Academic literature on the topic 'Reparations'
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Journal articles on the topic "Reparations"
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Perez-Leon-Acevedo, Juan-Pablo. "Reparation Modalities at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)." Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 19, no. 3 (November 27, 2020): 451–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341431.
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Abstract In the last decade, the ECCC has ordered reparations for victims of the Khmer Rouge’s mass atrocities committed in Cambodia during the 1970s. Various scholars have examined those reparations ordered by the ECCC. Yet, this is the first academic piece to assess the ECCC’s reparation modalities under the UN Reparation Principles, which contain key standards on reparations for victims of atrocities. Overall, the ECCC has ordered important rehabilitation, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition measures to redress victims’ harm. This is a meaningful current development with regard to reparations for victims of atrocities. However, the ECCC’s reparation law and practice exhibits some important deficits under the UN Reparation Principles. At the ECCC, restitution and compensation are excluded and the range of guarantees of non-repetition has been limited. Nonetheless, these deficits must be considered within the ECCC’s mandate as an internationalised criminal court.
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Duthie, Roger, and Clara Ramírez-Barat. "Education as Rehabilitation for Human Rights Violations." International Human Rights Law Review 5, no. 2 (November 23, 2016): 241–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00502004.
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Reparations for human rights violations in the form of rehabilitation can include social services such as education. This can be a particularly appropriate form of reparation for victims who have experienced abuses that result in missed education as a lost opportunity. Reparations can be rehabilitative by directly responding to harms suffered by victims and their ensuing needs, thereby helping to reintegrate those victims into society and restoring to them a functional life. Education can be provided through an administrative program or policy as individual reparations, such as scholarships to victims, as collective reparations, such as the rebuilding of schools in communities hard hit by abuses, and as symbolic reparations, such as naming schools. Court decisions awarding education as a form of reparation have also contributed significantly to our understanding of education as rehabilitation. This article examines the contributions that education as rehabilitation can make to redress as well as the implementation challenges faced by initiatives that have attempted to do so.
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Gilmore, Sunneva. "Better Late than Never: Reparations for Sexual Violence in the Ntaganda case before the International Criminal Court." Journal of Human Trafficking, Enslavement and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence 2, no. 1 (July 8, 2021): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7590/266644721x16239186251242.
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The Prosecutor v Bosco Ntaganda case at the International Criminal Court (ICC) represents the long awaited first reparation order for sexual violence at the court. This will hopefully see the implementation of reparations for the war crimes and crimes against humanity of rape and sexual slavery among civilians and former child soldiers, after previous cases such as against Jean-Pierre Bembe and Laurent Gbagbo were acquitted of rape. This article drawing from the author's role as a reparation expert in the case, is a reflection on the challenges of designing and providing reparations at the ICC against convicted individuals, as well as amidst insecurity and the COVID-19 infectious disease pandemic. It begins by discussing how the Ntaganda reparation order expanded reparation principles for the first time since the Lubanga case, in particular for crimes of a sexual nature. This is followed by an outline of some of the harms as a result of sexual violence from the perspective of an expert with a medical background. The analysis then turns to the appropriate reparations in this case and the details contained within the chamber's reparation order. Final conclusions consider how the procedural and substantive elements of reparations in this case will be instructive to future cases that address sexual violence. Ultimately, key insights are offered on the modest contribution an appointed reparation expert can do in assisting a trial chamber in the reparation process.
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Yang, Yidou. "The Gap between the International Criminal Court and Victims: Criminal Trial Reparations as a Case Study." Laws 12, no. 4 (August 16, 2023): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws12040072.
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Although victims have the right to limited participation in trials and to seek reparations after sentencing, the legal structure of the International Criminal Court (ICC) prioritizes retributive justice over restorative justice and punishment over reparations. Thus, currently, although the perpetrators can be tried through the ICC, it is still difficult to obtain reasonable compensation for the damages suffered by the victims. On the one hand, the ICC’s reparation system may be restricted by the identity of the victim, ICC internal factors, and so on. The current structure of the ICC compensation system allows for hierarchical relationships between victims, while at the same time, there is tension between individual and collective types of compensation. These factors have led to a disconnect and gap between the protection of rights at the theoretical level and actual reparation. This dichotomy between the theoretical protection of the rights of victims and the real protection of victims in practice exists in the ICC. Victims are isolated from the field of vision due to potential repercussions. The idealistic illusion of justice is completed when the ICC stands on the stage and accepts the audience’s praise. However, for compensation in criminal courts, people are paying increasing attention to the legal process and content. In practice, the proportion of victims of international crimes is not low, and in some cases, victims are widespread. It can be seen that criminal compensation for victims is an issue that spans a vast range of people and regions. Nonetheless, there are still research gaps regarding reparation and other ideas of justice according to the ICC, how the ICC provides multifaceted safeguards for victims, and the limitations and influence of the mechanism of the ICC on the compensation of victims. Considering the above problems, this paper aims to analyze the International Criminal Court indemnity cases. This paper wishes to analyze reparations and other ideas of justice under the ICC, examining the approach of the ICC toward compensation for victims, where the ICC is heading regarding reparations for victims, how the reparations system works, and the advantages and disadvantages of the reparations system, as well as what are the potential problems of ICC related to reparations. What guarantees do the ICC’s mechanisms provide for victims to be able to receive reparations? How does the structure of the ICC reparations system conflict with victims’ reparations in practical terms? What are the potential obstacles and gaps between criminal trial reparations and victims? The first chapter wants to analyze the early Nuremberg tribunal, Tokyo tribunal, ICTY, and the ICTR by analyzing whether international criminal justice under these military tribunals was restorative justice or reparation justice and interspersed with analyses of reparation to victims under these tribunals. Then, it analyses it further about justice and reparation of the ICC, and it talks about the compensation for the victim and how the idea of compensation under the ICC has evolved. Using these arguments to analyze reparation and other different ideas of justice under the paly of ICC. The second chapter of the article analyzes the “participatate in trial for compensation”, “The limits of participating in trial”, “Safety protection for victims” to demonstrate the current protection and progress of the ICC system on the issue of victims’ compensation, this is because victims’ participation in the trial will bring a lot of help to the issue of compensation. The article analyses the significance and shortcomings of participation in a trial for compensation, which is necessary and meaningful to the issue of compensation because “participation in trial” and compensation are related and complementary to each other, as participation of the victims will bring a lot of help to the issue of compensation. The article analyses the section “Protection of the financial situation of victims: A possible alternative methods of reparation” because, to some extent, it can be seen as an alternative method of ICC compensation. The third chapter of the article hopes that by analyzing “Little compensation”, “The silence court put on victims’ rights of compensation”, “The ICC’s model of judicial administration remains optional” to argue and analyze how the structure of the ICC reparations system conflict with victim reparations in practical terms. Because the silence the court put on victims’ rights of compensation and the ICC’s model of judicial administration remains optional, both directly impact the issue of compensation. Chapter IV mainly aims to analyze some of the potential negative impacts of the ICC on victim reparations, specifically “The victim’s social death”, “Restrictions on “expression” between the victim and the court”, “Does the ICC hope to improve its attitude to victims?” to specifically analyze and argue these aspects of its potential negative impact on victim reparations. On this basis, this paper analyzes the gap between criminal trial reparations and victims to identify what negatives exist between the two.
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Mesquita, Judith Bueno de, Gen Sander, and Paul Hunt. "Rehabilitation and the Right to Health in Times of Transition." International Human Rights Law Review 5, no. 2 (November 23, 2016): 169–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00502002.
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The harm to health of victims of civil and political rights abuses has been a focus of some reparations programmes. Rehabilitation has been the primary form of reparation for harm to health. Is this current approach an appropriate response by reparations programmes to violations of the right to health during conflict or repression? Given the nature of right to health violations in conflict or repression, we suggest that reparations programmes should broaden their focus to also address not only the health consequences of civil and political rights violations, but also the destruction or neglect of the health system, and policies which harm health. We consider whether rehabilitation is the only suitable form of reparation for such abuses. We also consider the relationship between the fields of transitional justice and public health in periods of transition, including whether some conflict-related right to health violations should be addressed in the health sector rather than reparations programmes and, if so, how this can be done successfully.
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Korzeniewska-Lasota, Anna. "War Reparations From Germany: A Historical and Legal Perspective." Kwartalnik Prawa Międzynarodowego III, no. III (December 29, 2022): 38–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1822.
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On 23 August 1953, under a pressure exerted by USSR, the government of the Polish People's Republic issued a declaration on war reparations. Since then, Germany has adopted a stance that the problem of reparations had been definitively closed and Poland is no longer entitled to any claims for reparations. This article discusses the issue of war reparations from Federal Republic of Germany from a historical legal perspective, focusing in particular on the scope of the declaration made by the Polish government as well as its significance and effects. The author concludes that a duly represented state of Poland has never waived reparation claims from Germany.
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Moffett, Luke, and Clara Sandoval. "Tilting at windmills: Reparations and the International Criminal Court." Leiden Journal of International Law 34, no. 3 (May 21, 2021): 749–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092215652100025x.
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AbstractMore than 20 years on from the signing of the Rome Statute, delivering victim-centred justice through reparations has been fraught with legal and practical challenges. The Court’s jurisprudence on reparations only began to emerge from 2012 and struggles to find purchase on implementation on the ground. In its first few cases of Lubanga, Katanga, and Al Mahdi the eligibility and forms of reparations have been limited to certain victims, subject to years of litigation, and faced difficulties in delivery due to ongoing insecurity. This is perhaps felt most acutely in the Bemba case, where more than 5,000 victims of murder, rape and pillage were waiting for redress, and the defendant was not indigent, but where he was later acquitted on appeal, thereby extinguishing reparation proceedings. This article critically appraises the jurisprudence and practice of the International Criminal Court (ICC) on reparations. It looks at competing principles and rationales for reparations at the Court in light of comparative practice in international human rights law and transitional justice processes to consider what is needed to ensure that the ICC is able to deliver on its reparations mandate. An underpinning argument is that reparations at the ICC cannot be seen in isolation from other reparation practices in the states where the Court operates. Reparative complementarity for victims of international crimes is essential to maximize the positive impact that the fulfilment of this right can have on victims and not to sacrifice the legitimacy of the Court, nor quixotically strive for the impossible.
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Gonzalez-Salzberg, Damian A. "Queering Reparations Under International Law: Damages, Suffering, and (Heteronormative) Kinship." AJIL Unbound 116 (2022): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2021.75.
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It is a long-standing principle of international law that every breach of an international obligation that results in harm gives rise to a duty to make adequate reparation. Reparations can take different forms, from the ideal of full restitution to the provision of satisfaction, and the payment of compensation. Notwithstanding reparation's main aim––to ameliorate, if not eradicate, the detrimental consequences of an internationally wrongful act–– it also serves other purposes, such as reinforcing the authority of the norm breached, acknowledging the injury, and recognizing the bearer of harm (the victim). This essay adopts a queer approach to examine the role played by reparation–– in particular, compensation––in determining what (and whose) suffering matters to international law. With a focus on internationally wrongful acts that result in deprivation of life, this piece discusses who is seen as worthy of redress when a violation of the right to life has taken place, as this, in turn, speaks volumes about who is seen as legally entitled to suffer, to mourn and, ultimately, to love. This essay argues that reparation orders from international human rights courts offer a valuable opportunity for re-evaluating––and perhaps even overcoming––heteronormative understandings of kinship.
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Theriault, Henry C. "Reparations for Genocide: Group Harm and the Limits of Liberal Individualism." International Criminal Law Review 14, no. 2 (March 13, 2014): 441–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01401015.
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In recent years, there has been a handful of lawsuits billed as attempts to gain reparations for the Armenian Genocide. These suits, however, have concerned only ancillary wrongs done to individuals, not the culpable harm done to the Armenian group as a whole through genocide. As such, these suits do not actually pursue reparations for the Armenian Genocide. Not only do awarded or negotiated reparations not function to address the damage done by the Armenian Genocide as a force of group destruction – a force whose consequences remain debilitating today politically, economically, culturally, and socially – but the basis of the cases is not the genocide. In fact, misrepresented as genocide reparations cases, they displace genuine reparation claims. The focus on individual suits and exclusion of genuine group reparations are a function of the limits of the Western liberal individual intellectual and political system that grounds international law. Only through fundamental changes in the guiding assumptions of that system will adequate, that is, true group reparations become viable.
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Zegveld, Liesbeth. "Victims as a Third Party: Empowerment of Victims?" International Criminal Law Review 19, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 321–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01806002.
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This article examines whether victims can claim rights of their own before international criminal courts. These courts remain divided on the role of victims. Even when they allow victims to participate and claim reparation, it is a restricted participation. Before the icc victims have a third-party role, being merely additional to the procedure. What’s more victims are treated collectively. They are assigned a collective representative, their right to choose legal counsel thus not being an absolute right. Due to the high number of victims and with an apparent wish to bring as many victims as possible in the procedure, also reparations are granted collectively. Reparations are provided to victims and communities even if they have not applied for reparations, setting aside individual claims. The result is that victims are the target of reparation, they are treated as objects rather than subjects who can demand a remedy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Reparations"
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Page, Jennifer Marie. "Reparations and State Accountability." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467498.
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In the United States, many associate the idea of reparations with the longstanding African American claim of being owed redress for slavery and Jim Crow. Many defend the black reparations claim based on the exceptional nature of the hardships that African Americans have endured: paying reparations to blacks need not open a Pandora’s Box of other grievances, it is argued. My dissertation puts forward a theory of reparations in the domestic liberal democratic context, grounded in a variety of real world cases, that suggests that governments owe reparations in a much wider range of situations than is usually recognized. Though some compelling reparations claims refer to racialized state-sponsored injustices (e.g., Japanese American internment, the illegal annexation of Hawaii, the Tuskegee syphilis study), others have little to do with race (e.g., eugenical sterilization surgeries, LSD experimentation conducted under the CIA’s MKULTRA program, harms to “Atomic” veterans). The argument for paying reparations to blacks is grounded in an argument for liberal democratic governments to pay reparations whenever political power is abused.
The core claim of the dissertation is that the government is unaccountable at the very times when it matters the most morally. When an injustice is conducted according to the law, not only are the activities of state personnel and taxpayer resources channeled towards unjust ends, an individual who is harmed does not have a viable means of recourse against the state. Sovereign immunity, the legal principle that the government cannot be sued without its consent, or “the King can do no wrong,” precludes redress in the majority of cases. Reparations seekers may appeal to the legislature, but this is an unreliable avenue to redress. I argue that reparations claims are fundamentally about the government’s accountability for injustice, and that reparations claimants are reasonable to call state power to account. On an accountability-based theory of reparations, liberal democratic governments should recognize that the safeguards against the abuse of power are not infallible, and observe a norm of redress. A liberal democracy that willingly takes responsibility for its abuses, apologizes, and pays reparations demonstrates its adherence to its legitimizing commitments.Government
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Brock, Penohole. "Politics of reparations: unravelling the power relations in the Herero/Nama genocide reparations claims." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31354.
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The Herero/Nama Genocide (1904-1908) under German colonialism in Namibia is the first genocide of the twentieth century and has stirred debates around reparations for historical injustices. Reparative Justice has evolved into a victim-centric pillar of justice, in which perpetrators are legally and morally obligated to pay reparations in its several forms to its victims, including material and symbolic reparations. This thesis is a case study of reparations claims for historical injustices, specifically colonial genocide and explores such claims as a political process. Firstly, defining victims of genocide is a political process in which colonial atrocities have been blanketed by a lawless cover, previously ignoring the rights of the former colonised. The acknowledgement of genocide victims is a not only a necessary step to claiming reparations, but is part of Reparative Justice in which the perpetrator recognises its victims, offers a formal apology and make amends to the victims’ satisfaction. The acknowledgement of the Herero and Nama as victims of genocide has taken over a century for the German government to admit. Secondly, reparations claims is a political process in which requests are demanded and/or negotiated between perpetrator and victim. Germany’s previous foreign policy avoided terms such as 'genocide’ and 'reparations’, which has been a form of colonial amnesia. Namibian actors cannot easily forget the weight of the genocide and have had to negotiate and demand overdue justice in the face of colonial amnesia. Victim groups often do not speak with one voice, as noted in the Herero group, which is divided into general two camps: the Riruako group and the Maherero group. Under Paramount Chief Riruako, and his successor Rukoro, the Ovaherero Traditional Authority (OTA) have made several reparations claims to Germany over the last three decades. The Namibian government has previously played an unsupportive role, due to Germany’s annual development aid, which has undermined the position of the Riruako group. However, Riruako’s Motion on the Ovaherero Genocide in 2006, was unanimously passed and requested that the Namibian government facilitates negotiations between Germany and representatives of the affected communities. The two governments have since entered formal negotiations on how to address the past, however this has been resented by the OTA and some reparations organisations, who argue that the Namibian government have taken the lead on negotiations, rather than facilitate them. Those participating in government negotiations are the Maherero group, and those who have refused to join is the Riruako group, who have lodged a lawsuit in 2017 against the German government for reparations. In 2015, the German government admitted that its shared history with Namibia involved genocide. However, this acknowledgement has transferred limited power to the Namibian actors who continue to be undermined as 'equal’ counterparts to the German government. The German government continue to negotiate on their terms of redress, and have claimed state immunity towards the lawsuit. Therefore, there are small traces of colonial amnesia in Germany’s conduct despite its recent change in foreign policy.
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Thompson, Benjamin. "Reparations for historical social injustice." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=87022.
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This thesis concerns the justifiability of claims for reparations for historical injustice as claims based on reparative justice. The first component of the thesis aims to bring clarity to this broad topic by, firstly, describing five necessary conditions for a claim to be compelling as a claim of reparative justice and by, secondly, noting some important difficulties that claims for reparations for historical injustice tend to face in meeting these five conditions. The second component concerns the specific case of reparations to African-Americans for slavery and other past legal injustices. The thesis argues that a case for reparations based on reparative justice can meet the five relevant necessary conditions. An important aspect of this argument is the emphasis that it places on how past legal injustice put in place unjust social processes which have perpetuated to the present-day leading to contemporary African-Americans being wronged and harmed.La présente thèse concerne le degré de justification des demandes de réparations ayant trait à des injustices historiques comme des demandes basées sur la justice réparatrice. La première partie de cette thèse vise à clarifier le sujet général en commençant par décrire cinq conditions nécessaires à une demande afin d'être crédible en tant que demande de justice réparatrice et, ensuite, en s'attardant sur quelques difficultés importantes rencontrées que les demandes de réparation pour des injustices historiques tendent à rencontrer au moment de se conformer aux dites cinq conditions. La seconde partie concerne spécifiquement le cas des réparations attribuées aux Africains-Américains en compensation de l'esclavage et autres injustices légales du passé. La présente thèse soutien qu'un cas de réparations basé sur la justice réparatrice peut rencontrer adéquatement les cinq critères susmentionnés. Un aspect important de cet argument reste dans l'emphase mise sur comment les injustices du passé ont contribué à mettre en place des procédés sociaux injustes qui ayant étés perpétués jusqu'à ce jour, menant à une situation dans laquelle certains Africains-Américains contemporains se sont vus être heurtés.
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Zarifis, Ismene Nicole. "The realization of victims' rights to reparations : assessing the need for a comprehensive reparations program in Uganda." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/12500.
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This study seeks to answer the questions that arise when applying the UN framework
to the existing post-conflict situation in Northern Uganda, while at the same time contributing to the discourse on the right to reparation in international law.A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Prof S. Tindifa, Human Rights and Peace Centre (HURIPEC), Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Uganda.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2009.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Sperfeldt, Christoph. "Practices of Reparations in International Criminal Justice." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149070.
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This thesis examines the practical project to make international criminal justice more victimoriented by giving it an additional reparations function. Animated by the dissonance between the idea of reparations and its practice in international criminal justice, this study relies on the firstever reparations orders by the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) to complement legalistic accounts in the scholarly literature with a socio-legal inquiry. Drawing on practice theory, I use the notion of ‘practices’ as an analytical lens to show forms of social actions that together enable and constrain reparations. Rather than starting with preconceived notions of reparations, this approach draws attention to the multitude of practices of judges, lawyers, diplomats, NGO workers and others that often get overlooked in scholarly research. I ask: what are the practices associated with reparations in international criminal justice? And how do these practices shape the possibilities and meanings of reparations? Building on documentary analysis, ethnographically informed fieldwork and practitioner interviews, this study makes visible the often hidden practices that together form the social life of reparations. This thesis identifies what practices exist, how they come to be, how they work, and what meanings and effects they produce. My observations are structured along four phases of the social life of reparations – norm-making, engagement with conflict-affected populations, adjudication and implementation – and focus on two case studies: the cases Lubanga and Katanga at the ICC, concerning the Ituri district of the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Cases 001 and 002/01 at the ECCC in Cambodia. The thesis shows how contestations over sometimes irreconcilable visions of justice are at the core of the production of reparations. The incorporation of competing rationales into the legal frameworks of both Courts continues to affect their operations. The study demonstrates how actors at and around these Courts actively mediate these tensions, through their practices, when they are giving effect to their reparations mandates in different social contexts. I identify a range of communicative, representational and adjudicative practices that simultaneously constrain action and become sources of flexible adaptation to make reparations fit new circumstances. However, these practices are not able to overcome the limitations that are inherent in the Courts’ juridical approach. The thesis indicates that the promise of more 'victim-oriented justice' through reparations has been realised only superficially, and that reparations remain marginalised and subordinated to the dominant logics of the criminal trial. I call for an appreciation of the limits of recasting international criminal justice as a site for realising reparative ambitions. This does not mean that there is no role for reparations in international criminal justice. I argue that the role is a more modest one than the literature or advocates often suggest – one that is rooted in the Courts’ symbolic powers to recognise, rather their ability to deliver tangible and equitable reparations to a large number of survivors.
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Hodge, Tuarean M. ""Black Reparations Film Project: Descendants of Slavery and Institutional Racism"." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc862812/.
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Black Reparations Film Project: Descendants of Slavery and Institutional Racism is a character driven film that sheds light on the consequences of slavery in the U.S. Through a personal narrative, the viewer comes to understand how these consequences support the argument for slavery reparations. The purpose of the film is to bridge the generational gap in awareness of reparation history. The film can be used to enlighten young Americans of all ethnicities to encourage them to find their purpose in this country, help build better race relations, and work towards building a true democracy.
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Didriksson, Morgan. "ERP-systemens tillämpbarhet inom reparations- och livstidsförlängande verksamheter." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-44076.
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The EU strives for improving the use of resources in industry and society, a part of this is to turn the economy from a liner, consumption economy, to a circular, reusable economy. In order for this to be achieved industry needs adjust their production to facilitate remanufacturing of used products as well as producing new products. A part of the challenge industry is facing is the increase in complexity and volume in regard for information and material flows, one way of handling this in manufacturing companies is to use ERP- systems to keep track of information and material flows. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate the possibility to implement ERP- systems in remanufacturing industries since the amount of uncertainties and sources of variations shadows those in new product manufacturing. In order to reach a conclusion in regards to the purpose of this thesis three research questions where formed: What production steps are need to complete the remanufacturing process? What are the pros and cons of using ERP- systems within remanufacturing? What are the critical implementation factors that remanufacturing industries need to consider when implementing ERP- systems? In order to answer the research questions a literature study was performed to gain insight in the academic knowledge on the subject. In addition to the literature study a case study was conducted as well at a refurbishing company within the train industry. From the literature and case study it was concluded that the remanufacturing process consist of five phases, receiving the product from the market, dismantling it, repair and restore the components, reassemble the product, return the product to the customer/market. Since ERP- systems are continually being developed and their ability to handle uncertainties and variations improve, they could be used at companies facing increased variations and uncertainties than those found in companies only conducting new product production. The pros of utilizing ERP- systems are: financial gains through reduction of administrative, production and inventory costs, the customer related gains come from improved communication, the positive effects on the internal processes are achieved from increased productivity and efficiency. The final area where positive effects can be found is the knowledge and growth are, where ERP- systems follow up on best practises and makes the information easier to access. The drawbacks of using ERP- systems are that it is costly to purchase and implement them, and the company might need to adjust its methods and processes in order to fit the functions included in the ERP- system. As well as there is a need to educate and train the staff to handle the system in a correct fashion. In order to succeed in implementing a ERP- system, there is a great need for a vision of what the system is supposed to achieve as well as a clear support from the leadership. The implementation needs an assign leader that makes sure that the right functions and systems are being introduced and the amount of special adjustments are kept to a minimum to reduce the risk of making the implementation slower and costlier. In conclusion, remanufacturing companies could draw great advantage from implementing a ERP- system, if not only for the standardisation of methods and tasks, but also from the more user friendly information system.Ibland annat EU driver man ett arbete med att bli bättre på att ta tillvara på de resurser och tillgångar som vi har, en del av detta arbete är att företag ska kunna ta emot använda produkter och återvinna materialen och komponenterna för att producera nya produkter, man vill ställa om från en linjär till en cirkulär ekonomi. Denna omställning är en utmaning för nytillverkande företag då dessa har optimerat sin verksamhet för att producera produkter och saknar därför system för att ta emot använda produkter och demonteras dessa. En del i utmaningen är den ökade komplexitet som uppstår vid introduktionen av fler flöden och behovet av ytterligare processer. För att hantera information och materialflöden använder sig företag av integrerade affärssystem, ERP-system, där information centraliseras i företaget och görs tillgängligt för alla funktioner. Följande arbete har fokuserat på att utröna huruvida företag som är aktiva inom reparations- och livstidsförlängande verksamhet kan dra nyttan av att använda ERP-system då dessa typer av verksamheter har stora variationer i processtid, tillgång och kvalitet på returnerade produkter samt att efterfrågan varierar kraftigt. För att uppfylla syftet med arbetet har tre forskningsfrågor upprättats: Hur ser tillverkningsprocesser ut inom reparations- och livstidsförlängande verksamheter? Vilka är fördelar och nackdelar med användning av integrerade affärssystem till reparations- och livstidförlängande verksamheter? Vilka faktorer är viktigt att tänka vid implementeringen och användandet av integrerade affärssystem till reparations- och livstidförlängande verksamheter? För att besvara forskningsfrågorna har en litteraturstudie genomförts för att bestämma den akademiska kunskapen inom området, samt en fallstudie hos ett företag verksamt inom reparation och livstidsförlängande av tåg i syfte att samla in empirisk data. Från litteraturstudien och fallstudien har det konstaterats att tillverkningsprocessen hos reparations- och livstidsförlängande verksamheter består av fem moment; mottagande, demontering, upparbetning, återmontering och återlämning/försäljning. Då ERP-system blir allt mer avancerade har deras förmåga att hantera osäkerheter och förändringar ökat, detta har gjort att verksamheter med korta planeringshorisonter samt många osäkerhetskällor kan tillämpa ERP-system till sin verksamhet. Fördelar med att göra detta återfinns inom fyra kategorier: finansiella (så som reducerade kostnader för administration), produktion och lager, kundrelaterade fördelar (som förbättrad kommunikation och tidshållning), intern verksamhetsfördelar genom ökad produktivitet och effektivitet, kunskap och tillväxtfördelar så som användarvänligare system och ökad effektivitet samt att ERP- system följer upp ”best practis” mönster. Nackdelar med ERP-system är att dessa är kostsamma att införskaffa och implementera, samt att verksamheten kan behöva standardisera sina metoder för att vara kompatibla med systemets funktioner. Även kunskapen inom företaget behöver öka för att hantera systemen. För att lyckas med implementeringen av ERP-system krävs en tydlig vision om vad systemet ska uppnå och stötting i form av ledarskapsfördelning och implementeringsteam som driver på arbetet, samt att mängden specialanpassning hålls till ett minimum då detta riskerar att dra ut på processen vilket driver upp kostnaderna. Slutsatsen är att reparations- och livstidsförlängande verksamheter kan dra stora fördelar av att implementera ERP-system, bland annat genom standardisering av arbetssätt men också tack vare användarvänligare informationssystem. Dock behövs en tydlig vision för att användandet ska lyckas.
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Ng, Ming Hing Jackson N. K. I. "Acromioplastie et reparations chirurgicales : à propos de 37 cas." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2M169.
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Scott, Jesse James. "Disturbing the peace [electronic resource] : cultural narratives and reparations /." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7594.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of American Studies. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Mudimu, Godknows. "Reparations and child soldiers in Africa: the legal regime of reparations for former child soldiers under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15203.
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The involvement of children to fight in armed conflicts remains one of the main challenges towards the full realization of children's rights on the African continent. Despite a substantive legal framework affording protection and prohibiting the enlisting and recruitment of child soldiers, this practice remains prevalent in many parts of Africa particularly in the Great Lakes Region. As a result of their childhood and the traumatic events they are exposed to during armed conflicts, children inexorably suffer from many forms of harm including physical, mental and psychological harm. Addressing this harm as a matter of urgency is crucial for the proper and effective reintegration of these children into society. The Rome Statute departs from the silence of many international criminal law instruments which focus exclusively on the prosecution and sentencing of criminals overlooking the needs of the victims of international crimes by offering redress. It introduces a new and unique reparative system that aims at providing redress to the victims of international crimes within the courts' jurisdiction. This reparative regime which is still in its early life stages faces many challenges and uncertainties. In its first case dealing with principles relating to reparations, the International Criminal Court (ICC) showed these challenges and the difficulty of establishing permanent guidelines on future reparations to former child soldiers who are victims of the international crime(s) of the enlisting and recruitment to fight as combatants. Clear principles can help current and future victims by having an insightful and realistic expectation of the modalities and the scope of the reparation award they can get from the ICC.
Books on the topic "Reparations"
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Jost, Kenneth. Holocaust Reparations. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: CQ Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/cqrglobal19990326.
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Masci, David. Reparations Movement. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: CQ Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/cqresrre20010622.
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Greenblatt, Alan. Reparations for Slavery. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: CQ Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/cqresrre20190823.
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P, Lombardo Anthony, ed. Reparations to Africa. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.
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1970-, Miller Jon, and Kumar Rahul 1967-, eds. Reparations: Interdisciplinary inquiries. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
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Gomes, Leonard. German Reparations, 1919–1932. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230277465.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Reparations"
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Sharp, Alan. "Reparations." In The Versailles Settlement, 77–101. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21416-7_4.
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Sharp, Alan. "Reparations." In The Versailles Settlement, 81–108. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-06968-9_4.
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García-Godos, Jemima. "Reparations." In An Introduction to Transitional Justice, 193–217. 2nd edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003021414-9.
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Drummond, Ian M. "Reparations." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–4. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1358-1.
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Oosterlinck, Kim. "Reparations." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–5. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1358-2.
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Hughes, Paul M. "Reparations." In Encyclopedia of Global Justice, 945–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_26.
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Oosterlinck, Kim. "Reparations." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 11536–40. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_1358.
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Werle, Gerhard, and Moritz Vormbaum. "Reparations." In Transitional Justice, 93–108. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65151-3_7.
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Songa, Andrew, Annah Moyo-Kupeta, and Nomathansanqa Masiko-Mpaka. "Reparations." In Transitional Justice, 143–67. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315760568-7.
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Fleming, Bruce. "Reparations." In The Civilizing Process and the Past We Now Abhor, 117–27. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003229360-15.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Reparations"
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Abimbola, Michelle Ajisebo. "Educational Reparations: Undoing Epistemicide Through Ifá." In 2023 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/2019383.
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Stone, George T. "FOSSIL FUEL COLLATERAL DAMAGE: RESPONSIBILITIES AND REPARATIONS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-323767.
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Fu, Wei, Qilin Deng, Peng Cao, and Dianbing Chen. "Experimental Research and Engineering Application of Laser Cladding Reparations." In 2014 International Conference on Mechatronics, Electronic, Industrial and Control Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/meic-14.2014.233.
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Adams, Edgar. "EQUITABLE RENEWAL: Reclamation + Repair." In 111th ACSA Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.111.49.
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Reparations are one crucial means of acknowledging the irreparable harm done to BIPOC populations since the colonization of this country. Providence Rhode Island is one of several cities that have begun the difficult process of confronting the impacts of spatial injustice. By focusing on the Urban Renewal programs of the 50’s and 60’s, reparations programs offer an opportunity to examine the role of the planning and architecture professions in blindly perpetuating the racist policies that, coupled with discriminatory real estate and lending practices, are responsible for our current landscape of inequality. Without a clearer accounting for the lasting impacts of racism, stark disparities in outcomes will only persist. This realization, and the murder of George Floyd, prompted Providence Mayor Jorge Elorza to commit to a comprehensive Truth Telling and Reconciliation process in July of 2020 that led to the establishment of a Municipal Reparations Commission the following year.1 Working alongside this process, our urban design studio investigated two sites of past trauma. Students were asked to confront one transgressive act with another by intervening in the work of an acclaimed architect culpable in the erasure of Providence’s largest Black neighborhood. Our second site called for mending the embattled community that became home to those who were displaced. The students had access to a wide range of historical and contemporary narratives from the truth telling and reconciliation process and had regular engagement with leaders of this process.2 Our two sites represent related, but starkly different, conditions that allowed us to examine a range of social and spatial injustices and expose students to the various ways that BIPOC communities continue to be prevented from participating in the wealth and community building opportunities that are available to white families. By using design as research, we were also able to document what was lost and explore place-based strategies of repair and community-centered renewal to help shape the form of the remedies sought by the Reparations Commission.
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Love, Bettina, and Kamau Bobb. "Punished for Dreaming: The Case for Abolitionist Teaching and Educational Reparations." In RESPECT 2024: Conference for Research on Equitable and Sustained Participation in Engineering, Computing, and Technology. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3653666.3656096.
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Monque Lopez, Pedro. "Education and Moral Repair: A Case for Teaching Indigenous Perspectives as Reparations." In 2019 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1442997.
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Dache, Amalia. "University Reparations: A Study of Institutional Engagement and the Role of Activism." In 2023 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/2016973.
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Garibay, Juan. "A Critical Analysis of Higher Education Reparations at Universities Founded Pre–Civil War." In 2021 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1689411.
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Garibay, Juan. "Organizational Predictors of First Reparations Engagement Among Pre–Civil War Higher Education Institutions." In 2024 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/2107803.
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Goulart, Loreano José de Jesus. "Miscarriage of justice: State reparation and criminal review." In VI Seven International Multidisciplinary Congress. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/sevenvimulti2024-037.
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Miscarriage of justice is a factor present in the judicial system, affecting the lives of countless people, who suffer directly from their conviction or indirectly from its repercussions. This paper aims to present a study on miscarriage of justice, especially focusing on errors resulting from criminal proceedings, seeking to demonstrate the State's responsibility to make reparations for errors in the provision of criminal justice. Using an interdisciplinary study of various areas of law and specific cases, the paper seeks to delve deeper into the reasons that may be determining factors in the erroneous outcome of the process. The paper is based on data research that allows for a deeper understanding of the problem, as well as on the analysis of the historical case of the Naves brothers and other cases of error. It also presents the Innocence Project program, from the USA and now in Brazil, whose role is to investigate and file review actions in cases where there was an error in the judgment of the criminal action. This research also delves deeper into the autonomous action of criminal review, which presents itself as one of the tools to repair the error and provide due compensation. The use of mechanisms such as adversarial proceedings are ways of reducing errors in actions; furthermore, the possibility of the procedural and constitutional system providing for reparation and compensation is a positive factor, and its application should be favorable to the detriment of res judicata.
Reports on the topic "Reparations"
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Boerma, Job, and Loukas Karabarbounis. Reparations and Persistent Racial Wealth Gaps. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28468.
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Guarin, Arlen, Juliana Londoño-Vélez, and Christian Posso. Reparations as Development? Evidence from Victims of the Colombian Armed Conflict. Banco de la República, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1236.
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Our study is the first to investigate the effects of reparations for victims of gross human rights violations. In Colombia, victims of forced displacement, homicide, and other atrocities during the conflict received a lump-sum payment equal to three times their annual household income. Using novel linked administrative microdata and event studies, we show that reparations help victims rebuild their lives and significantly improve their well-being and that of their children. Specifically, reparations promote investment in physical and human capital, leading to enhanced living and health conditions, better educational outcomes, and increased asset-building and entrepreneurship, despite slightly discouraging labor supply.
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White, Eugene. The Costs and Consequences of the Napoleonic Reparations. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7438.
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Pobjie, Erin. Could Putin’s war of aggression end with reparations for victims? Edited by Reece Hooker. Monash University, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/72ba-2b31.
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Gennetian, Lisa, Christina Gibson-Davis, and William Darity. Black Reparations and Child Well-Being: A Framework and Policy Considerations. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w32931.
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Ortiz Arciniegas, Catalina, Natalia Villamizar Duarte, Eliana Torres Toro, Gloria Naranjo, Juan Esteban Lopera, Fernando Zapata, Paula Vargas López, and Claudia Rengifo. Policy Brief No. 11. Comprehensive neighbourhood upgrading for peace (CNU-PEACE). A strategy for territorial reparation. Universidad del Valle, June 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/policy-briefs.pb.11-eng.
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Territorial planning is crucial in the implementation of urban territorial peace. Self-built neighbourhoods and their residents have been the most affected by the armed conflict and have suffered collective, community, and territorial damage more intensely. Therefore, it is imperative to generate restorative measures aimed at comprehensive reparations for surviving victims and communities affected by multiple forms of violence. The Comprehensive Neighbourhood Upgrading (CNU) is a multidimensional territorial intervention strategy that involves a long-term, multi-actor and multi-scalar political commitment to improve housing conditions. A CNU with a territorial peace focus (CNU-PEACE) requires a gender, generational, differential, and intersectional perspective that articulates policies, instruments, and physical and social interventions to repair the damage caused by the conflict, enabling the exercise of the right to the city and contributing to the de-escalation of violence. This Policy Brief presents the articulation between CNU and the construction of territorial peace to advance territorial reparation in Medellín.
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Archibong, Belinda, Tom Moerenhout, and Evans Osabuohien. Protests, Fiscal Redistribution, and Government Responses: Evidence from Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2024.025.
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In democracies, protests are often viewed by citizens as a costly last resort measure to demand more economic and political rights and resources from policymakers by whom they feel unheard. When citizens feel unheard, they may protest. A stark example of this was the Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests ignited by the killing of George Floyd. Over 15 million people participated in BLM protests in 2020 alone, and the protests in the 2010s resulted in it being labelled the ‘decade of protest.’ Many of these protests have highlighted distributive justice claims, from reparations to descendants of African slaves to redistribution of economic capital.
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Siampakou, Niki. Victims of Terrorism and Reparation: Applying the 2005 UN Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation. ICCT, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19165/2023.2.09.
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While victims of terrorism undergo significant harm, there is currently no specific legal framework addressing their right to reparation. Certain regional provisions focus on establishing compensation funds under national law but do not explicitly acknowledge an existing right to reparation which includes restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction, and guarantees of non repetition. To fill this gap, this Policy Brief argues that the UN Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (UN Basic Principles and Guidelines) should be applicable to terrorism victims. The brief initially explores the absence of an internationally proclaimed right to reparation for this category of victims. Subsequently, it illustrates that considering the shared characteristics between victims of terrorism and those of international crimes, gross violations of International Human Rights Law, or serious violations of International Humanitarian Law as well as the common elements between terrorism and international crimes, gross violations of human rights and humanitarian law, the UN Basic Principles and Guidelines should extend to victims of terrorism. This application is seen as a recognition of their right to reparation, fulfilling states’ responsibility to provide a comprehensive framework for the harm suffered by victims and consequently enhancing the international protection of terrorism victims.
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Ortiz-Arciniegas, Catalina, and Ángela María Franco-Calderón. Policy Brief No. 1. Comprehensive neighbourhood upgrading as a strategy for the transition towards urban territorial peace. Universidad del Valle, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/policy-briefs.pb.01-eng.
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Considering that in Colombia most of the victims of forced displacement looked for shelter in the cities, the urban dimension should be included in the processes of reparation and restitution of rights within a transitional and restorative justice framework. Under this approach, Comprehensive Habitat Upgrading (CHU) becomes relevant as a strategy for the construction of urban territorial peace. This tool contributes to the consolidation of fairer cities through the provision of adequate housing, basic urban services, and access to the opportunities in self-built popular neighbourhoods, and may support the victims of the internal conflict in their search for settlement, identity, and memory. This policy brief provides public policy recommendations for decision makers to articulate CHU and peacebuilding with a rights-based, differential and intersectional approach that allows to assist both vulnerable urban communities and multiple subjects of reparation who came to the cities in search of new life opportunities.
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Violence Against Women and the Criminal Justice System: Synopsis. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006023.
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All member countries of the IDB have ratified the International Convention to Prevent, Punish, and Eradicate Violence Against Women. But to date implementation has not been sufficient to deal with the phenomenon in a comprehensive way. Additional efforts are needed to fulfill the termsof the law and to ensure women¿s access to legal services, assistance, and reparation.