Academic literature on the topic 'Repeated Indicators Approach'
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Journal articles on the topic "Repeated Indicators Approach"
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Sergii, Sardak. "The life cycle of social and economic systems." Marketing and Management of Innovations 1 (April 4, 2016): 157–69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3957532.
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<strong><em>The aim of the article</em></strong> is to identify the components of social and economic systems life cycle. To achieve this aim, the article describes the traits and characteristics of the system, determines the features of social and economic systems functioning and is applied a systematic approach in the study of their life cycle. <strong><em>The</em></strong> <strong><em>results</em></strong> <strong><em>of the analysis.</em></strong> It is determined that the development of social and economic systems has signs of cyclicity and is explained methodologically by the axiomatics, rules and laws. Understanding circular patterns has been formed long ago and now is recorded by scientists monitoring the properties of natural and artificial environment of human activity. During the study, it was found out that in scientific literature there is no unified description of the life cycle elements of social and economic systems at personal, micro, meso, macro and global levels. The paper investigates the cyclical patterns in multilevel social and economic systems for a human, employee, family, product, company, city, industry, elite, macroeconomic indicators, humanity, global processes, global economic system and the Universe. It is noted that at grass-roots administrative levels of the global environment of a human life activity system, a thesis about the cyclicity of development and the stages of the life cycle is considered by a wide circle of scientists and is doubtless. On hierarchically higher management levels of the global environment of human activity system, the scientists noticed the similar patterns of the cyclical nature. Problematic and discussion questions about cyclic development of social and economic systems are identified: the uncertainty of the driving force source of repeated changes; the vague distinction between systemic (internal) and off-system (external) influence on development; the lack of a unified description of development nature at different managerial levels; the use of different descriptive terms for the same constituent elements of repeated changes (period, stage, phase, wave, cycle); the uncertainty of the number of repeated changes constituent elements; the absence of an identification mechanism of the exact time of changes in the constituent elements of repeated changes; the surface description of out-of-system period of the subjects activity (“before-system” period of creation and “after-system” period of liquidation); attaching more importance to primary and less importance to ultimate component elements of the repeated changes; the lack of a reliable mechanism for predicting and forecasting the dynamics of constituent components of repeated changes. It is noted that all social and economic systems develop within repeated changes and they have the same attributes of cyclicity: the fluctuation of indicators is marked that characterize the condition of the subject; the presence of system (from creation to liquidation) and out-of-system (creation – “design” and liquidation – “disposal”) periods are noted; the subjects are created by the actions of other subjects (that is, subjects do not arise “out of nowhere”, but are the result of the actions of other subjects – “constructors”); after cessation of subjects functioning, their resources are used by other subjects (that is, the subjects do not disappear “nowhere”, and they are transformed into the resources of other subjects – “recovery”); a unidirectional life cycle from “birth” to “death” is observed in the subjects; the subjects do not have to undergo the whole life cycle (each time might be the last); the subjects display similar changes of the indicators during their activity; ascending, peak and descending fluctuations of indicators are observed in the subjects; minor fluctuations occur in the constituent elements; the subjects have individual nature of indicator fluctuations and duration of activity. <strong><em>The scientific </em></strong><strong><em>novelty</em></strong> of the study is identification structure of the life cycle of social and economic system with definitions of: common (“before-system state”, “growth”, “stabilization”, “reduction”, “after-system state”) and specific (“creation”, “slow growth”, “rapid growth”, “growth stabilization”, “short stabilization”, “rapid reduction”, “slow reduction”, “liquidation”) constituent elements of repeated changes; marginal borders of indicators; dynamics of the constituent elements of the life cycle; key points of the changing nature of the indicators dynamics. <strong><em>Conclusions and directions of further researches.</em></strong> Identification of the life cycle of social and economic systems chacterizes potentially possible limits of their activity in time and provides the possibility of further research of aspects of the cyclical development for the methodological basis formation and the development of applied measures of systemic development in the areas of marketing and management innovations.
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Mastropierro, Lorenzo. "Key clusters as indicators of translator style." Target. International Journal of Translation Studies 30, no. 2 (2018): 240–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.17040.mas.
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Abstract This paper discusses the issue of translator style through the comparison of two Italian translations of H. P. Lovecraft’s At the Mountains of Madness. Using a corpus linguistic approach, this paper proposes a method for the identification of potential indicators of translator style based on key cluster analysis. Comparing the two translations with this method identifies which clusters – i.e., repeated sequences of words – are used more frequently by one translator compared to the other. The analysis shows that the two translators differ in their usage of some linguistic features, specifically Italian euphonic -d, locative clitics, and distal demonstratives, which are then analysed as stylistic divergences.
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Schuberth, Florian, Manuel Elias Rademaker, and Jörg Henseler. "Estimating and assessing second-order constructs using PLS-PM: the case of composites of composites." Industrial Management & Data Systems 120, no. 12 (2020): 2211–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-12-2019-0642.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study is threefold: (1) to propose partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) as a way to estimate models containing composites of composites and to compare the performance of the PLS-PM approaches in this context, (2) to provide and evaluate two testing procedures to assess the overall fit of such models and (3) to introduce user-friendly step-by-step guidelines.Design/methodology/approachA simulation is conducted to examine the PLS-PM approaches and the performance of the two proposed testing procedures.FindingsThe simulation results show that the two-stage approach, its combination with the repeated indicators approach and the extended repeated indicators approach perform similarly. However, only the former is Fisher consistent. Moreover, the simulation shows that guidelines neglecting model fit assessment miss an important opportunity to detect misspecified models. Finally, the results show that both testing procedures based on the two-stage approach allow for assessment of the model fit.Practical implicationsAnalysts who estimate and assess models containing composites of composites should use the authors’ guidelines, since the majority of existing guidelines neglect model fit assessment and thus omit a crucial step of structural equation modeling.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the understanding of the discussed approaches. Moreover, it highlights the importance of overall model fit assessment and provides insights about testing the fit of models containing composites of composites. Based on these findings, step-by-step guidelines are introduced to estimate and assess models containing composites of composites.
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Motta, Luiz Felipe Pinto Oliveira da, Ricardo Fontes Macedo, Elizabeth Cárpio Rivera, Angela Luciana De-Bortoli, and Robelius De-Bortoli. "Motor Programs as Indicators of Penalty Direction in Soccer." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 8, no. 9 (2020): 224–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss9.2619.
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Introduction: Many football games are decided on penalties and usually in championship final games. When seeking to anticipate movements, differences in amplitude can harm players because the informational movement appears to be spread "globally" throughout the action and should be coded at several levels. Thus, it would be interesting to analyze the entire period of the kick, since the player begins his run to approach the ball to recognize the motor patterns used in the kick that identify his direction. Objective: The objective of this study is to identify patterns of behavior in penalty kicks that may indicate the direction of their action / kick and in my moment they appear. Methodology: The sample consisted of 21 subjects hitting a penalty kick, 18 males and 3 females with an average age of 22.18 ± 2.44 years and two goalkeepers with college football experience. The tests consisted of a battery of two penalty kicks for each subject in order to score. The kicks were recorded by a video camera with a front view of the goal goal and the back of the batter. The kick phases were divided into the starting leg position; first step leg; angle of the elbow in relation to the body seen from behind; angle of the elbow in relation to the displacement line seen from above; direction of the tip of the supporting foot and position on the goal where the kick was. Each kick was preceded by a start signal. The data were analyzed from the registration of each variable and the position of the goal in which the ball was kicked, considering it in three sectors: left, right and central. Results: The main results indicated that the variable “Leg of the first step” had 81% of the kicks associated with the direction of the goal; 52.4% of second kicks had repeated the pattern of behavior and 84.6% had repeated the pattern of behavior regardless of the goal position. The variable “Elbow angle in relation to the body seen from behind” had 81.8% repeated behavior pattern regardless of the goal position and the variable “Elbow angle in relation to the displacement line seen from above” had 81% association with the sector of the goal in which the ball was kicked; 52.4% of second kicks had repeated the pattern of behavior and 91.7% had repeated the pattern of behavior regardless of the goal position. Conclusions: The main conclusions indicate that it is possible to relate the kick location with the batter's body information; the start of the race seems to indicate that there is a prior intention of movement programs; the decision of where to hit the penalty appears to be made before contact with the ball and more closely to the placement of the support foot and with this relationship, the size of the goal to be defended by the goalkeeper could be reduced, increasing the possibility of defense.
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Ezeudu, Tochukwu S., and Fadeyi Taofiq James. "The Repeated Election of Established Politicians as a Key Factor in Nigeria’s Underdevelopment." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VIII, no. II (2024): 324–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2024.802023.
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This study delves into the recurring election of established politicians and its multifaceted implications for Nigeria’s development trajectory. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research analyzes the effects of political incumbency on key development indicators, encompassing economic growth, infrastructure development, and governance efficiency. The study sheds light on the complex interplay between political dynamics and development outcomes through quantitative analysis, qualitative insights, and theoretical frameworks such as the Principal-Agent Theory. The findings reveal a nuanced relationship between political incumbency and development indicators. While some indicators exhibit positive growth, others demonstrate fluctuations or stagnation, echoing the trade-offs between short-term electoral gains and long-term development goals. Qualitative insights complement the quantitative results by highlighting concerns of limited accountability, reduced responsiveness, and stifled innovation associated with prolonged incumbency. Drawing on international experiences, the study offers comparative insights into the challenges and potential solutions. The discussion underscores the importance of striking a balance between electoral considerations and sustainable development objectives. The study recommends reforms such as term limits, electoral transparency, and support for emerging leadership to promote political diversity and informed decision-making. These recommendations can contribute to fostering an environment conducive to balanced and holistic development in Nigeria.
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Jia, Ru, Young-Chae Song, Zhengkai An, Keugtae Kim, Chae-Young Lee, and Byung-Uk Bae. "A New Comprehensive Indicator for Monitoring Anaerobic Digestion: A Principal Component Analysis Approach." Processes 12, no. 1 (2023): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12010059.
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This paper has proposed a comprehensive indicator based on principal component analysis (PCA) for diagnosing the state of anaerobic digestion. Various state and performance variables were monitored under different operational modes, including start-up, interruption and resumption of substrate supply, and impulse organic loading rates. While these individual variables are useful for estimating the state of anaerobic digestion, they must be interpreted by experts. Coupled indicators combine these variables with the effect of offering more detailed insights, but they are limited in their universal applicability. Time-series eigenvalues reflected the anaerobic digestion process occurring in response to operational changes: Stable states were identified by eigenvalue peaks below 1.0, and they had an average below 0.2. Slightly perturbed states were identified by a consistent decrease in eigenvalue peaks from a value of below 4.0 or by observing isolated peaks below 3.0. Disturbed states were identified by repeated eigenvalue peaks over 3.0, and they had an average above 0.6. The long-term persistence of these peaks signals an increasing kinetic imbalance, which could lead to process failure. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that time-series eigenvalue analysis is an effective comprehensive indicator for identifying kinetic imbalances in anaerobic digestion.
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Igari, Ryosuke, and Takahiro Hoshino. "A Bayesian data combination approach for repeated durations under unobserved missing indicators: Application to interpurchase-timing in marketing." Computational Statistics & Data Analysis 126 (October 2018): 150–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2018.04.001.
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Ahmad, Shamraiz, Kuan Yew Wong, and Srithar Rajoo. "Sustainability indicators for manufacturing sectors." Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 30, no. 2 (2019): 312–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-03-2018-0091.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper was to review the indicators for the three aspects (environment, economy and society) of sustainability (the triple-bottom line (TBL) perspective) for manufacturing sectors. In addition, this paper aimed to: document the sustainability indicators for manufacturing sectors; perform an analysis of these indicators to show their evolutional progress and maturity in terms of their consistent, repeated and standardized usage; and highlight the further work needed to make them mature and more standardized. Design/methodology/approach The following keywords were used to explore and find the relevant articles: sustainable manufacturing evaluation, sustainability indicators, life cycle assessment, tools for sustainability assessment, and economic and social evaluation in industries. To find articles within this sample, the major focus remained on the terms “indicators,” “metrics,” and “performance measures.” This paper systematically reviewed the studies and analyzed the different sustainability indicators from the TBL viewpoint. Following this, the documented indicators were critically discussed along with their evolutional progress and maturity level. Findings The results showed that solid waste was the least used and immature aspect in the environmental category, whereas the more frequently used and developed indicators were related to material used, energy used and air emissions. Economic assessment was most of the time limited to cost-based indicators. From a social viewpoint, most of the reviewed studies were based on workers and local community and society related indicators rather than consumers-based indicators. From a sectoral viewpoint, comparatively, studies for metal manufacturing industries were more focused on all three dimensions of sustainability. On an overall basis, of the 144 discussed indicators, almost 34 percent (49) were used just once. Comparatively, the usage of indicators was more mature in manufacturing activities of developed countries than developing ones. Moreover, the usage of indicators was more common at the product level than at the other levels. Originality/value Unlike previous sustainability indicator sets which were generally long lists of proposed indicators rather than applicable and measurable ones, this paper reported the indicator sets based on studies for manufacturing sectors. Moreover, in contrast to previous reviews on indicators which were mostly based on the environmental dimension, this paper included all three dimensions of sustainability in one comprehensive review while focusing on recent studies published from 2007 to 2017. This paper has explored the recent evolutional progress and maturity of sustainability indicators, and provided insights into their development in manufacturing sectors.
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Wu, Jun, Yuanyuan Li, Li Shi, Liping Yang, Xiaxia Niu, and Wen Zhang. "ReRec: A Divide-and-Conquer Approach to Recommendation Based on Repeat Purchase Behaviors of Users in Community E-Commerce." Mathematics 10, no. 2 (2022): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10020208.
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Existing studies have made a great endeavor in predicting users’ potential interests in items by modeling user preferences and item characteristics. As an important indicator of users’ satisfaction and loyalty, repeat purchase behavior is a promising perspective to extract insightful information for community e-commerce. However, the repeated purchase behaviors of users have not yet been thoroughly studied. To fill in this research gap from the perspective of repeated purchase behavior and improve the process of generation of candidate recommended items this research proposed a novel approach called ReRec (Repeat purchase Recommender) for real-life applications. Specifically, the proposed ReRec approach comprises two components: the first is to model the repeat purchase behaviors of different types of users and the second is to recommend items to users based on their repeat purchase behaviors of different types. The extensive experiments are conducted on a real dataset collected from a community e-commerce platform, and the performance of our model has improved at least about 13.6% compared with the state-of-the-art techniques in recommending online items (measured by F-measure). Specifically, for active users, with w=1 and NUA∈5,25, the results of ReRec show a significant improvement (at least 50%) in recommendation. With α and σ as 0.75 and 0.2284, respectively, the proposed ReRec for unactive users is also superior to (at least 13.6%) the evaluation indicators of traditional Item CF when NUB∈6, 25. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to study recommendations in community e-commerce.
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Fiebig, Andre. "Psychoacoustic evaluation of soundscapes by means of repeated measurements." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 1 (2021): 5485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-3118.
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Research on soundscape explore facets of how acoustic environments affect human perception in context. By means of psychoacoustic parameters the sound character of acoustic environments can be described comprehensively as those parameters play an important role with respect to manifold auditory sensations. Although there seems to be a consensus of the benefit of psychoacoustics for soundscape evaluations and the ISO/TS 12913-2 particularly requests to give consideration to psychoacoustic indicators in soundscape investigations rather little is known about the relationships between psychoacoustic quantities and significant soundscape dimensions. Numerous investigations aimed to establish links between psychoacoustics and soundscape appraisal, but the gained results were often not suited for generalization. Moreover, it is rather unclear how urban locations vary in their sound character over longer periods and how the level of variation drives soundscape assessments. In order to establish an understanding of potential psychoacoustic characterization of urban locations for soundscape evaluations, repeated measurements of different locations are analyzed and the general behavior of psychoacoustic quantities derived. Based on these investigations it is intended to expand knowledge on the usefulness of psychoacoustics from the perspective of the soundscape approach.
Books on the topic "Repeated Indicators Approach"
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McFarr, Lynn, Julie Snyder, Lisa Benson, and Rachel Higier. Psychosocial Treatment Approaches for Substance Use. Edited by Shahla J. Modir and George E. Muñoz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190275334.003.0013.
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Multiple psychosocial treatments for substance-use disorders have been studied for efficacy. A recent meta-analysis indicates that psychosocial interventions are effective across multiple types of substances used. In the case of opiates, psychosocial interventions combined with medication appear to be the most effective. Many studies further agree that psychosocial interventions are an integral and necessary part of treating substance-use disorders. Although theoretical orientations may differ across psychosocial treatments, they have several principles and practices in common. All involve talk therapy or talk in communities as a way to clarify triggers, build commitment, and improve accountability. Many also target addiction behaviors and work to develop alternative contingencies to reduce or eliminate use. Finally, targeting repeated performance (or building “chains of committed behavior”) decreases the likelihood of relapse. This chapter discusses the most frequently studied and employed psychosocial treatments for substance use including CBT, motivational interviewing, contingency management, mindfulness, and community-based programs.
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Thursfield, Rebecca, Chris Orchard, Rosanna Featherstone, and Jane C. Davies. Future treatments. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198702948.003.0013.
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There are only a relatively limited armoury of drugs, the majority of which are aimed at downstream symptoms of cystic fibrosis. Therapies targeting the basic defect in CF as well as continued availability of more conventional drugs are required. Progress in gene therapy has been limited by the significant barriers to gene transfer of the CF lung, but the UK is hosting a large repeated dose trial of nebulized non-viral gene therapy designed around clinically meaningful outcomes. The UK CF Gene Therapy Consortium is also seeking to develop a promising modified lentiviral approach, although this is some years off. Perhaps the exciting development of recent decades has come from small molecule CFTR modulators, driven by an understanding of basic pathophysiological mechanisms. Ivacaftor is the first drug to be licensed, having proved itself highly clinically efficacious in patients with the class-3 gating mutation G551D. The trial pipeline seeks to expand indications for this and to explore the potential of Phe508del correctors. Finally, a number of anti-inflammatory and anti-infective strategies are being pursued. The emerging global problem of antibiotic resistance is leading to exciting alternatives such as biofilm disruption and bacteriophage to be explored.
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Goetze, Catherine, and Dejan Guzina. Statebuilding and Nationbuilding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.302.
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Since the early 1990s, the number of statebuilding projects has multiplied, often ending several years or even decades of violent conflict. The objectives of these missions have been formulated ad hoc, driven by the geopolitical contexts in which the mandates of statebuilding missions were established. However, after initial success in establishing a sense of physical security, the empirical evidence shows that most statebuilding efforts have failed, or achieved only moderate success. In some countries, violence has resumed after the initial end of hostilities. In others, the best results were authoritarian regimes based on fragile stalemates between warring parties. A review of the literature on statebuilding indicates a vast number of theories and approaches that often collide with each other, claim the exact opposite, and mount (contradictory) evidence in support of their mutually exclusive claims. Still they are united by their inquiry into the general structural and policy-making conditions that nurture or impede statebuilding processes. A problematic characteristic of the statebuilding literature is a lack of dialogue across the various disciplines. Many of the claims in the international relations literature on external statebuilding are a mirror image of the previous ones made on democratization. Another problem is the propensity to repeat the same mistakes of the previous generations.
Book chapters on the topic "Repeated Indicators Approach"
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Knierbein, Sabine. "Alltagstheoretische Wendungen im Feld der Internationalen Urbanistik." In Interdisziplinäre Stadtforschung. transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839452967-008.
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Sabine Knierbein empirically explores transitions in everyday life and derives an everyday-theory based approach to frame urban studies from there. Scholars in the scientific field of urban studies repeatedly refer to Henri Lefebvre's ouevre (1974, 1967, 1970). His centenary work in the background ›La Critique de la Vie Quotidienne‹ (1947, 1961, 1981) remains, however, somehow underestimated, although in many places empirical evidence points to manifest turnovers as regards everyday life in contemporary cities. This indicates an exigency to introduce everyday-theory-based approaches in the field of urban studies. This contribution enlightens the socio-historical genesis of Lefebvre's Critique of Everyday Life and provides an update of such a critique by adding more recent positions. How much Lefebvre is needed in urban studies in conteporary times shaken by crisis? Which role may Lefebvre's early critique of interdisciplinarity play in an early positivist context of studying cities? Supported by his oeuvre, will scholars be able to tow an important urban studies emphasis on everyday life and lived space constructively towards the 21st century? Because in the second decade of the early 21st century nothing appears the same any more: Particularly everyday life has tremendously changed.
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Malisch, Rainer, Alexander Schächtele, F. X. Rolaf van Leeuwen, et al. "Time Trends in Human Milk Derived from WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Exposure Studies, Chapter 1: Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans." In Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Milk. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34087-1_12.
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AbstractTemporal trends of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) in human milk were assessed by consideration only of countries with repeated participation in WHO/UNEP-coordinated exposure studies performed between 1987 and 2019. In contrast to a general estimation of time trends from all participating countries, this is a more precise approach because levels among countries are often highly variable. Studies on time trends for contaminants in human milk are important components of the effectiveness evaluation of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). There is no stipulation of a quantitative goal for the rate of reduction/decrease in POPs levels, however, as a quantitative objective for studies, these should have the ability to detect a 50% decrease in the levels of POPs within a 10-year period.For non-dioxin-like PCB (calculated as the sum of six indicator PCB), a decrease of about 50% to 60% over 10 years was achieved in most of the five UN Regional Groups. Considerable decreases in concentrations with reductions of up to 95% over three decades were observed in European countries with high concentrations at the end of the 1980s, compared to slower decreases in less polluted ones. For the toxic equivalents (TEQ) of PCDD/PCDF and the total TEQ of PCDD/PCDF and dioxin-like PCB, a decrease of about 50% over 10 years was found mainly in Western European and some other countries with initially relatively high concentrations. TEQ concentrations of PCDD/PCDF decreased by up to 90% over three decades. Lower decreases observed in many countries have to be seen in the context of the quite low levels in these countries in comparison with other countries.
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Szturz, Petr, and Jan B. Vermorken. "Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer: What Is the Optimal Local Treatment?" In Critical Issues in Head and Neck Oncology. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-84539-0_24.
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Abstract Combining treatment modalities has proven beneficial in advanced stages of head and neck cancer. While the majority of patients with an early disease stage can be cured by surgery or radiotherapy alone, these two approaches have to be brought together and even accompanied by chemotherapy to provide cure to about half of patients with locally and locoregionally advanced disease. Such multimodality treatments are the result of intensive clinical research spanning over several decades. In the most advanced cases presenting with distant metastases, a similar development is ongoing, i.e., from a single modality to multimodality approach. In this setting, the current standard-of-care option is systemic treatment only, comprising cytotoxic drugs associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor cetuximab or with the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor pembrolizumab or pembrolizumab alone. The choice between different systemic agents depends on appraisal of several factors including the expression of the PD-1 ligand. However, the benefit of adding local to systemic treatment, albeit commonly utilized in clinical practice, has not been evaluated in randomized clinical trials so far. Contrastingly, systemic treatment repeatedly proved to significantly improve survival and quality of life in head and neck cancer. In patients with metastatic disease, local treatment can be delivered both to the distant and local or locoregional sites, aiming at better survival and/or quality of life and using different modalities not limited to surgery and radiotherapy but involving also radiofrequency ablation, cryotherapy, and others. The key decision factor is patient selection in the context of different clinical scenarios. If the objective is to eradicate distant metastases, available data show that patients with slowly progressing metastases that we have dubbed argometastases have the highest odds for survival, and even local therapy alone may be sufficient to attain this goal. In those considered for local therapy at the primary site despite distant dissemination, one of the main predictors for enhanced efficacy seems to be the intensity of local therapy which needs to meet criteria for a radical treatment. In this respect, a less intensive local approach in combination with systemic therapy does not improve survival. Finally, advances in the field of immunotherapy represent one of the highlights of the past decade, and current evidence indicates that a combination of local therapy with immunotherapy can be particularly beneficial. Moreover, it should not be overlooked that compared to new drug development, integration of local therapy to complement systemic treatment is a relatively affordable and accessible approach in both developed and developing countries.
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Jyoti, Chand Rashid, and Monalisha Dash. "Exploring the Indicators of Hotel Customer Experiences on Service Quality Approach." In Advances in Hospitality, Tourism, and the Services Industry. IGI Global, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-7447-4.ch008.
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In the intensely competitive hospitality sector, the quality of customer experience is a critical determinant of a hotel's success. As customers become more selective and their expectations evolve, hotels must continuously assess and enhance their service quality to remain competitive. This chapter aims to explore various indicators of hotel customer experience from a service quality perspective. Secondary data was utilized, with 434 hotel reviews collected from Tripadvisor.com, a prominent customer review site. Among these reviews, 268 were from domestic customers and the remainder from international travelers. Qualitative analysis was conducted using R software and Bigram analysis to identify recurring words and phrases. The study identified seven key dimensions based on repeated phrases, including hotel rooms, food quality, staff behavior, overall stay experience, and service quality. The research provides insights into these indicators and suggests that future studies could explore big data related to customer experience across different geographical areas.
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"TFEU." In The EU Treaties and Charter of Fundamental Rights: A Commentary, 2nd ed., edited by Manuel Kellerbauer, Marcus Klamert, and Jonathan Tomkin. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198913689.003.0350.
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Abstract This chapter highlights Article 181 TFEU, which lays down the infrastructure for an open method of coordination (OMC) in the area of research and development. It explains how the OMC entails policy exchange and comparison between Member States (MS) in a non-binding fashion. It also recounts the spread of the OMC to many other policy areas, particularly those that are perceived unsuitable for a more traditional legislative approach for legal or political reasons. The chapter discusses the European Semester, which is the yearly cycle of economic, employment, and social policy coordination and monitors the progress of MS towards commonly agreed indicators and benchmarks. It notes how the overall framework of the European Semester provides financial sanctions in case of repeated non-compliance.
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Lassnigg, Lorenz. "Sustaining Dual Apprenticeship Systems: Similarities and Differences in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland." In Education and Human Development. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112561.
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Based on the German collective skill formation system of dual apprenticeship has received international attention as a potential approach to sustain and develop upper secondary vocational education and training (VET) as an alternative to higher education. Austria, Germany, and Switzerland are considered paradigmatic cases for such a strategy, pointing to similar structures in these countries. At closer look, these three systems also show substantial differences in sustaining upper secondary VET and coping with the repeated crises in the youth labor market. This chapter analyses key differences between these paradigmatic cases beyond structural similarities. International comparative data, literature review, and policy analysis are used as methodology. Results from the analysis of comparative indicators show first that overall education structures do not differ much from European and international averages, second that the expectation of a direct reduction of youth unemployment by apprenticeship is not corroborated by data, third that the employment relation in apprenticeship does not generally induce more emphasis on labor market policy to fight youth unemployment, finally that two of the three systems under focus show different forms of drift of apprenticeship towards tertiary education. The specific elements of apprenticeship generating sustainability and influencing youth unemployment deserve further research.
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Astor, Ron, and Rami Benbenishty. "Administrative Records." In Mapping and Monitoring Bullying and Violence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847067.003.0016.
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Schools maintain a variety of records, but these aren’t necessarily analyzed as a source of data for improving school climate. Records of office referrals, suspensions, peer mediation cases, students serving detention, and other incident reports can be examined to learn about disciplinary issues and the school’s response. In addition to getting a sense of how many disciplinary infractions take place in school, it is also valuable to detect changes over time. By examining suspension records over a period of years, school leaders may realize that, along with their efforts to improve school climate and prevent violence, there is also a major increase in suspension rates, an indication that perhaps administrators have used suspension as a major strategy. Given the evidence on the negative outcomes of repeated suspensions, school leaders might reconsider their approach to violence prevention or punishment. Other schools may find that suspensions actually went down when climate improved because fewer students were being disciplined for incidents of violence. While many schools maintain paper records that are difficult to examine and process, others have computerized their reporting system. When computerized databases are available, the potential for educators to learn from the information and make improvements increases dramatically. Careful analysis of existing records can help identify what grade levels of students are most involved in certain behaviors and whether certain students or groups are committing the bulk of infractions. Analyses of these records can also help administrators to understand more about why students are getting in trouble, which students seem to be repeat offenders, and perhaps where and when the incidents are taking place. Absenteeism rates should also be examined in combination with other indicators. Patterns in the data can then be used to see what type of changes might be needed to eliminate the reasons that the students are getting in trouble. These records can also show whether there are certain times during the school year when problems are more likely to occur, such as at the beginning of the year or just before a break.
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Burton, Philip J. "Resilience through Adaptive Management." In Resilient Forest Management. Oxford University PressOxford, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832997.003.0010.
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Abstract Recurrent monitoring and assessment of forest conditions is required in order to evaluate whether management actions are achieving their stated goals, and to inform adjustment to changing conditions. Efficient monitoring requires the selection of responsive indicators of broader system status and trends. Many features of forests are repeatedly measured in support of forest certification systems and corporate or government reporting requirements, but often with little impact on forest policies or practices. Resilient forest management requires monitoring activities to be embedded in a formal system of adaptive management in which specific questions are addressed or comparisons are made, and where there is a genuine commitment to information-based decision-making. Multiple indicators are required to assess forest composition, structure, and function at stand and landscape levels, and it is advisable to condense or simplify those many indicators in communicating to managers and the public. Attention to the relative health or persistence of environmental conditions in response to disruptions and changing conditions can inform tactics for resilient forest management. Although informed by monitoring, it is a social decision to identify particular criteria and thresholds for selecting forest resistance, recovery, adjustment, reconfiguration, or transformative approaches.
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Grigoroudis, Evangelos, Vassilios Fortsas, Petros Pallis, and Nikolaos Matsatsinis. "Estimating User Loyalty in Social Networking Services." In Evaluating Websites and Web Services. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5129-6.ch010.
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In the last few years, customer loyalty for products and services has become an object of extensive studies from researchers of various scientific fields. Its importance is justified from the fact that, in many cases, particularly in strong competition conditions, measuring customer satisfaction does not provide a reliable quality performance indicator for business organizations. According to recent research, loyalty is defined as a positive level of customers’ commitment, which should not be based only in previous purchases (repeated or not) of a product/service. This chapter presents the development of a multicriteria methodology aiming at measuring user loyalty in social networking services and estimating the importance of influencing factors. In this context, a multicriteria analysis approach is adopted in order to measure user loyalty, assuming that the overall commitment depends on a number of criteria. The applied multicriteria approach is based on the UTADIS method, and the presented results confirm the strong relation between user satisfaction and loyalty. The results, however, reveal also that satisfaction is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for customer loyalty.
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Ziegler, Charles E. "Introduction." In Russia in the Pacific. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197751992.003.0001.
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Abstract Since the late nineteenth century, successive Russian regimes have made repeated attempts to secure territory, exercise influence, and be accepted as a great power in the Asia Pacific. However, Russia has encountered significant obstacles in its quest for recognition as a major power in the region. In the early nineteenth century tsarist Russia was far more active in the Pacific than the United States, but the latter dominated the Pacific throughout much of the twentieth century. The USSR could only briefly challenge Washington, in the 1970s, and lost ground with the collapse of the Soviet state. Employing a broad historical approach makes it possible to discern certain patterns in tsarist Russian and Soviet foreign policy that shape current Russian policy. A brief survey of Russia’s expansion eastward indicates some parallels to America’s westward expansion, though Russia’s imperial ambitions suffered a major setback during the Russo-Japanese War, and Soviet efforts were only partially successful. This chapter outlines the plan of the book.
Conference papers on the topic "Repeated Indicators Approach"
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Lopez, J. C., A. Alvarado, A. Villalobos, et al. "Holistic Approach to Human Performance Improvement." In SPE International Health, Safety, Environment and Sustainability Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/220263-ms.
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Abstract Despite technology and digital developments, human performance continues to be the most determinant organizational success factor. Authors have successfully developed a business ecosystem that speeds up the maturity of the management system with statistically significant improvements in the organization's culture, and business performance. The paper shows three interdependent methods implemented by three organizations over the last three years in Latin America, including methodology, leading and impact indicators. Building on previous quasi-experimental research, authors continue to evolve a business ecosystem that elicits sustainable human performance improvements (Lopez et.al. 2022, 2023). The ecosystem encompasses three interdependent solutions, all based on organizational and industrial psychology scientific research and extensive hands-on experience. Leading with purpose coaching program guides leaders to adapt transformational behaviors, in line with their organizations' vision and values, and support the other two solutions, Situational Awareness training provides front-line crews with suitable and sufficient competencies to manage dynamic risks, and the Engineering Human Performance methodology achieves procedural adherence by employees' engagement and conviction. Results in three oil and gas organizations including workover, drilling, asset integrity, construction, and production facilities operation and maintenance are presented. Results include leading and impact indicators. Suitable statistical models are used to measure the impact of the solutions in the business performance, per solution and per organization. Leading with Purpose uses Bass and Avolio (1995) Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire to assess leaders' behavioral profile, to foster alignment with the corporate vision and values. This psychometric tool is applied before and after the coaching sessions. ‘Repeated measures – ANOVA’ model determines whether the coaching has statistically significant impacts on the leaders' profile, individually and collectively. Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique, SAGAT (Endsley, 2003) measures the impact of situational awareness training. SAGAT is applied before and after training workshops. ‘Repeated measures – ANOVA’ model determines whether the training program has statistically significant impacts on trainees' non-technical competencies, individually and collectively. Engineering Human Performance uses Heat Maps to identify teams with concerning procedural adherence trends and intervene before an accident occurs. Regression curves are used to measure the levels of procedural adherence and variance per behavior, so front line teams improve adherence where they specifically need to improve. The paper shares a holistic, integrated approach to human performance improvement, using three interdependent solutions, developed from authors' experience and industrial psychology scientific research. Another novel element in the paper is the adaptation of best practices from highly advanced industries in human performance, to the oil and gas sector. An essential element of the paper is the demonstration of the return on the investment by doing predictive safety through statistical models.
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Siletti, Elena, and Francesca De Battisti. "High order PLS path modeling to evaluate well-being merging traditional and big data: A longitudinal study." In CARMA 2020 - 3rd International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics. Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carma2020.2020.11599.
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We propose using high order partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) todefine a synthetic Italian well-being index merging traditional data,represented by the Quality of Life index proposed by “Il Sole 24 Ore”, andinformation provided by big data, represented by a Subjective Well-beingIndex (SWBI) performed extracting moods by Twitter. High order constructs,which allow to define a more abstract higher-level dimension and its moreconcrete lower-order sub-dimensions, have gained wide attention inapplications of PLS-PM, and many contributions in literature proposed theiruse to build composite indicators. The aim of the paper is to underline somecritical issues in the use of these models and to suggest the implementation ofa new spurious repeated indicator approach. Furthermore, following somerecommendations proposed on the use of PLS-PM in longitudinal studies, wecompare the situation in 2016 and 2017.
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Mostert, Sonja Nicolene, and David Maree. "Leftward biases in attention: Eye fixations as indicators of attention and memory encoding." In 8th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.08.01001m.
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The current study examined the presence of a leftward bias in attention defined by the number of fixations. The aim was to explore a leftward bias in attention and whether this is related to visual long-term memory (VLTM) encoding. This was achieved by using a quantitative research approach consisting of a survey method and memory simulation. An eye-tracker was used to determine the number of fixations. A memory questionnaire was used to assess VLTM based on the simulation. Participants were sampled using purposive sampling (N=35). The eye-tracking data were analyzed using a one-way repeated measures ANOVA and the results showed a statistically significant difference between the left and right fixations, F(14, 28)=2.74, p=.01, η2=.58, indicating a large effect size. Participants demonstrated a higher number of left fixations even when stimuli on the right were present. The results support the notion of a lateral bias in attention. The findings from the paired sample t-test demonstrated that more items on the left were correctly recalled when compared to the right. On average, participants recalled more items on the left (M=66.49, SE=1.8) than the right (M=62.02, SE=2.2), t(34)=2.541, p=.008 (one-tailed). The eta squared (.429) indicated a small to medium effect size. Based on the findings, there were no significant associations between the number of fixations and the number of items recalled. The study concludes that a leftward bias in attention is present but there was no significant correlation with VLTM encoding.
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Jellison, B. J., H. R. Kess, D. E. Adams, and D. C. Nelson. "Vibration-Based NDE Technique for Identifying Non-Uniformities in Manufactured Parts With Degeneracies." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32027.
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A novel method for characterizing non-uniformities in homogeneous precision symmetric parts using pseudo-repeated modal frequencies is discussed in this paper. It is demonstrated that the spacing between pseudo-repeated roots (modal frequencies) in dominantly symmetric manufactured parts is a direct indicator of non-uniformities (i.e. asymmetries) in the stiffness or mass distributions. Smaller differences between split-peaks indicate less non-uniformity, and hence, higher quality-greater precision parts. By establishing a tolerance for precision manufactured parts based on a collection of vibration modal parameter data from acceptable parts for a given process, this work shows that poorly manufactured parts with density discontinuities (e.g. inclusions, voids) can be identified based on the degree to which their pseudo-repeated roots are separated. A simple low-order lumped parameter model is used to develop this technique analytically and acceleration response data from impact vibration tests on deep drawn hemispherical shells is used to verify the validity of the approach experimentally.
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Bankehsaz, Morry, Ryan Sager, and Andrew Wilde. "An Investigation of Indicators for Determining Significant Changes in Dent Shapes Using Repeat ILI Data." In 2024 15th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1115/ipc2024-133126.
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Abstract The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) has recently updated regulations for U.S. gas pipelines which went into effect in May 2023. As part of the new requirements for dent engineering critical assessments (ECA) detailed in 49 CFR § 192.712(c), a dent profile comparison shall be performed between the most recent and previous in-line inspections (ILIs) to identify significant changes in dent depth and shape. While the new initiative is essential to the integrity of the pipeline, either for new dent identification or ensuring the stability of the existing dents, a definition of “significant change” is not clarified in PHMSA regulations. In this paper, various indicators are investigated to help pipeline operators screen for an identify dents that may have undergone significant material changes in terms of depth or shape across multiple inspections. Limits are investigated to effectively differentiate dents exhibiting altered shapes from those merely experiencing variations within the expected depth during successive inspections utilizing high-resolution ILI. The approach involves a comprehensive examination of diverse indicators, including ILI listing dimensions, curvature-based strain calculations, and direct comparisons of profiles. Through the application of this methodology to a dataset comprising 650 dents, the efficacy in systematically screening for and identifying dents that are new or have undergone substantial changes is demonstrated, thereby providing a valuable tool for proactive integrity management. Discussion is also included on the factors that could lead to a change in dent shape and the importance of understanding the pipeline’s internal and external loading history.
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Ogar, Aleksey, and Lyudmila Stepnova. "A Psychological Competence Assessment System for Trade Business Professionals Based on Economic Performance Indicators." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-61.
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The high demand for businesses to objectively assess their employees in order to make human resource decisions and further business development faces the issue of a lack of reliable staff assessment methodologies and the difficulty of interpreting the resulting assessment reports for practical use. Despite the fact that the competence approach to the assessment of specialists has been repeatedly considered by both domestic and foreign scientists, there is still no systematic psychological research aimed at establishing a link between the level of competence development of trade business specialists and the quantitative-qualitative sales indicator. The study focused on 32 sales managers from two commercial organisations in Moscow. Empirical data was obtained via test methods ‘Short Reference Test’ (V. N. Buzin, E. F. Vanderlik), ‘Eysenck Personality Inventory’, abridged version (H. J. Eysenck, G. J. Wilson, K. J. Jackson), questionnaire ‘Fear of Success, Need Achievement, and Fear of Failure’ (A. A. Rean), ‘Self-assessment of manager’s business and personal qualities’ (F. Fiedler), ‘Verbal creativity’ (S. Mednik), biographical method. As a result of the conducted research the connection between the level of development of communicative, socio-perceptual and auto-psychological competences and the effectiveness of professional activity of sales managers, measured by the number of sales for a certain period of time, has been revealed. The results of this study can be used in recruitment as well as for targeted investment in staff development and training to improve competencies and the financial performance of the company.
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Silva, Renato Moraes, Ana Carolina Lorena, and Tiago A. Almeida. "Detecting the presence of meteors in images: new collection and results." In XV Encontro Nacional de Inteligência Artificial e Computacional. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/eniac.2018.4410.
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In this paper, we present a new public and real dataset of labeled images of meteors and non-meteors that we recently used in a machine learning competition. We also present a comprehensive performance evaluation of several established machine learning methods and compare the results with a stacking approach – one of the winning solutions of the competition. We compared the performance obtained by the methods in the traditional repeated five-fold cross-validation with the ones obtained using the training and test partitions used in the competition. A careful analysis of the results indicates that, in general, the stacking based approach obtained the best performances compared to the baselines. Moreover, we found evidence that the validation strategy used by the platform that hosted the competition can lead to results that do not sustain in a cross-validation setup, which is recommendable in real-world scenarios.
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Woods, Katie E., Brian D. Frew, Yuting Rui, et al. "Pilgrim Station Steam Separator Lifting Lug Material Evaluation and Analysis." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-28091.
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During Refueling Outage 18 (RFO18, April 2011) Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station (PNPS) identified crack-like indications on the Steam Separator Lifting Lugs. A multi-disciplinary engineering effort was undertaken to determine the cause of the cracking and prepare the technical justification for long term operation of the lifting lugs. This approach focused on addressing the potential for future degradation due to the existing indications, and the resulting effects on the hardware and its function. A materials evaluation concluded that intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC), most likely associated with cold work present in the as-fabricated steam separator, was the cause of the indications found on the lifting lugs. To support long term operation of the lifting lugs at PNPS, a structural evaluation was completed using ANSI N14.6 and NUREG-0612 criteria with a conservative bounding configuration. Crack growth rates, based on BWRVIP-76 guidance of 5E-5 in/hr for length and 2.2E-5 in/hour for depth, were used in the analyses. The evaluation concluded that PNPS could continue with long term operation of the Steam Separator. Consistent with standard practice, a general heavy loads examination was performed in 2013 (RFO19), confirming no discernable changes. The general examination will be repeated in 2015 (RFO20), and an examination of the lifting lugs is planned for the 2017 Refueling Outage (RFO21) to confirm that the indication behavior is consistent with the evaluation results.
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Theriault, Bailey, Christopher Markley, and Tara Metzger. "A Deep Dive Into the Use of LiDAR Change Detection Analysis for Regional Landslide Monitoring in the Appalachian Basin Region of the US." In 2022 14th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2022-86790.
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Abstract This paper will provide an overview of a monitoring approach that has proven critical for the long-term monitoring and assessment of high-density landslide areas along pipelines at a regional or system-wide scale: the use of repeat Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) surveys (i.e., LiDAR Change Detection Analysis). The strength of using LiDAR is the ability to “see” through trees and vegetation and produce a bare earth digital elevation model of a given slope. As such, LiDAR is one of the most powerful tools for identifying landslides where tree cover is present, such as in the Appalachian Basin region. Repeated acquisition of LiDAR data over time while encompassing the same area can be used for the identification of new or developing landslides, as well as for monitoring movement within known landslides. LiDAR Change Detection Analysis compares successive LiDAR datasets and shows the apparent changes in elevation between the two datasets. By comparing the ground elevations between two datasets, areas where ground movement has occurred since the previous dataset can be identified. This information can aid in identifying, revising, and prioritizing potential landslide threats over large areas. A case study will be presented from the Appalachian Basin region of the United States, where there exists a high incidence of landslides. The case study will discuss how LiDAR Change Detection Analysis was used each year over a 4-year period along approximately 1,400 miles of pipeline to monitor for landslide movement and formation. The case study will summarize the total number per year and average number per mile of right-of-way per year, of landslides with indications of movement as well as newly identified landslides. In addition, the case study will explore possible correlations between annual regional precipitation and annual landslide movement.
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Nwosu, Obiora, Olugbenga Daodu, Basil Ogbunude, Chima Emelle, Erasmus Nnanna, and John Emesi. "Prediction and Prevention of Wax Deposition in MERO-006T: A Thermodynamic Modelling Approach." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211943-ms.
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Abstract MERO-006T is an oil development well that was drilled and completed in the Q2100X reservoir. The well came into production in March 1988 and has been plagued with incessant wax build up leading to loss of oil production several times over a period of 17years. Several wax cutting activities have been carried out to restore production in the well, however due to the frequency of wax build up leading to loss of revenue and the difficulty of the swamp terrain where the well is located, it became pertinent to adopt a more optimal, cost effective and long-term approach to address the frequent deferment caused by wax build up. Research indicates that a wax inhibition tool (Silver HAWG) can be deployed in the well to address wax build up issue though historical deployment in some wells have not been very effective due to suboptimal installation depths in these wells. Hence, it became pertinent to determine the optimal depth for installation of the wax inhibition tool in MERO-006T. This paper highlights the thermodynamic modelling approach adopted to determine the Wax Appearance Temperature in MERO-006T, the well modelling approach to estimate the depth which wax formation would occur and the optimal depth to place the wax inhibition tool based on lifecycle production expectations from the well. Installation of the Silver HAWG is expected to restore ca. 500 bopd, improve well availability by 30% and avoid biannual costs of ca. $2mln associated with repeated wax treatment in the well.
Reports on the topic "Repeated Indicators Approach"
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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.
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Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.