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Page, Jennifer Marie. "Reparations and State Accountability." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467498.
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In the United States, many associate the idea of reparations with the longstanding African American claim of being owed redress for slavery and Jim Crow. Many defend the black reparations claim based on the exceptional nature of the hardships that African Americans have endured: paying reparations to blacks need not open a Pandora’s Box of other grievances, it is argued. My dissertation puts forward a theory of reparations in the domestic liberal democratic context, grounded in a variety of real world cases, that suggests that governments owe reparations in a much wider range of situations than is usually recognized. Though some compelling reparations claims refer to racialized state-sponsored injustices (e.g., Japanese American internment, the illegal annexation of Hawaii, the Tuskegee syphilis study), others have little to do with race (e.g., eugenical sterilization surgeries, LSD experimentation conducted under the CIA’s MKULTRA program, harms to “Atomic” veterans). The argument for paying reparations to blacks is grounded in an argument for liberal democratic governments to pay reparations whenever political power is abused.
The core claim of the dissertation is that the government is unaccountable at the very times when it matters the most morally. When an injustice is conducted according to the law, not only are the activities of state personnel and taxpayer resources channeled towards unjust ends, an individual who is harmed does not have a viable means of recourse against the state. Sovereign immunity, the legal principle that the government cannot be sued without its consent, or “the King can do no wrong,” precludes redress in the majority of cases. Reparations seekers may appeal to the legislature, but this is an unreliable avenue to redress. I argue that reparations claims are fundamentally about the government’s accountability for injustice, and that reparations claimants are reasonable to call state power to account. On an accountability-based theory of reparations, liberal democratic governments should recognize that the safeguards against the abuse of power are not infallible, and observe a norm of redress. A liberal democracy that willingly takes responsibility for its abuses, apologizes, and pays reparations demonstrates its adherence to its legitimizing commitments.Government
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Brock, Penohole. "Politics of reparations: unravelling the power relations in the Herero/Nama genocide reparations claims." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31354.
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The Herero/Nama Genocide (1904-1908) under German colonialism in Namibia is the first genocide of the twentieth century and has stirred debates around reparations for historical injustices. Reparative Justice has evolved into a victim-centric pillar of justice, in which perpetrators are legally and morally obligated to pay reparations in its several forms to its victims, including material and symbolic reparations. This thesis is a case study of reparations claims for historical injustices, specifically colonial genocide and explores such claims as a political process. Firstly, defining victims of genocide is a political process in which colonial atrocities have been blanketed by a lawless cover, previously ignoring the rights of the former colonised. The acknowledgement of genocide victims is a not only a necessary step to claiming reparations, but is part of Reparative Justice in which the perpetrator recognises its victims, offers a formal apology and make amends to the victims’ satisfaction. The acknowledgement of the Herero and Nama as victims of genocide has taken over a century for the German government to admit. Secondly, reparations claims is a political process in which requests are demanded and/or negotiated between perpetrator and victim. Germany’s previous foreign policy avoided terms such as 'genocide’ and 'reparations’, which has been a form of colonial amnesia. Namibian actors cannot easily forget the weight of the genocide and have had to negotiate and demand overdue justice in the face of colonial amnesia. Victim groups often do not speak with one voice, as noted in the Herero group, which is divided into general two camps: the Riruako group and the Maherero group. Under Paramount Chief Riruako, and his successor Rukoro, the Ovaherero Traditional Authority (OTA) have made several reparations claims to Germany over the last three decades. The Namibian government has previously played an unsupportive role, due to Germany’s annual development aid, which has undermined the position of the Riruako group. However, Riruako’s Motion on the Ovaherero Genocide in 2006, was unanimously passed and requested that the Namibian government facilitates negotiations between Germany and representatives of the affected communities. The two governments have since entered formal negotiations on how to address the past, however this has been resented by the OTA and some reparations organisations, who argue that the Namibian government have taken the lead on negotiations, rather than facilitate them. Those participating in government negotiations are the Maherero group, and those who have refused to join is the Riruako group, who have lodged a lawsuit in 2017 against the German government for reparations. In 2015, the German government admitted that its shared history with Namibia involved genocide. However, this acknowledgement has transferred limited power to the Namibian actors who continue to be undermined as 'equal’ counterparts to the German government. The German government continue to negotiate on their terms of redress, and have claimed state immunity towards the lawsuit. Therefore, there are small traces of colonial amnesia in Germany’s conduct despite its recent change in foreign policy.
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Thompson, Benjamin. "Reparations for historical social injustice." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=87022.
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This thesis concerns the justifiability of claims for reparations for historical injustice as claims based on reparative justice. The first component of the thesis aims to bring clarity to this broad topic by, firstly, describing five necessary conditions for a claim to be compelling as a claim of reparative justice and by, secondly, noting some important difficulties that claims for reparations for historical injustice tend to face in meeting these five conditions. The second component concerns the specific case of reparations to African-Americans for slavery and other past legal injustices. The thesis argues that a case for reparations based on reparative justice can meet the five relevant necessary conditions. An important aspect of this argument is the emphasis that it places on how past legal injustice put in place unjust social processes which have perpetuated to the present-day leading to contemporary African-Americans being wronged and harmed.La présente thèse concerne le degré de justification des demandes de réparations ayant trait à des injustices historiques comme des demandes basées sur la justice réparatrice. La première partie de cette thèse vise à clarifier le sujet général en commençant par décrire cinq conditions nécessaires à une demande afin d'être crédible en tant que demande de justice réparatrice et, ensuite, en s'attardant sur quelques difficultés importantes rencontrées que les demandes de réparation pour des injustices historiques tendent à rencontrer au moment de se conformer aux dites cinq conditions. La seconde partie concerne spécifiquement le cas des réparations attribuées aux Africains-Américains en compensation de l'esclavage et autres injustices légales du passé. La présente thèse soutien qu'un cas de réparations basé sur la justice réparatrice peut rencontrer adéquatement les cinq critères susmentionnés. Un aspect important de cet argument reste dans l'emphase mise sur comment les injustices du passé ont contribué à mettre en place des procédés sociaux injustes qui ayant étés perpétués jusqu'à ce jour, menant à une situation dans laquelle certains Africains-Américains contemporains se sont vus être heurtés.
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Zarifis, Ismene Nicole. "The realization of victims' rights to reparations : assessing the need for a comprehensive reparations program in Uganda." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/12500.
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This study seeks to answer the questions that arise when applying the UN framework
to the existing post-conflict situation in Northern Uganda, while at the same time contributing to the discourse on the right to reparation in international law.A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Prof S. Tindifa, Human Rights and Peace Centre (HURIPEC), Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Uganda.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2009.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Sperfeldt, Christoph. "Practices of Reparations in International Criminal Justice." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149070.
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This thesis examines the practical project to make international criminal justice more victimoriented by giving it an additional reparations function. Animated by the dissonance between the idea of reparations and its practice in international criminal justice, this study relies on the firstever reparations orders by the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) to complement legalistic accounts in the scholarly literature with a socio-legal inquiry. Drawing on practice theory, I use the notion of ‘practices’ as an analytical lens to show forms of social actions that together enable and constrain reparations. Rather than starting with preconceived notions of reparations, this approach draws attention to the multitude of practices of judges, lawyers, diplomats, NGO workers and others that often get overlooked in scholarly research. I ask: what are the practices associated with reparations in international criminal justice? And how do these practices shape the possibilities and meanings of reparations? Building on documentary analysis, ethnographically informed fieldwork and practitioner interviews, this study makes visible the often hidden practices that together form the social life of reparations. This thesis identifies what practices exist, how they come to be, how they work, and what meanings and effects they produce. My observations are structured along four phases of the social life of reparations – norm-making, engagement with conflict-affected populations, adjudication and implementation – and focus on two case studies: the cases Lubanga and Katanga at the ICC, concerning the Ituri district of the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Cases 001 and 002/01 at the ECCC in Cambodia. The thesis shows how contestations over sometimes irreconcilable visions of justice are at the core of the production of reparations. The incorporation of competing rationales into the legal frameworks of both Courts continues to affect their operations. The study demonstrates how actors at and around these Courts actively mediate these tensions, through their practices, when they are giving effect to their reparations mandates in different social contexts. I identify a range of communicative, representational and adjudicative practices that simultaneously constrain action and become sources of flexible adaptation to make reparations fit new circumstances. However, these practices are not able to overcome the limitations that are inherent in the Courts’ juridical approach. The thesis indicates that the promise of more 'victim-oriented justice' through reparations has been realised only superficially, and that reparations remain marginalised and subordinated to the dominant logics of the criminal trial. I call for an appreciation of the limits of recasting international criminal justice as a site for realising reparative ambitions. This does not mean that there is no role for reparations in international criminal justice. I argue that the role is a more modest one than the literature or advocates often suggest – one that is rooted in the Courts’ symbolic powers to recognise, rather their ability to deliver tangible and equitable reparations to a large number of survivors.
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Hodge, Tuarean M. ""Black Reparations Film Project: Descendants of Slavery and Institutional Racism"." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc862812/.
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Black Reparations Film Project: Descendants of Slavery and Institutional Racism is a character driven film that sheds light on the consequences of slavery in the U.S. Through a personal narrative, the viewer comes to understand how these consequences support the argument for slavery reparations. The purpose of the film is to bridge the generational gap in awareness of reparation history. The film can be used to enlighten young Americans of all ethnicities to encourage them to find their purpose in this country, help build better race relations, and work towards building a true democracy.
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Didriksson, Morgan. "ERP-systemens tillämpbarhet inom reparations- och livstidsförlängande verksamheter." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-44076.
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The EU strives for improving the use of resources in industry and society, a part of this is to turn the economy from a liner, consumption economy, to a circular, reusable economy. In order for this to be achieved industry needs adjust their production to facilitate remanufacturing of used products as well as producing new products. A part of the challenge industry is facing is the increase in complexity and volume in regard for information and material flows, one way of handling this in manufacturing companies is to use ERP- systems to keep track of information and material flows. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate the possibility to implement ERP- systems in remanufacturing industries since the amount of uncertainties and sources of variations shadows those in new product manufacturing. In order to reach a conclusion in regards to the purpose of this thesis three research questions where formed: What production steps are need to complete the remanufacturing process? What are the pros and cons of using ERP- systems within remanufacturing? What are the critical implementation factors that remanufacturing industries need to consider when implementing ERP- systems? In order to answer the research questions a literature study was performed to gain insight in the academic knowledge on the subject. In addition to the literature study a case study was conducted as well at a refurbishing company within the train industry. From the literature and case study it was concluded that the remanufacturing process consist of five phases, receiving the product from the market, dismantling it, repair and restore the components, reassemble the product, return the product to the customer/market. Since ERP- systems are continually being developed and their ability to handle uncertainties and variations improve, they could be used at companies facing increased variations and uncertainties than those found in companies only conducting new product production. The pros of utilizing ERP- systems are: financial gains through reduction of administrative, production and inventory costs, the customer related gains come from improved communication, the positive effects on the internal processes are achieved from increased productivity and efficiency. The final area where positive effects can be found is the knowledge and growth are, where ERP- systems follow up on best practises and makes the information easier to access. The drawbacks of using ERP- systems are that it is costly to purchase and implement them, and the company might need to adjust its methods and processes in order to fit the functions included in the ERP- system. As well as there is a need to educate and train the staff to handle the system in a correct fashion. In order to succeed in implementing a ERP- system, there is a great need for a vision of what the system is supposed to achieve as well as a clear support from the leadership. The implementation needs an assign leader that makes sure that the right functions and systems are being introduced and the amount of special adjustments are kept to a minimum to reduce the risk of making the implementation slower and costlier. In conclusion, remanufacturing companies could draw great advantage from implementing a ERP- system, if not only for the standardisation of methods and tasks, but also from the more user friendly information system.Ibland annat EU driver man ett arbete med att bli bättre på att ta tillvara på de resurser och tillgångar som vi har, en del av detta arbete är att företag ska kunna ta emot använda produkter och återvinna materialen och komponenterna för att producera nya produkter, man vill ställa om från en linjär till en cirkulär ekonomi. Denna omställning är en utmaning för nytillverkande företag då dessa har optimerat sin verksamhet för att producera produkter och saknar därför system för att ta emot använda produkter och demonteras dessa. En del i utmaningen är den ökade komplexitet som uppstår vid introduktionen av fler flöden och behovet av ytterligare processer. För att hantera information och materialflöden använder sig företag av integrerade affärssystem, ERP-system, där information centraliseras i företaget och görs tillgängligt för alla funktioner. Följande arbete har fokuserat på att utröna huruvida företag som är aktiva inom reparations- och livstidsförlängande verksamhet kan dra nyttan av att använda ERP-system då dessa typer av verksamheter har stora variationer i processtid, tillgång och kvalitet på returnerade produkter samt att efterfrågan varierar kraftigt. För att uppfylla syftet med arbetet har tre forskningsfrågor upprättats: Hur ser tillverkningsprocesser ut inom reparations- och livstidsförlängande verksamheter? Vilka är fördelar och nackdelar med användning av integrerade affärssystem till reparations- och livstidförlängande verksamheter? Vilka faktorer är viktigt att tänka vid implementeringen och användandet av integrerade affärssystem till reparations- och livstidförlängande verksamheter? För att besvara forskningsfrågorna har en litteraturstudie genomförts för att bestämma den akademiska kunskapen inom området, samt en fallstudie hos ett företag verksamt inom reparation och livstidsförlängande av tåg i syfte att samla in empirisk data. Från litteraturstudien och fallstudien har det konstaterats att tillverkningsprocessen hos reparations- och livstidsförlängande verksamheter består av fem moment; mottagande, demontering, upparbetning, återmontering och återlämning/försäljning. Då ERP-system blir allt mer avancerade har deras förmåga att hantera osäkerheter och förändringar ökat, detta har gjort att verksamheter med korta planeringshorisonter samt många osäkerhetskällor kan tillämpa ERP-system till sin verksamhet. Fördelar med att göra detta återfinns inom fyra kategorier: finansiella (så som reducerade kostnader för administration), produktion och lager, kundrelaterade fördelar (som förbättrad kommunikation och tidshållning), intern verksamhetsfördelar genom ökad produktivitet och effektivitet, kunskap och tillväxtfördelar så som användarvänligare system och ökad effektivitet samt att ERP- system följer upp ”best practis” mönster. Nackdelar med ERP-system är att dessa är kostsamma att införskaffa och implementera, samt att verksamheten kan behöva standardisera sina metoder för att vara kompatibla med systemets funktioner. Även kunskapen inom företaget behöver öka för att hantera systemen. För att lyckas med implementeringen av ERP-system krävs en tydlig vision om vad systemet ska uppnå och stötting i form av ledarskapsfördelning och implementeringsteam som driver på arbetet, samt att mängden specialanpassning hålls till ett minimum då detta riskerar att dra ut på processen vilket driver upp kostnaderna. Slutsatsen är att reparations- och livstidsförlängande verksamheter kan dra stora fördelar av att implementera ERP-system, bland annat genom standardisering av arbetssätt men också tack vare användarvänligare informationssystem. Dock behövs en tydlig vision för att användandet ska lyckas.
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Ng, Ming Hing Jackson N. K. I. "Acromioplastie et reparations chirurgicales : à propos de 37 cas." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2M169.
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Scott, Jesse James. "Disturbing the peace [electronic resource] : cultural narratives and reparations /." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7594.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of American Studies. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Mudimu, Godknows. "Reparations and child soldiers in Africa: the legal regime of reparations for former child soldiers under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15203.
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The involvement of children to fight in armed conflicts remains one of the main challenges towards the full realization of children's rights on the African continent. Despite a substantive legal framework affording protection and prohibiting the enlisting and recruitment of child soldiers, this practice remains prevalent in many parts of Africa particularly in the Great Lakes Region. As a result of their childhood and the traumatic events they are exposed to during armed conflicts, children inexorably suffer from many forms of harm including physical, mental and psychological harm. Addressing this harm as a matter of urgency is crucial for the proper and effective reintegration of these children into society. The Rome Statute departs from the silence of many international criminal law instruments which focus exclusively on the prosecution and sentencing of criminals overlooking the needs of the victims of international crimes by offering redress. It introduces a new and unique reparative system that aims at providing redress to the victims of international crimes within the courts' jurisdiction. This reparative regime which is still in its early life stages faces many challenges and uncertainties. In its first case dealing with principles relating to reparations, the International Criminal Court (ICC) showed these challenges and the difficulty of establishing permanent guidelines on future reparations to former child soldiers who are victims of the international crime(s) of the enlisting and recruitment to fight as combatants. Clear principles can help current and future victims by having an insightful and realistic expectation of the modalities and the scope of the reparation award they can get from the ICC.
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Mallam, Andrew J. "Reparations for Cultural Loss to Survivors of Indian Residential Schools." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28852.
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This paper is an investigation into appropriate forms of reparation to compensate survivors and descendants of survivors of Indian Residential Schools for loss of culture.
Indian Residential Schools perpetrated serious individual abuses upon pupils; however, Aboriginal peoples as a group also sustained a serious harm -- an injury to their culture. Whereas tort law and alternative dispute resolution mechanisms have provided redress for individual losses, a group-oriented reparations solution is required to compensate for cultural loss. This paper will set out the historical record of the school policy, and investigate the nature of the loss, i.e. culture, and its intergenerational relationships. The methods by which common law courts have dealt with contemporary cultural loss claims will be outlined, as well as the reparations scheme that has been implemented by the Canadian government. After analyzing the legal and non-legal responses to claims for loss of culture, a legislative solution will be offered that aims to protect and promote Aboriginal culture as it stands in Canada today.
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Mejia-Hudson, Yesenia Isela. "An argument for reparations for Native Americans and Black Americans." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3072.
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This paper explores the issue of reparation and how institutionalized racism in the United States has influenced the outcome for the following ethnic groups - Japanese Americans, Black Americans and Native Americans.
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Hamrick, Ellie. "Enduring Injustice: Law, Memory, and Politics in Namibia's Genocide Reparations Movement." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1368187868.
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Farrell, Brian Padair Carleton University Dissertation History. "Soviet reparations policy at the Yalta and Potsdam Conferences of 1945." Ottawa, 1986.
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ALAMDARI, ALIREZA Stricker Michel. "LES PERTES DE SUBSTANCE ISOLEES DE LA COLUMELLE ETIOLOGIES ET REPARATIONS /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2000. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCDMED_T_2000_ALAMDARI_ALIREZA.pdf.
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Brown, Jennifer Margaret. "Governmentality, Economics, Active Citizenship and Art: Reparations of an allodoxic media." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17558.
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This thesis argues that compelling interventions from within the visual arts can be devised to empower citizens, directly or indirectly, with the skills and knowledge to make government play a better role in assisting with the stewardship and collective trusteeship of the commons. These actions can then in turn raise the expectations of other citizens about what is possible for the commons. In Australia, alongside most other Western liberal democratic countries of the worldat this time, there are inadequate institutional arrangements in place to prevent what is a radical shrinkage of support for the commons. One way of analysing this situation involves French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu’s (1930 – 2002) pioneering investigative frameworks and concepts that make visible the invisible processes through which power operates in society for social control. I have used this work of Bourdieu’s to articulate a framework (provided at the end of this thesis), which categorises the art activity as a working towards the maintenance and expansion of the commons. It does this by influencing non-spatial entities like governance and policy, although spatial forms may be one result of the tactics used. These works comprise situation-specific actions broadly categorised according to Bourdieu’s conceptual tools. The term allodoxia was first used by Greek philosopher Plato (427 – 347 BC) in the Theaetetus to refer to false beliefs arising from the misrecognition, and Bourdieu applies it to describe the results from violations of the autonomy of field production.The word derives from two Greek words ‘allo’ referring to a mixture, and ‘doxa’ to practices or teachings. However, I use the term allodoxia in a positive sense. Instead of Bourdieu’s interest in protecting the specificity of each field, I apply the term to art interventions that disrupt targeted areas in fields other than art, as remediations or vaccinations that intrude into privileged spaces. Positive allodoxia embodies active citizenship because it contends the misrecognition created by negative allodoxia that impacts on privileged space to expose and challenge the hegemonic processes of neoliberalism, globalisation and governmentality. Allodoxic artists seek to counter these agendas that constrain the art field by making systemic impacts outside the art field. Responding to threats and opportunities, they embed policy, rights and capable programs that are managed in sustainable ways in community stewardship. Allodoxic interventions use misrecognition because they are fundamentally activism claimed as art, and the cultural myths associated with artistic activity can be drawn upon. I am hoping that the logic of the restricted field of production that makes art conducive to formal experimentation and innovation, enables it to be accepted as a defined style and form. This is what I am working towards with the theorisation of a categorical place for allodoxic art I present in this thesis, which can be considered as the fourth wave of institutional critique and an evaluation model for new genre public art. Australian allodoxic art maps a comprehensive art field that has existed for over 40,000 years, providing various positions since the British invasion. Allodoxic art provides logic of a linear homogenous national time, grounded in Indigenous creative activity that is important for land rights movements internationally, and in particular for Australia where the legal notion was ‘terra nullius’ when invasion occurred. Within this context, allodoxic art responds to the self-reflexivity of the whole art field,whereby institutions and non-Indigenous artists can address the art field classification gulf that excludes Indigenous practice, and embrace the rich history of creative approaches of Indigenous peoples. As part of my situation-specific intervention practice and the development of a framework, I have also been drawn to the theoretical work of German political thinker Hannah Arendt (1906 - 1975). Arendt’s analysis of what is necessary for successful revolutionary activities, those that bring sustained change to institutional arrangements, informs the guiding principles in the design of the tactics. Ultimately any effort to assert the commons involves the embedding of individual and communal rights, and this requires some type of public witnessing in an innovative rupture that can be made durable as a guiding principle or as a program. The ideas I draw from Arendt and Bourdieu provide the means to create art that deepens people’s understanding of the importance of the commons, and that can foster a vigilant citizenry to bring about social change for their maintenance and expansion. Today, large numbers of disenfranchised people possess a re-invigorated anticapitalist spirit, and can provide pressure to value allodoxic interventions within the art field. This is not through the hegemonic processes of formal education that inculcate forms of power that share a common economic logic (as theorised by Bourdieu), but through an understanding and appreciation of active citizenship examples.
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Asmal, Kader. "Victims, survivors and citizens: human rights, reparations and reconciliation: inaugural lecture." University of the Western Cape Printing Department, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/69386.
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The professorial inaugural lecture is for the university an occasion to celebrate - celebrate in the full meaning of the word, i.e. to perform publicly and duly, to observe and honour with rites and festivities, to publish abroad, praise and extol. Through the custom of the inaugural lecture the university celebrates and affirms its basic function, that of creating, preserving, transmitting and applying knowledge, particularly scientifically-based knowledge. The university appoints to the position of professor one who has attained excellence in the handling of knowledge in her or his discipline, and through a jealous watchfulness over the dignity and esteem of this time-honoured position of excellence amongst scholars, defends the capacity of the university to advance human knowledge and human progress. The University of the Western Cape is particularly honoured to celebrate by way of this address the inauguration of its first ever Professor of Human Rights Law. We take pride from both the position and the incumbent: the post demonstrates our commitment to scholarly relevance, the incumbent to the pursuit of excellence. This university has distinguished itself amongst South African educational institutions for the way that it has grappled with questions of appropriate intellectual and educational responses to the demands of the social and political environment. That search involved debates and contests over what constitutes knowledge or valuable knowledge, over the nature of the process of knowledge production, over the relationship between theory and practice, about autonomy and accountability, about the meaning of "community" and about how the activities of a university are informed by the definition and conception of "community". The decision to establish a chair in Human Rights Law was arrived at as part of that process of searching for the appropriate forms of curricular transformation. South African society with its history of colonial conquest and latterly apartheid rule is one bereft of a rights culture; and where the discussion of a bill of rights and the general establishment of an awareness of human rights had been started in recent times, it has often been motivated by a concern with the protection of traditionally advantaged sectors of society. A university like ours has an obligation to contribute to the debate about and the promotion of human rights in ways which will also be concerned with healing, reparation and reconstruction in this severely brutalised nation. In this address marking his formal assumption of the University of the Western Cape’s Chair in Human Rights Law, Kader Asmal gives testimony of the depth of scholarly rigour and the breadth of humane concern brought to and emanating from this position. The integral coming together of Asmal the international scholar, the anti-apartheid activist of long standing, the seasoned international solidarity worker, the spirited publicist is evidenced in this address which is sure to stand as a signal point of reference in our national debate about this complex subject. The University had been privileged to attract to its staff some of the finest scholars from the ranks of the formerly exiled South Africans; this inaugural ceremony provides the institution with the opportunity to welcome into its midst one of those in the person of Kader Asmal.Publications of the University of the Western Cape ; series A, no. 64
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Winter, Stephen. "A justified claim? : reparations, historical injustice and the case of American slavery." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433285.
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Holm, Fanny. "Justice for victims of atrocity crimes : prosecution and reparations under international law." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138761.
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This thesis takes its starting point from the need for a comprehensive approach towards justice following atrocities, and where not only the states in which the crimes were committed have a role to play. The thesis discusses atrocity crime (genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes) prosecution and reparations procedures concerning individuals as two appropriate courses of action, through which non-territorial states may contribute to atrocity prevention and justice for the victims of atrocities. The analysis addresses whether, under international law, non-territorial states are allowed to, required to, or prohibited from facilitating prosecution and reparations procedures and includes an assessment of the extent to which international law relating to reparations fails to correspond to that applicable to prosecution. The implications of the lack of correspondence are analysed in light of the historical connection and separation of the two courses of action, the procedural and substantive legal overlaps between prosecution and reparations, and the underlying aims and functions of prosecution and reparations. The study covers a wide spectrum of international legal sources, most of them to be found in human rights law, humanitarian law and international criminal law. The study shows that while non-territorial states are included in both conventional and customary law as regards prosecution of atrocity crimes, the same cannot be said in relation to reparations procedures. This serious deficit and inconsistency in international law, is explained by the framing of reparations, but not prosecution, as a matter concerning victims and human rights, thereby leaving the enforcement of the rules to the discretion of each state. Reparation is also considered a private matter and as such falls outside the scope of the far-reaching obligations regarding prosecution. The study suggests taking further the responsibilities of non-territorial states in relation to atrocity crimes. Most urgently, measures should be considered that bring the legal space for reparations procedures into line with that for prosecution in, for instance, future discussions by human rights treaty-monitoring bodies and in the drafting of new international victims' rights, atrocity crimes or civil procedure instruments.
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Schmidt, Nadin. "Die Deportation der wissenschaftlichen Intelligenz an den Universitäten der SBZ nach 1945 und deren Re-Integration an den Universitäten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der DDR." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-223889.
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Die Untersuchung thematisiert Rolle und Funktion der Universitäten der SBZ als Reservoir an Know-how im Zuge der Deportation der wissenschaftlichen Intelligenz im Sinne Intellektueller Reparationen durch die amerikanische und sowjetische Besatzungsmacht nach 1945, wie auch ihr integratives Potential bei der Rückkehr der Spezialisten in die DDR. Die Mikrostudie, die sich im zeitlichen Rahmen zwischen den ersten Deportationen im Jahr 1945 bis hin zur Rückkehr der letzten Spezialisten aus der UdSSR 1958/1959 bewegt, vergleicht dabei das Vorgehen der zwei Großmächte hinsichtlich Vorbereitung, Durchführung und Nachbereitung der Deportationen. Gleichzeitig werden die Konsequenzen für die jeweiligen Universitäten der SBZ oder der Bundesrepublik betrachtet, an denen Spezialisten beschäftigt waren. Das Projekt versucht eine bestehende Forschungsvakanz nicht allein im Blick auf die Universitäts- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte, sondern auch im Bereich der deutsch-deutschen Nachkriegsgeschichte zu schließen. Parallel illustriert die Analyse autobiographischer und zeitgenössischer Dokumente exemplarisch die Lebensumstände einzelner Spezialisten vor, während und nach ihrer Deportation.
21
Samy, Shahira S. "The politics of reparations in the case of Palestinian refugees : a comparative approach." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430570.
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McCarthy, Conor. "Reparations and victim support under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609112.
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Council, Carolyn Y. "Honoring Their Services: Why Blacks in the United States Should Be Paid Reparations." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1298953816.
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Cheung, Hok-wong. "The demand for reparations and the grievances of war crime victims in China /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2002. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202002%20CHEUNG.
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LEBON, EDITH. "Arrachement subtotal de membre chez le jeune enfant : a propos de deux reparations reussies." Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU31256.
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Kast, Johannes. "Reconciliation Opportunities for Ethnic Chinese in Cambodia through Non-Judicial Reparations at the ECCC." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22943.
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The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) have been tasked with bringing justice to the survivors of the Khmer Rouge genocide. Almost ten years later, three people have been sentenced to life imprisonment. This study examines the perceptions of justice and opportunities of reconciliation from somewhat neglected perspective of Chinese-Cambodian genocide survivors. Through the unique tool of non-judicial measures (NJMs), I am exploring opportunities and chances that might arise for a broader victim support in the future. I have conducted two focus groups in Kampot and Battambang, as well as eleven semi-structured interviews in Battambang and Phnom Penh with Chinese-Cambodian survivors of the Khmer Rouge. As a bridge to the quantitative research, I additionally have conducted a Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) with existing surveys and studies.
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FARHAT, HUSSEIN. "Durabilite des reparations en beton de fibres : effets du retrait et de la fatigue." Toulouse 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU30220.
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La reparation des ouvrages de genie civil par une couche mince adherente de beton neuf est une pratique courante. Elle peut avoir plusieurs objectifs, soit corriger une deficience de surface, soit corriger une deficience structurale ou simplement augmenter la capacite structurale de l'ouvrage, soit enfin la combinaison des deux. Des chantiers pilotes ont permis de constater que les reparations en beton renforce de fibres metalliques sont plus durables, particulierement grace a une adherence au support plus durable. Des etudes de laboratoire avaient conduit a la proposition d'un mecanisme de degradation par decollement qui met en evidence un apport benefique des fibres. Cependant, ce mecanisme n'avait pas permis d'expliquer totalement l'efficacite des fibres a des dosages couramment utilises (20 a 40 kg/m 3). L'objectif de cette these etait de combler cette lacune : mettre en evidence les causes et les mecanismes de l'amelioration apportee par le renforcement par des fibres metalliques aux dosages courants, une etape preliminaire a toute proposition de regles de dimensionnement et d'optimisation des reparations minces adherentes. La demarche que nous avons adoptee a consiste a rechercher et a analyser les effets des parametres jusqu'alors non pris en compte. Nous avons etudie l'impact du retrait et de la fatigue mecanique. Les resultats obtenus par l'intermediaire d'un calcul par elements finis montrent que, dans le cas d'un contact type beton-beton et contrairement a une idee repandue, le decollement se produit generalement par epuisement de la resistance en traction perpendiculaire a l'interface et non par epuisement de la resistance au cisaillement. Sous le seul effet du retrait, la couche de reparation se fissure puis se decolle progressivement. L'ajout de fibres metalliques aux dosages courants permet un controle du decollement des reparations minces et de ce fait ameliore significativement leur durabilite. Dans le meme sens, l'amelioration de la qualite du contact support-reparation retarde sensiblement le decollement des reparations minces adherentes. Pour mettre en valeur l'impact de la fatigue mecanique, nous avons choisi d'etudier le cas le plus frequent ou la reparation est prefissuree du fait du retrait. Nos resultats confirment le role essentiel du fibrage. L'ajout de fibres metalliques retarde significativement le decollement le long de l'interface support-reparation. Dans tous les cas, l'apport favorable des fibres se trouve dans leur capacite a restreindre la fissuration. Les fibres les plus adherentes a la matrice, capables de reprendre les efforts a travers les fissures des leurs plus petites ouvertures, sont les plus efficaces.
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Jazwinski, Olivia. "Unrechtsaufarbeitung nach einem Regimewechsel : das neue Spannungsverhältnis zwischen der Zuständigkeit des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofes und nationalen Massnahmen der Unrechtsaufarbeitung ; eine exemplarische Analyse am Beispiel Deutschlands, Polens und Südafrikas /." Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015685623&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Wolfe, Stephanie. "The politics of reparations and apologies: the differential application of restorative justice following stat atrocity." Thesis, University of Kent, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.594412.
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Today, it is nearly a given that groups seeking redress or reparation for past wrongs will receive some fonn of justice. Groups wronged by states often seek and receive apologies and compensation, to the point that it is now worthy of discussion when groups do not receive some form of compensation or acknowledgement. Yet how did this widespread acceptance of redress and reparation emerge? This thesis seeks an answer to this question, while also seeking to understand why it is that different groups, having experienced similar atrocities, have received varying degrees of redress. In order to do so, this thesis examines three countries and two victimised groups within each state-sponsored atrocity. In Germany, the Nazi government perpetrated genocide upon both Jews and Roma; in the United States, Japanese Americans and Japanese Latin Americans were both interned during World War II and, in the third case study, the Japanese military systematically enslaved and raped both Korean and Dutch women within occupied territories. In each of these cases, one victimised group bad more relative success in achieving redress and reparation than the other. This thesis thus considers the key historical background to the various social movements, the development of the social movements themselves and the gradual emergence of international norms and political opportunities which have combined to encourage what is today known as the redress and reparation movement. The thesis also seeks to determine factors which explain the differential success of social movements of groups which have experienced similar atrocities.
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TEMBLADOR, YVES. "Analyse et comportement des reparations dans des structures composites endommagees par un trou non circulaire." Toulouse 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU30261.
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Le travail propose porte sur l'etude des reparations provisoires (rapides, dans des zones operationnelles) applicables aux elements structuraux en carbone epoxyde. Les reparations etudiees concernent essentiellement les dommages perforants (du fait par exemple de la traversee d'un projectile). Une etude experimentale avec des essais statiques en traction est realisee afin d'analyser le comportement d'une plaque stratifiee chargee, en carbone epoxyde, endommagee par un trou non circulaire (trou carre specifique aux methodes de reparations), ainsi que le comportement de 3 types de reparations differentes (renfort rivete, colle, ou rivete/colle) relatives a la plaque stratifiee endommagee. Les modes et mecanismes de rupture ont ete etudies. L'analyse par ultrasons et les coupes micrographiques realisees sur des eprouvettes specifiques trouees ont permis de detecter les fissures et les interplis delamines. L'instrumentation des eprouvettes trouees reparees par des jauges d'extensometrie ainsi que leur suivi par photoelasticimetrie (film photostress), a permis de suivre localement et globalement l'evolution du chargement des fixations et du renfort en cours d'essais, et d'avoir un historique de l'endommagement. Une etude theorique avec des modelisations et des calculs par la methode des elements finis des eprouvettes lisses et endommagees ainsi que des 3 types de reparations differentes a ete effectuee. Cette etude theorique correlee par les resultats des essais montre qu'il est possible de valider des methodes de calcul et des criteres permettant le dimensionnement a rupture des plaques stratifiees trouees ainsi que des reparations (ou assemblages) rivetes ou boulonnes dans les structures composites. A partir de ces resultats, une optimisation de la reparation rivetee la mieux adaptee au concept des reparations provisoires a pu etre realisee, ainsi qu'une proposition d'amelioration par percage d'un trou supplementaire dans la plaque stratifiee a l'avant de la premiere rangee de fixation. Cette technique a pu etre verifiee par des essais.
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George, Michael Essa. "The Black Manifesto and the Churches: The Struggle for Black Power and Reparations in Philadelphia." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/216520.
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HistoryM.A.
James Forman's Black Manifesto demanded $500 million in reparations from the nation's white churches and synagogues for their financial, moral, and spiritual complicity in the centuries of injustice carried out upon African Americans. Many African-American ministers in the North embraced the Black Power ideology and supported Forman's call for financial redress. These Northern clergymen had become exasperated with an interracial civil rights movement that neglected to confront the systemic racism that permeated the nation's culture. Black Manifesto activists attempted to compel the white churches into paying reparations by interrupting worship services and occupying church buildings throughout the urban North. While the vast majority of the American public believed that the Black Manifesto was simply an attempt to extort money from the white churches, there was a racially diverse contingent of clergymen who wholeheartedly supported the call for reparations. The primary reason that Philadelphia became one of the key arenas in the struggle for reparations was the presence of Muhammad Kenyatta, the local Black Economic Development Conference leader. Kenyatta implemented myriad confrontational tactics in an attempt to cajole the Philadelphia-area denominations into responding affirmatively to the Black Manifesto's demands. The young activist was able to form an alliance with influential leaders within the Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania. Paul Washington, an African-American minister, and Bishop Robert DeWitt, a white clergyman, supported the Black Manifesto and encouraged their fellow Episcopalians to do likewise. The duo's support for the Black Manifesto encouraged the Episcopalians to become the first predominantly white denomination to pay reparations to the Black Economic Development Conference. Although the payment was just $200,000, the concept of supporting a militant African-American organization was more than many conservative Episcopalians could tolerate. The debate over the Black Manifesto at the denomination's 1969 Special General Convention also enabled many African-American ministers to express long-held grievances regarding racism in the Church. A detailed examination of the rancorous debate over the Black Manifesto in Philadelphia complicates any simplistic narrative of the struggle for racial justice in the North. While many historians have blamed Black Power activists for derailing the civil rights movement, this study reveals that the fight against structural racism in the North generated political unity among African Americans that has lasted to the present day. The conflict among Philadelphians over the Black Manifesto was in no way split along racial lines. Many of document's most vehement supporters were white while many of its greatest detractors were conservative African Americans. The dispute over the Black Manifesto in Philadelphia illuminates the intellectual diversity present within the African-American population as well as the Black Power movement itself.
Temple University--Theses
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Austin, Adrienne. "The effects of social identity complexity and ingroup salience on group-based guilt and intended reparations." Connect to resource, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/45055.
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Abril, Samantha E. "Sterilized by the State: A Feminist Analysis of Eugenics, Forced Sterilization, and Reparations in North Carolina." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/576.
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Although, the histories of forced sterilizations and eugenics practices have been all but forgotten by most, these subjects gained national attention again when the state of North Carolina repealed its sterilization law in 2003. The history of forced sterilization in the United States began with a eugenics based demand to wipe out populations that were constructed as inferior. The evolution of who was sterilized shifted in accordance to changing national social perception of who was ‘unfit’ to reproduce, from the developmentally disabled to ‘immoral’ and ‘irresponsible’ women.
North Carolina has also taken unprecedented steps towards providing reparations for the living victims of the statute. The history, current sentiments, and unique components of compulsory sterilization in North Carolina help to illustrate why the government has taken such proactive steps in offering restitution while others have not.
What happened in North Carolina and throughout the eugenics movement in the United States are poignant examples of the power of social constructions.
Social constructions allows those with power, in this case the state, to enforce them, using policy and other mechanisms, to divide up members of society. With this power to divide groups of people comes the ability to use this constructed sense of otherness as a means to control and mistreat these populations.
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Pia, Christina Kalus. "Redressing female victims of sexual violence: possibilities for gender-specific reparations at the International Criminal Court." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1824_1373278492.
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This paper is about the reparations regime of the International Criminal Court and reparations possibilities for victims of sexual violence. It will contain a legal analysis of the reparations system of
the Court, including the Trust Fund for Victims of the International Criminal Court. In a second step, the needs of women who experienced conflict related violence will be examined. The central
question, which this paper will try to answer, is whether the ICC reparations regime has the ability to provide gender-sensitive reparations and thus make a contribution to the improvement of
women&rsquo
s lives in post-conflict societies.
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Muhammad, Reginald S. "The movement to secure reparations for blacks in America: an analysis of fragmented models and methodologies." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2011. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/274.
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This study analyzes the current and past-published materials of the black reparations movement to determine if in fact an effective model and methodology exists. This study is based on the premise that reparations are due blacks in America; yet the movement exists without an applicable model or methodology. The study attempts to establish some of the historic, social, and political framework for a collective culture model. This research covers five different eras of the black reparations movement and two of its leading organizations. The conclusions drawn from this research affirms the original premise. A functional model to secure reparations for blacks in America does not exist; therefore, there is no applicable methodology. Additionally, a collective culture model has been offered and the W. E. B. DuBois International Conference on Reparations is recommended at the Atlanta University Center.
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Gesase, Arnold Ainory [Verfasser]. "Reparations in International Criminal Prosecutions: The Congo Situation at the International Criminal Court / Arnold Ainory Gesase." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1196622930/34.
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Evans, E. Christine. "Right to reparations in international law for victims of armed conflict : convergence of law and practice?" Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2010. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2215/.
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This thesis analyses the international legal standing of the right to reparations for victims of serious human rights and humanitarian law violations and assesses the degree of practical implementation of the right at the national level through post-conflict and transitional justice measures. The central objective of this study is to chart and evaluate developments in law and practice in order to substantiate arguments in favour of an emerging customary right for individuals to receive reparations for serious violations of human rights and a corresponding responsibility of States. To this end, Part I explores the customary nature of human rights and humanitarian law provisions, outlines the basic premise of State responsibility in relation to violations and identifies the general international norms which establish the obligation of States to provide reparations. An examination of the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice, the Articles on State Responsibility of the International Law Commission and the convergence of norms in different branches of international law, notably human rights law, humanitarian law and international criminal law as well as extensive human rights jurisprudence, international as well as regional, supports the position that the right to reparations is gaining customary recognition. The adoption in 2006 of the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law by the General Assembly of the United Nations further strengthens this claim. Following the legal analysis, Part II of the study explores State practice in relation to reparations through four case studies; Guatemala, Sierra Leone, East Timor and Colombia between 1999 and 2009. Analysis is undertaken of peace agreements and to what extent post-conflict measures, such as Truth Commissions, have promoted State responsibility for reparations, been supported by the United Nations, interacted with human rights mechanisms and prompted subsequent elaboration of domestic legislation and reparations policies. The thesis concludes that there is significant convergence in law in favour of the right to reparations. The lacuna between norm and implementation should be overcome by reinforcing State responsibility to provide reparations for victims.
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Piquet, Robert. "Contribution a l'etude des reparations provisoires structurales aeronautiques ; etude du percage de plaques minces carbone/epoxy." Toulouse 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU30021.
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Les composites structuraux assembles sur les avions peuvent recevoir divers impacts. Lorsque les dommages sont constates a l'escale, il est necessaire de realiser une reparation provisoire structurale pour permettre la mission de plus. L'activite de recherche concerne une contribution a la definition et a l'elaboration de six reparations provisoires structurales realisees dans les conditions de la reparation de combat (rdc). Ce travail a ete effectue dans le cadre d'un contrat avec le ctms (centre technique des materiaux et structures), stpa (service technique des programmes aeronautiques). La premiere partie de l'etude a consiste a developper une analyse exhaustive des reparations provisoires structurales appliquees a des plaques minces en carbone/epoxy. La mise en uvre d'une reparation la mieux adaptee aux conditions du milieu hostile a montre l'importance de la qualite des percages des trous de boulons sur la tenue mecanique ulterieure. Une etude specifique du percage des plaques minces en carbone/epoxy a permis de visualiser les dommages crees par un foret et, apres analyse, de proposer un outil specifique mieux adapte. Le delaminage des derniers plis du composite, provoque par la penetration du foret est considere comme le defaut majeur. Un modele analytique de plaques minces orthotropes a permis de prevoir l'effort de penetration critique du foret. Ce modele a ete valide par une procedure experimentale. En dernier lieu, une relation liant l'effort de penetration critique aux conditions de coupe du foret a ete proposee. Un logiciel specifique d'aide au percage de structures minces composites a ete developpe. La synthese de l'etude fait apparaitre l'interet industriel du travail. Les perspectives concernant les reparations structurales en general pourrontt etre orientees sur l'optimisation de formes dans le cadre du calcul de structures par elements finis. Dans le cadre du percage, il sera utile de mieux cerner le procede de delaminage et de prendre en compte le couplage thermomecanique.
39
Doran, Sarah F. "From Private Moments to Public Calls for Justice: The Effects of Private Memory on the Redress Movement of Japanese Americans." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1303504859.
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DARODES, PHILIPPE. "Instabilite anterieure post-traumatique de l'epaule : etude retrospective d'une serie de reparations chirurgicales adaptees aux lesions anatomiques." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU31527.
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Wasserman, Zia. "The importance of reparations for victims of conflict-related sexual violence : challenges facing the International Criminal Court." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20802.
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Sexual violence perpetrated during armed conflict is a notoriously prolific, yet oft neglected phenomenon. It used to merely be considered an inevitable by-product of war, yet recently sexual violence has come to be described as a 'weapon of war'. This refers to the deliberate and tactical intentions of the perpetrators, and alludes to the fact that sexual violence has been and continues to be an inherent aspect of conflicts. Fortunately, with increased global attention on this issue, there have been numerous developments in international humanitarian law as well as the field of criminal justice, which serve to recognise and condemn the prevalence of wartime sexual violence. That is, rape and other forms of sexual violence have been categorised as international crimes falling within the jurisdiction of international criminal tribunals and courts dealing with conflict situations. Furthermore, there have been several convictions of persons indicted for such crimes. These advances must be applauded, yet there remains a troubling omission: the provision of reparations to the victims of wartime sexual violence. Though the international tribunals and courts are statutorily empowered to award such reparations, there seems to be lapse in this regard. This is critically problematic considering the many harmful consequences of conflict-related sexual violence, namely: physical and medical issues, emotional and psychological issues, social exclusion and stigmatisation, as well as resultant monetary issues. Without a concomitant award of reparations attached to the conviction of a perpetrator of wartime sexual violence, victims are not able to experience true justice. The focus of this paper therefore rests on the challenges of the official court system - specifically that of the ICC - in providing reparations to victims of conflict-related sexual violence. With these in mind, it is recommended that a separate forum be created to deal exclusively with the provision of reparations.
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Folami, Olakunle. "Strengthening DDR through reparations : an exploration of gender blindness in the Niger Delta post-amnesty reintegration programme." Thesis, Ulster University, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701519.
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The Niger Delta conflict over oil exploitation and exploration by the multinational oil companies raged for over five decades before amnesty and, subsequently, Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) was introduced to resolve the conflict. The consequences of the conflict were severe on human life, property and the nation's economy. The problem with the DDR adopted in the region is that it only accommodated ex-militants who were mainly men. Women and other victims whose human rights have been violated were not recognised. The inhabitants of the Niger Delta region were not satisfied with DDR. The major focus of this thesis therefore, is how to combine reintegration and reparations in order to recognise most especially women that lost their husbands, children, relations and property to the conflict, and those that were killed and suffered sexual abuses. The thesis is anchored in Recognition Theory as a framework to explain the combination of DDR and reparations in order to include gender and victims' rights in the entire peacebuilding process. Gbaramatu Kingdom in the Niger Delta, Nigeria was selected as the study location. Being an exploratory study, the thesis used qualitative methods of focus group discussions and in-depth interviews to collect data from 58 participants. The thesis found support for the United Nations' all-inclusive DDR approach as a method of peacebuilding if it included effective reintegration and reparations for those that have suffered various forms of human rights violations. The thesis recommends the consideration of reparations in the DDR process in order to address human rights abuses, to reduce resentment and to show that women and other victims of the conflict were not forgotten.
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Freudenreich, Johannes. "Entschädigung zu welchem Preis? : Reparationsprogramme und Transitional Justice." Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4813/.
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Transitional Justice bezeichnet staatliche Anstrengungen um vergangene Menschenrechtsverletzungen am Ende von Represionen aufzuarbeiten. Reparationszahlungen an die Opfer, die eines der Hauptinstrumente staatlicher Aufarbeitung darstellen können, blieben in der Transitional Justice-Literatur vergleichweise unerforscht.
Dieses Buch versucht diese Lücke zu schließen und fragt, warum manche Staaten solche Programme eingeleitet haben, während andere junge Demokratien darauf verzichteten. Dabei setzt sie Reparationszahlungen in den Kontext anderer Transitional Justice-Maßnahmen und greift gleichzeitig zwei Haupterklärungsansätze für gerichtliche Verfahren und Wahrheitskommissionen auf. In diesem Zusammenhang ist die Frage, inwieweit Transitional Justice aus moralischer Überzeugung oder aus taktischem Kalkül der neuen Eliten eingeleitet wurde. In dem die Arbeit diese Frage am Beispiel der Zahlung von Entschädigungsleistungen diskutiert, kann sie auch Aussagen darüber machen, wie valide die bestehenden Erklärungsansätze für Transitional Justice sind.
Anhand der südamerikanischen Regimewechsel in den 1980ern wird aufgezeigt, dass Reparationszahlungen oft zur Legitimation von Amnestien verwendet wurden. Wenn Täter und Opfer relativ starkes Drohpotential besaßen, versuchten Regierungen den Opfern durch Entschädigung entgegenzukommen um Amnestien für die Täter bei gleichzeitiger Anerkennung der Taten zu rechtfertigen. Entschädigungszahlungen wurden somit oft aus strategischen Erwägungen geleistet, was man bei der normativen Bewertung dieser Programme berücksichtigen sollte.Transitional justice refers to approaches that states use to address past human rights violations at the end of violence and repression. Providing reparations to victims, which can be understood as one of the main instruments of Transitional Justice, has so far received relatively little attention in the Transitional Justice literature. This book tries to fill this gap and asks why some states chose to implement reparation programs while others did not. Putting reparations into context this book adapts explanations for the realization of trials and truth commissions and asks whether they also hold for reparations. The main question is, whether state elites chose Transitional Justice mechanisms for moral or tactical reasons. Hence, by analyzing reparations this book can also help us to reappraise the validity of popular explanations for other Transitional Justice mechanisms. Studying the democratic transitions in South America in the 1980ies this book shows that reparations were often paid to justify amnesty decisions for the perpetrators. When perpetrators and victims posed a credible threat for the incumbents, they implemented reparation programs while crimes of the past went unpunished. In most cases reparations were paid due to tactical convenience rather than moral commitment, which should be considered when we evaluate the concept of reparations.
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Rennert, Lindiwe-Claudia. "Where desparation planning meets reparations planning : transit as an agent of equity in the shaping of Detroit's future." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105053.
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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 95-99).
Black America has been made subject to hatred-fueled mistreatment of near incomparable magnitude and duration for over four centuries of this nation's history. From the shackles of slavery to the systematic disenfranchisement that came with ghettoization and redlining practices by all levels of government, to hair politics, and beyond, Black America is characterized by a people systemically stunted by the country's power majority. These centuries of disenfranchisement are very much felt in the present in Detroit-the country's blackest city by population proportion-as disparities in suffering between blacks and non-blacks in the categories of mortality and unemployment, educational attainment, instances of crime, and property foreclosures are shockingly large. But what role does the planner have in mitigating these injustices and advancing the societal standing of a people structurally wronged? Here it is argued that what is required is a redefining of equity, and the adoption of the professional ideology of Reparations Planning-a set of principles defined in Chapter 1. These ideals are then operationalized an applied to the practice of transit network design. The result of this application is two distinct models, both envisioned for the city of Detroit, whose specific objectives are the provision of increased access to economic opportunity for Black America. These models are then analyzed against the existing condition of mobility in the city as well as against one another. Finally, both networks are visualized in consumer-friendly transit maps and discussed alongside several other fantasy rapid transit proposals for Motor City. This work seeks to recruit planners as soldiers for a battle that must not be waged passively; in Detroit or elsewhere. One that must not be diluted or conflated with the plight of the poor or that of other marginalized groups. Whatever the future of the Black Lives Matter movement may be, it has brought back into mainstream media and dinner table conversation the disparate reality lived by members of the black race in a nation that never welcomed them, has struggled to accept them, and has done all in its power to limit their capacity for greatness. What lies in the following pages is a call to planners to not let the wave that this movement has swelled pass by without mechanizing its potential for forward change.
by Lindiwe-Claudia Rennert.
M.C.P.
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Enssle, Patricia. "A bottom-up and citizen-centred approach to transitional justice: public opinion towards reparations in post-Franco Spain." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672559.
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Forty-five years after the death of the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco dealing with the legacies of the country's repressive past and addressing the needs of the regime's victims of human rights violations continues to be a highly current and controversial topic in contemporary Spain. The exhumation of the former dictator from the mausoleum 'Valley of the Fallen', carried out by state authorities in October 2019, was praised as a long overdue step by relatives of victims, while right-wing conservative circles criticized it as an unnecessary resurgence of old supposedly overcome conflicts. However, what does the broader Spanish population think about repairing victims of Francoism? An open question in the research field of transitional justice remains the opinion of the public towards state- sponsored victim reparations including different measures ranging from material compensation payments and recognition of individual pension rights to symbolic and collective measures such as renaming of streets or the establishment of public memorial sites and places of remembrance. Using a qualitative bottom-up research approach applying a combination of online-survey and focus group methodology various forms of reparations are identified, which seem to meet with positive feedback from both the victims and the general public. Based on theoretical considerations of the academic literature on transitional justice such publicly supported reparations measures could possibly contribute to reconcile divided societies resurging from a conflicting past.Cuarenta y cinco años después de la muerte del dictador español Francisco Franco, abordar los legados del pasado represivo del país y atender las necesidades de las víctimas de violaciones de los derechos humanos del régimen sigue siendo un tema muy actual y controvertido en la España contemporánea. La exhumación del ex dictador del mausoleo "Valle de los Caídos", llevada a cabo por las autoridades estatales en octubre de 2019, fue elogiada como un paso largamente esperado por los familiares de las víctimas, mientras que los círculos conservadores de derecha la criticaron como un resurgimiento innecesario de viejos conflictos supuestamente superados. Sin embargo, ¿qué piensa la población española en general sobre la reparación de las víctimas del franquismo? Una cuestión abierta en el campo de la investigación de la justicia de transición sigue siendo la opinión del público sobre las reparaciones de las víctimas patrocinadas por el Estado, que incluyen diferentes medidas que van desde el pago de compensaciones materiales y el reconocimiento de los derechos individuales de pensión hasta medidas simbólicas y colectivas como el cambio de nombre de las calles o el establecimiento de lugares de conmemoración pública y lugares de recuerdo. Utilizando un enfoque cualitativo de investigación ascendente que aplica una combinación de encuestas en línea y la metodología de grupos de discusión, se identifican diversas formas de reparación que parecen recibir una respuesta positiva tanto de las víctimas como del público en general. Sobre la base de consideraciones teóricas de la literatura académica sobre la justicia de transición, esas medidas de reparación apoyadas públicamente podrían contribuir a reconciliar a las sociedades divididas que resurgen de un pasado conflictivo.
Quaranta-cinc anys després de la mort del dictador espanyol Francisco Franco, abordar els llegats del passat repressiu del país i abordar les necessitats de les víctimes de violacions dels drets humans del règim continua sent una qüestió molt actual i controvertida a l'Espanya contemporània. L'exhumació de l'exdictador del mausoleu "Vall dels Caiguts", duta a terme per les autoritats estatals a l'octubre de 2019, va ser elogiada com un pas esperat pels familiars de les víctimes, mentre que els cercles conservadors de dretes la van criticar com un ressorgiment innecessari dels vells conflictes suposadament superats. Però, què pensa la població espanyola en general sobre la reparació de les víctimes del franquisme? Una qüestió oberta en l'àmbit de la investigació de la justícia transicional segueix sent l'opinió pública sobre les reparacions de les víctimes patrocinades per l'Estat, incloent diverses mesures que van des del pagament de la indemnització material i el reconeixement dels drets individuals de pensions a mesures simbòliques i col·lectives, com canviar els noms dels carrers o establir memorials públics i llocs de record. Mitjançant un enfocament qualitatiu de recerca a l'alça que aplica una combinació d'enquestes en línia i metodologia de grup de discussió, s'identifiquen diverses formes de reparació que semblen rebre una resposta positiva tant de les víctimes com del públic en general. Basant-se en consideracions teòriques en la literatura acadèmica sobre justícia transicional, aquestes mesures de reparació recolzades públicament podrien ajudar a conciliar societats dividides que ressorgeixen d'un passat conflictiu
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Bartos, H. "West Germany's relations to Israel in the Conservative era 1949-1969 : re-appraising the reparations-, arms-, and diplomatic relationship." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1343629/.
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To date, the general hypothesis of understanding the Federal Republic’s relations to Israel has been to emphasise German policy towards Israel as having been guided by what is commonly referred as a ‘moral obligation’, thereby the Federal Republic has framed its policy towards Israel primarily in recognition of the mass murder committed by Nazi Germany against the Jews. Numerous writings on German-Israeli relations have readily ascribed a ‘moral’ dimension on almost all facets of German policy towards Israel, including reparations payments, the establishment of diplomatic relations and arms transfer, thereby having made this the commonplace historiographic notion to understand this relationship thus far. Analysing Germany’s relations to Israel from their inception to the establishment of diplomatic relations and thereafter, this study aims, through use of primary documents and by close focus on German government actions throughout this period, to step back from the ‘morality’ narrative and to illustrate the wider motives and reasons behind German foreign policy decisions, which are to reveal ‘morality’ to have been a concern on the sidelines, whereas the major thrust of German foreign policy decisions towards Israel suggests Germany’s relations with Israel to have followed the greater political, economic and strategic deliberations prevalent at the time. In doing so, this study seeks to reappraise the notion of interpreting German- Israeli relations as mainly a product of a nation ‘having come to terms with its past’ and instead to advocate a view acknowledging Germany’s relations to Israel as, at crucial moments in time, to have followed and embraced factors, arguments and decisions that were far more fluid than past historiography on the subject had us suggest. Thus, this study hopes to make a useful contribution to the wider field of studies dealing with German-Israeli/Jewish relations and more generally to the area of contemporary German history.
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Melbye, Larsen Simone. "Past Injustices: An argumentative analysis on the inherited responsibilities to repair past injustices." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23907.
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The purpose of the thesis is to investigate what circumstances supports inherited responsibility to afford reparations. The general arguments for and against inherited obligations are presented and discussed. Hereafter, Denmark and Australia’s forced assimilation policies are examined in order to establish their responsibilities to correct the past injustice. The general arguments are applied when scrutinizing the cases. It is visible that it remains difficult to determine a nation’s responsibilities to correct past injustices, however, once considering the continuance of communities as well as inherited benefits and desert-claims, it seems justified that nations also inherit liabilities. The thesis is argumentative and normative in nature, entailing suggestions both for and against inherited responsibility. Once nations recognize that the purpose is to correct an injustice, and not take responsibility for its occurrence, it becomes clear that nations ought to accept inherited responsibility to afford reparations.
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Grofe, Jan. "Shadows of the past: chances and problems for the Herero in claiming reparations from multinationals for past human rights violations." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2002. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The current situation regarding the accountabilty of transnational corporations, using the lawsuit of the Herero community of Namibia against two German corporations that were involved in the German colonial enterprise that killed approximately 80% of the Herero tribe was explored.
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Berry, Didier Nibogora. "The right to reparations in the context of transitional justice: lessons for Burundi from South Africa, Chile, Peru and Colombia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4501_1360923367.
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Drawing lessons from South Africa, Chile, Peru and Colombia, the study seeks to contribute to the debate around reparations in a society where the likelihood of prosecutions against suspected perpetrators is limited.
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SPICAROLEN, THIERRY. "Place des lambeaux musculo-cutanes en reconstruction cervico-maxillo-faciale apres chirurgie carcinologique : a propos d'une serie de 73 reparations." Besançon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BESA3030.
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