm: object manipulation, sensorimotor control, natural interaction with other agents. A possible approach to address these challenges consist in taking inspiration from human development, or even trying to reproduce it. In this thesis, we study the intersection of two crucial topics in developmental sciences and how to apply them to RL in order to tackle the aforementioned challenges: interactive learning and intrinsic motivation. Interactive learning and intrinsic motivation have already been studied, separately, in combination with RL, but in order to improve quantitatively existing agents performances, rather than to learn in a developmental fashion. We thus focus our efforts on the developmental aspect of these subjects. Our work touches the self-organisation of learning in developmental trajectories through an intrinsically motivated for learning progress, and the interaction of this organisation with goal-directed learning and imitation learning. We show that these mechanisms, when implemented in open-ended environments with no task predefined, can interact to produce learning behaviors that are sound from a developmental standpoint, and richer than those produced by each mechanism separately
Bouffard, Marianne. "Le soutien au comportement positif et la prévention des problèmes disciplinaires à l'école." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28034/28034.pdf.
Full textSomat, Alain. "Normativité, valeur sociale et structuration en mémoire de l'information explicative." Grenoble 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE29013.
Full textThree series of experimentations validate the general idea that normativity penetrates the subject's cognitive organisation and its processing levels, even the lowest ones. Thus, some cognitive contents linked to internal causal explanations (ice) could be more accessible. The results show that ice treatment is more automatical than the cognitive contents connected to external causal explanations (ece). Considering cognitive and socio cognitive developpemental psychology theories, we finally assume that : 1. Ice are more based on semantic memory elements than ece. 2. The social value of ice is transfered in semantic memory and, because of its specific treatment, it is immediatly captured. There might be an automatic extraction of the social value linked to ice. 3. Internalisation could be this transfer of social value in semantic memory
Mekkass, Francis. "Etude exploratoire de la discrimination par les quantités de réponses itérées chez l'humain." Thesis, Lille 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL30064/document.
Full textThis dissertation focuses on discrimination of behaviors by iterated responses, which falls in the scope of field of discrimination by quantities. First, we investigate how discrimination by several couples of iterated responses quantities could be related with the evolution of instantaneous rates of iterated responses entropy. Then, iterated responses dynamic was analyzed for several iterated responses quantities, and response topographies. The third experiment investigates the correspondence between specific dynamics of responses exhibited in fixed-ratio schedules and discrimination by couples of quantities of iterated responses. At last, effects of the disruption of the installation of the dynamic of responses on discrimination by these quantities of iterated responses have been measured. Results show that discrimination by quantities of iterated responses is possible, and that specific dynamics of responses match specific quantities of iterated responses. Although correspondence between such dynamics and discrimination have not been demonstrated, effects of disruption of dynamic of responses installation have been observed suggesting that a link between dynamic of responses and discrimination exists
Bouhadj, Laakri. "Développement d'outils de gestion pour la prise en compte des enjeux de santé dans les opérations d'aménagement urbain : atténuation des vulnérabilités et renforcement de la résilience des systèmes territoriaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILS046.
Full textThe design of our cities and regions is crucial for our health and well-being. It notably impacts the quality of our living environment, the air we breathe, the water we drink, our access to green spaces, healthcare services, and employment opportunities (OMS & ONU, 2021). Indeed, our health are influenced by numerous factors that go beyond the scope of pathology alone. The focus of this thesis is to develop a decision support tool that local actors can use to better consider health in urban planning and development plans, documents, and projects.The first objective of the thesis is to characterize the environmental and social health inequalities (ESHI) at the sub-municipal level within the perimeter of the European metropolis of Lille's Territorial Coherence Scheme. A literature review and thematic workshops involving local and regional stakeholders were organized, and a methodological framework was proposed for constructing spatialized composite indices of vulnerability and resilience. Furthermore, a methodology for analyzing the profiles of territory categories resulting from the joint interpretation of the two indices was developed.The second objective is to support and promote the consideration of health issues in urban development projects by proposing an experimental approach applied to two development projects. The in-depth analysis of environmental health issues in the two neighborhoods, along with the contribution of the working group composed of the two project teams and field observations, helped to better understand the factors of vulnerability and resilience present in these neighborhoods. It also enabled the evaluation of the impact of the development project on these neighborhoods and the proposal of a theoretical modeling of improvement prospects for the two development proposals.The obtained results highlight the importance of considering not only the vulnerability and resilience factors of territories but also the spatial dimension. Dividing the European metropolis of Lille's Territorial Coherence Scheme into homogeneous zones would facilitate understanding the dynamics of ESHI at a fine scale. The use of composite indices at the scale of a development project brings to light the issue of transversality and the impact of all involved dimensions. At this scale, composite indices provide an overall vision of the issues within a neighborhood, they also reveal the limitations of development policies for reducing ESHI
Clairis, Nicolas. "Βases cérébrales du compromis coûts/bénéfices." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses-intra.upmc.fr/modules/resources/download/theses/2020SORUS026.pdf.
Full textEvery day we make decisions about the actions we want to perform. These decisions are based on a trade-off between the benefits we hope to obtain from performing these actions, and the costs, in terms of effort, associated with those actions. This thesis examines the neural correlates of the cost/benefit trade-off through three studies conducted in healthy participants using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In the first study, we were able to dissociate the neural correlates of the computation of the cost/benefit trade-off from the neural correlates of the variables regulating this computation. Indeed, in this study, the computation of the cost/benefit trade-off was associated with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, whereas confidence in the decision and the time spent in deliberating were associated with more dorsal parts of the medial prefrontal cortex. With our second study, we observed that, in two tasks, involving a mental or a physical effort, the performance was better explained by a Pavlovian bias than by loss aversion. In other words, as opposed to what has been shown mainly in choice tasks, individuals tended to give more weight to gains than to losses. The third study allowed us to show that, even in a simple reinforcement learning task, the brain areas linked to the exertion of a mental effort were recruited while the cost/benefit trade-off was being computed, suggesting that this task was not carried out purely automatically. All these results allow us to better characterize the brain areas involved in the cost/benefit trade-off and the conditions in which these areas are active
Préfontaine, Isabelle. "Utilisation de la technologie mobile pour réduire l’autostimulation : validation des algorithmes décisionnels du iSTIM." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/19390.
Full textDufour, Marie-Michèle. "Monitorage des mesures physiologiques et des comportements répétitifs associés au stress chez les enfants ayant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24648.
Full textAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by the presence of difficulties in social communication and the presence of repetitive behaviors and restricted interests (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Children with ASD have several concurrent difficulties, such as deficits in communication, socialization, and executive function, as well as the presence of sensory peculiarities that make them more likely to experience high levels of stress (Groden et al., 2005). Although these children are at increased risk for stress, a number of methodological issues make it difficult to measure, particularly in non-verbal children. For these reasons, the use of physiological measures to assess stress among this group is highly relevant. On the other hand, the sensory sensitivities of these children could potentially make them more likely to be intolerant to these measures. Therefore, the first study in this thesis aims to evaluate the effectiveness of differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) to increase compliance with wearing a heart rate monitor in two non-verbal children with ASD. The results obtained portray that this intervention was effective in getting these children to increase their compliance to wearing a cardiac device. Another aspect that has received much attention in recent years is the involvement of stress in explaining repetitive behaviors in individuals with ASD. However, the results of previous studies have been producing contradictory results (de Vaan et al., 2018; Gabriels et al., 2013; Hutt et al., 1975; Lydon et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2015), and have mainly been using indirect measures of stereotypy. For this reason, the second study in this thesis aims to evaluate the relationship between salivary cortisol, heart rate, and direct observational measures of stereotypy in four minimally verbal children with ASD. The results show that cortisol and heart rate are significantly related to global and motor stereotypy, but not to vocal stereotypy. Finally, measuring stereotypy requires a lot of resources, which could explain the preponderance of indirect measuring in studies on stress. As with the measurement of stress, it is important to consider affordable and alternative methods that could improve the measurement of these behaviors, and therefore the third study evaluated the effectiveness of an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm in the recognition of vocal stereotypy in children with ASD. The results show that the performance of the algorithm is superior to recognition due to chance. Although future research is needed to increase the effectiveness of this method, AI represents an innovative technology with the potential to significantly improve the methods currently used to measure vocal stereotypy. In conclusion, this thesis explores different innovative methods to better understand and monitor stereotypy in children with ASD.
Mc, Duff Emeline. "Apprentissage et productivité lors de la saisie de données chez des adultes présentant une déficience intellectuelle." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20323.
Full textLessard, Joannie. "Les relations mères-enfants lorsqu'un enfant enfreint une règle : étude de l'impact des stratégies visant à renforcer les règles et du climat interpersonnel." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12363.
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