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Journal articles on the topic 'Repeated loading'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Ogawa, Keita, Kosuke Shimizu, Mariko Yamasaki, and Yasutoshi Sasaki. "Fatigue behavior of Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) under repeated compression loading tests perpendicular to the grain." Holzforschung 71, no. 6 (June 27, 2017): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2016-0227.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the fatigue behavior of Japanese cypress as a result of compression. Repeated compression loading tests were conducted on small clear wood specimens in the form of a pulsating triangular wave of frequency 1.0 Hz, and 864000 repeated loading cycles were performed. The change in stiffness and the maximum strain (STRmax) with repeated loadings were investigated, based on the stress-strain relationship obtained from the test. Stiffness hardly changed under conditions of low stress levels (SLs), even under repeated loading. STRmax increased exponentially as the number of loading cycles increased. Furthermore, the fatigue limit was predicted by analyzing the change of STRmax with repeated loading. According to the analysis, the fatigue limit was revealed to be approximately 60% of the SL (standardizing the stress when the strain is 0.05 under static load).

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2

Soh, C. K., S. P. Chiew, and Y. X. Dong. "Concrete—steel bond under repeated loading." Magazine of Concrete Research 54, no. 1 (February 2002): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.2002.54.1.35.

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3

Scholz, H. "P‐Delta Effect Under Repeated Loading." Journal of Structural Engineering 116, no. 8 (August 1990): 2070–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1990)116:8(2070).

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4

Rteil, Ahmad, Khaled Soudki, and Timothy Topper. "Mechanics of bond under repeated loading." Construction and Building Materials 25, no. 6 (June 2011): 2822–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.12.053.

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5

Zhao, Xuehang, Haifeng Li, Tong Chen, Bao’an Cao, and Xia Li. "Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloys under Low-Cycle Fatigue Loading." Materials 12, no. 13 (June 27, 2019): 2064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12132064.

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In this paper, the mechanical properties of 36 aluminum alloy specimens subjected to repeated tensile loading were tested. The failure characteristics, stress-strain hysteresis curves and its corresponding skeleton curves, stress cycle characteristics, and hysteretic energy of specimens were analyzed in detail. Furthermore, the finite element model of aluminum alloy specimens under low-cycle fatigue loading was established and compared with the experimental results. The effects of specimen parallel length, parallel diameter, and repeated loading patterns on the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys were discussed. The results show that when the specimen is monotonously stretched to fracture, the failure result from shearing break. When the specimen is repeatedly stretched to failure, the fracture of the specimen is a result of the combined action of tensile stress and plastic fatigue damage. The AA6061, AA7075, and AA6063 aluminum alloys all show cyclic softening characteristics under repeated loading. When the initial stress amplitude of repeated loading is greater than 2.5%, the repeated tensile loading has a detrimental effect on the deformability of the aluminum alloy. Finally, based on experiment research as well as the results of the numerical analysis, the calculation method for the tensile strength of aluminum alloys under low-cycle fatigue loading was proposed.

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6

Almaskari, Fahad, and Farrukh Hafeez. "Study on behaviour of geometrically scaled glass reinforced epoxy tubes subjected to non-coincident quasi static-indentation." International Journal of Structural Integrity 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 675–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-12-2017-0078.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the behaviour of glass reinforced epoxy tubes subjected to repeated indentation loads at two non-coincident indentations 180° apart. Design/methodology/approach Four geometrically scaled specimens ranging from 100 to 400 mm diameter were used in repeated indentation tests. Force, displacement and damage growth were recorded for loading and unloading until the indenter returned to its original starting point. Findings Similar scaled trends were observed between the non-coincidental loadings. Unlike reported response form coincidental loadings, the responses from non-coincidental loadings yield lower values for bending stiffness and peak load. Research limitations/implications The differences in behaviour of the specimen between non-coincident loadings were attributed to reductions in fracture toughness and circumferential modulus. Practical implications Distant non-interacting damage and delamination around the circumference does reduce the structural performance. Originality/value Behaviour of composite tubes under different loading conditions, for example low speed impact or quasi static indentation, is widely studied, however little attention has been given to the repeated loading incidents.

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7

Nnadi, G. N., and R. J. Mitchell. "Behaviour of cemented sandfills under repeated loadings." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 28, no. 5 (October 1, 1991): 746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t91-089.

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Two series of tests were conducted to study the behaviour of cemented tailings backfills materials under repeated loading conditions. Drained triaxial and drained plane strain boundary conditions were used in this experimental work. Two distinct patterns of behaviour were found to exist, and these were separated by a critical stress level close to the static strength of the cemented materials. These materials can sustain instantaneous repeated loading deviatoric stresses of 1.2 times the static strength for up to a dozen stress applications but generally reach a failure state with multiple applications of repeated loads in excess of 0.9 times the static failure loads. The behaviour of the cemented backfill was found to progressively become more plastic with increased number of stress applications. The resilient modulus was found to initially decrease before increasing with increased number of stress applications. Key words: repeated loadings, cemented backfills, resilient modulus.

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8

Jin, O., H. Lee, and S. Mall. "Investigation Into Cumulative Damage Rules to Predict Fretting Fatigue Life of Ti-6Al-4V Under Two-Level Block Loading Condition1." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 125, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1590998.

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The effects of variable amplitude loading on fretting fatigue behavior of titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V were examined. Fretting fatigue tests were carried out under constant stress amplitude and three different two-level block loading conditions: high-low (Hi-Lo), low-high (Lo-Hi), and repeated block of high and low stress amplitudes. The damage fractions and fretting fatigue lives were estimated by linear and non-linear cumulative damage rules. Damage curve analysis (DCA) and double linear damage rule (DLDR) were capable to account for the loading order effects in Hi-Lo and Lo-Hi loadings. In addition, the predictions by DCA and DLDR were better than that by linear damage rule (LDR). Besides its simplicity of implementation, LDR was also capable of estimating failure lives reasonably well. Repeated two-level block loading resulted in shorter lives and lower fretting fatigue limit compared to those under constant amplitude loading. The degree of reduction in fretting fatigue lives and fatigue strength depended on the ratio of cycles at lower stress amplitude to that at higher stress amplitude. Fracture surface of specimens subjected to Hi-Lo and repeated block loading showed the clear evidence of change in stress amplitude of applied load. Especially, the repeated two-level block loading resulted in characteristic markers which reflected change in crack growth rates corresponding to different stress amplitudes.

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9

KOH, Ki, and Koichi TAKANASHI. "RELIABILITY THEORY OF STRUCTURES UNDER REPEATED LOADING." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 437 (1992): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijsx.437.0_11.

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10

Munck, Matthias De, Jolien Vervloet, Michael El Kadi, Svetlana Verbruggen, Jan Wastiels, Tine Tysmans, and Olivier Remy. "Repeated Loading of Cement Composite Sandwich Beams." Proceedings 2, no. 8 (June 14, 2018): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/icem18-05353.

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11

Salman, Alexander Russell, Sergej Aman, and Jürgen Tomas. "Breakage probability of granules during repeated loading." Powder Technology 269 (January 2015): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2014.09.044.

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12

Fujiwara, Haruo, Toyotoshi Yamanouchi, Kazuya Yasuhara, and Shunji Ue. "Consolidation of Alluvial Clay under Repeated Loading." Soils and Foundations 25, no. 3 (September 1985): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.25.3_19.

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13

Fujiwara, Haruo, Shunji Ue, and Kazuya Yasuhara. "Secondary Compression of Clay Under Repeated Loading." Soils and Foundations 27, no. 2 (June 1987): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.27.2_21.

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14

Radovsky, Boris S., and Natalie V. Murashina. "Shakedown of Subgrade Soil under Repeated Loading." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1547, no. 1 (January 1996): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154700112.

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A new model for predicting the performance of a subgrade during soil compaction by rollers as a function of contact pressure and the strength characteristics of soils was developed. The model can be used to develop improved methods of pavement design, considering that the accumulation of plastic strains may continue under additional load repetitions or may cease to increase with time, indicating adaptation or shakedown conditions. To develop the mechanistic model of a subgrade, the homogeneous semi-infinite elastoplastic half-space under repeated loading was considered. By using a Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, the boundary loads for which shakedown conditions or the steady state will be attained were determined. The residual horizontal normal stresses in the half-space were calculated and were shown to be in agreement with the measured distribution with depth. The theoretical and experimental results as they apply to soil compaction and pavement design problems are discussed. The required compaction contact pressure and the thickness of the compacted zone are estimated. The structural pavement design approach, considering residual normal stresses in a subgrade, is presented.

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15

Al-Saoudi, Namir K. S., and Khawla H. Hassan. "Behaviour of Track Ballast Under Repeated Loading." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 32, no. 1 (September 26, 2013): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-013-9701-z.

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16

Komloš, K., B. Babál, and T. Nürnbergerová. "Hybrid fibre-reinforced concrete under repeated loading." Nuclear Engineering and Design 156, no. 1-2 (June 1995): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(94)00945-u.

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17

Guillou, Marie-Odile, John Leslie Henshall, and Robert Maurice Hooper. "Repeated point contact loading on Ce-TZP." Wear 170, no. 2 (December 1993): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(93)90245-h.

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18

Williams, J. A., I. N. Dyson, and A. Kapoor. "Repeated Loading, Residual Stresses, Shakedown, and Tribology." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 4 (April 1999): 1548–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0208.

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Protective residual stresses may be developed in the near surface layers of tribological contacts which enable loads sufficiently large to cause initial plastic deformation to be accommodated purely elastically in the longer term. This is the process of shakedown and, although the underlying principles can be demonstrated by reference to relatively simple stress systems, the situation is complex under a moving Hertzian pressure distribution. Bounding theorems can be used to generate appropriate load or shakedown limits not only for uniform half-spaces but also those with plastic and/or elastic properties which vary with depth. In this way, shakedown maps, which delineate the boundaries between potentially safe and unsafe operating conditions, can be generated for both hardened and coated surfaces.

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19

Mirsayapov, Ilshat Talgatovich. "STRESS-STRAIN STATE IN EMBEDMENT OF REINFORCEMENT IN CASE OF REPEATED LOADINGS." Vestnik MGSU, no. 5 (May 2016): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2016.5.28-38.

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The author offer transforming the diagram of ideal elastic-plastic deformations for the description of the stress-strain state of embedment of reinforcement behind a critical inclined crack at repeatedly repeating loadings. The endurance limit of the adhesion between concrete and reinforcement and its corresponding displacements in case of repeated loadings are accepted as the main indicators. This adhesion law is the most appropriate for the description of physical and mechanical phenomena in the contact zone in case of cyclic loading, because it simply and reliably describes the adhesion mechanism and the nature of the deformation, and greatly simplifies the endurance calculations compared to the standard adhesion law. On the basis of this diagram the author obtained the equations for the description of the distribution of pressures and displacements after cyclic loading with account for the development of deformations of cyclic creep of the concrete under the studs of reinforcement.

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20

Chernyavsky, O. F., and A. O. Chernyavsky. "Limit states and safety factors under repeated loading." PNRPU Mechanics Bulletin, no. 3 (December 15, 2020): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/perm.mech/2020.3.12.

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Verification of the structures operating possibility using numerical modeling beyond the elastic limit requires standardization of safety factors and calculation methods used to get them. In the framework of the discussion on the improvement of the strength standards of the aviation and nuclear industries for structures operating under low-cycle mechanical and reversible dilatation (temperature, hydrogen) external influences, the article discusses the limiting states; the deformation properties of materials necessary for their calculation; safety factors for loads and durability; calculation methods. The article divides limit states of structures under low-cycle actions into two groups: typical, corresponding to a qualitative change in the deformation type, and individual, determined by allowable displacements and cracks for a particular structure. The following types of deformation are considered: inelastic deformation only at the running-in stage (that changes to elastic after the auspicious residual stresses develop and cyclic hardening of the material); alternating flow (that continues with the number of cycles); progressive accumulation of strains and displacements; combined deformation (when both strain span and strain increment are non-zero in a stable cycle). The types of deformation differ in possible consequences for the structure and the initial data for the calculation: mechanical properties of the material required for modeling different types of deformation should be determined by fundamentally different tests. An analysis of individual limit states without taking into account differences in the types of deformation - and thus typical limit states - may be incorrect. The main focus of the article is on typical limit states. The limit states vary depending on the stage of operation at which inelastic cyclic deformation is allowed. Inelastic deformation expands allowable load range, the expansion due to the inelastic deformation at the running-in stage only is usually more significant than additional expansion due to the continuous inelastic deformation; besides, the inelastic deformation only at the running-in stage does not demand analysis of low-cycle fatigue and accumulated strains. Further expansion of the permissible load range, as well as solution of safety problems based on risk assessments, requires a more complete study of the deformation properties of materials at the pre-fracture stage, where cyclic softening predominates.

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21

Noma, Noriyoshi, Hiroshi Kakigawa, Yoshio Kozono, and Makoto Yokota. "Cementum Crack Formation by Repeated Loading In Vitro." Journal of Periodontology 78, no. 4 (April 2007): 764–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1902/jop.2007.060328.

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22

Tsubaki, Tatsuya, Hiroshi Yanagawa, and Isao Ichihara. "Pullout Properties of Steel Fiber under Repeated Loading." Concrete Research and Technology 11, no. 3 (2000): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/crt1990.11.3_89.

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23

Sivakumar, V., J. D. McKinley, and D. Ferguson. "Reuse of construction waste: performance under repeated loading." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering 157, no. 2 (April 2004): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geng.2004.157.2.91.

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24

Lewis, Jeyre, Sungmoon Jung, and Primus Mtenga. "Performance of Screen Enclosures under Repeated Loading Cycles." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 27, no. 4 (August 2013): 415–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0000334.

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25

Yin, Hang, and Guoping Zhang. "Nanoindentation Behavior of Muscovite Subjected to Repeated Loading." Journal of Nanomechanics and Micromechanics 1, no. 2 (June 2011): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)nm.2153-5477.0000033.

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26

Lan, Shengrui, and Zhenhai Guo. "Biaxial Compression Behavior of Concrete under Repeated Loading." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 11, no. 2 (May 1999): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(1999)11:2(105).

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27

Mishra, Debakanta, Hasan Kazmee, Erol Tutumluer, James Pforr, David Read, and Eric Gehringer. "Characterization of Railroad Ballast Behavior under Repeated Loading." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2374, no. 1 (January 2013): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2374-20.

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28

Uesugi, Morimichi, Hideaki Kishida, and Yasunori Tsubakihara. "Friction Between Sand and Steel Under Repeated Loading." Soils and Foundations 29, no. 3 (September 1989): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.29.3_127.

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29

Katunin, Andrzej. "Thermal fatigue of polymeric composites under repeated loading." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 31, no. 15 (August 2012): 1037–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684412452679.

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30

Luo, Xuedong, Nan Jiang, Mingyang Wang, and Ying Xu. "Response of Leptynite Subjected to Repeated Impact Loading." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 49, no. 10 (December 21, 2015): 4137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0896-6.

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31

Hobbs, R. E., and M. Raoof. "Behaviour of cables under dynamic or repeated loading." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 39, no. 1 (August 1996): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-974x(96)00028-4.

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32

Son, Songsu, Izak M. Said, and Imad L. Al-Qadi. "Fracture Degradation of Asphalt Concrete under Repeated Loading." Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements 147, no. 3 (September 2021): 04021032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jpeodx.0000292.

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33

McCarron, W. O., J. C. Lawrence, R. J. Werner, J. T. Germaine, and D. F. Cauble. "Cyclic direct simple shear testing of a Beaufort Sea clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 32, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 584–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t95-061.

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Results are presented for undrained direct simple shear tests on a Beaufort Sea cohesive soil. Monotonic and one-way cyclic loading response characteristics are identified for a number of loading scenarios. The critical level of repeated loadings (CLRL) is determined for two overconsolidation ratios from tests having 30 000 cycles of loading. Postcyclic strength tests indicate that one-way cyclic loadings not causing failure have a strain-hardening effect on the material. High strain-rate testing is found to increase soil strength by as much as 40% compared with typical testing strain rates. Key words : strength, cyclic testing, clay, simple shear, strain rate.

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34

Seo, Soo Yeon, Seung Joe Yoon, and Hyun Do Yoon. "Variation of Structural Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Slab Due to the Repeated Cyclic Loading Idealized for Thermal Load." Key Engineering Materials 452-453 (November 2010): 697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.452-453.697.

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A variation of temperature by sunlight acting on a RC roof slab causes a change of stress in concrete since it expands during summer and is compressed during winter. This behavior repeats annually and affects structural capacity of member for both serviceability and ultimate level. In this paper, a variation of cyclic temperature loading is calculated by analyzing the weather data of Korea for 20 years. In addition, an experimental work is planned to find the long term effect of temperature change. Four RC slabs are made with same dimension. Test parameters are loading duration (10, 20, 30 years). Observation of stiffness variations according to cyclic loading duration shows that the serious stiffness drop happens after 10 year's cyclic loading at summer while after 30 year's loading at winter. From the failure test, maximum strength of specimen that experienced repeated preloading was approximately 12% less than standard specimen without any repeated preloading.

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35

Byrne, P. M., H. Cheung, and L. Yan. "Soil parameters for deformation analysis of sand masses." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 24, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 366–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t87-047.

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Meaningful stress and deformation analysis of soil structures requires an adequate stress–strain law. Herein are presented guidelines for selection of parameters for a simple incremental hyperbolic stress–strain law for sand based upon a tangent stiffness that varies with stress level. The parameters are obtained from an examination of laboratory and field measurements available in the literature, and are presented in terms of both penetration value and relative density. The laboratory results indicate the importance of first-time or primary loading versus repeated loading on modulus values. Back analysis of field observations for monotonic loading conditions indicates that primary loading modulus values obtained from triaxial tests are appropriate at low relative density, whereas perhaps higher values, in the repeated loading range, are appropriate at high relative densities. Key words: sand, deformation, analysis, hyperbolic, tangent stiffness, modulus, relative density, monotonic loading, repeated loading.

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36

Deldar, Shayan, Iyad Alabd Alhafez, Marek Smaga, Tilmann Beck, and Herbert M. Urbassek. "Cyclic Indentation of Iron: A Comparison of Experimental and Atomistic Simulations." Metals 9, no. 5 (May 10, 2019): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9050541.

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Cyclic indentation is a technique used to characterize materials by indenting repeatedly on the same location. This technique allows information to be obtained on how the plastic material response changes under repeated loading. We explore the processes underlying this technique using a combined experimental and simulative approach. We focus on the loading–unloading hysteresis and the dependence of the hysteresis width ha,p on the cycle number. In both approaches, we obtain a power-law demonstrating ha,p with respect to the hardening exponent e. A detailed analysis of the atomistic simulation results shows that changes in the dislocation network under repeated indentation are responsible for this behavior.

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37

Shi, Shiyun, Ling Zhu, and Tongxi Yu. "Elastic–Plastic Response of Clamped Square Plates Subjected to Repeated Quasi-Static Uniform Pressure." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 10, no. 06 (July 2018): 1850067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825118500679.

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In this paper, an elastic–plastic analytical method is proposed to predict the cyclic deformation of the fully clamped square plates made of elastic–perfectly plastic material under repeated quasi-static uniform pressure. The whole process can be divided into the loading and unloading phases. The loading phase is formulated as three separate regimes: the elastic regime, the mixed elastic–plastic regime and the fully plastic regime. Unloading from a status in each phase is modeled as an elastic process. The total and elastic strain energies are characterized by the loading and unloading paths together with the displacement profiles, respectively. It is theoretically revealed that the elastic strain energy and the structural stiffness of the plate increase with the increasing transverse deflection. In addition, the effect of material elasticity is highlighted in the scenario of repeated loadings. The theoretical results are validated against the numerical simulations conducted by the commercial software ABAQUS. It is shown that the proposed elastic–plastic theoretical model has reasonable accuracy and can be employed to predict pressure–deflection relationship for this class of problems.

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38

ZHANG, X. Y., F. H. LEE, and C. F. LEUNG. "Response of caisson breakwater subjected to repeated impulsive loading." Géotechnique 59, no. 1 (February 2009): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.2008.3794.

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39

Nunes, Manuel C. M., and Andrew R. Dawson. "Behavior of Some Pavement Foundation Materials Under Repeated Loading." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1577, no. 1 (January 1997): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1577-01.

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A wide range of alternative materials for pavement construction were studied, and assessment techniques to enable and increase their use were developed. Five secondary materials and a conventional crushed granite were considered for use in an unbound form or lightly treated with various binders (including primary and secondary binders) in a total of 11 road pavement subbase materials. The secondary materials studied were minestone, china clay sand, slate waste, fly ash, and furnace bottom ash. The laboratory program set up for this research essentially was based on repeated-load triaxial tests, and the techniques used for specimen preparation, conditioning, and testing for resilient behavior are described. In particular, the modifications of the procedures recommended by the European Committee for Standardization necessary for testing secondary materials are identified and described. The analysis of the resilient behavior of the materials studied led to the identification of two groups with identical characteristics: unbound type of behavior (which included lightly treated mixtures), and treated type of behavior. A definition of boundaries for those groups was attempted. The mechanical properties of these materials necessary for use in analytical methods of pavement design are also presented, and the implications of treatment in terms of triaxial strength and resilient modulus are discussed.

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40

Noma, Noriyoshi. "1. Cementum crack formation by repeated loading in vitro." Journal of the Kyushu Dental Society 60, no. 6 (2007): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2504/kds.60.191.

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41

Dai, Xiao Dong, Xin Jian Kou, Shi Chen Wen, and Jin Liu. "Bond of Corroded Reinforcement and Concrete under Repeated Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (August 2012): 901–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.901.

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Bond of corroded reinforcement and concrete under repeated loading was investigated experimentally. An electrolyte corrosion technique was used to accelerate reinforcement corrosion. The results of the experiment indicate that: corrosion of reinforcement is the significant factor affecting the bond, with the increasing number of loading, the peak bond stress and area of hysteretic curve decrease gradually.

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42

Suku, Lekshmi, Sudheer S. Prabhu, Pratibha Ramesh, and G. L. Sivakumar Babu. "Behavior of geocell-reinforced granular base under repeated loading." Transportation Geotechnics 9 (December 2016): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2016.06.002.

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43

Fang, Congqi, and Shuai Yang. "Cracking characteristics of corroded RC beams under repeated loading." Magazine of Concrete Research 63, no. 12 (December 2011): 941–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.10.00165.

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44

Juneja, Ashish, and A. K. Mohammed Aslam. "Strain accumulation in soils due to repeated sinusoidal loading." Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 2, no. 24 (2016): 903–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.ind-18.

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45

Bader, D. L. "The recovery characteristics of soft tissues following repeated loading." Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 27, no. 2 (1990): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.1990.04.0141.

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46

Nakagawa, Keiyu, and Teruto Kanadani. "Microstructure Changes of Al-Si Alloys with Repeated Loading." Materia Japan 39, no. 12 (2000): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.39.983.

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47

Nakagawa, Keiyu, Teruto Kanadani, and Goroh Itoh. "Microstructure Changes of Al-Ge Alloys with Repeated Loading." Materia Japan 42, no. 12 (2003): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.42.855.

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Škaloud, M., M. Zörnerová, and S. Urushadze. "The Breathing of Webs Under Repeated Partial Edge Loading." Procedia Engineering 40 (2012): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.126.

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Wang, Jian, Qimin Li, Changwei Yang, and Caizhi Zhou. "Repeated loading model for elastic–plastic contact of geomaterial." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 7 (July 2018): 168781401878877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018788778.

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Abstract:

A new nonlinear hysteretic model with considering the loading, unloading, and reloading processes is developed based on Drucker–Prager yield criterion and finite-element analysis. This model can be used for multiple repeated elastic–plastic normal direction contact problems between two identical spherical geomaterials. After examining the influence of material properties, strain hardening, and loading histories, we found that the hysteretic phenomena (represented by residual displacement and plastic work) become weak after the first cycle, and the subsequent cycles step into elastic shakedown state eventually. A critical number of cycles can be used to estimate the state of ratchetting, plastic shakedown, as well as elastic shakedown. It also found that the subsequent curves will be stiffer than the previous ones, especially when the yield strength is high and ratchetting effect is not strong. This new model can be used for a wide range of geomaterials under different loading levels, and it can also be extended to describe the constitutive behavior of spheres under earthquake as well as aftershocks.

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Sharma, Vinod, Kenneth S. Vecchio, and S. Nemat-Nasser. "Damage Evolution in Silicon Nitride under Repeated Dynamic Loading." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 934–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100088981.

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The high modulus and limited plasticity of most ceramic materials inhibits the systematic study of deformation and fracture mechanisms. However, the use of repeatedly applied transient stress pulses allows incremental damage to be introduced without necessarily fracturing the specimen. In this study two types of hot pressed silicon nitrides, one having an amorphous boundary phase (6% yttria, 3% alumina), and the other having a crystalline boundary phase (8% yttria, 1% alumina) were tested using a novel split Hopkinson pressure bar technique with a momentum trap.

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