Academic literature on the topic 'Rent (Economic theory) Land use'
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Journal articles on the topic "Rent (Economic theory) Land use"
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Ivanenko, Olesya. "The Land Rent Theory Evolution in Sustainable Development Paradigm." E3S Web of Conferences 105 (2019): 04025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910504025.
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The problem of land rent is directly related to the achievement of the limit of land involvement in agricultural production. In turn, the paradigm of sustainable development includes the issues of the constant growth of the food security of the people of the Earth, the fight against hunger, etc. The theoretical and methodological foundations of land rent are considered in the paradigm of sustainable development, in relation to the evolution of the concepts of leading scientific schools. The nature of land rent is described, its main types and sources of genesis are revealed. From the point of view of the institutional approach, land rent is considered as an institutional relation. The category of the land rent institution has been clarified. The role of land rent in ensuring sustainable development in the understanding of various schools of economics is shown; conclusions are drawn that make it possible to distinguish the features of basic approaches to determining land rent from the perspective of key sustainable development issues studied by schools of economics. It is concluded that it is necessary to use an integrated approach to the study of the category of land rent as a combination of environmental, cognitive, economic and institutional relations.
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Martínez, F. J. "The Bid—Choice Land-Use Model: An Integrated Economic Framework." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 24, no. 6 (June 1992): 871–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a240871.
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Alonso's bid-rent theory and the discrete-choice random-utility theory appear in the literature as well-established alternative frameworks to model urban land use. As both approaches share the support of microeconomic theory, the main issue addressed in this paper is the theoretical comparison of the two approaches. It is demonstrated that in perfectly competitive land markets these approaches are equivalent, therefore they should be understood as complementary rather than alternative. The case of markets subject to speculative land prices is then explored for the cases of speculative supply and/or speculative demand, with the discovery that both approaches are theoretically equivalent in every case studied, thus extending the previous conclusion for the general case. These conclusions provide the base for an integrated and more comprehensive urban economic theory and for the bid-choice land-use model.
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Cromley, R. G., and D. M. Hanink. "A Financial-Economic von Thünen Model." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 21, no. 7 (July 1989): 951–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a210951.
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The von Thünen model of agricultural land use is reformulated in this paper as an investment decision in which the objectives of farmers range from total risk-aversion to profit-maximization. By means of a variant of the mean-variance model of contemporary portfolio theory, it is demonstrated that individual bid-rent functions depend on the nature of a farmer's utility function. Because farmers' objectives affect their bid-rent functions, the spatial pattern of agricultural production is also affected. The conventional result of the von Thünen model is shown to be a special case of the more general portfolio model.
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Samsonov, Ruslan A., Sergey N. Bocharov, Vitalii V. Mishchenko, and Mikhail Yu Kobrin. "Market and Regulatory Coefficients for Determining the Rent for Public Land in Regions." Economy of Region 17, no. 2 (June 2021): 673–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-2-23.
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As opposed to international studies, Russian scientists apply multifactorial models with specific coefficients to determine the rent for public lands. This research analyses and summarises the existing theoretical and normative approaches to coefficient calculation covered by domestic literature. We examine two types of coefficients: permitted use of land (K) and categories of land users (K 1 ). Based on the property valuation theory (income and comparative approaches), we demonstrated problems and disadvantages of the methods currently used to determine K and K 1 coefficients. Then, using the economic contract theory, we identified market and non-market (hybrid and hierarchical) regulation mechanisms and distinguished K and K 1 coefficients. Institutional differences of these indicators were theoretically substantiated. As a result, we developed economic algorithms for calculating market (K) and regulatory (K 1 ) coefficients that take into account both types of permitted use of land (for K) and categories of land users (for K 1 ) by considering preferences and restrictions in the field. The elaborated methodology was tested by performing complex calculations, which allowed us to obtain the values of K and K 1 coefficients for 18 local councils located in Pervomaysky District of Altai Krai for 112 types of permitted use of land. Proposed methodological recommendations can be applied for developing municipal programmes in Russia and abroad to increase the effectiveness and transparency of public land rent.
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Tarkhanov, O. "The usefulness, the surplus usefulness, and land rent: misconceptions and consequences." National Security and Strategic Planning, no. 2 (August 15, 2021): 100–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.37468/2307-1400-2021-2-100-116.
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On the basis of a comparison of ideas about surplus utility and land rent and the results of new research, the inconsistency of conclusions about the exclusivity of their labor nature is shown.
It is proved that the identification of the essence of both economic categories in the 19th and 20th century was hindered by the theory of mineral nutrition of plants. Following the theory led to the practice of applying mineral fertilizers, reduced to the use of additional capital in agriculture, and delayed the development of political economy due to the erroneous idea of the utility produced by the economic organism as a substance determined by human labor.
In turn, the adoption of the theory of mineral nutrition as a natural science theory, led to a delay in identifying the nature of natural soil fertility.
It is shown that the delay in overcoming the identified misconceptions about plant nutrition and the main categories of political economy leads to an increase in the crisis in the world economy.
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Souty, F., T. Brunelle, P. Dumas, B. Dorin, P. Ciais, R. Crassous, C. Müller, and A. Bondeau. "The Nexus Land-Use model version 1.0, an approach articulating biophysical potentials and economic dynamics to model competition for land-use." Geoscientific Model Development 5, no. 5 (October 19, 2012): 1297–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-1297-2012.
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Abstract. Interactions between food demand, biomass energy and forest preservation are driving both food prices and land-use changes, regionally and globally. This study presents a new model called Nexus Land-Use version 1.0 which describes these interactions through a generic representation of agricultural intensification mechanisms within agricultural lands. The Nexus Land-Use model equations combine biophysics and economics into a single coherent framework to calculate crop yields, food prices, and resulting pasture and cropland areas within 12 regions inter-connected with each other by international trade. The representation of cropland and livestock production systems in each region relies on three components: (i) a biomass production function derived from the crop yield response function to inputs such as industrial fertilisers; (ii) a detailed representation of the livestock production system subdivided into an intensive and an extensive component, and (iii) a spatially explicit distribution of potential (maximal) crop yields prescribed from the Lund-Postdam-Jena global vegetation model for managed Land (LPJmL). The economic principles governing decisions about land-use and intensification are adapted from the Ricardian rent theory, assuming cost minimisation for farmers. In contrast to the other land-use models linking economy and biophysics, crops are aggregated as a representative product in calories and intensification for the representative crop is a non-linear function of chemical inputs. The model equations and parameter values are first described in details. Then, idealised scenarios exploring the impact of forest preservation policies or rising energy price on agricultural intensification are described, and their impacts on pasture and cropland areas are investigated.
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Souty, F., T. Brunelle, P. Dumas, B. Dorin, P. Ciais, R. Crassous, C. Müller, and A. Bondeau. "The Nexus Land-Use model version 1.0, an approach articulating biophysical potentials and economic dynamics to model competition for land-use." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 5, no. 1 (February 21, 2012): 571–638. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-5-571-2012.
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Abstract. Interactions between food demand, biomass energy and forest preservation are driving both food prices and land-use changes, regionally and globally. This study presents a new model called Nexus Land-Use version 1.0 which describes these interactions through a generic representation of agricultural intensification mechanisms. The Nexus Land-Use model equations combine biophysics and economics into a single coherent framework to calculate crop yields, food prices, and resulting pasture and cropland areas within 12 regions inter-connected with each other by international trade. The representation of cropland and livestock production systems in each region relies on three components: (i) a biomass production function derived from the crop yield response function to inputs such as industrial fertilisers; (ii) a detailed representation of the livestock production system subdivided into an intensive and an extensive component, and (iii) a spatially explicit distribution of potential (maximal) crop yields prescribed from the Lund-Postdam-Jena global vegetation model for managed Land (LPJmL). The economic principles governing decisions about land-use and intensification are adapted from the Ricardian rent theory, assuming cost minimisation for farmers. The land-use modelling approach described in this paper entails several advantages. Firstly, it makes it possible to explore interactions among different types of biomass demand for food and animal feed, in a consistent approach, including indirect effects on land-use change resulting from international trade. Secondly, yield variations induced by the possible expansion of croplands on less suitable marginal lands are modelled by using regional land area distributions of potential yields, and a calculated boundary between intensive and extensive production. The model equations and parameter values are first described in details. Then, idealised scenarios exploring the impact of forest preservation policies or rising energy price on agricultural intensification are described, and their impacts on pasture and cropland areas are investigated.
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Alabi, Adekunle Moruf, Mubarak Olatunji Lasisi, and Maryam Abimbola Azeez. "The evolution of informal land use in a Nigerian market." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 47, no. 5 (October 10, 2018): 745–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808318804546.
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Urban growth is one of the indicators that reflects human interaction with the environment and has a direct effect on land use change. Continuous demand for space in Nigeria’s urban markets to accommodate shops and other retail outlets used for informal economic activities is accompanied by a change of use. This study examined the impact of informal economic activities on change of use in Bola Ige International Market, Ibadan. The concept of informal economy and the bid rent theory provided the conceptual/theoretical framework for this study. Geographical Information System was used to capture the change of use between 2006 and 2016. Land used for informal economic activities increased from 39.45% in 2006 to 55.35% in 2016, signifying a 15.9% increase. This implies that other land uses have been illegally converted and encroached. Transportation land use decreased from 31.47% in 2006 to 30.28% in 2011 and to 28.73% in 2016. Land used for open space (including parking space, and open trading area) which was 26.7% in 2006 reduced to 20.24% and 11.05% in 2011 and 2016, respectively. Most of the green areas (62.1%) have been converted to informal trading spaces between 2006 and 2016. Illegal change of use was credited to harsh economic condition in the country, and the engagement of the unemployed and retirees in informal sector economic activities. It was suggested that urban managers in conjunction with informed activists, researchers and citizens need to formulate and implement planning regulations that will integrate informal economic activities.
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Glovatskaya, N., S. Kozlova, and S. Lazurenko. "Development of Land-Property Relations in the City." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 2 (February 20, 2005): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2005-2-105-117.
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The problems of formation of land-property relations in the cities of Russia are considered in the article. Potential social-economic effects of the use of land and necessary conditions for their realization are analysed. The opportunity of different losses for businessmen and investors, population and the urban system as a whole are shown. Special attention is paid to the questions of economic regulation of land relations. In particular the necessity of using the ground-rent theory in the sphere of valuation of urban land and the correction on this basis of the taxation system is justified. By means of statistic methods the relationships of indices characterizing the activity on the land and investment markets in the regional context are estimated.
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Kurchenkov, Vladimir, Olga Fetisova, and Olga Makarenko. "Updating the Methodological Approaches to Calculating Rental for Land Plots of State and Municipal Property in Urban Districts." Regionalnaya ekonomika. Yug Rossii, no. 2 (August 2019): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/re.volsu.2019.2.16.
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The article proposes an economic rationale for the new approach to the formation of methods for calculating rental for land plots of state and municipal property in urban districts of Volgograd region. The authors propose to link the calculation of the value of the base rate of land rental within the city boundaries with indicators of the yield of federal loan bonds. The paper gives the substantiation of this approach from the point of view of the classical economic theory of absolute and differential rent, advanced regional practices in the Russian Federation, and advanced foreign practices. The article determines the advantage of leasing land versus owning it in modern conditions. It shows the reasonability of transition to the market assessment of urban land compared with the cadastral assessment, which does not correspond to the current situation in modern conditions and is often significantly higher than the real value of the land plot. This complicates the rational use of the land plot, contributes to reducing entrepreneurial activity and deterioration of the investment climate in the municipality and the region as a whole. In this regard, the authors propose to use the market value of the land plot as the basis for calculating rental rates. In addition to the base rate, it is proposed to introduce adjusting factors, which reflect the nature of the site and the type of economic activity of the main tenant into the main formula. The paper gives recommendations to regional executive authorities, as well as municipal authorities to optimize rental relations within urban districts, and increase the efficiency of rational use of land plots. The proposed methodological approach and its economic justification are universal and can be used in municipal formations in other regions of the Russian Federation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rent (Economic theory) Land use"
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Tikabo, Mahari Okbasillassie. "Land tenure in the highlands of Eritrea, economic theory and empirical evidence." [Ås, Norway] : Norges landbrukshøgskole, 2003. http://www.nlh.no/ios/Publikasjoner/avhandling/a2003-3.pdf.
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Thesis--Norges Landbrukshøgskole, Institutt for økonomi og samfunnsfag, 2003.Title from title screen (viewed June 1, 2004). Includes bibliographical references (p. 200-204). Also issued in print format.
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Kneller, Richard. "Fiscal policy in models of economic growth : theory and evidence." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11206/.
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Growth models contain strong predictions regarding the effect of fiscal policy on the steady state growth path. Fiscal policies have no effect on the steady state growth rate in the neoclassical model whereas fiscal policy does feature in the steady state of endogenous growth models. The number of alternative policies which have been found to effect growth in the endogenous growth models is large as one of the few restrictions placed upon policy in the models is which sector of the model is affected, demand or supply. Only policies that are included in the supply side of the model affect the growth rate. Despite the strength of the growth predictions regarding fiscal policy in growth models the empirical relationship between the two has proved more difficult establish. Even when comparisons are made between studies that purport to correct for many of the statistical biasesp resent in the data, non- robustnesss till abounds. We believe that this non-robustnessc an in part be explained by a failure to adequately account for the predictions from the theoretical models. We use four conclusions from our review of the theoretical literature (the method of financing changes in policy, differences between the transition and the steady state, the assumption of homogeneity of expenditures, and the direct versus indirect effects of policy) to provide the shape for new empirical tests. We find that once done, the strength of the empirical relationship is increased and matches the predictions from the basic public policy endogenous growth model of Barro (1990).
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Cable, John. "Employee participation and enterprise performance : an economic analysis." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1986. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/34798/.
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This study investigates the relationship between employee participation in decision-making within production enterprises and their economic performance. Alternative forms of employee involvement such as profit sharing and employee ownership are also considered. A theoretical framework is developed in which the firm's structural and performance characteristics are seen as the outcome of a strategic game in which employers and workers can either seek to impose unilateral control or cooperate to maximise joint welfare. Two new theoretical insights are gained. The first is that a latent 'prisoners dilemma' may be inhibiting more widespread adoption of participatory production. The second involves an important distinction between two conceptually separate ways in which the hypothesized participation-performance relationship might operate. Problems of measuring the key, participation variable in empirical work are raised and solved. A test procedure is devised and applied to arbitrarily-weighted participation indexes of the kind used in previous econometric work. In all cases tested the indices are found to rest on unacceptably restrictive assumptions. This calls into question previous results and appears to present a barrier to further work. However alternative, Guttman scales of participation are proposed anfound statistically valid for samples of firms in the West German and UK engineering industries. Incidentally these tests provide support for an existing hypothesis in the literature concerning the pattern of development of participation within the firm. When applied to subsamples of participatory and non-participatory firms in the West German database, significance tests of subsample means and discriminant analysis reveal no statistically significant differences in productivity. However significant differences in technology and labour-force characteristics are found, in particular indicating greater human capital development in participatory firms. OLS and 2SLS estimates of augumented production functions in general confirm these results. Implications for public policy measures to promote greater industrial democracy and profit-sharing are briefly considered.
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Tamvakis, Michael N. "An economic model of the iron ore trade." Thesis, City, University of London, 1999. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/18322/.
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Iron ore is among the biggest, non-energy extractive industry in the world in terms of value, and the biggest in terms of the volumes of cargo it channels in international trade. Two key characteristics of the iron ore market are central to its study: firstly, there is only a small number of buyers and sellers; and secondly, there is a great degree of interdependence among buyers and sellers and both groups are aware of this interdependence. For buyers, security of supplies is crucial. For sellers, long-term commitment from importers is essential in order to maintain the long-run viability of mining projects. Since the 1960s, long-term contracts have been, and still are, the main vehicle used in international iron ore trade. Under the light of the above peculiarities of the iron market, a non-competitive analytical framework is adopted. This thesis proposes an alternative profit maximising behaviour different to the solutions offered by oligopoly and bilateral monopoly theorists. In this case, the importer enters negotiations with complete knowledge of his own minimum acceptable price, a possible idea of his partner's maximum acceptable price and also an idea (which can be held with varying degrees of certainty) of what alternative suppliers may be able to offer. This will restrict the range of prices over which negotiations take place and will mitigate the bargaining power of the seller. A buyer is likely to act in a similar manner, knowing that the seller has alternative export outlets, but he can also use other bargaining tools to achieve a better deal. A quite common tool is the promise of long term commitment through the signing of contracts, acquisition of equity stakes in mines or provision of financing facilities. The behaviour of the trading partners in such an oligopoly/oligopsony (or bilateral oligopoly) environment is also studied empirically with a relatively simple and tried econometric technique, borrowed from consumption and investment theory and applied for the first time for all top iron ore importers, who collectively have accounted for approximately 90% of world trade in the last 35 years. The model performs well in most cases and reveals: firstly, different results from previous research in the case of Japan; and secondly - and most importantly - substantial differences in the way Far East and West European importers behave.
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Taylor, Calvin Francis. "The role of the value-form in the labour theory of value." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1991. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3503/.
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It is repeatedly claimed that the labour theory of value is fatally flawed. Whether as a result of this claim, or as is more likely a change in the intellectual atmosphere, there has in recent years been little debate of the merits and weaknesses of the labour theory of value. The principal objective of this thesis is to re-examine a number of the flaws more widely debated in an earlier period and to show that the claim that the labour theory of value is flawed is false. The thesis claims that the work of Marx represents thus far the single most important contribution to the development of the labour theory of value. This contribution is contrasted with that of the Classical political economists, most notably Adam Smith and David Ricardo. An examination is made of the works of Smith and Ricardo which demonstrates that the flaws within their labour theory of value are attributable to the shortcomings of their wider theoretical endeavours. In particular, they fail to identify the nature of value-creating labour; examine the role of the value-form and explain cogently the quantitative determination of value. Marx's work is then examined with each of these points as a pivot of reference. The thesis concludes by drawing the three strands of analysis together to demonstrate that, against a history of criticism, Marx's theory presents a structured coherent whole, largely immune to the criticisms made of it, both from without and within the Marxist tradition of political economy.
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Otero, Jesús Gilberto. "Coffee, the money market, the real exchange rate, and economic fluctuations in Colombia." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1998. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/59428/.
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This thesis analyses the effects of coffee booms on the money market, the real exchange rate, and the business cycle in Colombia. Chapter 2 presents an overview of the coffee sector in the country, including a brief description of its macroeconomic role, and unique institutional structure. Chapter 3 investigates, from a simulation perspective, two empirical difficulties that arise in econometric modelling when using quarterly data, as is done in chapters 4 and 5. The first practical concern is whether to conduct the econometric analysis on data that have been subjected to seasonal adjustment or in terms of unadjusted data. The simulation results provide a justification for using seasonally unadjusted data, as the use of filters reduces the power of the Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron cointegration tests. The second difficulty concerns an empirical regularity encountered when analysing the Colombian quarterly series of money supply and GDP, both of which exhibit a structural break (or change) in the seasonal pattern. We find that these structural breaks bias both unit root and seasonal root tests, so that new critical values must be tabulated allowing for a change in either the level and/or the seasonal pattern of the underlying series. Chapter 4 examines the monetary consequences of coffee booms. The theoretical work on this subject shows that under a regime of fixed exchange rates, export booms affect both the demand and the supply for money. Within this theoretical framework, we assess whether the coffee booms of the second half of the seventies and mid eighties led to excess money supply in Colombia. We find a direct association between coffee export booms and excess money supply, implying that external disturbances jeopardise the ability of the economic authorities to carry out successful monetary policy. Chapter 5 uses the Johansen procedure to estimate a real exchange rate determination model for Colombia. We find one cointegrating vector, which can be thought of as a long-run real exchange rate equation. The deviations of the real exchange rate from its long-run equilibrium relationship, after correcting for the short-run dynamics, are interpreted as a measure of real exchange rate misalignment. The simulation performance of the model, during the period of estimation and three years into the future, is particularly good, with the simulated real exchange rate reproducing the general long-run behaviour of the actual series. Chapter 6 develops an intertemporal disequilibrium model in order to analyse the effects of temporary, anticipated, and permanent coffee price shocks on a small open economy under Keynesian unemployment. Our results indicate that a coffee price boom (whether temporary, anticipated or permanent) increases nontradable output in the short and long run (a similar result is obtained when we discuss other disequilibrium regimes). The basic model is then extended by including a government sector that administers a coffee price stabilisation fund, and by allowing capital market imperfections. Our results indicate that when the government is able to borrow on more favourable terms in international capital markets than households, the stabilisation fund neutralises part of the short-term effect of a temporary coffee price boom. On the other hand, when the government and the private sector borrow on the same terms, the stabilisation fund turns out to be redundant.
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Liu, Xin. "Working longer, working healthier : how can China age more actively?" Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8744/.
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This research aims at exploring physical activity and employment practice in urban China, in the context of population ageing. The overall aim of the research is to inform policy and practice focused on promoting healthy employment, longer working lives and active ageing. These aims are interrelated, for instance, a more active workforce will potentially mean a more healthy workforce which should help extend working lives in China. To achieve the study aims, the research explores the factors that influence participation in physical activity, both enablers and barriers. A questionnaire and interviews were used in fieldwork in Wuhan and Shanghai. Data from 335 self-completion questionnaires and 41 interviews were collected from respondents working in 13 organisations in these two cities. The sample included people working in both public and private organisations, health related and non-health related organisations, enabling some comparison through stratification across these categories, as well as by location. The research findings highlighted how trade-offs are made between time spent in physical activity at work and time in physical activity after work (in the home and in leisure time). For example, people who were active at work or in the home were often less active in their leisure time. This means that discounting activity in the former categories and concentrating solely on leisure time activities could potentially mistakenly categorise people as inactive or not very active.
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De, Stefano Timothy. "Information communication technology, broadband infrastructure and firm performance." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/37298/.
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Barros, de Oliveira Nuno R. "A theory of coordination voids in dynamic inter-organisational relationships : a study of social housing projects in England." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/695/.
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Inter-organisational relationships are at the heart of economic activity and the benefits of inter-organisational collaboration are widely reported. However, theoretical understanding of how inter-organisational relationships are coordinated and why they encounter coordination problems remains limited. I address these questions through a study of seven social housing projects in England, completed between 2008 and 2011. Drawing on the richness of data from over 3,900 pages of minutes from meetings and project reports, I integrate social network analysis techniques (SNA) used to map dynamic inter-organisational relationships with content analysis, through which I explore coordination-related aspects. Surprisingly, coordination proved not to be (directly) related to administrative mechanisms. Instead, I show that coordination stems from the interplay between administrative mechanisms and the structure of the inter-organisational relationships, as shown by two theoretical mechanisms: organising and relating. The former captures the finding that the use of contracting fosters hierarchy, while the latter shows that monitoring organisations foster density of inter-organisational relationships. I discover that inter-organisational relationships are coordinated through the juggling of these mechanisms over time. Furthermore, my analysis demonstrates that coordination problems stem from: contractual bottlenecks and organisational expertise-driven homophily. Interestingly, this exposes a tension between mechanisms intended to aid coordination and the manifestation of coordination problems. Theorising on this tension, I am led to a framework of coordination voids – discontinuities in the fabric of inter-organisational relationships resulting from mechanisms intended to aid coordination, but in fact hampering coordination under certain conditions. I discuss a set of theoretical contributions to the strategic management and organisational and management theory, alongside a methodological contribution. I conclude my discussion of the contributions of this thesis by drawing practical implications for managers and policy-makers. I hope that my study will stimulate a research agenda on the coordination of inter-organisational relationships, preferably one that also engages with societal challenges.
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Ryan, John Edwin Holston. "Critical enabling conditions and challenges in the start-up phase of an international new venture : a social entrepreneur's perspective." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2406/.
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This thesis explores the enabling conditions and challenges two entrepreneurs interpret critical in their relationships in the start-up phase of 5i, a social entrepreneurial international new venture (INV). The thesis delivers both interpretive ethnographic and auto-ethnographic accounts, weaving the voices of the two co-founders of 5i into a textual dialogue. The reader explores the relationship between the two entrepreneurs, and their relationships with their network partners, as they develop 5i into a small, innovative social entrepreneurial consulting practice that delivers innovative business incubation and financial engineering services from the firm's home base in New Delhi, India into rural markets in Brazil and China, as well as into the company's home market in India. The two entrepreneurs put to use their team and network relationships to mobilize knowledge, know-how, and capital; marshalling resources for their firm far beyond those they control. However, the entrepreneurs' relationships deliver more than functional, resource-based benefits. It is the, shared mission-related values, and the trust and the open communications they engender, in the entrepreneurs' relationships that emerge as key enabling conditions in the development of 5i. When mission-related values are not shared, significant challenges are confronted. The research presented in this thesis emphasizes interpretation and understanding grounded in the formation processes in a new enterprise, there where it is happening, not in rational explanation and prediction. Messy, thick, interpretive ethnographic and auto ethnographic texts provide rich detail which is then provoked through engagement with interpretive grounded theory methods to offer three pragmatic theoretical threads that contribute to our understanding of the roles of TMT and network relationships in the creation of social enterprises that move across international borders from birth. This combination of interpretive methods will not meet the positivist cry for testable hypothesis and universal theories, but it is hoped these methods deliver a compelling, local story. This thesis works to bring the voice of the entrepreneur back into research on entrepreneurship.
Books on the topic "Rent (Economic theory) Land use"
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Thrall, Grant Ian. Land use and urban form: The consumption theory of land rent. New York: Methuen, 1987.
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Thrall, Grant Ian. Land use and urban form: The consumption theory of land rent. New York: Methuen, 1987.
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Pustuev, A. L. Zemelʹnai︠a︡ renta: Teoreticheskiĭ aspekt : nauchno-uchebnoe posobie. Moskva: Izd-vo GUP "Agropress", 2003.
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Grishaeva, L. V. Institut︠s︡ionalʹnyĭ mekhanizm realizat︠s︡ii zemelʹnoĭ renty v selʹskom khozi︠a︡ĭstve: Monografii︠a︡. Omsk: Izdatelʹstvo "Sfera", 2010.
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González, Samuel Jaramillo. Hacia una teoría de la renta del suelo urbano. Santafé de Bogotá, D.C., Colombia: Ediciones Uniandes, 1994.
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Muñoz, Víctor H. Palacio. La teoría de la renta de la tierra: Una propuesta para el caso urbano. México: Centro de Investigaciones Económicas, Sociales y Tecnológicas de la Agroindustria y la Agricultura Mundial (CIESTAAM), 2000.
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Landuse and urban form: The consumption theory of land rent. New York: Methuen, 1987.
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Gerasimovich, V. N. Metodologiya ekonomicheskoi otsenki prirodnykh resursov. Moskva: Nauka, 1988.
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Gerasimovich, V. N. Metodologii͡a︡ ėkonomicheskoĭ ot͡s︡enki prirodnykh resursov. Moskva: "Nauka", 1988.
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Ryzhenkov, A. V. Problema zemelʹnoĭ renty v rossiĭskoĭ ėkonomike. Novosibirsk: Rossiĭskai͡a︡ akademii͡a︡ nauk, Sibirskoe otd-nie, In-t ėkonomiki i organizat͡s︡ii promyshlennogo proizvodstva, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Rent (Economic theory) Land use"
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Radermacher, Walter. "Land use accounting — pressure indicators for economic activities." In Environmental Accounting in Theory and Practice, 229–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1433-4_14.
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Sridhar, Kala Seetharam. "The Effect of Urban Land-Use Regulations on Density." In Seeking Middle Ground, 206–32. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199495450.003.0010.
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Urban land is crucial to economic productivity and growth in cities, given substantial land intensive economic activity takes place. While land use regulations are needed for inclusive growth and to protect the urban poor, they create distortions in the land market, and become counter-productive. Indian cities are characterized by strong urban land use controls, given its socialistic and planned economy for a long time. Draconian land use regulations that continue to exist in India’s cities are rent control and highly restrictive floor area ratios (FARs). In this chapter, I focus on FARs and rent control to a limited extent. I examine the impact FARs have on population and household density, in the context of the standard urban framework, taking the case of Bengaluru, where ward-level data have been recently put together on FARs. I find in Bengaluru that FARs impact (both population and household) density negatively, consistent with what other studies have found. The Karnataka rent control Act essentially renders the Act ineffective in Bengaluru. In the context of Mumbai, I use anecdotal evidence to examine FAR, where the effects are compounded by the existence of other distortions such as rent control. Based on the findings, the chapter summarizes the policy implications, its caveats, concludes and presents directions for future research.
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Thrall, Grant Ian. "Unifying Urban Land Use and Land Value Theories." In Business Geography and New Real Estate Market Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195076363.003.0006.
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The market analysis report that is submitted to the decision maker (see chapter 4) should include a descriptive, qualitative overview of the context the real estate project has to the existing and changing urban environment. To better accomplish this task, one should have knowledge of the general theory regarding the market processes that bring about land use and urban form. This chapter presents three relevant general theories of land use and land value. Together, these general theories provide a general qualitative understanding of how the existing urban environment came to be and allows the analyst to prognosticate the trajectory of change of urban land uses and land values. The first two of the general theories presented here arose out of an attempt to explain agricultural land values and land uses. Why should a discussion of the agronomy sector be included in a book on urban real estate analysis? First, all the general theories relevant to land values and land use, and their spatial distribution within a city, are part of an intellectual heritage that dates from general theories of agricultural land values and land use. Second, much of new urban development occurs at those suburban margins. To understand development at the suburban margins, there must be an understanding of the nonurban land uses and land values at those locations. The third general theory explains spatial equilibrium and its role in shaping urban land values and land uses. Two eighteenth-century theorists, David Ricardo and Johann Heinrich von Thünen, are credited for having created a vast and sometimes opposing literature on land valuation. Ricardo’s economic theory was based upon the relative productivity of sites. In contrast, von Thünen’s geographic theory was focused on the locational component of land values and land use. The juxtaposition of these two competing giants of land theory in many respects still differentiates economists and geographers even today. After the theories of Ricardo and von Thünen are presented, an overview of the consumption theory of land rent (CTLR) is provided. The CTLR is my general theory and methodology for evaluating urban housing land use, land values, and urban form (Thrall 1980, 1987, and see 1991).
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"Economic Arguments: Rent Theory and Property Rights Theory." In Urban Land Rent, 46–62. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118827611.ch3.
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"Equilibrium land use and optimal land use: single household type." In Urban Economic Theory, 50–96. Cambridge University Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511625862.004.
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"Equilibrium land use and optimal land use: multiple household types." In Urban Economic Theory, 97–132. Cambridge University Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511625862.005.
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Barney, William L. "Uneasy Rest the Masters." In Rebels in the Making, 13–43. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190076085.003.0002.
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The maturation of the slave economy by the 1850s restricted opportunities for whites and provoked populist stirrings of discontent challenging planter rule. The cotton prosperity of the decade resulted in the pricing of good land and slaves beyond the reach of the bulk of the population, and the numbers of poor whites with neither land nor slaves rose to one-third of the free population. The color line blurred as poor whites were forced into competition with slave labor and miscegenation increased. Frustrated by shrinking opportunities, the sons of planters yearned to win glory and status as the South’s future leaders. To defend their jobs and white manhood, urban workers organized politically to protest the use of slave mechanics in the job market. Moral and economic opposition blocked efforts to widen slave ownership by lowering prices through reopening the African slave trade. The decade ended with new political groupings demanding greater political and economic power for non-slaveholders.
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Auty, Richard M., and Haydn I. Furlonge. "Agricultural Neglect and Retarded Structural Change in Sub-Saharan Africa." In The Rent Curse, 119–45. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828860.003.0006.
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Sub-Saharan Africa has followed a singular pattern of structural change that lags global trends and traps a large proportion of the workforce in low-productivity agriculture through a process of agricultural involution. This chapter focuses on the small land-rich crop-driven economies, which comprised the vast majority of sub-Saharan countries at independence. Baldwin’s yeoman farm model suggests that the diffuse linkages of such economies are advantageous for development, but his model neglects the need for resilient institutions and sound policy, which most countries lacked. The elite in sub-Saharan Africa abused crop marketing boards to extract rents from small farmers, converting the linkages from favourably diffuse to concentrated and theft-prone. Most economies traced staple trap trajectories and experienced growth collapses that, contrary to staple trap theory, failed to motivate the elite to promote diversified economic growth, with the exception of Mauritius. This chapter traces this policy failure to the prioritization of industrialization and associated persistent neglect of the potential development stimulus of agriculture.
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Davis, Adam J. "Managing a Hospital’s Property." In The Medieval Economy of Salvation, 164–86. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501742101.003.0005.
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This chapter demonstrates the surprising economic power of hospitals and their prominent role in the larger society, including their relationships and conflicts with other institutions. Champagne's largest and wealthiest hospitals received income from ovens and mills; the sale of grain and wine; various kinds of rents and tithes; the sale of arable land, vineyards, and forests; and the provision of interest loans. The diversity of these hospitals' holdings is remarkable, as is the degree to which these charitable and religious institutions were engaged in various kinds of markets. Those managing the properties belonging to hospitals were very much thinking about the long-term economic growth of their institutions. In the eyes of Jacques de Vitry and other church reformers, what these hospitals were doing with the alms they received was regarded as “hoarding,” since they were not immediately dispensing alms to those most in need, but investing in income-producing fiefs, arable land, vineyards, forests, houses, mills, and various kinds of rents. While it was certainly true that the alms given to hospitals were used for pittances of food and clothing for the sick poor or to pay a hospital chaplain who supplied what was thought to be life-saving sacramental medicine or the countless other needs these institutions had, the reality was that unlike some of the weak and vulnerable guests they served, some hospitals were powerful landlords and major players in the urban economy.
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Cohn, Samuel. "Ethnic Violence." In All Societies Die, 124–27. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501755903.003.0036.
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This chapter discusses the economic basis of ethnic hatred and violence. Different nations and different historical periods have different economic issues at stake, and the form of ethnic conflicts is very local specific. Some of the most common forms include hostility to a middle-class minority in a peripheral agrarian nation, which sociologists call a middleman minority; cheap labor minorities in industrial societies, which refers to the African American situation in the present-day United States; and anti-immigration hostilities in industrial societies. Another form is conflict over the control of a corrupt state. Hausa–Yoruba–Ibo conflicts in Nigeria were almost certainly centered on control of the state and control of the petroleum revenues pertaining to the Nigerian state. Finally, there is justification for land seizure. One of the most long-term and enduring conflicts has been between peoples of European extraction and indigenous people in the rest of the world. Nearly all of those conflicts were about land use.
Conference papers on the topic "Rent (Economic theory) Land use"
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Mihailov, Penyu. "LAND RENT AS A SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINATION." In SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT - CURRENT PRACTICES AND SOLUTIONS 2019. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/slm2019.26.
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The issues of land rents are of particular importance today, the new times have brought them to the fore, now they are new dimensions. Previously in the works of Plato, Xenophon and others it was mentioned but not used as a term. With the entry of capitalism into agricultural politics - everyone talks about it. Agriculture became the main branch of social production, and rent became the object of study. Contribution to the development of the problem have: У. Petit, Fr. F. P?ti, F. Kenet, A. Smith, D. The work of Marx is indisputable. The neoclassical theory advocates a subjective treatment of the problem -opposed to Marx. The reasons are to be sought in the following circumstances: capitalism has undergone fundamental changes; it has entered a stage of global integration; the scientific-technical revolution has raised it to a greater height; new technologies have entered the economy; electronization, robotization, computerization, science has penetrated all spheres of life, has become an immediate productive force; it is rising to a higher level; production is being naturalized, it is becoming a field of application of science. History, however, follows its own logic. The immature economic forms of production do not submit to exact theoretical reflections; as they change, so do our ideas about them.
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Krylenko, Marina, and Marina Krylenko. "PERSPECTIVES OF THE PRACTICAL USE OF THE KIZILTASHSKY LIMAN GROUP." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b431572fb6b.
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The Kiziltashsky limans are the largest water bodies of land-to-sea interface zone of the Krasnodar region Black Sea coast separated from the Black Sea by Anapa bay-bar. Their territory is included in the Perspective list of the Ramsar Convention as a unique wetland of international importance. Currently, the main type of recreational use of the liman water area is active rest. A diversity of natural conditions, a small degree of economic transformation of the landscape in combination with good transport access makes it possible to combine the active recreation forms with health-improving rest at the Anapa resort. In the presented paper the different proposals for economic use of the Kiziltashsky limans are analysed in terms of influence to geoecosystem.
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Krylenko, Marina, and Marina Krylenko. "PERSPECTIVES OF THE PRACTICAL USE OF THE KIZILTASHSKY LIMAN GROUP." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b949177f3f2.59066561.
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The Kiziltashsky limans are the largest water bodies of land-to-sea interface zone of the Krasnodar region Black Sea coast separated from the Black Sea by Anapa bay-bar. Their territory is included in the Perspective list of the Ramsar Convention as a unique wetland of international importance. Currently, the main type of recreational use of the liman water area is active rest. A diversity of natural conditions, a small degree of economic transformation of the landscape in combination with good transport access makes it possible to combine the active recreation forms with health-improving rest at the Anapa resort. In the presented paper the different proposals for economic use of the Kiziltashsky limans are analysed in terms of influence to geoecosystem.
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Toš, Iva. "Use of technology in improving urban transport." In Public Transport & Smart Mobility. Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, University of Zagreb, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptsm.2020.9.
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People must be able to move around to meet their basic needs, but also additional needs that include rest and recreation. The growing trend of urbanization leads to population growth in cities, and thus to an increase in demands on the transport system in cities, with the achievement of sustainable urban mobility as one of the key challenges. Cities worldwide have started to look for solutions which enable transportation linkages, mixed land uses and high-quality services with long – term positive effect on the economy. Today cities are flooded with a range of data, both useful and useless. In that large database, city administration should recognize the importance of processing, analyzing and mathematical-statistical processing. Each city should determine its vision, goals and strategies of transforming itself and developing smart services at basis of collected data and their processing. Future initiatives of a smart city and smart transportation should be focused on creating efficient, environmentally friendly transport, based on interactive solutions for smartphones. There are a lot of applications and technologies that contribute to smart cities. Although technology is evolving every day, there is always room for improvement by using available data, smart management and individual approach to each city, it is possible to achieve an improvement in public transport services, which would also improve the quality of life in urban areas.
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King, Carey W., Jay Zarnikau, and Phil Henshaw. "Defining a Standard Measure for Whole System EROI Combining Economic “Top-Down” and LCA “Bottom-Up” Accounting." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90414.
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Business investments rely on creating a whole system of different parts, technologies, field and business operations, management, land, financing and commerce using a network of other services. Using the example of a wind farm development, a typical life cycle assessment (LCA) focuses upon the primary technology inputs and their countable embodied direct impacts. What LCA omits are the direct and indirect impacts of the rest of the business system that operates the primary technology, the labor, commerce and other technology employed. A total environmental assessment (TEA) would include the physical costs to the environment of the labor, commerce and other technology too. Here a simplified “system energy assessment” (SEA) is used to combine a “top-down” method of measuring implied indirect business impacts using econometric methods, with a “bottom-up” method of adding up the identifiable direct impact parts. The top-down technique gives an inclusive but rough measure. The bottom-up technique gives a precise accounting for the directly identifiable individual parts that is highly incomplete. SEA allows these two kinds of measures to be combined for a significantly improved understanding of the whole business system and its impacts, combining the high and low precision measures indentified by each method. The key is exhaustively accounting for energy uses within the natural boundary of a whole business system as a way of calibrating the measure. That allows defining a standardized measure of complex distributed system energy flows and their energy returns on invested energy resources (EROI). The method is demonstrated for a generic business operation. Starting from the easily accountable inputs and outputs, SEA successively uses larger natural system boundaries to discover a way of finding the limiting value of EROI after all parts of the whole are included. Some business choices and a net present value model of cash flow for the 20 year project help illustrate the related financial issues. The business model used shows that the EROI of a generic “Texas Wind Farm” is 31 when accounting for direct and indirect fuels only, but decreases to 4–6 after accounting for the economic energy consumed by all necessary business units and services.
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Ye, Yang. "Users’ Perceptions of Walkability Attributes in Residential Areas: Reliability and Validity." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/drya8477.
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In recent years, urban environmental quality and urban vitality have attracted more scholars’ attention than ever as Chinese cities experienced a rapid development stage. To test the influence of urban built environment on walkability in residential areas, this study developed a questionnaire to perceive the users’ perception of walkability around their neighbourhood in residential areas, which was based on the Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale for Mainland China (NEWS-MC). The original Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS) are developed for use in USA to measure residents’ perceptions of the environment attributes, and has been applied in many countries, such as US, Australia, Korea and Hong Kong, and be modify to be Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale for Mainland China (NEWS-MC) and been applied in Chinese cities. NEWS-MC has been found have moderate to high rest-retest reliabilities and good criterion The evidence illustrated high-walkable neighbourhoods be found with higher density, land-use mix, street connectivity, more safety and have more aesthetics elements. In this study, we modified NEWS-MC to reflect the characteristics of cold region Chinese built environment and people’s behaviour mode. To perceive the final version of Neighbourhood Environment Walkability Scale for cold region Chinese cities (NEWSCRC), We made a pilot study which include 50 samples, then interview 800 residents from 6 selected residential districts in Harbin (the capital city with highest latitude in China) which were different in walkability attributes and economic status. The final version of the NEWS-CRC included 8 subscales and 3 single items (76 items in total). Test-retest reliability showed moderate to high except 4 items . In total, the NEWS-CRC could illustrate residents’ perceptions of walkability attributes in cold region Chinese cities and could be use in other Chinese urban attributes studies related to walking
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Pascovici, D. S., K. G. Kyprianidis, F. Colmenares, S. O. T. Ogaji, and P. Pilidis. "Weibull Distributions Applied to Cost and Risk Analysis for Aero Engines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-51060.
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This paper presents the use of Weibull formulation to the life analysis of different parts of the engine in order to estimate the cost of maintenance, the direct operating costs (DOC) and net present cost (NPC) of future type turbofan engines. The Weibull distribution is often used in the field of life data analysis due to its flexibility—it can mimic the behavior of other statistical distributions such as the normal and the exponential. The developed economic model is composed of three modules: a lifing module, an economic module and a risk module. The lifing module estimates the life of the high pressure turbine blades through the analysis of creep and fatigue over a full working cycle of the engine. The value of life calculated by the lifing is then taken as the baseline distribution to calculate the life of other important modules of the engine using the Weibull approach. Then the lower of the values of life of all the distributions is taken as time between overhaul (TBO), and used into the economic module calculations. The economic module uses the TBO together with the cost of labour and the cost of the engine (needed to determine the cost of spare parts) to estimate the cost of maintenance and DOC of the engine. In the present work five Weibull distributions are used for five important sources of interruption of the working life of the engine: Combustor, Life Limited Parts (LLP), High Pressure Compressor (HPC), General breakdowns and High Pressure Turbine (HPT). The risk analysis done in this work shows the impact of the breakdown of different parts of the engine on the NPC and DOC, the importance that each module of the engine has in its life, and how the application of the Weibull theory can help us in the risk assessment of future aero engines. A detailed explanation of the economic model is done in two other works (Pascovici et. al. [6] and Pascovici et. al. [7]), so in this paper only a general overview is done.
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ČIULDĖ, Edvardas, and Asta STEIKŪNIENĖ. "THE COUNTERPOINT OF EARTH AND WORLD MEANINGS IN THE NATIONAL IDENTITY’ EXPRESSION." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.223.
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The meanings of the earth and the world can be associated with issues of national identity. In the article, the issues of fostering national identity are discussed in the context of M. Heidegger's philosophy‘s outlook on a land and world disputes. The article tries to define how much a nation can be an object of scientific cognition. Understanding the nation as a resistance to limiting objectification is a methodological background to the development of the topic, which obliges the philosophical interpretation of the problem to be trusted, at least as a scientific reduction of the problem. Sketches of the earth and the world we use as a kind of catalysts of intellectual imagination and methodological guides. The main aim of the article is the attempt to analyze the conditions of the expression of the national identity in terms of both the subject matter and the non-objective reflection, where different approaches complement each other (what we call by the term "counterpoint", borrowed from the theory of music). The collision of national identities through Martin Heidegger's typology of images has not been examined before. There are also discussed the untapped reserves for nurturing Lithuanian identity - both spiritual and economic. The aim is to refine the political awareness of the Public Treaty model raised by the Enlightenment thinkers. Land is an important factor in the economic development of a so ciety and the object of economic exploitation, but, more importantly, it is a standpoint in establishing and maintaining the nation's vitality. The dispute between the earth and the world which foster the thesis of national identity acquires the essence of the truth of being.
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Geddes, Ilaria, and Nadia Charalambous. "Building a timeline, developing a narrative: visualising fringe belt formation alongside street network development." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6042.
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This project was developed as an attempt to assess the relationship between different morphogenetic processes, in particular, those of fringe belt formation as described by M.R.G. Conzen (1960) and Whitehand (2001), and of centrality and compactness as described by Hillier (1999; 2002). Different approaches’ focus on different elements of the city has made it difficult to establish exactly how these processes interact or whether they are simply different facets of development reflecting wider socio-economic factors. To address this issue, a visual, chronological timeline of Limassol’s development was constructed along with a narrative of the socio-economic context of its development. The complexity of cities, however, makes static visualisations across time difficult to read and assess alongside textual narratives. We therefore took the step of developing an animation of land use and configurational analyses of Limassol, in order bring to life the diachronic analysis of the city and shed light on its generative mechanisms. The video presented here shows that the relationship between the processes mentioned above is much stronger and more complex than previously thought. The related paper explores in more detail the links between fringe belt formation as a cyclical process of peripheral development and centrality as a recurring process of minimisation of gains in distance. The project’s outcomes clearly show that composite methods of visualisations are an analytical opportunity still little exploited within urban morphology. References Conzen, M.R.G., 1960. Alnwick, Northumberland: A Study in Town-Plan Analysis, London: Institute of British Geographers. Hillier, B., 2002. A Theory of the City as Object: or how spatial laws mediate the social construction of urban space. Urban Des Int, 7(3–4), pp.153–179. Hillier, B., 1999. Centrality as a process: accounting for attraction inequalities in deformed grids. Urban Des Int, 4(3–4), pp.107–127. Whitehand, J.W.R., 2001. British urban morphology: the Conzenian tradition. Urban Morphology, 5(2), pp.103–109.
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Trancossi, Michele, and Jose C. Pascoa. "Optimized Modular Design for Energy Efficiency: The Case of an Innovative Electric Hybrid Vehicle Design." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65430.
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Modular Design has made an important contribution to the industrial evolution, increase of quality of products and goods and to economic development. It has produced an important evolution in design (technical modularity), in the organization of production and of companies. It allowed going beyond vertical integration, by fostering vertical specialization in both manufacturing and innovation. Several authors are appointing important question on the modular approach. They move observations of different nature concluding that the enthusiasm for modularity has gone too far. One of the critical positions sustains that modular design has imposed technical choices that conflicts with energy efficiency in vehicle design such as a gradual increase of weight over time and the consequent reduction of potential gains in terms of energy consumption and environmental footprint of vehicles. This paper agrees with some arguments of the revisionist literature in cautioning against errors that can be produced by a pervasive modularity. But it moves from an energetic analysis and has not the objective of defining an alternative theory. More modestly, it aims to present a possible way for coupling modular design with energy optimization in the case of an electric vehicle. The initial inspiration can be of this case study is Bejan’s preliminary modular definition of constructal optimization, which can fit perfectly with industrial modular design. Even if this modular optimization does not have the ambition of defining the best possible solution to a complex design problem, such as Multidisciplinary Design Optimization has, it allows defining configuration that can simply evolve over time by mean of a step by step optimization of the critical components that influences the behavior of a complex industrial system. It reveals then to be applicable to the concept of vehicle platform that is today widely in use. The specific test case is the design of an electric city vehicle which has been optimized by a step applying this modular optimization approach. This paper has also a romantic value because it ha taken the move from the emotion that has been caused by the stop to the production of an extraordinary myth, such as Land Rover Defender. 70 years of production without important changes means that Defender has been not only the most successful British vehicle, but also that it has been a fundamental part of our way of living. This extraordinary longevity is an extraordinary technical and cultural heritage to our time. This decision forces the authors to try to analyze the conceptual modular design of a vehicle that can compete with Defender in terms of use and performances. Results have been surprising demonstrating that the use of industrial grade components and their accurate choice will allow defining new vehicle platforms that can radically improve energy efficiency of vehicles.