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Almond, Russell G., and Sandip Sinharay. "WHAT CAN REPEATED CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES TELL US ABOUT STUDENT GROWTH?" ETS Research Report Series 2012, no. 2 (December 2012): i—20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2333-8504.2012.tb02299.x.
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Escolano-Pérez, Elena, and Angel Blanco-Villaseñor. "Diseños de observación longitudinales: cambio intra-individual y diferencias inter-individuales observados durante la infancia." Anales de Psicología 31, no. 2 (April 25, 2015): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.2.166361.
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<p>The study of change in repeated measures studies or longitudinal studies (cross-sectional and/or cross-sequential) is of considerable interest in the field of developmental psychology. Qualitative and quantitative measures of interindividual and intraindividual variability can be used to capture changes in cognitive development.</p><p>In the present study, through an empirical analysis of infant cognitive development, we investigate whether or not longitudinal (cross-sectional/cross-sequential) research designs can be used interchangeably with univariate or multivariate data analysis techniques. Methodologically, longitudinal data can be processed by univariate or multivariate analysis. However, the results and their interpretation may be different, even when the necessary statistical requirements are performed. Current statistical programs incorporate techniques to test for the presence of significant differences in data, regardless of whether these are evaluated by univariate or multivariate analysis.</p>The results of this study, conducted in infants studied at three time points (18, 21 and 24 months), show that both intraindividual and interindividual variability can be detected by repeated measures analyses.
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Chandler, Nick, Balazs Heidrich, and Richard Kasa. "Everything changes? A repeated cross-sectional study of organisational culture in the public sector." Evidence-based HRM: a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship 5, no. 3 (December 4, 2017): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebhrm-03-2017-0018.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how organisational culture has changed between 2011 and 2016 in a higher education institution (HEI) that has been faced with both significant internal and external changes. There are three areas to be examined: the change in culture on an organisational level, the demographic changes in the workforce, and the changes in values and perceptions of the workforce over time. Design/methodology/approach This is an explorative study and a repeated cross-sectional study of the organisation. The authors used the same methodology and approach for both the 2011 and 2016 studies, namely, the Organisational Culture Assessment Instrument was used to ascertain respondents values and perceptions. The instrument was distributed in printed format to all members of staff and approval was received prior to distribution. Results were tested for significance using Cronbach’s α and ANOVAs. Findings There were demographic changes in the workforce primarily for age, occupation and tenure of staff, but little change in gender. Despite these changes in the workforce, on an organisational level perceptions and values have changed little over the five-year period, despite a multitude of external and internal developments. Although there were statistically significant differences between culture types and demographics (age, tenure, gender and occupation), there was no single demographic with a statistically significant difference for a particular culture type, either in values or perceptions. Research limitations/implications The study questions the concept of organisational culture being affected by internal integration and external adaptation over time. Results indicate that culture is, by itself, either slow to react change, or does not react at all. A high response rate would be best for getting a clear picture of the culture of the organisation and a qualitative study is necessary (and planned) to develop the findings further, as well as triangulate the findings of this study. Practical implications This study should be of interest to practitioners as it presents the caveat that organisational culture of this study cannot be expected to change on its own, and highlights the need for a planned change process for the organisational culture to adapt to the changing needs of both the external and internal environments. The potential for resistance to change in this organisation appears is high and values and perceptions appear unrelated to any particular demographic. Social implications Although the authors cannot generalise from this longitudinal case study, the authors can consider some potential social implications, especially if further studies confirm the findings. First, despite government attempts to develop higher education in Hungary, staff perceptions and values within the institution are harder to change. Second, any attempts to revitalise the organisation from the inside (such as in this case with the forced retirement of older employees) seem unfruitful. Finally, the HEI is struggling to survive, and yet employees seem to not be a part of that struggle. Originality/value Although there are studies of organisational culture in HEIs, very few have undertaken a longitudinal approach. The study takes place in a unique situation: just before and just after extreme changes – both internally and externally – have taken place. Few studies question the organic and evolving nature of culture as it is difficult to predict when changes will occur. The study is in the unique position of having been able to do so.
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Hu, Wei, Hongdao Meng, Qiuyue Hu, Lijuan Feng, and Xianguo Qu. "Blood donation from 2006 to 2015 in Zhejiang Province, China: annual consecutive cross-sectional studies." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 2019): e023514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023514.
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ObjectivesTo describe the basic demographical characteristics of whole blood donors in Zhejiang Province, China, from 2006 to 2015 and to examine the trends in individual characteristics associated with blood donation and the relationship between weight and donation.DesignCross-sectional study comparing characteristics of blood donors and annual donations for the period 2006 to 2015.SettingUrban and rural communities in Zhejiang, China(11 cities, 89 districts or counties and 1379 townships).Participants3 226 571 volunteer blood donors.Outcome measuresVolume of each whole blood donation and donation frequency. All data were collected by trained staff and entered into a standardised electronic information system.ResultsThe number of blood donations generally trended up in Zhejiang Province from 2006 to 2015. Donors were predominately males aged 18 to 25 years, but this major donor age group shifted to the 26 to 45 year range by 2015. The rate of repeated blood donation was 30.8 per cent. The blood volume per donation concentrated in 200 mL and 400 mL categories has been gradually shifted to 300 mL and 400 mL. Approximately one-third of donors had a college education. The average weight of donors increased over time for both men and women. Both the blood volume of each donation and donation frequency were proportional to weight.ConclusionsThe trend of voluntary non-remunerated blood donation in Zhejiang province is positive. However, given the expected growth in demand for whole blood, more research is needed to increase both the donor pool and the rate of repeated donation. The relationship between body weight and blood donation warrants further study because while improving nutritional status is associated with higher average donation volume and more frequent donations, overnutrition may lead to poorer quality of donated blood. Blood donation may present a unique opportunity for health education and body weight management to monitor and improve population health.
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Reece, AS, A. Norman, and GK Hulse. "Serum ionic dysequilibria in clinical opioid dependence: Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies." Human & Experimental Toxicology 36, no. 8 (February 22, 2017): 776–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327116666649.
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Introduction: Despite an increasing awareness that the activity of excitable membranes is determined by the underlying ionic gradients across them, and their importance in drug dependency, we were not able to identify any reports of comparing the electrolyte composition of opioid-dependent and non-addicted controls. Methods: Linear regression was used to compare clinical pathology blood results taken from 2699 opioid-dependent patients (ODP) and 5307 medical control (MC) patients on a total of 21,734 occasions for the period 1995–2015. The presence of a hepatitis C antibody test was used to separate OPD and MC patients. Results: The mean age among ODP and MC was 33.51 ± 0.16 and 37.99 ± 0.23 years, respectively ( p < 0.0001). The groups were 71.5% and 54.2% male ( p < 0.0001). Drug use in this cohort has been reported previously. Analysis of sodium, haemoglobin and albumin were used to exclude marked effects of haemodilution/haemoconcentration. Repeated measures linear regression against age and time showed depressed levels of bicarbonate ( p < 0.0001) and potassium ( p < 0.05) and elevated levels of chloride ( p < 0.025) and anions ( p < 0.01) in ODP in both sexes. Multiple regression in mixed-effects models showed that these effects were all worse in females ( p = 0.0001). Conclusion: This data shows that opioid dependence is associated with significant changes in chloride, potassium, bicarbonate and anions in both sexes, and worse in females. This likely has implications for the electrophysiological properties of excitable membranes. It is consistent with the reported impairment of potassium-chloride exchangers in opioid dependence. Explication of the mechanisms responsible must await further studies.
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Zhang, J. C., N. Carnide, L. Holness, and P. Cram. "Cannabis use and work-related injuries: a cross-sectional analysis." Occupational Medicine 70, no. 8 (October 27, 2020): 570–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa175.
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Abstract Background Although the association of cannabis use with automobile accidents has been well-studied, the impact of cannabis on workplace safety and injuries is less clear. Aims The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between work-related injury and cannabis use in the past year. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Community Health Survey (2013–16) of working individuals. We used multiple logistic regression modelling to calculate the odds of experiencing a work-related injury (defined as non-repetitive strain injury) among workers who reported using cannabis more than once during the prior 12 months as compared to non-users. We repeated the analysis among participants working in high injury risk occupational groups only. Results Among the 136 536 working participants, 2577 (2%) had a work-related injury in the last 12 months. Of these 2577 who had a work-related injury, 4% also reported being a cannabis user in the same period. We found no association between past-year cannabis use and work-related injury (odds ratio for work injury among users 0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.66–0.99). The association was unchanged in the subgroup analysis limited to high injury risk occupational groups. Conclusions We found no evidence that cannabis users experienced higher rates of work-related injuries. While awaiting prospective studies, occupational medicine practitioners should take a risk-based approach to drafting workplace cannabis policies.
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Chu, Cherry, Peter Cram, Andrea Pang, Vess Stamenova, Mina Tadrous, and R. Sacha Bhatia. "Rural Telemedicine Use Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Repeated Cross-sectional Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): e26960. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/26960.
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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a notable increase in telemedicine adoption. However, the impact of the pandemic on telemedicine use at a population level in rural and remote settings remains unclear. Objective This study aimed to evaluate changes in the rate of telemedicine use among rural populations and identify patient characteristics associated with telemedicine use prior to and during the pandemic. Methods We conducted a repeated cross-sectional study on all monthly and quarterly rural telemedicine visits from January 2012 to June 2020, using administrative data from Ontario, Canada. We compared the changes in telemedicine use among residents of rural and urban regions of Ontario prior to and during the pandemic. Results Before the pandemic, telemedicine use was steadily low in 2012-2019 for both rural and urban populations but slightly higher overall for rural patients (11 visits per 1000 patients vs 7 visits per 1000 patients in December 2019, P<.001). The rate of telemedicine visits among rural patients significantly increased to 147 visits per 1000 patients in June 2020. A similar but steeper increase (P=.15) was observed among urban patients (220 visits per 1000 urban patients). Telemedicine use increased across all age groups, with the highest rates reported among older adults aged ≥65 years (77 visits per 100 patients in 2020). The proportions of patients with at least 1 telemedicine visit were similar across the adult age groups (n=82,246/290,401, 28.3% for patients aged 18-49 years, n=79,339/290,401, 27.3% for patients aged 50-64 years, and n=80,833/290,401, 27.8% for patients aged 65-79 years), but lower among younger patients <18 years (n=23,699/290,401, 8.2%) and older patients ≥80 years (n=24,284/290,401, 8.4%) in 2020 (P<.001). There were more female users than male users of telemedicine (n=158,643/290,401, 54.6% vs n=131,758/290,401, 45.4%, respectively, in 2020; P<.001). There was a significantly higher proportion of telemedicine users residing in relatively less rural than in more rural regions (n=261,814/290,401, 90.2% vs n=28,587/290,401, 9.8%, respectively, in 2020; P<.001). Conclusions Telemedicine adoption increased in rural and remote areas during the COVID-19 pandemic, but its use increased in urban and less rural populations. Future studies should investigate the potential barriers to telemedicine use among rural patients and the impact of rural telemedicine on patient health care utilization and outcomes.
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Edwards, Richard, Danny Tu, Rhiannon Newcombe, Kate Holland, and Darren Walton. "Achieving the tobacco endgame: evidence on the hardening hypothesis from repeated cross-sectional studies in New Zealand 2008–2014." Tobacco Control 26, no. 4 (July 5, 2016): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052860.
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Dhir, Amandeep, and Ashraf Khalil. "Underpinnings of Internet Parenting Styles: The Development and Validation of the Internet Parenting Scale Using Repeated Cross-Sectional Studies." Journal of Educational Computing Research 56, no. 7 (October 25, 2017): 1149–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0735633117731492.
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The overwhelming majority of parents tend to mediate their children’s Internet use via different Internet parenting styles. Recent research suggests that Internet parenting is closely related to the Internet use behavior, development, and well-being of young people. However, despite this, little prior research has investigated the different Internet parenting styles exercised by parents in the developing world. Similarly, the recent literature has also pointed out the urgent need to develop new empirical measures of Internet parenting. This open research gap is addressed by developing a 10-item scale measuring 4 types of Internet parenting style, namely parental encouragement, parental permission, parental worry, and parental monitoring, using a 3-stage investigation involving repeated cross-sectional surveys. The prior Internet parenting literature exclusively focused on developed countries in the West and Far East, while developing countries have rarely been studied. The present study has addressed this gap by recruiting adolescent and young-adult Internet users from India. The study results suggest that the Internet parenting scale has a stable factorial structure, and sufficient instrument validity and reliability over time. Furthermore, it is also valid for adolescents attending public schools and young-adult Internet users. This study offers different theoretical and practical implications for researchers engaged in interdisciplinary research on the Internet and youth.
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Rathod, Hetal, Sanjay Darade, Uday Chitnis, Jitendra Bhawalkar, Sudhir Jadhav, and Amitav Banerjee. "Rural prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross sectional study." Journal of Social Health and Diabetes 02, no. 02 (December 2014): 082–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2321-0656.130792.
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Abstract Background: Recent studies in India indicate rising trends of diabetes even in rural areas. Continuous monitoring of the diabetes situation is required by repeated cross sectional studies in different parts of the country both urban rural to plan control measures. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in a sample of rural population and explore associations between diabetes and known risk factors. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in 3 villages in the rural field practice area of a medical college in Pune, India. All eligible adults of both genders were included and screened for diabetes by house to house survey. A total of 1000 subjects were examined. Physical examination included measuring height, weight, and waist hip ratio. Blood glucose was estimated using glucometer. Family history of diabetes was also elicited. Data was analysed by descriptive statistics using proportions with 95% confidence intervals. Various associations were explored using using Odds Ratio with 95% confidence intervals as applicable. Results: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 9.1% (91/1000; 95% CI 7.4, 11). Most cases of newly detected diabetics were in the age group 36 - 40 years. There was no association between gender and diabetes (OR = 1.38, 95% CI 0.88, 2.17). Overweight status was associated with diabetes: 38.5% (35/91) of diabetics were overweight compared to 18.6% (169/909) of non-diabetics (OR = 2.74, 95% CI 1.69, 4.41). Similarly abnormal waist hip ratio was associated with diabetes: 47.25% (43/91) of diabetics had high waist hip ratio compared with 29.59% (269/909) of non-diabetics (OR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.35, 3.37). Also family history was strongly associated with diabetes: 27.5% (25/91) of diabetics gave positive family history compared with 9.4% (85/909) of non-diabetics (OR = 3.67, 95% CI = 2.13, 6.30). Conclusion: The burden of diabetes was present in the rural population studied. The associated known risk factors were also prevalent and showed strong relationship with diabetes. Diabetes mellitus erstwhile thought to be a disease of urban life appears to be equally prevalent in the rural setting.
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Yokoe, Takuji, Takuya Tajima, Nami Yamaguchi, Makoto Nagasawa, Tomomi Ota, Yudai Morita, and Etsuo Chosa. "Orthopaedic medical examination for young amateur athletes: a repeated cross-sectional study from 2014 to 2018." BMJ Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): e042188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042188.
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ObjectivesMedical examinations for adult elite athletes are performed all over the world, however, no studies in the relevant English literature have reported on orthopaedic medical examinations for young amateur athletes. The purpose of this study was to report the results of orthopaedic medical examinations of the spine and lower extremities in young amateur athletes.MethodsThis repeated cross-sectional study from 2014 to 2018 included a total of 323 young amateur athletes (age, 12–18 years) who were active in one of the following four sports: boxing, canoeing, weightlifting and track and field. The orthopaedic medical examination consisted of six assessments (physical examinations, the generalised joint laxity, muscle and joint tightness, static alignment and muscle volume of the lower extremities and the medial longitudinal arch of the foot). Questions regarding pain in the spine and lower extremities were also performed.ResultsAmong 323 young amateur athletes, 17 (5.3%) had received orthopaedic treatment at the time of the medical examination, with spondylolysis being the most common cause (29.4%, 5/17). Among 306 young athletes who had not received orthopaedic treatment, 61 (19.9%) had at least one positive finding in physical examinations or had pain in the spine or lower extremities. Anterior drawer test of the ankle and Kemp test for the spine accounted for 34% and 28% of positive findings, respectively. Low back pain and knee pain accounted for 58% and 16% of pain, respectively.ConclusionsThe present study showed that approximately one-fifth of young amateur athletes who had not received orthopaedic treatment had pain in the spine and lower extremities and positive findings in physical examinations that may require orthopaedic treatments. In addition to the early detection of injuries, orthopaedic medical examinations for young amateur athletes provide an opportunity to educate such athletes.
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Glatz, Christoph, and Anja Eder. "Patterns of Trust and Subjective Well-Being Across Europe: New Insights from Repeated Cross-Sectional Analyses Based on the European Social Survey 2002–2016." Social Indicators Research 148, no. 2 (October 23, 2019): 417–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02212-x.
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Abstract This paper offers elaborate analyses regarding the effects of social- as well as institutional trust as parts of social capital on subjective well-being (SWB) by using data from the European Social Survey, including 36 countries and eight time-points between 2002 and 2016. We analyze (1) The development of trust and SWB on the aggregate level; (2) The effect of trust on SWB on the individual cross-sectional level; and (3) The longitudinal and cross-sectional effect of trust on SWB on the aggregate level while considering control variables based on previous research. We observe a weak positive trend regarding social trust as well as SWB over time, but no significant change in institutional trust. However, trends are far from homogeneous across countries. In accordance to previous studies, we find a positive effect of social trust on SWB. This effect holds on the individual cross-sectional level for every participating country, but also on the longitudinal level. In view of institutional trust, we see a positive effect on SWB on the individual and aggregate cross-sectional level, but not over time. Thus, this study particularly sheds new light on this relation, indicating that it´s cross-sectional relation is due to confounding variables. Moreover, we observe no relation between economic growth and SWB after controlling for unemployment, but a positive effect of decreasing unemployment and inflation on SWB. Our data suggests that establishing an environment with high social trust across Europe would be rewarded with a happy society.
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Peugh, James L., and Ronald H. Heck. "Conducting Three-Level Longitudinal Analyses." Journal of Early Adolescence 37, no. 1 (July 27, 2016): 7–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431616642329.
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Researchers in the field of early adolescence interested in quantifying the environmental influences on a response variable of interest over time would use cluster sampling (i.e., obtaining repeated measures from students nested within classrooms and/or schools) to obtain the needed sample size. The resulting longitudinal data would be nested at three levels (e.g., repeated measures [Level 1], collected across participants [Level 2], and nested within different schools [Level 3]). A previous publication addressed statistical analysis issues specific to cross-sectional three-level data analytic designs. This article expands upon the previous cross-sectional three-level publication to address topics specific to longitudinal three-level data analyses efforts. Although all analysis examples are demonstrated using SAS, the equivalent SPSS and Mplus syntax scripts, as well as the generated example data and additional supplemental materials, are available online.
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Desplenter, Franciska, Charlotte Caenen, Jolein Meelberghs, Sirpa Hartikainen, Raimo Sulkava, and J. Simon Bell. "Change in psychotropic drug use among community-dwelling people aged 75 years and older in Finland: repeated cross-sectional population studies." International Psychogeriatrics 23, no. 8 (April 19, 2011): 1278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610211000718.
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ABSTRACTBackground: Older people are at high risk of experiencing psychotropic-related adverse drug events. The objective of this study was to compare and contrast the use of psychotropic drugs among community-dwelling people aged ≥75 years in 1998 and 2004.Methods: Comparable random samples of people aged ≥75 years were extracted from the population register in Kuopio, Finland, in 1998 (n = 700) and 2003 (n = 1000). In 1998 and 2004, 523 and 700 community-dwelling people respectively participated in nurse interviews, during which demographic, diagnostic and drug use data were elicited. Logistic regression was used to compute unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the prevalence of psychotropic drug use in 2004 compared to 1998.Results: The unadjusted prevalence of total psychotropic (37.3% and 38.4%, OR 1.05; 95% CI 0.83–1.33), anxiolytic, hypnotic and sedative (29.6% and 31.3%, OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.85–1.38), and antidepressant (10.7% and 11.9%, OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.78–1.61) use were similar in 1998 and 2004. There was a decrease in the unadjusted prevalence of antipsychotic use (9.2% and 5.7%, OR 0.60; 95% CI 0.39–0.93). After adjusting for socioeconomic and health status differences, there was an increase in the prevalence of total psychotropic (adjusted OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.01–1.70) and antidepressant (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.06–2.40) use.Conclusion: The unadjusted prevalence of psychotropic drug use remained stable between 1998 and 2004. However, in adjusted analyses there was a small increase in the prevalence of any psychotropic drug use and antidepressant use specifically.
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Zettler, Ingo, Lau Lilleholt, Robert Böhm, and Matthias Gondan. "Comparing responses in repeated cross-sectional and panel studies: Results across eight weeks during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Denmark." Psychological Assessment 33, no. 8 (August 2021): 691–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pas0001048.
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Cooley, J. R., J. J. Hebert, A. de Zoete, T. S. Jensen, P. R. Algra, P. Kjaer, and B. F. Walker. "Assessing lumbar paraspinal muscle cross-sectional area and fat composition with T1 versus T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging: Reliability and concurrent validity." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): e0244633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244633.
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Purpose Studies using magnetic resonance imaging to assess lumbar multifidus cross-sectional area frequently utilize T1 or T2-weighted sequences, but seldom provide the rationale for their sequence choice. However, technical considerations between their acquisition protocols could impact on the ability to assess lumbar multifidus anatomy or its fat/muscle distinction. Our objectives were to examine the concurrent validity of lumbar multifidus morphology measures of T2 compared to T1-weighted sequences, and to assess the reliability of repeated lumbar multifidus measures. Methods The lumbar multifidus total cross-sectional area of 45 patients was measured bilaterally at L4 and L5, with histogram analysis determining the muscle/fat threshold values per muscle. Images were later re-randomized and re-assessed for intra-rater reliability. Matched images were visually rated for consistency of outlining between both image sequences. Bland-Altman bias, limits of agreement, and plots were calculated for differences in total cross-sectional area and percentage fat between and within sequences, and intra-rater reliability analysed. Results T1-weighted total cross-sectional area measures were systematically larger than T2 (0.2 cm2), with limits of agreement <±10% at both spinal levels. For percentage fat, no systematic bias occurred, but limits of agreement approached ±15%. Visually, muscle outlining was consistent between sequences, with substantial mismatches occurring in <5% of cases. Intra-rater reliability was excellent (ICC: 0.981–0.998); with bias and limits of agreement less than 1% and ±5%, respectively. Conclusion Total cross-sectional area measures and outlining of muscle boundaries were consistent between sequences, and intra-rater reliability for total cross-sectional area and percentage fat was high indicating that either MRI sequence could be used interchangeably for this purpose. However, further studies comparing the accuracy of various methods for distinguishing fat from muscle are recommended.
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Lous, Jørgen. "Use of Antibiotics and Penicillin-Resistant Pneumococci: What Can We Learn from Iceland?" Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 137, no. 2 (August 2007): 192–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2007.03.034.
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A few months ago, I evaluated an interesting thesis by Vilhjalmur Ari Arason of Iceland with the title: “Use of antimicrobials and carriage of penicillin-resistant pneumococci in children: Repeated cross-sectional studies covering 10 years.” (Available at http://landspitali.openrepository.com/lsh/handle/2336/6005 ). The results of the thesis deserve further dissemination because we can all learn a great deal about the relationship between use of antibiotics and bacteria susceptability in the community.
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Simangunsong, Eliot. "Learning Style Preference: Results of Repetitive Cross-Sectional Surveys in an Higher Education Institution." JPI (Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia) 9, no. 4 (December 3, 2020): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jpi-undiksha.v9i4.21414.
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Using the theoretical framework of the Felder-Silverman Learning Styles Model, this study aims to understand the learning styles of middle school students entering the university to promote teaching innovation and improve the quality of the learning experience. A quantitative research method was applied through repeated cross-sectional surveys for 3 years among 2,325 students. Systematic analysis is applied to investigate respondent learning styles. Data analysis showed a significant difference in terms of the sex of students, while in terms of graduation years, the proportion of sequential students showed a significant increase from 2014 to 2016; this might imply that students from scientific or analytic backgrounds increasingly choose management schools. As expected, management students are active in character, except in accounting programs, where sensing learners are dominant. Innovative, active and visual-based learning is also preferred. Through the findings of this study, we conclude that interest in studies is related to the learning dimensions. The teaching style must follow the characteristics of the learning dimensions to provide an optimal learning experience. Here, it is important to implement an innovation-based learning process in higher education institutions.
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Mangoni, Arduino A., Leena R. Baghdadi, E. Michael Shanahan, Michael D. Wiese, Sara Tommasi, David Elliot, and Richard J. Woodman. "Methotrexate, blood pressure and markers of arterial function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a repeated cross-sectional study." Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease 9, no. 9 (August 1, 2017): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1759720x17719850.
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Background: Methotrexate (MTX) treatment in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been associated with lower cardiovascular risk compared to other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). We sought to identify whether the MTX-associated cardioprotection involves changes in blood pressure (BP) and/or arterial function. Methods: Clinic and 24-hour peripheral and central systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP), augmentation index (AIx), pulse wave velocity (PWV) and plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) were assessed in RA patients on stable treatment with either MTX ± other DMARDs (MTX group, n = 56, age 61 ± 13 years, 70% females) or other DMARDs (non-MTX group, n = 30, age 63 ± 12 years, 76% females). Measurements were performed at baseline and after 8 months. Results: After adjusting for visit, age, gender, body mass index, folic acid use and 28-joint disease activity score, the MTX group had significantly lower clinic peripheral SBP (−7.7 mmHg, 95% CI −13.2 to −2.3, p = 0.006) and DBP (−6.1 mmHg, 95% CI −9.8 to −2.4, p = 0.001) and clinic central SBP (−7.8 mmHg, 95% CI −13.1 to −2.6, p = 0.003) and DBP (−5.4 mmHg, 95% CI −9.1 to −1.6, p = 0.005) versus the non-MTX group. Furthermore, the MTX group had significantly lower 24-hour peripheral and central SBP and DBP and PWV versus the non-MTX group ( p < 0.01 for all comparisons). By contrast, there were no significant between-group differences in AIx and ADMA. Conclusions: RA patients on MTX treatment had significantly lower clinic and 24-hour peripheral and central BP compared to those who did not take MTX. The lower BP with MTX may be related to differences in PWV, but not in AIx or ADMA concentrations. Further longitudinal studies including randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm these findings, to identify other possible mechanisms responsible for the effects of MTX on BP and PWV, and to establish whether these effects might account for the reduced cardiovascular risk with MTX.
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MASSETTI, EMANUELE, and ROBERT MENDELSOHN. "ESTIMATING RICARDIAN MODELS WITH PANEL DATA." Climate Change Economics 02, no. 04 (November 2011): 301–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007811000322.
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Although the Ricardian model is a cross sectional method, there are advantages to estimating the model with additional years of data. For instance, with a panel, one can more easily separate events in a single year (e.g. weather and price shocks) from longer term phenomenon such as climate. Many early studies used repeated cross sections to study panel data but one can get consistently better performance from panel methods. In this paper, we rely on two panel methods to estimate the Ricardian function for the United States across time. The results suggest that moderate warming scenarios would benefit American agriculture as a whole but more extreme climate scenarios would be damaging.
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Jenkins, P. L., L. Weinehall, T. A. Erb, C. Lewis, A. N. Nafziger, T. A. Pearson, and S. Wall. "The Norsjö-Cooperstown healthy heart project: A case study combining data from different studies without the use of meta-analysis." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 29, no. 56_suppl (June 2001): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14034948010290021701.
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Objectives: This paper aims to develop and describe a method for combining, comparing, and maximizing the statistical power of two longitudinal studies of risk factors for cardiovascular disease that did not have identical data collection methodologies. Methods: Subjects from a 1986 cross-sectional study (n= 180) were pair-matched with subjects of corresponding gender and age (+ 5 years) from a 1990 cross-sectional study. The methodology is described and results are calculated for various measures of cardiovascular risk or risk factors (e.g. cholesterol, Finnish Risk Score). Results: Box's test of equality and symmetry of covariance matrices gave chi-square values of 223.8 and 710.0 for two cardiovascular risk factors (cholesterol and cardiac risk score, respectively); these values were highly significant (p=0.0001). For the North Karelia Risk Score, repeated measures ANOVA revealed a borderline significant interaction for treatment by time (p=0.054) and a significant interaction for treatment by time by country (p=0.035). These probabilities compared favorably with a randomized blocks model. Conclusions: Creation of a synthetic longitudinal control group resulted in a statistically valid ANOVA model that increased the statistical power of the study.
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Reinhard, I., and S. Wellek. "Age-Related Reference Regions for Longitudinal Measurements of Growth Characteristics." Methods of Information in Medicine 40, no. 02 (2001): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1634475.
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AbstractMost studies on age-related reference centiles published up to now have adopted a strictly cross-sectional perspective. Clearly, the results of studies of that type do not provide a tool for the diagnostic assessment of whole series of measurements taken sequentially over time in the same individual. In this paper, the approach of Wellek & Merz (1995) to the construction of age-dependent reference ranges for cross-sectional measurements is generalized in such a way that data sets containing time series of arbitrary length varying between subjects can be accommodated. Since repeated measurements on the same subject are typically correlated, the regression function to be used as the central line for the reference band eventually obtained is determined by fitting a nonlinear mixed model describing the dependence of conditional means on age by growth functions of the same class we proposed in the case of cross-sectional data. Estimation of the parameters of this mixed model is done in a way closely related to the population-averaged GEE approach by Zeger et al. (1988). Given the regression line, the reference band is constructed by means of an iterative procedure guaranteeing that the proportion of observed profiles which nowhere leave the band, has some prespecified value (frequently set equal to 90% in practice). The approach is illustrated with two examples taken from child psychiatry and prenatal sonography.
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Kakar, R., H. Sharma, P. Allcock, and P. Sharma. "Occult Acetabular Fractures in Elderly Patients: A Report of Three Cases." Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 15, no. 2 (August 2007): 242–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/230949900701500225.
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Three elderly patients with acetabular fractures not evident on the initial plain radiographs are presented. All had a fall and were unable to bear weight. Cross-sectional imaging and repeated plain radiography confirmed fractures of the acetabulum. Occult acetabular fractures may occur in elderly patients after a fall and present with persistent discomfort and difficulty walking. When there is reason to suspect such a fracture, further diagnostic studies, including a Judet view radiograph, bone scan, computed tomographic scan or magnetic resonance image should be performed.
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Nicolaou, Mary, Marco Colpo, Esther Vermeulen, Liset E. M. Elstgeest, Mieke Cabout, Deborah Gibson-Smith, Anika Knuppel, et al. "Association of a priori dietary patterns with depressive symptoms: a harmonised meta-analysis of observational studies." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 11 (August 14, 2019): 1872–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719001958.
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AbstractBackgroundReview findings on the role of dietary patterns in preventing depression are inconsistent, possibly due to variation in assessment of dietary exposure and depression. We studied the association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms in six population-based cohorts and meta-analysed the findings using a standardised approach that defined dietary exposure, depression assessment and covariates.MethodsIncluded were cross-sectional data from 23 026 participants in six cohorts: InCHIANTI (Italy), LASA, NESDA, HELIUS (the Netherlands), ALSWH (Australia) and Whitehall II (UK). Analysis of incidence was based on three cohorts with repeated measures of depressive symptoms at 5–6 years of follow-up in 10 721 participants: Whitehall II, InCHIANTI, ALSWH. Three a priori dietary patterns, Mediterranean diet score (MDS), Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI-2010), and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet were investigated in relation to depressive symptoms. Analyses at the cohort-level adjusted for a fixed set of confounders, meta-analysis used a random-effects model.ResultsCross-sectional and prospective analyses showed statistically significant inverse associations of the three dietary patterns with depressive symptoms (continuous and dichotomous). In cross-sectional analysis, the association of diet with depressive symptoms using a cut-off yielded an adjusted OR of 0.87 (95% confidence interval 0.84–0.91) for MDS, 0.93 (0.88–0.98) for AHEI-2010, and 0.94 (0.87–1.01) for DASH. Similar associations were observed prospectively: 0.88 (0.80–0.96) for MDS; 0.95 (0.84–1.06) for AHEI-2010; 0.90 (0.84–0.97) for DASH.ConclusionPopulation-scale observational evidence indicates that adults following a healthy dietary pattern have fewer depressive symptoms and lower risk of developing depressive symptoms.
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Wahlin, Åsa, Apostolos Papias, Henrik Jansson, and Ola Norderyd. "Secular trends over 40 years of periodontal health and disease in individuals aged 20-80 years in Jönköping, Sweden: Repeated cross-sectional studies." Journal of Clinical Periodontology 45, no. 9 (July 27, 2018): 1016–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12978.
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Madhavi, K. V. Phani, and Kranthi Paruvu. "Menstrual hygiene and practices among adolescent girls in rural Visakhapatnam: a cross-sectional study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20185284.
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Background: Adolescent girls constitute 1/5th of total female population in the world. Poor personal hygiene and defective menstrual management practices among adolescents give rise to repeated reproductive tract infections (RTIs) which are otherwise preventable. So the present study was undertaken to study the knowledge, status of hygiene and practices regarding menstruation among adolescent girls. The objectives of the study were to study the knowledge and practices of menstrual hygiene among study population and to identify beliefs, perception regarding menstruation and menstrual practices among the study population.Methods: A cross-sectional study was done in the month of November 2017 in the rural field practice area of the Department of Community Medicine, Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam. The study was done in a high school selected by simple random sampling among 400 adolescent girls who had attained menarche and were present in the schools during the days of survey after obtaining Institutional Ethics Committee approval, permission from the school authority and informed consent was taken from study participants. The sample size was calculated Using 4PQ/L2 with 5% absolute precision (p=36% from previous studies).Results: Mean age of study participants was 14.2yrs ±1.05. About 206(48.4%) knew about menstrual cycle before their menarche. Majority of study participants (78.3%) used sanitary pad as protective material. Regarding hygienic practices during menstruation 78.8% had daily bath.Conclusions: Awareness about menarche before its onset was still poor in rural areas.
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Moerbeek, Mirjam. "The effect of missing data on design efficiency in repeated cross-sectional multi-period two-arm parallel cluster randomized trials." Behavior Research Methods 53, no. 4 (February 2, 2021): 1731–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-020-01529-7.
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AbstractThe reduced efficiency of the cluster randomized trial design may be compensated by implementing a multi-period design. The trial then becomes longitudinal, with a risk of intermittently missing observations and dropout. This paper studies the effect of missing data on design efficiency in trials where the periods are the days of the week and clusters are followed for at least one week. The multilevel model with a decaying correlation structure is used to relate outcome to period and treatment condition. The variance of the treatment effect estimator is used to measure efficiency. When there is no data loss, efficiency increases with increasing number of subjects per day and number of weeks. Different weekly measurement schemes are used to evaluate the impact of planned missing data designs: the loss of efficiency due to measuring on fewer days is largest for few subjects per day and few weeks. Dropout is modeled by the Weibull survival function. The loss of efficiency due to dropout increases when more clusters drop out during the course of the trial, especially if the risk of dropout is largest at the beginning of the trial. The largest loss is observed for few subjects per day and a large number of weeks. An example of the effect of waiting room environments in reducing stress in dental care shows how different design options can be compared. An R Shiny app allows researchers to interactively explore various design options and to choose the best design for their trial.
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Walker, Natalie, Varsha Parag, Sally F. Wong, Ben Youdan, Boyd Broughton, Christopher Bullen, and Robert Beaglehole. "Use of e-cigarettes and smoked tobacco in youth aged 14–15 years in New Zealand: findings from repeated cross-sectional studies (2014–19)." Lancet Public Health 5, no. 4 (April 2020): e204-e212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30241-5.
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Fernandez de Grado, Gabriel, Virginie Ehlinger, Emmanuelle Godeau, Catherine Arnaud, Cathy Nabet, Nadia Benkirane-Jessel, Anne-Marie Musset, and Damien Offner. "Changes in tooth brushing frequency and its associated factors from 2006 to 2014 among French adolescents: Results from three repeated cross sectional HBSC studies." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 29, 2021): e0249129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249129.
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Objectives This study aimed to evaluate in the changes in the percentage of adolescents who brush their teeth twice a day and the association with socio-economic status and health behaviors between 2006, 2010 and 2014 among adolescents from the French cross-sectional studies of the Health Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey. Methods Our sample included 18727 adolescents aged 11, 13 or 15 years old (y/o). The relationship between toothbrushing frequency (TBF) and eating habits, health and socio-economic status markers, family status, school perception, substance use, sedentary lifestyle and physical activity, together with their evolution over the 3 studies, were investigated using multivariate logistic regression. Results The proportion of adolescents brushing twice a day increased from 68.8% in 2006 to 70.8% in 2010 and 78.8% in 2014 (p<0.0001). Notable associated factors (p<0.0001) were: being a girl (adjusted Odds Ratio = 1.5) and, even more, an older girl (aOR 1.5 for 15 y/o vs 11 y/o girls), having breakfast (aOR 1.4) and eating fruits daily (aOR 1.6), excellent perceived health (aOR 1.2), obesity or overweight (aOR 0.6), being bullied at school (aOR 0.8), and perceived family wealth (aOR 1.4 for High vs Low). No impact from any associated factor changed over the 3 studies. Conclusions Among French adolescents, TBF improved from 2006 to 2014. TBF was significantly associated with other health behaviors. These associations stayed similar in 2006, 2010 and 2010. This increase in TBF may be linked with global prevention programs developed during this time period. These programs should be maintained and associated with more specific ones targeting and adapted to disadvantaged populations, in order to reduce inequalities in oral hygiene and oral health.
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Liu, Yi, Yuanyuan Xiao, Hailiang Ran, Xingting He, Linling Jiang, TianLan Wang, Run-xu Yang, Xiufeng Xu, Guangya Yang, and Jin Lu. "Association between parenting and non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents in Yunnan, China: a cross-sectional survey." PeerJ 8 (December 7, 2020): e10493. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10493.
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Background Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among adolescents is prevalent and its rate has increased in recent years worldwide. Previous studies had investigated the association between parenting and childhood NSSI, but little is known about the relationship between parental rearing and repetition and severity of NSSI. The aim of this study was to investigate associations of parenting with NSSI and its repetition and severity in a representative adolescent sample from southwestern China. Methods In this cross-sectional study, a sample of 2,705 adolescents (F/M: 1,245/1,460; mean age: 13.4 ± 2.2 years) was recruited from 14 randomly selected schools in Lincang municipality, Yunnan province, China. A self-report questionnaire was used to collect data. The Adolescent Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Function Assessment Scale and the short Chinese Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran (s-EMBU-C) were used to evaluate NSSI behaviors and parenting style, respectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were adopted to examine association between parenting and NSSI. Results Overall lifetime prevalence of NSSI was 47.1% (95% CI [36.2–58.0]), with self-cutting being the most common form (23.5% (95% CI [19.3–27.7])), followed by hitting hard objects (23.4% (95% CI [20.2–26.7])) and pulling hairs (20.9% (95% CI [18.8–22.6])). In multiple logistic regression analyses, NSSI was positively associated with high level of father’s rejection (OR: 1.32 (95% CI [1.01–1.72])), high level of mother’s rejection (OR: 1.76 (95% CI [1.46–2.13])), low level of mother’s emotional warmth (OR: 1.42 (95% CI [1.15–1.75])), and high level of mother’s overprotection (OR: 1.74 (95% CI [1.49–2.03])), repeated NSSI was positively associated with low level of father’s emotional warmth (OR: 1.39 (95% CI [1.10–1.75])) and high level of mother’s overprotection (OR: 1.79 (95% CI [1.33–2.41])), and severe NSSI was positively associated with low level of father’s emotional warmth (OR: 1.64 (95% CI [1.11–2.43])) and high level of mother’s rejection (OR: 2.16 (95% CI [1.71–2.71])). Conclusion NSSI is common among adolescents in southwestern China. Negative parenting styles are associated with NSSI, repeated NSSI, and severe NSSI. The development of intervention measures for preventing or reducing NSSI among Chinese adolescents in school settings should consider parenting styles.
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Wang, Ying, Rebecca A. Hodge, Victoria L. Stevens, Terryl J. Hartman, and Marjorie L. McCullough. "Identification and Reproducibility of Urinary Metabolomic Biomarkers of Habitual Food Intake in a Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Cancer Prevention Study-3 Diet Assessment Sub-Study." Metabolites 11, no. 4 (April 17, 2021): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11040248.
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Previous cross-sectional metabolomics studies have identified many potential dietary biomarkers, mostly in blood. Few studies examined urine samples although urine is preferred for dietary biomarker discovery. Furthermore, little is known regarding the reproducibility of urinary metabolomic biomarkers over time. We aimed to identify urinary metabolomic biomarkers of diet and assess their reproducibility over time. We conducted a metabolomics analysis among 648 racially/ethnically diverse men and women in the Diet Assessment Sub-study of the Cancer Prevention Study-3 cohort to examine the correlation between >100 food groups/items [101 by a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and 105 by repeated 24 h diet recalls (24HRs)] and 1391 metabolites measured in 24 h urine sample replicates, six months apart. Diet–metabolite associations were examined by Pearson’s partial correlation analysis. Biomarkers were evaluated for prediction accuracy assessed using area under the curve (AUC) calculated from the receiver operating characteristic curve and for reproducibility assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). A total of 1708 diet–metabolite associations were identified after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons and restricting correlation coefficients to >0.2 or <−0.2 (1570 associations using the FFQ and 933 using 24HRs), 513 unique metabolites correlated with 79 food groups/items. The median ICCs of the 513 putative biomarkers was 0.53 (interquartile range 0.42–0.62). In this study, with comprehensive dietary data and repeated 24 h urinary metabolic profiles, we identified a large number of diet–metabolite correlations and replicated many found in previous studies. Our findings revealed the promise of urine samples for dietary biomarker discovery in a large cohort study and provide important information on biomarker reproducibility, which could facilitate their utilization in future clinical and epidemiological studies.
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Nakajima, Kei, Taizo Iwane, Ryoko Higuchi, Michi Shibata, Kento Takada, Jun Uda, Mami Anan, Michiko Sugiyama, and Teiji Nakamura. "Kanagawa Investigation of the Total Check-up Data from the National database (KITCHEN): protocol for data-driven population-based repeated cross-sectional and 6-year cohort studies." BMJ Open 9, no. 2 (February 2019): e023323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023323.
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IntroductionThe unmitigated incidence of cardiometabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, has gained attention in Japan. ‘Big data’ can be useful to clarify conflicting observations obtained from studies with small samples and about rare conditions that are often neglected. We epidemiologically address these issues using data from health check-ups conducted in Kanagawa Prefecture, the prefecture with the second largest population in Japan, in the Kanagawa Investigation of the Total Check-up Data from the National Database (KITCHEN).Methods and analysisThis research consists of a series of population-based cross-sectional studies repeated from 2008–2014 and 6-year cohort studies. Since 2017, we have reviewed the data of people living in Kanagawa Prefecture who underwent a health check-up mainly for general health and the prevention of metabolic syndrome. The sample size ranges from 1.2 million to 1.8 million people in the cross-sectional studies and from 370 000 to 590 000 people in the cohort studies. These are people aged 40–74 years, whose clinical parameters were measured and who responded individually to a questionnaire. We investigate potential associations and causalities of various aetiologies, including diabetes and metabolic syndrome, using clinical data and lifestyle information. With multidisciplinary analysis, including data-driven analysis, we expect to obtain a wide range of novel findings, to confirm indeterminate previous findings, especially in terms of cardiometabolic disease, and to provide new perspectives for human health promotion and disease prevention.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was received from the Ethics Committee of Kanagawa University of Human Services (10-43). The protocol was approved in December 2016 by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (No. 121). The study results will be disseminated through open platforms including journal articles, relevant conferences and seminar presentations.
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Kucharska-Newton, Anna M., Lee Stoner, and Michelle L. Meyer. "Determinants of Vascular Age: An Epidemiological Perspective." Clinical Chemistry 65, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2018.287623.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Vascular age is an emerging health indicator and predictor of end-organ damage to the heart, brain, and kidney. Although there have been many review publications concerning risk factors for vascular aging, most include cross-sectional epidemiological studies, limiting inferences about temporality. There is a need for a review of longitudinal epidemiological studies with repeated measures of vascular structure and function to allow for a systematic examination of determinants of vascular age and the association of vascular aging with outcomes. CONTENT Arterial stiffness is the most frequently used measure of vascular aging. We report here results of an extensive literature review of longitudinal cohort studies with repeated measures of arterial stiffness to characterize determinants of vascular age. Additionally, we summarize population-based studies that have focused on the association of arterial stiffness with end-organ damage and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. SUMMARY Changes in arterial stiffness are evident in early childhood. In adults, arterial stiffness has been observed to progress at the average rate of 0.2 to 0.7 m/s for every 5 years of life. The state of the science is limited by the small number of studies with repeated measures of arterial stiffness and determinants of arterial stiffness progression, as well as limited studies in children and diverse race/ethnic groups. Several extant studies suggest that beyond age, cardiometabolic risk factors and adverse lifestyle behaviors contribute to arterial stiffening. Therefore, arterial stiffness is important in the assessment of healthy vascular aging and a possible target for the prevention of subclinical and clinical disease.
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Choudhary, Babulal, Anurag Singh, Vishnu K. Goyal, Pramod Sharma, G. S. Totetja, Vikas Payal, and Zaozianlungliu Gonmei. "Status of trace elements zinc, copper, and selenium in transfusion dependent beta thalassemic Indian children: a cross sectional study." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 5 (August 23, 2019): 2169. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20193746.
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Background: Maintenance of normal levels of copper, selenium, and zinc play an important part in lessening the morbidities associated with thalassemia major. Levels of these elements have been found to be altered in this chronic transfusion dependent disease from all over the world, but with widely variable results. Besides repeated blood transfusions and use of chelating agents, their levels in thalassemics are affected by genetic and dietary factors also, compelling us to undertake this study in our population. The Objectives of this study was to assessment of serum levels of zinc, copper and selenium in transfusion dependent beta thalassemics. Methods: Cross sectional descriptive study conducted at Thalassemia Day-care Centre of a teaching hospital. Total 64 transfusion dependent thalassemics in the age group 3-18 years were subjected to serum levels of zinc, copper and selenium by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique. Results: Four (6.25%) had hypozincemia, 15 (23.43%) hypocupremia and one (1.565%) had hypercupremia. Two (3.12%) had higher selenium levels (>190 µgm/l).Conclusions: In contrast to previous studies, hypocupremia has been found to be more prevalent than hypozincemia and hyposelenemia in our population.
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Liang, J., Q. Cao, M. Chen, and K. Wu. "P467 Perception Gap between Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Physicians in China: A Cross-sectional Study." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 15, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): S457—S458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab076.590.
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Abstract Background The aim of the study was to assess the perception of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) among Chinese patients and physicians. Methods Data in this cross-sectional study was collected from 6/2020 to 8/2020, which covered 24 provinces/cities in China and based on two surveys that was designed for collecting information from patients with Crohn’s disease (CD)/ulcerative colitis (UC) and the physicians. Results Surveys were completed by 1058 patients (601 CD and 457 UC patients) and 351 physicians (181 treating CD and 170 treating UC). For the control of disease symptoms over the past 12 months, physicians believed that 65.19% and 57.65% of CD and UC patients, respectively, were managed without affecting their quality of life. Meanwhile, 56.07% and 49.46% of CD and UC patients, respectively, reported that disease control did not affect their quality of life. Physicians estimated that 87.85% of CD and 88.24% of UC patients were satisfied with treatment results. And 86.36% of CD and 79.43% of UC patients were satisfied with the current medications. Physicians prescribed biologics for 69.52% of IBD patients, and 48.3% of IBD patients actually used them. Repeated medication (30.95%), diarrhea (27.95%) and abdominal pain (25.29%) were most frequently ranked as most bothersome symptoms by CD patients. For physicians, abdominal pain (42.54%) was the most bothersome symptoms, followed by repeated medication (23.76%) and diarrhea (17.13%). Regarding UC symptoms, 51.18% of physicians believed that bloody stool was the most bothersome symptom for patients, and 41.58% of patients held this view. The sense of urgency was concerned as one bothersome symptom by 19.69% patients, while only 4.12% of physicians held the same views (Fig 1). Regarding the efficacy evaluation, in view of the CD physicians, 42.5% of CD patients were believed achieving completely or mostly controlled, while from the patients’ perception, only 32.6% of CD patients agreed. Similarly, the proportion of UC patients who was believed by physicians that achieving completely or mostly controlled (40.0%) was also higher than that of UC patients who believed by themselves (Fig 2). Conclusion Most of the IBD patients and physicians were satisfied with the treatment results and the current medications. The disease control expectation of the patients was slightly more than that of the physicians. Further studies are needed to explore factors that associated with the treatment expectation of the patients.
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Kristensen, Rachel Underlien, Christina Jensen-Dahm, Christiane Gasse, and Gunhild Waldemar. "Declining Use of Potentially Inappropriate Medication in People with Dementia from 2000 to 2015: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Nationwide Register-Based Study." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 79, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 1459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-200627.
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Background: Studies have shown declining use of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM), medication where risks associated with use outweigh potential benefits in older people. However, the trend in people with dementia remains unknown. Objective: To test the hypothesis that the use of PIM has decreased in people with dementia in line with the declining use in the general older population. Methods: Repeated cross-sectional register-based study of the entire Danish population aged ≥65 years (2000: N = 802,106; 2015: N = 1,056,476). PIM was identified using the Danish “Red-yellow-green list”. Changes in the use of PIM were examined by calculating the annual prevalence of filling prescriptions for at least one PIM in older people with and without dementia. Characteristics of the study population were examined annually including comorbidity. Results: From 2000 to 2015, the prevalence of PIM use decreased from 54.7%to 43.5%in people with dementia and from 39.5%to 28.8%in people without dementia; the decrease was significant across all age groups and remained so in a sensitivity analysis where antipsychotics were removed. During the same period, comorbidity scores increased in people with and without dementia. Conclusion: The declining use of PIM in people with dementia from 2000 to 2015 parallels the trend in the general older population. The use of PIM decreased despite increasing levels of comorbidity and was not solely attributable to the decreasing use of antipsychotics in people with dementia. However, PIM use remained more widespread in people with dementia who may be more vulnerable to the risks associated with PIM.
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Barker, Robert O., Andrew Kingston, Fiona Matthews, and Barbara Hanratty. "HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF OLDER ADULTS IN LONG-TERM CARE FACILITIES: LESSONS FROM LONGITUDINAL STUDIES." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.907.
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Abstract Older adults in long-term care facilities (LTCF) have complex needs for health care and support. There is a perception that residents’ needs are increasing over time, but little research evidence to back this up. In this study we brought together data on 1640 residents in LTCFs from three longitudinal studies, and conducted repeated cross-sectional analyses across a 25 year period. We found that the prevalence of severe disability amongst residents has increased from 56% to 80% over a 20 year period, driven by increases in difficulties in bathing and dressing. The prevalence of multimorbidity also increased from 29% to 56% between 2006 and 2014. A growth in the number of people with dementia, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases contributed to this. We conclude that residents in LTCFs have become a selected subset of the population, characterised by increasing needs for support. This poses an important challenge for future care provision.
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Lindgren, Jessica, Joanne Dorgan, Jennifer Savage-Williams, Donna Coffman, and Terryl Hartman. "Diet across the Lifespan and the Association with Breast Density in Adulthood." International Journal of Breast Cancer 2013 (2013): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/808317.
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Studies have shown inconsistent results regarding the association between dietary factors across the lifespan and breast density and breast cancer in women. Breast density is a strong risk factor for breast cancer, and the mechanism through which it influences cancer risk remains unclear. Breast density has been shown to be modifiable, potentially through dietary modifications. The goal of this paper is to summarize the current studies on diet and diet-related factors across all ages, determine which dietary factors show the strongest association with breast density, the most critical age of exposure, and identify future directions. We identified 28 studies, many of which are cross-sectional, and found that the strongest associations are among vitamin D, calcium, dietary fat, and alcohol in premenopausal women. Longitudinal studies with repeated dietary measures as well as the examination of overall diet over time are needed to confirm these findings.
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Cai, Jiao, Baizhan Li, Wei Yu, Yinghui Yao, Lexiang Wang, Bicheng Li, Yujue Wang, Chenqiu Du, and Jie Xiong. "Associations of household dampness with asthma, allergies, and airway diseases among preschoolers in two cross-sectional studies in Chongqing, China: Repeated surveys in 2010 and 2019." Environment International 140 (July 2020): 105752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105752.
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Trippler, Lydia, Shaali Makame Ame, Jan Hattendorf, Saleh Juma, Salum Abubakar, Said Mohammed Ali, Fatma Kabole, David Rollinson, and Stefanie Knopp. "Impact of seven years of mass drug administration and recrudescence of Schistosoma haematobium infections after one year of treatment gap in Zanzibar: Repeated cross-sectional studies." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): e0009127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009127.
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Background Considerable progress towards the elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis was made by the Zanzibar Elimination of Schistosomiasis Transmission project from 2012 till 2016, when biannual praziquantel mass drug administration (MDA) alone or with additional snail control or behaviour change interventions were implemented. Annual MDA was continued in 2017 and 2018, but not in 2019, imposing a 16-month treatment gap. We monitored the Schistosoma haematobium prevalence from 2012 till 2020 and assessed recrudescence patterns with focus on 2020. Methodology Repeated cross-sectional surveys were conducted from 2011/12 till 2020 in 90 communities and 90 schools in Zanzibar. Annually, around 4,500 adults and up to 20,000 schoolchildren were surveyed. The S. haematobium prevalence was detected by urine filtration and reagent strips. In 2020, risk factors for infection were investigated using generalized estimated equation models. Principal findings In adults, the apparent S. haematobium prevalence was 3.9% in 2011 and 0.4% in 2020. In schoolchildren, the prevalence decreased from 6.6% in 2012 to 1.2% in 2019 with vicissitudes over the years. Prominent recrudescence of infection from 2.8% in 2019 to 9.1% (+225%) in 2020 was observed in 29 schools with historically moderate prevalences (≥10%). Compared with 2019, reinfection in 2020 was particularly striking in boys aged 9–16 years. Being male was a risk factor for infection in 2020 (adults: odds ratio (OR): 6.24, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.96–19.60; schoolchildren: OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.52–2.78). Living near to a natural freshwater body significantly increased the odds of infection in adults (OR: 2.90, CI: 1.12–7.54). Conclusions/Significance After 11 rounds of MDA over 7 years and a 16-month treatment gap, the urogenital schistosomiasis prevalence considerably rebounded in hotspot areas. Future elimination efforts in Zanzibar should focus on re-intensifying MDA plus additional interventions in hotspot areas. In low-prevalence areas, the strategy might be adapted from MDA to targeted surveillance-response.
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Woodruff, Rebecca C., Ilana G. Raskind, Diane M. Harris, Julie A. Gazmararian, Michael Kramer, Regine Haardörfer, and Michelle C. Kegler. "The dietary impact of introducing new retailers of fruits and vegetables into a community: results from a systematic review." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 5 (December 29, 2017): 981–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017003226.
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AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the potential dietary impact of the opening of new retailers of healthy foods.DesignSystematic review of the peer-reviewed research literature.SettingReferences published before November 2015 were retrieved from MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science databases using keyword searches.SubjectsThe outcome of the review was change in fruit and vegetable consumption among adults.ResultsOf 3514 references retrieved, ninety-two articles were reviewed in full text, and twenty-three articles representing fifteen studies were included. Studies used post-test only (n 4), repeated cross-sectional (n 4) and repeated measures designs (n 7) to evaluate the dietary impact of supermarket (n 7), farmers’ market (n 4), produce stand (n 2) or mobile market (n 2) openings. Evidence of increased fruit and vegetable consumption was most consistent among adults who began shopping at the new retailer. Three of four repeated measures studies found modest, albeit not always statistically significant, increases in fruit and vegetable consumption (range 0·23–0·54 servings/d) at 6–12 months after baseline. Dietary change among residents of the broader community where the new retailer opened was less consistent.ConclusionsThe methodological quality of studies, including research designs, sampling methods, follow-up intervals and outcome measures, ranged widely. Future research should align methodologically with previous work to facilitate meta-analytic synthesis of results. Opening a new retailer may result in modest short-term increases in fruit and vegetable consumption among adults who choose to shop there, but the potential longer-term dietary impact on customers and its impact on the broader community remain unclear.
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Roemer, Ellen. "A tutorial on the use of PLS path modeling in longitudinal studies." Industrial Management & Data Systems 116, no. 9 (October 17, 2016): 1901–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-07-2015-0317.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic overview with guidelines how to use partial least squares (PLS) path modeling in longitudinal studies. Practical examples from a study of the acceptance of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in corporate fleets are used for demonstration purposes. Design/methodology/approach In this study, data at three points in time were collected: before the initial use of a BEV, after three and after six months of extensive usage of BEVs. Findings Three different models are identified depending on the research objective and on the data basis. Multigroup analyses are suggested to test the difference between the path coefficients of latent variables at different points in time. Limitations for the use of repeated cross-sectional data have to be observed. Originality/value Academics and practitioners will benefit from this paper by receiving an overview of the different PLS path models in longitudinal studies. A decision-tree enables them to make a choice regarding the most appropriate model and suggests a sequence of complementary analyses. So far, there is a lack of a tutorial type paper delivering such guidance.
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Mazzucco, Sara, Linxin Li, Maria A. Tuna, Sarah T. Pendlebury, Rhoda Frost, Rose Wharton, and Peter M. Rothwell. "Time-of-Day Could Affect Cognitive Screening Performance in Older Patients with TIA and Stroke." Cerebrovascular Diseases 43, no. 5-6 (2017): 290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000456673.
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Background and Purpose: The impact of time-of-day on the cognitive performance of older patients with limited cognitive reserve after a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke, and on short cognitive tests, such as the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), is unknown. We retrospectively studied whether morning versus afternoon assessment might affect the classification of patients aged 70 or older as severe (SCI), mild (MCI), and no (NCI) cognitive impairment by the MoCA. Methods: Morning (12 p.m. or earlier) versus afternoon (later than 12 p.m.) proportions of SCI (MoCA score <20), MCI (MoCA score 25-20) and NCI (MoCA score ≥26) were compared in a cohort of patients aged ≥70, attending a rapid-access TIA/stroke clinic. Results: Of 278 patients, 113 (40.6%) were tested in the morning and 165 (59.4%) in the afternoon. The proportion with SCI was greater in the afternoon than in the morning (10.9 vs. 1.8%, respectively, p = 0.004), with no difference in age, education, diagnosis, disability, or vascular risk factors. Conclusions: Time-of-day appears to affect cognitive performance of older patients after they undergo TIA and minor stroke. If our cross-sectional findings are confirmed in cross-over studies with repeated testing, timing of assessments should be considered in clinical practice and in research studies.
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Bancks, Michael, Alvaro Alonso, Norrina Allen, Kristine Yaffe, and Mercedes Carnethon. "Temporal trends in cognitive function of older US adults associated with population changes in demographic and cardiovascular profiles." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 7 (March 18, 2019): 612–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211985.
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BackgroundRecent estimates suggest that dementia incidence is decreasing in the US possibly due to better management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, but these studies lack repeated cross-sectional assessment among a representative US sample. Our objective was to assess temporal trends in cognitive performance in relation to CVD risk factors among older National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) participants.MethodsWe used repeated cross-sectional assessment of 5711 participants ≥60 years of age from four NHANES cycles: 1999–2000, 2001–2002, 2011–2012 and 2013–2014. Cognitive function was assessed during each cycle with the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). We estimated mean DSST score at each cycle and annual trend in DSST before and after adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking status, blood pressure, glucose status and body mass index.ResultsDSST scores was significantly higher for 2011–2012 (difference: 6.7, 95% CI 4.4 to 9.0) and 2013–2014 (difference: 6.2, 95% CI 4.0 to 8.5), but not 2001–2002 (difference: 2.3, 95% CI −0.01 to 4.6) as compared with 1999–2000 before adjustment. We observed a linear trend for higher annual DSST score before adjustment (DSST/year: 0.44, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.57) and after adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational attainment and CVD risk factors (DSST/year: 0.17, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.26). Educational attainment was most strongly associated with the attenuation in the trend in cognitive function (77% of trend attenuation and 20% of variance in DSST).ConclusionCognitive function is improving over time for US adults aged ≥60 years. These improvements are strongly associated with greater educational attainment and irrespective of the changing US demographic and cardiovascular health profiles.
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Schofield, Christelle, Robert U. Newton, Paul A. Cohen, Daniel A. Galvão, Joanne A. McVeigh, Nicolas H. Hart, Ganendra R. Mohan, et al. "Activity Behaviors and Physiological Characteristics of Women With Advanced-Stage Ovarian Cancer: A Preliminary Cross-sectional Investigation." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 28, no. 3 (March 2018): 604–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/igc.0000000000001197.
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ObjectivesOvarian cancer (OC) survivors experience many disease and treatment adverse effects. However, the impact of OC and its treatment on objective activity behaviors and physiological status have not been examined. The purpose of this study was to compare objectively measured activity behaviors and physiological characteristics of advanced-stage OC survivors to age-matched controls.MethodsTwenty stage III–IV OC survivors and 20 controls completed assessments of activity behaviors (7-day accelerometry), physical function (400-meter walk as indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness, repeated chair rise, 6-meter walking tests), muscle strength (1-repetition maximum and handgrip), body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), and musculoskeletal morphology (peripheral quantitative computed tomography).ResultsCompared with controls, OC survivors spent more time/day in prolonged sedentary bouts (P = 0.039, r = 0.32), had lower cardiorespiratory fitness (P = 0.041, r = 0.33) and upper body strength (P = 0.023, r = 0.37), had higher areal bone mineral content (P = 0.047, r = 0.33) and volumetric trabecular density (P = 0.048, r = 0.31), but were not different in other measures of body composition nor in muscle morphology (P > 0.050). Only 20% (n = 4) of OC survivors accrued 150 minutes/week or greater moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) time in 10-minute bouts or greater. Moderate and vigorous physical activity time/day in 10-minute bouts or greater was strongly associated with cardiorespiratory fitness (P = 0.001, ρ = −0.702) and lower extremity function (P = 0.019, ρ = −0.519) and moderately associated with muscle cross-sectional area (P = 0.035, ρ = 0.473).ConclusionsPosttreatment OC survivors spent more time in prolonged sedentary bouts and had lower cardiorespiratory fitness and upper body strength compared with controls. Moderate and vigorous physical activity was associated with physical function and muscle cross-sectional area. Future studies should test the efficacy of exercise interventions to increase MVPA, reduce sedentary behavior, and increase cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength in OC survivors.
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J Washington, Nathan, Peter J Clothier, Clare MacMahon, Kurt Mudie, Kenneth S Graham, and Kylie A Steel. "Lower limb compression garments do not influence dynamic and static balance performance in young males." International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science 9, no. 3 (July 31, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.9n.3p44.
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Background: Some studies show that wearing compression garments (CGs) improves balance performance. However, the overall evidence supporting their use for balance improvement is inconclusive. Objective: This study aimed to further explore the effect of CGs on balance. Method: Using a cross sectional within subjects repeated measures design fourteen participants (27 ± 3 years) completed three trials for each of four balance tests, under three conditions: compression garment, no garment, and sham. Subjective performance and garment rating scores were also collected following each test condition. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed to compare derived variables between conditions for each balance test. Results: No significant differences were found across conditions or tests for either balance performance or subjective measures. Conclusions: This study demonstrated CGs did not influence dynamic or static balance performance in healthy young males. Further, in contrast to other research this study did not demonstrate an effect of compression garments on dynamic or static balance in healthy young males. However, it remains that CGs may provide benefit in other populations including those with balance and movement deficit disorders.
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Barcelona de Mendoza, Veronica, Michelle L. Wright, Comfort Agaba, Laura Prescott, Alexandra Desir, Cindy A. Crusto, Yan V. Sun, and Jacquelyn Y. Taylor. "A Systematic Review of DNA Methylation and Preterm Birth in African American Women." Biological Research For Nursing 19, no. 3 (September 19, 2016): 308–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800416669049.
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Background: The causes of many cases of preterm birth (PTB) remain enigmatic. Increased understanding of how epigenetic factors are associated with health outcomes has resulted in studies examining DNA methylation (DNAm) as a contributing factor to PTB. However, few studies on PTB and DNAm have included African American women, the group with the highest rate of PTB. Methods: The objective of this review was to systematically analyze the existing studies on DNAm and PTB among African American women. Results: Studies ( N = 10) were limited by small sample size, cross-sectional study designs, inconsistent methodologies for epigenomic analysis, and evaluation of different tissue types across studies. African Americans comprised less than half of the sample in 50% of the studies reviewed. Despite these limitations, there is evidence for an association between DNAm patterns and PTB. Conclusions: Future research on DNAm patterns and PTB should use longitudinal study designs, repeated DNAm testing, and a clinically relevant definition of PTB and should include large samples of high-risk African American women to better understand the mechanisms for PTB in this population.
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Diakité, Nana R., Konan G. N'Zi, Mamadou Ouattara, Jean T. Coulibaly, Jasmina Saric, Patrick K. Yao, Jan Hattendorf, Jürg Utzinger, and Eliézer K. N'Goran. "Association of riverine prawns and intermediate host snails and correlation with human schistosomiasis in two river systems in south-eastern Côte d'Ivoire." Parasitology 145, no. 13 (September 24, 2018): 1792–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201800135x.
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AbstractThe current emphasis of schistosomiasis control is placed on preventive chemotherapy using praziquantel. However, reinfection may occur rapidly in the absence of complementary interventions. Recent studies from Senegal suggest that predatory prawns might feed on intermediate host snails and thus impact on schistosomiasis transmission. We designed a study with four repeated cross-sectional surveys pertaining to prawns and snails, coupled with a single cross-sectional parasitological survey among humans. We assessed for potential associations between the presence/density of prawns and snails and correlation withSchistosomainfection in a composite sample of school-aged children and adults. The study was carried out between October 2015 and December 2016 in 24 villages located near the Agnéby and Mé coastal river systems in south-eastern Côte d'Ivoire. At each site, snails and prawns were collected, and in each village, 150 individuals were subjected to stool and urine examination for the diagnosis ofSchistosoma mansoniandS. haematobium. We found peaks of relative abundance of intermediate host snails in the villages of the Agnéby River system, while predatory prawns were predominantly recorded in the Mé River system. A negative association was observed between intermediate host snail densities and riverine prawns; however, no pattern was found between this trend in the predator–prey relationship and the prevalence of human schistosomiasis.
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Ruiz, John M., Daniel J. Taylor, Bert N. Uchino, Timothy W. Smith, Matthew Allison, Chul Ahn, Jillian J. Johnson, and Joshua M. Smyth. "Evaluating the longitudinal risk of social vigilance on atherosclerosis: study protocol for the North Texas Heart Study." BMJ Open 7, no. 8 (August 2017): e017345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017345.
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IntroductionPsychosocial factors are increasingly recognised as important determinants of cardiovascular disease risk. The North Texas Heart Study aims to understand the mechanisms responsible for this association with a focus on social vigilance (ie, scanning the environment for social threats). There is also growing interest in supplementing traditional methods (eg, survey assessment of psychosocial risk paired with cross-sectional and longitudinal health outcomes) with daily or repeated momentary assessment of psychosocial factors. However, there are relatively few longitudinal studies directly comparing these approaches with hard endpoints.Methods and analysisThe North Texas Heart Study proposes a longitudinal measurement burst design to examine psychosocial determinants of subclinical atherosclerosis. A sample of 300 healthy community participants, stratified by age and gender, will complete survey measures, as well as 2 days of ecological momentary assessment at baseline and at a 2-year follow-up. A range of psychosocial and behavioural factors, objective biomarkers, as well as carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) will be assessed at both time points. Unadjusted and adjusted models will evaluate cross-sectional associations and determinants of change in the cIMT.Ethics and disseminationThe Institutional Review Board at the study coordinating institute (University of North Texas) has approved this study. Positive, negative or inconclusive primary and ancillary findings will be disseminated in scientific journals and conferences.
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Wu, Xue, Nabi Nazari, and Mark D. Griffiths. "Using Fear and Anxiety Related to COVID-19 to Predict Cyberchondria: Cross-sectional Survey Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): e26285. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/26285.
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Background Studies have highlighted that fear and anxiety generated by COVID-19 are important psychological factors that affect all populations. There currently remains a lack of research on specific amplification factors regarding fear and anxiety in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite established associations between anxiety sensitivity, intolerance of uncertainty, and cyberchondria, empirical data investigating the associations between these three variables, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, are currently lacking. Urgent research is needed to better understand the role of repeated media consumption concerning COVID-19 in amplifying fear and anxiety related to COVID-19. Objective This study investigated the associations between fear of COVID-19, COVID-19 anxiety, and cyberchondria. Methods Convenience sampling was used to recruit respondents to participate in an online survey. The survey, which was distributed via social media and academic forums, comprised the Cyberchondria Severity Scale, Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, and Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Multiple mediation analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling. Results A total of 694 respondents (males: n=343, females: n=351) completed the online survey. The results showed that fear and anxiety generated by COVID-19 predicted cyberchondria (fear: β=.39, SE 0.04, P<.001, t=11.16, 95% CI 0.31-0.45; anxiety: β=.25, SE 0.03, P<.001, t=7.67, 95% CI 0.19-0.32). In addition, intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety sensitivity mediated the relationship between fear and anxiety generated by COVID-19 with cyberchondria. In a reciprocal model, the standardized total effects of cyberchondria on fear of COVID-19 (β=.45, SE 0.04, P<.001, t=15.31, 95% CI 0.39-0.51) and COVID-19 anxiety (β=.36, SE 0.03, P<.001, t=11.29, 95% CI 0.30-0.41) were statistically significant, with moderate effect sizes. Compared to males, females obtained significantly higher scores for cyberchondria (t1,692=–2.85, P=.004, Cohen d=0.22), COVID-19 anxiety (t1,692=–3.32, P<.001, Cohen d=0.26), and anxiety sensitivity (t1,692=–3.69, P<.001, Cohen d=0.29). Conclusions The findings provide a better understanding of the role of COVID-19 in amplifying cyberchondria. Based on these results, cyberchondria must be viewed as a significant public health issue. Importantly, increasing awareness about cyberchondria and online behavior at both the individual and collective levels must be prioritized to enhance preparedness and to reduce the adverse effects of current and future medical crises.