Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Renter (tenant)'

Relationships between landlords and young people, (those under 25), in the private rented sector (PRS) in England and Wales raise a number of important issues for social policy, housing policy and legislation. Firstly, the PRS performs a key role in accommodating young single people who are disproportionately represented in the sector, as access to other tenures is limited. Secondly, successive policy initiatives and legislation have transformed the letting environment in the PRS in conjunction with limiting the resources available to young people to finance accommodation in the sector. Thirdly, relationships in the PRS are at the intersection of a number of legislative provisions and policy regimes resulting in a range of assumptions about each party's respective modes of behaviour in the sector. These aspects of relationships and associated policy and legislative contexts are the key features of exploration in this thesis. This thesis has two main aims. Firstly, to explore assumptions about the nature of the existing legal framework in the PRS and assess its adequacy in regulating relationships. Secondly, to explore the social and economic contexts of relationships and their importance. A qualitative approach was adopted to examine these issues and four research methods were used: in-depth qualitative interviews, vignettes, flashcards and an analysis of letting agreements. The research was conducted in York and a total of 35 interviews were carried out, 15 with landlords, 15 with young people in the PRS, and 5 with representatives of local organisations. This thesis raises implications about the limited role of the law in regulating relationships in the PRS and raises questions about how fair and equitable relationships can be achieved. Regulation and reform of the sector require careful consideration and an awareness of the social and economic contexts of relationships. This thesis provides both a theoretical and empirical basis for the future exploration of these issues.

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2013
The aim of the study was to carry out an analysis of the factors influencing tenants’ choice of residential property location in Mankweng Township. The study used both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The structured questionnaire, interview and documented literature were used to collect data. The data were analysed using the SPSS statistical package and the Excel spread sheet. To this end, specific working objectives were formulated as follows: to identify the types of residential property in the study area, to determine the factors which influence the choice of residential property location in the study area and lastly, to compare the relationships that exist among the residents in Mankweng Township. The results of the research showed that among all the factors marital status, age, household’s size, race, education and income were not among the factors influencing the choice of residential location in Mankweng Township. However, gender, employment status, distance from city centre, hospital, place of worship, security or police station, water and electricity significantly influenced the choice of residential location choice in Mankweng Township. The study therefore recommends government to be more responsive and active in the provision of urban infrastructure and services in every neighbourhood. This will help address the major reason why tenants search for accommodation from one location to another. In addition, real estate investors should consider the availability of infrastructure before choosing a location for community development. Thus, when urban facilities and services are evenly distributed, this may enhance proper development in the community

Based on in-depth semi-structured interview data from 35 housing professionals, this study examines the question; why do social landlords evict their tenants. Drawing on the work of Pierre Bourdieu this study argues that by examining the relationship between objective and subjective positions, the false antinomy of structure/agency can be dissolved, providing a more heuristic understanding of eviction practices in the social rented housing sector. This relationship is captured in what Bourdieu (2000) calls ‘objectivity of the second order’, that is, the collective conventions, the shared norms and values, and the categories of perception which agents apply to the world. The argument put forward here is that, in order to understand evictions practices in their ‘totality’, it is necessary to move beyond social physics and social phenomenology by constructing, as the object of study, the relation between the two. Using Boltanski and Thevenot’s (1991) ‘economy of worth’ model, (itself a form of frame analysis), it is possible to capture an important aspect of this ‘objectivity of the second order’, via the frames through which housing professionals derive meaning from their work, providing access to an otherwise elusive aspect of qualitative enquiry. This research contributes new insights and analysis in the field of housing studies by adopting a comprehensively theoretical approach, which has not been applied to understanding evictions practices, thereby adding to existing knowledge. It also provides a detailed political sociology of why, despite the apparent contradictions, social landlords evict their tenants.

A persistent gap exists between established federal, state, and local standards for housing habitability and the condition of rental housing. The condition persists despite local code enforcement mechanisms, leaving significant potential to improve housing. Such housing can have adverse impacts on people's physical and mental health, economic stability, education, crime, community development, and municipal budgets. The purpose of this case study was to identify factors that create and perpetuate the problem, make it difficult to resolve, and to identify policy actions with the potential to help mitigate it. Rational choice theory and public choice theory formed the framework to analyze motivations and behaviors of policy makers, policy enforcers, policy influencers, and renters who are affected by policy. Data were collected through 23 semi-structured interviews with city officials, property owners, local housing advocates, low-income renters, investigative reporters, and legal aid attorneys. Interview data were open coded and subjected to a thematic analysis. Themes emerging from the study include lack of accountability for owners and renters, barriers to adequate local code enforcement, financial and investment practices that place properties into the hands of owners who fail to maintain them, historical influences related to construction practices and changing ownership patterns, broader costs to families and the community, and external influences related to economic and demographic trends. The positive social change implications stemming from this study include recommendations for policy makers to address factors that create and perpetuate this type of housing, strengthen code enforcement, and ensure habitable housing for all citizens regardless of their income.

Many business executives lack strategies to detect and eliminate tenant fraud in subsidized rental housing. The purpose of this multicase study was to explore strategies some business executives used to detect and eliminate tenant fraud in subsidized rental housing. The conceptual framework used to guide this study was the theory of planned behavior. Data were gathered using semistructured interviews with 6 purposively selected business executives of public housing authorities, supplemented with a review of policies and procedures that business executives used. Yin's 5-step analysis, which entails examining, categorizing, tabulating, creating a data display, and testing the data, guided the process of coding participants' responses. Member checking validated that emerging themes were in alignment with participant experiences. The 4 major themes of the study were: perception of tenant fraud, detection and minimization of fraud, the effect of fraudulent behavior on tenant attitudes and belief systems, and verification procedures. The results of the study might support positive social change by providing leaders with insights related to fraud-reducing fragmentation, duplication, and overlapping of programs, which may result in federal funds being available for federal government public services. The findings of this study might add to the body of knowledge and further contribute to social change through a coalition of housing agencies working together to share their knowledge of combating tenant fraud in subsidized rental housing and restoring the integrity of the Housing Choice Voucher Program.

The conversion of rental apartments to tenancy-owned housing has been a common phenomenon in the housing market in Stockholm during the last two decades. Rental apartment-tenants have the opportunity to purchase their unit for a hefty discount. The existence of the discount has further resulted in banks providing a mortgage that allows the tenant to purchase the apartment with full leverage and without any cash contribution. The households have been able to sell their apartment with high profit and then reinvest it in other housing alternatives at better locations, in better technical condition and with larger living space. The main reason for the discount can be explained by the difference in the valuation methods used by property investors and private households. The property owners value the rental property through the yield method that results in a price that other property investors would be willing to pay. The return generated in a rental property consists of rental revenues. These rental revenues are state regulated according to the use-value method, which means that rents, especially in primary locations, are reduced in order to minimize the segregation in the Swedish society. A price gap appears and consists of the price difference between the present value of the running rental income and the price of each individual apartment on the secondary housing market. The tenant owned association that is willing to buy the property and the private property investor who is willing to sell, usually negotiates a price that both parties are satisfied with. The negotiated price usually results in both parties sharing the profit that arises from the price gap. This study aims to investigate how large the price gap is between the conversion price and price generated through sales of the individual units on the open housing market. The study includes completed conversions in Stockholm within the city customs during the period of January 2010 and January 2016 and condominiums sold in the same associations during the same period. The discount results to an average of 44 % in relation to conversion price and 57 % in relation to the deposit (Sw. Bostadsrättsinsats). On average, the difference between the value of the property during conversion and the value of tenant owned-housing units on the open property market results to 24,444 SEK/m². The difference between the conversion price and the market value of the deposit on the open housing market amounts to 31,231 SEK/m². This means that the average discount that an apartment holder receives amounts to SEK 1,924,025. Among the converted properties, 38 % of the total gross floor area have been sold on the open housing market within the two first years after the conversion. The value difference has resulted in a total realized discount amounting to SEK 5,279,523,434 in relation to conversion price and SEK 6,672,510,151 in relation to the deposit value.
Ombildningar har under de senaste två decennierna varit ett vanligt förekommande fenomen på Stockholms bostadsmarknad, där hyresgästerna erbjudits köpa sin hyresrätt till ett kraftigt rabatterat pris. Rabatten har inneburit att hyresgästerna sällan behövt betala kontantinsats och därmed kunnat köpa lägenheten till full belåning. Efter genomförd ombildning har hushållen haft möjlighet att sälja sin lägenhet på andrahandsmarknaden med hög vinst, vilken sedan har kunnat återinvesteras i bostäder med ett bättre geografiskt läge, skick och med större boarea. En av anledningarna till att rabatten uppstår är att fastighetsägaren värderar hyresfastigheten enligt avkastningsmetoden. Avkastningsmetoden resulterar i ett pris som en annan hyresfastighetsägare skulle vara beredd att betala. Den avkastning som genereras i en hyresfastighet består av hyresintäkterna. Dessa hyresintäkter är statligt reglerade enligt bruksvärdesmetoden vilket innebär att hyrorna, framförallt i primära lägen, är reducerade med syftet att minska segregation i samhället. En prisdifferens skapas av skillnaden mellan värdet av de löpande hyresintäkterna och priset på varje enskild lägenhet på andrahandsmarknaden. Den bostadsrättsförening som vill köpa fastigheten och den privata fastighetsägaren som vill sälja förhandlar fram ett pris som båda parter är tillfreds med. Det framförhandlade priset brukar oftast resultera i att båda parterna delar på vinsten som uppstår av prisdifferensen. Denna uppsats har till syfte att utreda storleken på prisdifferensen mellan förvärvspriset vid ombildning, jämfört med individuella bostadsrättsförsäljningar på andrahandsmarknaden. Studien omfattar genomförda ombildningar i Stockholms innerstad (innanför tullar) mellan januari 2010 och januari 2016 och bostadsrätter som är sålda i föreningarna under samma tidsperiod. Den genomsnittliga rabatten är 44 % för bostadsrättsföreningar och 57 % för individuella hushåll. I genomsnitt är skillnaden mellan förvärvspriset vid ombildningsdatum och bostadsrättens försäljningspris 24 444 kr/m² (bostadsrättsföreningarnas rabatt). Jämförs försäljningspriset med bostadsrättsmedlemmars insats blir rabatten 31 231 kr/m² (hushållens rabatt). Detta innebär att ett hushåll som är med om en ombildning får en rabatt som motsvarar 1 924 025 kr jämfört med förvärvspriset, och 2 431 673 kr jämfört med bostadsrättsmedlemmarnas insats. Av den totala ombildade boytan har 38 % sålts vidare på andrahandsmarknaden inom 24 månader efter ombildningsdatum. Den realiserade rabatten har totalt uppgått till 5 279 523 434 kr för bostadsrättsföreningar och 6 672 510 151 kr för individuella hushåll.

This dissertation addresses the critical role of landlords in implementing the Housing Choice Voucher program. Housing choice vouchers provide tenant-based rental assistance to low-income families so that they can have greater opportunities to select apartments and locations than under other rental housing assistance programs. Vouchers provide a renter with more location, quality and housing type options than project-based subsidized housing. The programâ s ability to increase choice depends heavily on the decisions of private landlords to accept voucher tenants. This research examines the factors influencing housing choice voucher acceptance by owners, or their agents, specifically property profitability, owner strategies, and perceived majority tenant prejudices. One previous study attempted to identify the factors that affect landlordsâ acceptance of vouchers, and was restricted to landlords participating in the voucher program. This dissertation expands our understanding of landlordsâ decisions to accept voucher tenants in two key ways: empirical modeling of voucher acceptance using a national sample of rental properties; and qualitative studies of landlords within a single market area. This research has implications for improving the future performance of the voucher program and the housing quality of low-income renters. By understanding the factors influencing voucher acceptance, public policy makers can utilize this information and direct their efforts to successfully market the program, expand voucher knowledge, and increase non-participating ownersâ acceptance of vouchers. Furthermore, policy makers can determine if additional legislation is needed to enhance the protection of voucher holderâ s rights and maintain the supply of eligible units. Such efforts will enhance the effectiveness of housing agencies and thus, help achieve the goal of providing low-income renters with better housing options.
Ph. D.

Recent decades have seen a shift in Scotland in terms of the provision of housing and housing-related services from the public sector to the private sector. In statistical terms, the proportion of Scottish households in the private rented sector has doubled during the past ten years. This thesis unpacks anthropologically the private rented sector as a locally-found concept in Edinburgh, largely through the medium of ‘property management', another locally-found concept. Key questions concern how the private rented sector in Edinburgh is ‘managed' at the vernacular level, how the ethics of property management take shape in Edinburgh in the context of this ongoing shift from the public to the private sectors, and how the property relations within the sector relate to existing debates in economic anthropology. The primary ethnographic material, based upon fieldwork in 2014 and 2015, is of an Edinburgh letting agency as archetypal property managers, though other material either was produced in conjunction with Shelter Scotland or stemmed from the tracing of further connections within the field. Engaging with the broader anthropology of ethics, a core conclusion is that processes of property management rest ultimately upon practices of ethics that take place at the ‘ordinary' level. A parallel aim is to consider how anthropologists might produce ethnography of an economic ‘sector', such as the private rented sector. Borrowing from Actor-Network Theory, I propose occupying a range of different vantage points in a given economic sector within a socially defined locale, such as the city, by following the connections encountered in the field, and then by allowing actors to perform both the social and the economic by tracing their associations through the production of the ethnographic text.

This dissertation analyses the South African Rental Housing Act 50 of 1999 ("the RHA") with the aim of determining whether the RHA sufficiently protects the landlords‘ rights and interests as opposed to those of tenants (which it does indeed safeguard). Due to the current saturation of rental property in South Africa, landlords are no longer in an advantageous a position as before. In fact, the RHA was introduced to redress the imbalance caused by discrimination against tenants. However, times have changed. The researcher submits that the RHA needs to be re-examined in light perception of the landlord as a consumer. Having regard to both common and foreign law, the researcher identified the following four fundamental legal and practical rights on the part of the landlord: the right to freely contract; the right to safeguard financial interests; the right to safeguard proprietary interests; and the right to evict a defaulting tenant. The research reveals that the RHA does not give adequate recognition to these fundamental legal rights, and accordingly does not sufficiently protect the landlord as a consumer. In total nineteen recommendations how the RHA can adequately recognize and protect the landlord‘s interests are made.

Signer un contrat de bail d’habitation, c’est bénéficier de la protection octroyée au domicile, facteur clé de l’équilibre social, économique et sanitaire, de tous et de chacun. Soumis à des soubresauts politiques depuis la loi Quilliot de 1982, le secteur locatif privé semble poursuivre la quête permanente d’un équilibre introuvable. Mais qu’est-ce que l’équilibre locatif ? A n’en point douter, l’équilibre locatif n’est pas synonyme d’équilibre des parties à la relation locative. Il n’est pas non plus déterminé par un seul et même objectif selon les pays ou les cultures, et ce malgré l’influence des normes supranationales, qui semblent toutes tendre vers la même direction. En France, l’équilibre locatif permet au locataire – mais également à l’occupant - de jouir paisiblement de son logement, le curseur de l’équilibre étant fixé par le niveau de supportabilité de l’atteinte au droit constitutionnel de propriété. L’étude nationale et comparée de différentes réglementations privées, permettra le cas échéant de déterminer les objectifs généraux et particuliers poursuivis par chacune d’entre elles. Et de formuler des propositions de réformes de structure, et ponctuelles, du statut français des baux d’habitation
The Right to Housing is an international topic implemented by national authorities. In France, the fundamental Right to Housing was enshrined in an Act in 1982. Since then, this concept has evolved, giving birth to a large number of rights dedicated to the tenant's protection, which opposes nowadays the Right to Private Property.The scope of this thesis is dual. Firstly, we will try to understand how the concept has been built up, from both a national and international perspective. In this vein, we will study the effectiveness of this right against the framework of a comparative study. Finally, some reforms of the French regulation system will be suggested

I dagens digitala era utvecklas tekniken med en imponerande hastighet och fastighetsmarknaden är inte oberörd. Hyresnivån på kontorslokaler påverkas av attribut inomhuvudkategorierna byggnadsegenskaper, läge och hyresvillkor på kort sikt. Syftet medexamensarbetet är därmed att undersöka mottagligheten och betalningsviljan för smart teknik ikontorslokaler som påverkar byggnadens egenskaper. Fem teman har valts ut somfokusområden: säkerhet och inpassering, beläggningsmätning av kontorslokaler,inomhusklimat, applikationer av bekvämlighetstjänster för anställda samt lokalisering avmedarbetare. Arbetet baseras på två koncept: stöd i tidigare empiriska data samt en explorativundersökning genom att kombinera en kvalitativ och en kvantitativ metod. Den kvalitativametoden genomfördes först genom halvstrukturerade intervjuer med aktörer påkontorsmarknaden, inkluderat hyresgäster. Enkätundersökningen, bestående av denkvantitativa metoden bestod, skickades ut till ett urval av hyresgäster i Stockholmsområdet. Dåhyresgäster med stor sannolikhet saknar tidigare erfarenheter av smart teknik, presenterades deundersökta teknikerna i form av scenariofrågor i både enkät och intervju. Enkätresultatet visarpå en oenighet i respondenternas attityd till scenariofrågan gällande digitala nycklar, vilketsammanfaller med intervjuresultatet. Vidare indikerar enkätresultatet att majoriteten avhyresgästerna är villiga att betala varken mer eller mindre för digitala nycklar i jämförelse meddagens kostnad för det aktuella inpasseringssystemet. Intervjuerna och enkäterna visar enövervägande positiv inställning till beläggningsmätning genom sensorer och reglering avinomhusklimat i realtid. Betalningsviljan för beläggningsmätning är noll eller låg och förinomhusklimatet varken mer eller mindre samt något mer i jämförelse med dagens kostnad.Inställningen till bekvämlighetstjänster visar inte ett entydigt resultat och likaså för tematlokaliseringsverktyg, där majoriteten inte uttrycker någon betalningsvilja. Den första slutsatsenär att intresset för smart teknik finns hos hyresgäster, medan betalningsviljan har generelltresulterat i två huvudsakliga utfall. Ett odefinierat svar eller låg betalningsvilja kan bero påhyresgästens bristande erfarenhet av för- och nackdelar vid användning av smart teknik. I detandra fallet, då ingen betalningsvilja finns, kan det tolkas som att hyresgästen har krav på attsmarta teknik ska ingå i fastighetsägarens ansvar i framtiden. Vidare är den andra slutsatsen attsmart teknik kopplat till beläggningsmätning och inomhusklimat kan potentiellt genererautökade intäkter för fastighetsägaren. Den sista slutsatsen avser mervärden som smart teknikkan tillföra hyresgäster och fastighetsägare. Till exempel, kan hyresgäster få ett mer effektivt lokalutnyttjande medan fastighetsägare kan få konkurrensfördelar och nöjdare kunder.
Technology is advancing to become smarter at an impressive pace and the real estate industryhas not been excluded. The rental premium of an office premise depends on different attributesof the building, the location, and the terms in the lease agreement in the short-term. This thesisaims to examine the acceptance and willingness to pay (WTP) for smart technology, whichimpacts the attributes of the building. Five themes are chosen as the focus: security and access,occupancy level of the office, indoor climate, app of convenience services for employees andlocalization system of employees. The thesis is based on two concepts: existing empiricalresearch and an explorative study by combining the usage of a qualitative and a quantitativemethod. Semi-structured interviews with actors at the office market, including tenants, ischosen as the qualitative method and was conducted firstly. The survey, or the quantitativemethod, was sent to a sample of tenants in the Stockholm area. With the assumption that tenantslack former experience of smart technology, scenario questions were used to present therelevant technology in both the interviews and the surveys. The respondents’ attitudes differedin both the interviews and survey, regarding the scenario question of accessing the officethrough digital keys, the first theme. The survey results indicated that the tenants WTP weremore or less than today for the proposed solution. Both the interviews and survey show anoverall positive attitude against measuring occupancy with sensors and regulating indoorclimate in real time. Regarding the WTP for occupancy measurement, it was either nothing orlow. The WTP for indoor climate was not more nor less or slightly more in comparison to thecost today. The respondents’ attitudes varied in relation to the app for convenience services andlikewise for the localization system, where the majority of the tenants expressed zero WTP.The first conclusion is that the tenants have an interest for smart technology, whereas the WTPresulted in two general cases. Firstly, an undefined answer or low WTP may be due to lack ofexperience regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the smart technology. On the otherhand, no WTP could be interpreted as a future demand from the tenants, where the propertyowner is responsible for smart technology in the premises. The second conclusion is that smarttechnology with regard to measurement of occupancy and indoor climate can potentiallygenerate additional rental income for the property owner. Lastly, the added value which smarttechnology can accomplish for the tenants is, for example, a more efficient usage of the officepremise. Furthermore, property owners can achieve competitive advantages and more contentcustomers.

The focus of this research is crime in multi-unit rental structures, Specifically, apartment complexes. It seeks to identify management policies and environmental attributes that are associated with lower crime and police calls for service rates.

Bostadsbristen är ett allvarligt problem i Sverige och bostadsmarknaden är långt ifrån välfungerande. År 2015 bedömde Boverket att 183 av landets 290 kommuner hade ett underskott på bostäder. 80 kommuner tyckte sig ha en balans mellan bostadssökande och antalet lediga bostäder medan resterande 27 kommuner fann ett överskott på bostäder. Att tilläga är att 82 procent av befolkningen bor i de 183 kommuner som berörs av underskott.Den förra regeringen anser att om vi bättre nyttjar de redan befintliga bostäderna och skapar ett flexibelt utbud av lägenheter genom andrahandsupplåtelse samt gör outnyttjade bostäder tillgängliga på marknaden kan man hjälpa många människor som söker bostad.Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda, analysera och diskutera varför bedömningen gällande de skäl som krävs för tillstånd till andrahandsuthyrning skiljer sig åt mellan de två nyttjanderättsformerna, bostadsrätt och hyresrätt. Även klargöra vilka skäl som lagstiftare anser vara tillräckliga vid en tillståndsprövning gällande andrahandsupplåtelse. När utredning av eventuella skillnader i skäl för upplåtelse i andra hand är klar besvaras och diskuteras följande frågeställning: Varför är BRLs regler generösare än hyreslagens regler?I uppsatsen undersöks olika bestämmelser för att få en djupare insikt i gällande rätt. Förarbeten, rättspraxis och doktrin har legat till grund för tolkning av lagar och för att ge läsaren förståelse för den praktiska tillämpningen av valda lagrum.Av det insamlade materialet har det framkommit, att det i första hand är den enskilda bostadsrättsföreningen eller hyresvärden som beslutar vilka skäl som anses tillräckliga för tillstånd till en andrahandsupplåtelse. Reglerna i BRL är generösare än motsvarande regler i hyreslagen då bostadsrättshavaren inte behöver åberopa samma tyngd i sina skäl för uthyrningen som en förstahandshyresgäst. Detta på grund av det ekonomiska intresse och uppbundna kapital som bostadsrättshavaren har i sin bostad vilket en förstahandshyresgäst saknar. Det är enligt oss anledningar till varför BRLs syn på godtagbara skäl är generösare än motsvarande regler i hyreslagen.
The housing shortage is a serious problem in Sweden and the housing market is ineffective and greatly hampered. In 2015 the national board of housing, building and planning in Sweden named Boverket, estimated that 183 of the country’s 290 municipalities had a shortage of housing. 80 of the municipalities showed a balance between housing applicants and the number of vacant homes, while remaining 27 municipalities showed a surplus of housing. Important to note is that 82 percent of the population reside in the municipalities affected by the shortage.The previous government believes that by better utilizing existing dwellings and creating a flexible supply of apartments by sublease as well as making unused homes available to the market they can help a lot of people in their search for a home.The purpose of this essay is to investigate, analyze and discuss why there are differences between two forms of tenancies, owner-occupied apartments and rental units, with respect to the reasons thought to be sufficient in the assessment of obtaining permission to sublease. After clarifying differences regarding reasons for sublease, the following question is answered: Why is the law concerning owner-occupied apartments more generous than the law regarding rental units?Various regulations are examined in the essay to create a deeper understanding of the law. Travaux préparatoires, case law and jurisprudence has formed the basis for the interpretation of the statutes and to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the practical use of selected section of the law.The collected material has illustrated that it is primarily the individual co-operative housing association or landlord who decides what reasons are sufficient to permit a sublease. The rules considering owner-occupied apartments are more generous than the corresponding law for rental units, since the owner of a co-operative apartment does not need to invoke the same substance in their reasons for renting as primary tenant because of their financial interest which a tenant lacks. According to us this is the main reason why the view on acceptable grounds for sublease regarding owner-occupied apartments are more generous than the corresponding laws applied on rental units.

This report documents the growth of renting in Texas colonias, low-income informal settlements along the US-Mexico border. Historically, owner-occupied self-help and self-managed housing has been the norm in these settlements, so scholarly treatment of renting in colonias has been very limited. I begin with a literature review of housing development and housing policy in colonias, before turning, for comparison, to a discussion of renting in the US as well as in informal settlements in the developing world. Chapter 2 draws upon data from the US Census Bureau to describe the nature and extent of the colonia rental market in the six Texas counties with the largest colonia populations: my analysis reveals that renters now make up more than one in five colonia households. I expand on this discussion by examining differences between renter and owner households, paying particular attention to factors that make renters more vulnerable than owners. Chapter 3 employs a variety of regression models to identify the determinants of varying rental rates in colonias. The results suggest that larger, older, and more densely populated colonias have higher rates of renting. In Chapter 4, I utilize a mixed methods approach -- including household surveys, key informant interviews, and intensive case study interviews -- to a) better understand the tenure decisions of colonia renters and to place such decisions within a context of extreme socio-economic vulnerability and b) examine the factors that incentivize a turn toward renting among property owners. I conclude with a discussion of potential policy solutions to ensure that colonia rental accommodation remains affordable, accessible, and of sufficient quality.
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La stratégie «Adequate shelter for all and sustainable settlements development in an urbanising world» adoptée au sommet mondial Habitat II d’Istanbul de 1996, traduite dans les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement et maintenant dans les Objectifs de Développement Durable, vise à fournir un logement décent au plus grand nombre de ménages dans les villes du monde et celles d’Afrique Subsaharienne en particulier. La crise du logement caractérisée par les conditions abjectes dans lesquelles la majorité des ménages des villes d’Afrique subsaharienne se logent, devient ainsi un problème majeur auquel la littérature spécialisée promeut généralement, parmi tous les modes d’occupation du logement, l’accession à la propriété comme la panacée. En supposant que cette dimension de la crise du logement ne peut s’expliquer que par les comportements résidentiels des ménages généralement autopromoteurs de leurs logements en Afrique de l’Ouest, et à Lomé la capitale du Togo en particulier, cette thèse de doctorat vise à répondre à la question générale de recherche suivante : Les choix résidentiels à Lomé, en particulier le choix du statut d’occupation du logement, sont-ils exclusivement influencés par le profil des ménages occupants? Par une approche mixte d’écologie urbaine basée sur des analyses croisées de régression logistique multinomiale appliquées à trois sources de données (RGPH4 de 2010, QUIBB de 2011, TERRAIN 2013) étayées par l’analyse biographique relative aux stratégies résidentielles d’un échantillon de 411 ménages participants dans quatre quartiers de Lomé, choisie comme base empirique, la recherche a plus ou moins confirmé les hypothèses émises a priori par les résultats principaux suivants: En lien avec la faible mobilité résidentielle générale qui caractérise les pratiques résidentielles à Lomé, les ménages choisissent, en élaborant des stratégies «de petits pas», leur statut d’occupation du logement suivant des trajectoires résidentielles surtout ascendantes, en fonction plus de leur profil démographique (âge, genre, statut migratoire et matrimonial, type et taille) que de leur statut socioéconomique (revenu, emploi, éducation). Ces choix résidentiels sont également déterminés par les attributs des logements (typologie, localisation et accès aux services de base) constituant les parcs résidentiels existants. Les ménages propriétaires de Lomé, souvent biparentaux, sont plus âgés, plus larges que les ménages locataires et hébergés. Les natifs de la ville et les migrants de longue date sont plus enclins à être propriétaires et durablement hébergés que les nouveaux arrivants. Globalement plus fortunés que les hébergés, les propriétaires ne sont pas forcément plus nantis et plus éduqués que les locataires. L’habitat de cour, habitation multifamiliale majoritaire dans le parc résidentiel de Lomé, bien qu’il abrite des ménages de tous les statuts résidentiels, il est surtout réservé aux locataires. La thèse suggère que des programmes accrus de financement institutionnel du logement, de rénovation générale du parc résidentiel existant et de production d’une version améliorée de l’habitat de cour, avec l’assistance technique publique, contribueront à fournir un logement décent au plus grand nombre de ménages qu’ils soient propriétaires, locataires ou hébergés, à Lomé et ailleurs dans les villes d’Afrique de l’Ouest, conformément au paradigme actuel du développement durable des établissements humains.
«Adequate shelter for all and sustainable settlements development in an urbanizing world», strategy adopted in 1996 at the World Summit Habitat II of Istanbul and expressed in the Millennium Development Goals and now in Sustainable Development Goals, aims to provide a decent housing for the greatest number of households in the world and especially in sub-saharian African towns. Since then, access to adequate housing becomes an important issue for housing research in developing and sub-Saharan African countries where most of households still live in abject conditions of lack adequate water and sanitation services which, among others, typify the acute housing crisis they are facing up to. Housing policies and literature generally promote homeownership as the panacea to solve this size of the housing shortage. Assuming that this housing crisis in West Africa, especially in Lomé the capital of Togo, should be explained by the residential behavior of the households, who are self-help promoters in majority, this doctoral thesis try to answer the following general research question: Are the residential choices in Lomé, especially tenure choice, exclusively influenced by the occupier households’ characteristics? By a mixed approach of urban ecology based on multinomial logistic regression cross-study analyses applied to three data sources (RGPH4 2010, QUIBB 2011 and 2013 field survey data) supported by the life histories concerning the residential strategies of a sample of 411 households in four areas of Lomé chosen as empirical basis, the research confirms more or less the assumptions made, by the following main results: In connection with the general low residential mobility that characterizes the residential patterns in Lomé, households make their tenure choices through especially upward trajectories by developing strategies of «small steps», more according to their demographic profile (stage of life cycle, age, gender, migratory and marital status, type, size) than their socioeconomic status (income, employment, education). These residential choices are also determined by the characteristics of the existing residential parks (typology, location, access to basic services of housing). We find that owner-occupiers are often bi-parental households headed by men, older and larger than renter and free-holder households in Lomé. Native and long-term migrant households are more likely to be homeowners and long-term sharers than those who recently migrate. Homeowner households are overall well-off than free-holders, but they are not necessary wealthier and better educated than the renters. The thesis also shows that family house which mainly makes up the residential park of Lomé, is especially kept for renters, although it shelters households of all the tenures. We suggest that steady programmes of housing finance systems extended to all the sectors of the society, concentrated on the access of the current housing stock to basic services and on the supply, with the public technical support, of an improved version of family house, will largely contribute to offer a decent housing to most of the households in Lomé as elsewhere in West African cities, whether they are owner-occupiers, renters or sharers.

A research report submitted to the Department of Town and Regional Planning, School of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand in partial fulfilment for the Degree of Master of Science in Housing
The influence of institutional rental housing policy (IRHP) on consumer choice in Johannesburg was evaluated through interviews with middle-income tenants and caretakers in Legae Gardens and JOSHCO Complex Two residences in reference to the Rental Act. Housing officials in Johannesburg Housing Company, Johannesburg Social Housing Company and Provincial Department of Housing were also interviewed. Primary data gained from interviews and observation of the residences and their surroundings was analysed based on Howard-Sheth and trade-off models of consumer choice and residential location respectively, with qualitativecomparative case study as the main research method. The IRHP has been translated into regeneration projects (institutional rentals (IRs) and infrastructure upgrading) and executed through planning principles such as mixed-use and neighbourhood safety based on national development goals (integration and sustainability). As affordable and quality IRs have been developed in preferable locations, this optimises consumer choice opportunities in terms of affordability, quality and location.

The substitution of parties to the legal relationship in relation to renting apartments The contract of rental, the renting apartments, the landlord, the tenant Executive Summary The aim of the thesis is to describe the legal relationship aspects arising in relation to the substitution of parties to renting apartments, with the focus being on substitution initiated by the tenant. The key reason for choosing this topic is the author's personal experience with dealing with the issues that arose as a result of the transfer of rights and obligations pertaining to renting of an apartment of the author's acquaintance, his experience gained during the assistance at the civil proceedings held by district court for Prague 3, the fact that renting is currently an issue of great significance in the Czech law system, and also the increasing number of people living in rented apartments. The thesis comprises ten chapters, each of them considering different aspects of the issues involved. Having provided the background information to the reader in the introductory chapter, the first chapter considers the historical framework of renting apartments. The chapters explores the renting of apartments in accordance with Roman law throughout the Middle Ages up to the present Czech legal regulations, including the rental agreement...

This study examines the effects of homeownership, tenancy, and vacancy on the preservation of historic housing stock. Using six blocks within the Emily Kimbrough Historic District as my study area, I utilized city directories and deed transfers to determine the number of housing units each year as well as the percentages of ownership, tenancy, and vacancy for each home. I developed a rating system to assess the current condition of each home and completed statistical analysis of the association between ownership rates and current condition. The results of the study are a repeatable methodology for critically examining homeownership. The findings defy popular assumptions of the benefits of homeownership, showing no association between homeownership and present housing condition. The methodology of this study is useful in determining whether city governments should establish homeownership programs as a viable preservation strategy.
Department of Architecture

The diploma thesis "Social Housing - an integral segment of the housing policy and its conceptual design in the Statutory City of Opava" deals with the problem of increasing numbers of individuals or groups who have problems with obtaining decent housing or with the maintenance of the current housing market in the Czech Republic. After 1989, the transformation of housing and significantly changed its ownership structure. Social rental housing segment, however, in our almost non-existent, the concept of social housing is enshrined in our legal framework and no common concept and function for the Czech Republic as a country. In Western Europe, while social housing tradition since the 19th century and is now the total number of rental housing for 18 % allocated as social housing. In the current situation and economic context, it is clear that a stable population will be unable to provide themselves and maintain their own housing. Housing is yet one of the basic social needs, which is not possible without the development of both individual and society. Housing is considered as a specific asset to which not only can be viewed through the lens of economic criteria. For these reasons, it is accentuated in the thesis that social housing in the Czech Republic would be an integral part of the housing stock....

The dissertation is focused on the analysis of the institute of residential lease. At the beginning a brief historical progress of the legal regulations of the lease of the apartment is described with the reference to social circumstances which influenced it. Subsequently, attention is paid to the lease agreement as the legal reason for using an apartment. The dissertation deals also with the object of the lease agreement, i.e. with the apartment and its definition in the legal regulations, and also with the subjects of the lease agreement, i.e. with the landlord and the tenant. In the next part the dissertation describes rights and obligations of the contracting parties. A special chapter is dedicated to the rent, as one of the essential requirements of the lease agreement. Also the institutes of the subtenancy, passage of the lease of flat and exchange of the apartments are mentioned. Furthermore, the issue of the termination of the lease is elaborated in detail. The whole dissertation contains also important rulings of the courts and presents changes that will come into effect with new civil code.

Notes: i) the terms "lessee" and "tenant" are used alternatively, the latter only when quoted ii) the terms "lessor" and "landlord" are used alternatively, the latter only when quoted
The research intends to assess the availability of information to determine the contribution of turnover rent to lessor revenue as the publicly available information on building performance, and in specific turnover rent, is not adequate to answer the research problem. Academic, legal and accounting sources are consulted and referenced as background on turnover rent. Limitations applicable to the study is noted. A content analysis of published financial statements analyses the application of the prevailing accounting standards in the real estate sector and assesses to what extent information is available to determine the contribution of turnover rent to lessor revenue. Disclosure was found to be inconsistent and inadequate to calculate the contribution to lessor revenue and to assess individual building performance. With relevant building performance data of a large retail centre sourced from an asset manager, the contribution of turnover rent to lessor revenue was calculated for a period of eight years as part of a retail centre case study. With information available, but not disclosed, it is recommended that the IASB considers additional disclosure for listed real estate entities to enable stakeholders to assess individual building performance. Further recommendations are made in this study. The building performance indicators were further compared to relevant economic indicators. The results of this analysis indicates an indirect correlation between the prime interest rate and three building performance indicators being lessee turnover, total rent collected and centre foot-count. This confirms the strong reliance of the South African retail sector on credit sales.
Financial Accounting
M. Ph. (Accounting Sciences)