Academic literature on the topic 'Replacement percentage'
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Journal articles on the topic "Replacement percentage"
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Verma, Nitin, and Balwinder Singh. "Experimental analysis of basic mechanical properties of concrete upon replacement with silica fume and steel slag." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889, no. 1 (2021): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012021.
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Abstract The prime aim in this paper is to find out the effect of Silica Fume and Steel Slag replacements for cement and fine aggregate respectively in the concrete matrix. The research included replacement of constant percentage of silica fume i.e. 10% with cement and varying percentages of steel slag replacements viz. 40%, 45%, 50% and 55% with fine aggregates. It was found from the experimental investigations that optimum results for strength in compression, flexure and split case for concrete were established on 10% of silica fume replacement for steel slag and 50% replacement of steel slag with sand.
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Al-Alwani, Hudhayfa Ismail Salih, Noor Jumhaa Fadhil, and Saad Ibrahim Yousif. "Study the Impact of Replacing Peanut Flour with Wheat Flour on Physiochemical Properties and Sensory Assessment of Biscuits Produced." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1158, no. 11 (2023): 112009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1158/11/112009.
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Abstract This study was conducted in order to study and determine the chemical composition, physical properties and sensory evaluation of biscuits manufactured with different replacement percentages of peanuts (0, 10, 20, 25)%. The results of the chemical composition of the biscuits made from replacing peanut flour showed that the moisture content in all samples was between (6.27-6.50%) as the results showed that there was a difference in the moisture content of the different types of biscuits, as for the percentage of ash, there was a significant increase with the increase in the replacement rates, and the percentage ranged between (1.37-1.63)%. The highest percentage of protein in the transaction was BP25%, about (26.13)%, and it was noted that the protein percentage increased with the increase in the replacement rates, while the highest percentage of fat reached about (26.43) in the BP25% sample. The results showed that there was an increase in the percentage of fat with an increase in the replacement rates for the studied transactions, while the percentage of fibers reached the highest percentage in the transaction BP20% (11.27%), the highest percentage of carbohydrates was between (68.33-28.87)%, as the results showed a decrease in the percentage of carbohydrates with an increase in the replacement rates. The results showed the effect of the replacement ratios on the physical characteristics if each increased with the diameter of the biscuit and the diffusion coefficient with an increase in the replacement ratio. As for the sensory evaluation, the results of the studied characteristics (general appearance, top surface characteristics, freshness, crunchiness, flavor, aroma, taste, color, general acceptance) showed that the replacement rate exceeded BP20% for biscuits made from peanut flour replacement, as its results were higher than the rest transactions.
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Gross, Jeffrey B. "Appropriate Inspired Carbon Dioxide Percentage for Absorber Replacement." Anesthesia & Analgesia 133, no. 2 (2021): e25-e25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000005623.
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Shanmugapriya, J., and K. Chinnaraju. "Transport Properties of Internally Cured Self Compacting Concrete with Fly Ash." Cement Wapno Beton 29, no. 1 (2024): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32047/cwb.2024.29.1.1.
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Proper curing of concrete has a major beneficial effect on the transport properties of concrete which in turn influences its durability. This paper attempts to study the effect of fly ash on the transport properties of internally cured Self-Compacting Concrete specimens under ambient conditions. Two internal curing materials, Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregates [LECA] and Superabsorbent Polymer [SAP] were chosen for the study. Properties such as sorptivity, resistance to chloride ion penetration and chloride ion migration specimens with varying percentages of fly ash replacement from 30% to 50% are presented under different curing conditions namely conventional curing, sealed curing with internal curing materials and ambient curing with internal curing materials. The results showed that the impermeability of concrete improved with an increasing percentage of fly ash replacements owing to the presence of internal curing water to improve hydration along with fly ash that moderates the heat of hydration and drying. The internal curing efficiency also improved with the increase in the percentage of fly ash replacement. Under ambient conditions, the mixes with fly ash above 45% replacement have shown very good mechanical and durability properties indicating a refined pore structure leading to enhanced transport properties.
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O, Ihemegbulem Ezekiel, Njoku Kelechi O, Nwokorobia Godfrey C, and Ikpa Patience N. "Compressive Strength Determination of Granite Dust-Sandcrete." Saudi Journal of Civil Engineering 6, no. 1 (2022): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjce.2022.v06i01.002.
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This study entails the research data of the empirical study carried out on the compressive strength determination of Granite dust-Sandcrete with granite dust as partial replacement of three (3) grades of river sand with fineness modulus (fm) of 2.29, 2.44 and 2.89. The percentage replacements range from 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% to 100%. A gross number of 102 cubes of 150 × 150 × 150mm square metallic mould were blend, mixed and cast with a mix ratio of 1:5. Three (3) cubes were blend, mixed and cast for each percentage partial replacement and a total 34 cubes for each grade of river sand, were crushed to derive the compression strength of 28th day curing respectively. For river sand with fineness modulus of 2.29, the highest strength was recorded on 80% replacement, while the least strength was recorded on 0% replacement. For the same river sand, compressive strength increased from 0% to 80% and assumed a descending trend from 80% to 100%. For 2.44 fineness modulus, the highest strength was recorded on 80% replacement, while the least strength was recorded on 0% replacement. Also, for the same river sand, compressive strength increased from 0% to 80% and assumed a descending trend from 80% to 100%. For river sand of 2.89 fineness modulus, the highest strength was recorded on 70% replacement, while the least strength was recorded on 0% replacement. Also, compressive strength increased from 0% to 70% and assumed a descending trend from 70% to 100%. Generally, the compressive strength assumed an upward trend as the percentage replacement increases.
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Jafri, N., M. I. F. Rosli, K. D. A. Ghani, A. Abdul Aziz, N. Zakaria, and S. Sharih Md Zahir. "Determination on The Optimum Percentage of Rubberized Engineered Cementitious Composite (RECC) as Fine Aggregate Replacement in Mortar." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1135, no. 1 (2023): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1135/1/012046.
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Abstract This study aims to determine the optimal percentage of Rubberized Engineered Cementitious Composite (RECC) as fine aggregate replacement in mortar. Various percentages of crumb rubber with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% are used as a partial replacement of fine aggregate. The mortar was subjected to a compressive strength test to evaluate crumb rubber strength performance with varying percentages. The mortar specimen was examined to determine the optimal percentages of Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) containing variable percentages of crumb rubber as a partial fine aggregate replacement for 7, 14, and 28 days. The compressive strength test was used until the ECC failed. This study has been carried out using 54 sample mortar cubes with 50 mm cube specimen sizes. As a result, of increased crumb rubber addition into ECC, the compressive strength was significantly reduced, which could be attributed to the low stiffness of crumb rubber and the expanded closing pores in the cement paste. The performance of RECC as a mortar improves in terms of energy dissipation and ductility as used in the compressive strength test. The optimal percentage of crumb rubber as replacement partial fine aggregate is 5%.
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Nor Asyiqin Jafri, Mohd Ikmal Fazlan Rosli, Kay Dora Abd Ghani, Atiqah Abdul Aziz, Noorliyana Zakaria, and Sharih Naim Sharih Md Zahir. "The Ideal Percentage of Rubberized Engineered Cementitious Composite (RECC) as Partial Sand Replacement." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 31, no. 2 (2023): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.31.2.6270.
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The demand for materials to retrofit earthquake-prone high-rise buildings and road vehicle tire manufacturing has led to crumb rubber as a partial sand replacement. This trend, in turn, has contributed to the rapid growth of urbanisation. Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) comprises sand, cement, fibres, and admixtures as primary materials and does not require the addition of coarse aggregates to the mix. This study aims to determine the ideal percentage of Rubberized Engineered Cementitious Composite (RECC) as a partial sand replacement. The mechanical properties, such as the compressive and splitting tensile strength, were evaluated at varying percentages of crumb rubber (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). Due to the increased percentages of crumb rubber as a partial sand replacement into ECC, the compressive strength and tensile strength of RECC were significantly reduced. Despite these reductions, all the mixture achieved its minimum acceptable compressive strength of 35 MPa, and tensile strength is 2.31MPa. The ideal percentage of crumb rubber as partial sand replacement in ECC or RECC is 5%. However, more extensive tests can be conducted in the future to determine the flexural strength of different percentages of crumb rubber.
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Nagaraju, Putta Venkata. "Assessing the Usage of Barytes Powder and Cuddapah Stone Dust as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Concrete of Grade M30 and M35." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 10 (2024): 1393–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.64906.
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This research studied the effects of using Barytes powder and Cuddapah stone waste as substitutes for cement in M30 and M35 grade concrete using OPC. Cement production is known to harm the environment and consume a lot of energy, making the search for alternative materials to replace cement in concrete important.In this study, different amounts of Barytes powder and Cuddapah stone waste were added to concrete mixes as partial replacements for cement. The resulting concrete was tested for compressive strength and compared to normal concrete. The experiment involved making concrete samples with varying percentages of cement replacement, ranging from 0% to 50%, using Barytes powder, Cuddapah stone waste and Combination. The samples underwent standard curing and testing according to Indian standards.The research analysed the results to find the optimum percentage of cement replacement that provided satisfactory mechanical properties. This study determined the feasibility and effectiveness of using Barytes powder and Cuddapah stone waste as partial replacements for cement in concrete production.
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Si Kiong, Lau, and Norsuzailina Mohamed Sutan. "Initial Surface Absorption of Pozzolan and Polymer Modified Mortar." Journal of Civil Engineering, Science and Technology 4, no. 1 (2013): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jcest.103.2013.
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This study involves the investigation of water absoption of mortar modified with combinations of polymer and pozzolan by using initial surface water absorption test (ISAT). Since surface of mortar or concrete serves as medium that will be most easily penetrated by moisture that can cause corrosion of reinforcement bars that leads to durability problem, it is imperative to make it durable.Polymer additive and pozzolanic cement replacement used in this study was Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) and Fly Ash (FA) respectively. Mixes were prepared with two water to cement ratios (w/c) of 0.3 and 0.4 with different combinations of 5%, 7% & 10% SBR additive and 10%, 20% and 30% FA cement replacement. Results showed that modified mortar with combination of higher percentages of polymer additive and lower percentages of pozzolonic cement replacement have the lowest initial surface absorption rate compare to unmodified mortar. It can be concluded based on this study that high percentage of polymer addition and low percentage of pozzolanic cement replacement in mortar can enhance its resistance to water absorption.
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Nwankwo, P. O., U. N. Wilson, and Z. Danbuba. "THE FIRE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE MADE WITH RECYCLED PLASTIC AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR COARSE AGGREGATE." Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 2 (2022): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjce.v34.18309.
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This research is aimed to investigate the fire resistance of recycled discarded plastic when used as partial replacement for normal granite coarse aggregate in concrete when exposed to elevated temperatures. Discarded Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles were cut into a maximum size of 20mm to produce Recycled Plastic Aggregate (RPA). The replacement of normal aggregates with RPA were in proportion of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by weight of normal coarse aggregate. The compressive performance of the concrete made with RPA were studied by casting three 100 mm cubes for each of the percentage replacements and tested at 7, 14 and 28 days of curing age. A set of three (3) concrete cubes for each percentage replacement was cured for 28 days and subjected to a temperature of 718oC for a duration of 15 minutes in a furnace. Results of slump tests on fresh concrete showed that workability decreased with increase in RPA. Densities and compressive strengths for normal cube samples not subjected to elevated temperatures and the sample subjected to temperature of 718oC increased with increase in curing age and decreased with increase in percentage of RPA. The result showed that the concrete specimen with 10% replacement of RPA was optimum for good thermal stability.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Replacement percentage"
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Immelman, Derick Wade. "The influence of percentage replacement on the aggregate and concrete properties from commercially produced coarse recycled concrete aggregate." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80388.
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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this research is to investigate the potential use of coarse recycled concrete aggregate
(RCA) as a material in structural concrete. The lack of knowledge and specifications in South Africa
are the main reasons for this research of RCA. By increasing the database of research of RCA in
South Africa the possibility of specifications for this alternative building material can be initiated. The
implications of such specifications would lead to RCA acceptance in concrete design and therefore
reducing the amount of construction and demolition (C&D) waste accumulating at landfill sites and
decreasing the extraction of depleting natural aggregates.
The objectives that are achieved through this research project are firstly, what is the percentage
replacement of RCA to a concrete blend that will produce a material that achieves similar or better
results than a concrete blend containing natural aggregates. Secondly, what aggregate properties and
limits should be defined in the specification of RCA for it to be accepted as a material in concrete
mixtures. The objectives were assessed through examining the geometrical, physical and chemical
properties of the aggregate as a material and the fresh and hardened concrete properties of concrete
which contains RCA as a constituent.
RCA which was processed by a commercial recycling facility which produces concrete masonry units
was collected at three different instances. This material was reprocessed in the laboratory to control
the grading and amount of fine material not guaranteed by the recycling process. The RCA is then
combined with natural aggregate (NA) at the replacement percentages: 0, 15, 30, 50 and 100% which
is then used to examine the aggregate properties. It was determined that the physical properties of
RCA were dependent on the geometrical properties, while taking into consideration that the
geometrical properties are dependent on the source and method of recycling of the original C&D
waste. The chemical properties were established as dependent on the physical properties of the RCA. The RCA is then mixed with NA at the same replacement percentages together with other concrete
constituents to produce the concrete used to examine fresh and hardened concrete properties. The
fresh concrete properties investigated were: slump, slump loss, air content and fresh compacted
density. The hardened concrete properties studied were: compressive strength, tensile splitting
strength, oxygen permeability, water sorptivity, chloride conductivity, modulus of elasticity,
shrinkage and creep. The concrete properties were not significantly influenced by the inclusion of
RCA.
According to the aggregate and concrete properties examined in this investigation, the full
replacement of NA in structural concrete is possible and will improve the sustainable development of
the construction industry.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie navorsing is om ondersoek in te stel na die potensiele gebruik van growwe
herwonne betonaggregaat (RCA) as ‘n materiaal in betonstruktuurontwerp. Die gebrek aan kennis en
spesifikasies in Suid Afrika is die vernaamste rede vir hierdie navorsing van RCA. Deur die
vermeerdering van die databasis van hierdie navorsing van RCA in Suid-Afrika kan die moontlikheid
van spesifikasies vir hierdie alternatiewe boumateriaal geïnisieer word. Die implikasie van sodanige
spesifikasies sou lei tot RCA aanvaarding in betonontwerp en dus die vermindering van die
hoeveelhede konstruksie en sloping (C&D) van afvalversameling by stortterreine en om die
ontginning van natuurlike aggregate te verminder.
Die doelwitte wat deur hierdie navorsingsprojek bereik word is eerstens, wat is die vervangings
persentasie van RCA in 'n betonmengsel wat produseer word wat dieselfde of beter resultate sal lewer
as 'n betonmengsel wat uit natuurlike aggregate bestaan. Tweedens, watter aggregaat eienskappe en
beperkings moet gedefinieer word in die spesifikasie van RCA sodat dit aanvaarbaar is as ‘n materiaal
in betonstruktuur ontwerp. Die doelwitte word geassesseer deur die ondersoek van die geometriese,
fisiese en chemiese eienskappe van die aggregaat as ‘n wesenlike materiaal en die vars en verharde
betoneienskappe van RCA as ‘n bestanddeel in struktuurbetonontwerp.
RCA monsters was geneem by ‘n kommersiele herwinningsfasiliteit wat RCA gebruik om betonsteen
eenhede te vervaardig, is op drie verskillende tydperke ingesamel. Hierdie materiaal is herverwerk in
die laboratorium om die gradering en die hoeveelheid van fyn materiaal wat nie deur die
herwinningsproses beheer is nie. Die RCA was dan gekombineer met NA teen
vervangingspersentasies van: 0, 15, 30, 50 en 100 % wat dan gebruik was om die eienskappe van die
aggregaat te ondersoek. Daar is vasgestel dat die fisiese eienskappe van die RCA afhanklik van die
geometriese eienskappe, met inagneming dat die geometriese eienskappe afhanklik is van die bron en
metode van die herwinning van die oorspronklike C&D afval. Dit is gestig dat die chemise
eienskappe is afhanklik van die fisiese eienskappe van die RCA. Die RCA is toe gemeng met NA teen dieselfde vervangingspersentasies saam met ander beton
bestanddele om beton te produseer wat dan vergelyk kan word met vars en verharde beton
eienskappe. Die volgende vars betoneienskappe is ondersoek: insinking, insinking verlies, luginhoud
en vars gekompakteerde digtheid. Die volgende verharde betoneienskappe is bestudeer:
druksterkte, trek die splintsing van krag, suurstofpermeabiliteit, water sorptiwiteit, chloride
geleidingsvermoё, modulus van elastisiteit, krimp en kruip. Die beton eienskappe was nie beduidend
beïnvloed deur die insluiting van RCA nie. Volgens die aggregate en beton eienskappe wat in hierdie navorsing ondersoek is, blyk dit dat die
volle vervangingswaarde van NA in strukturele beton moontlik is en die volhoubare ontwikkeling van
die konstruksiebedryf sal verbeter.
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Koh, Chon Jin. "Characterisation of shape of fine recycled crushed coloured glass and the effect on the properties of structural concrete when used as a fine aggregate replacement." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/561256.
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In order to reduce the use of landfilling within waste management great emphasis is being placed on waste reduction and recycling. Each year in the UK approximately 2.5 Mt of waste glass is produced and approximately half of this waste is not recyclable. Therefore alternative ways need to be found for using waste glass and one possibility is to use it within concrete as a replacement for cement and/ or aggregate. In the research programme concrete mixes were tested which had 0%, 25%, 50% and 100% of the fine aggregate replaced by crushed waste glass. All glass was originally in bottle form and was crushed to produce ‘sand’ which had a grading curve more-orless identical to fine aggregate obtained from a commercial supplier. Three colours of glass were studied, i.e. flint (clear), amber and green. Concretes were also made which contained a mixture of colours (in proportion according to the weight of each type of waste glass produced annually within the UK) and also a mixture of unwashed waste glasses. The overall concrete mix adopted for investigation, i.e. 1:2:4, was selected because of its wide use within industry, and all concrete was made with a water:cement content of 0.6 without the addition of plasticiser or ASR-retarding agents. The suite of laboratory tests included; slump, flow, initial and final setting time, ultrasonic pulse velocity, water absorption by immersion and capillarity rise, ASR measurement (volumetric and linear), compression strength at ages from 7 days to 365 days. Techniques of developed digital imaging and processing have been applied to the glass aggregate to quantify various particle shape factors, i.e. aspect ratio, percentage concavity, Riley inscribed sphericity and surface texture index. Statistical analysis has been used to compare the distribution of particle forms present within the fine aggregate materials used in the experimental work. Dimensional changes (in three orthogonal directions) were measured as concrete cubes hardened over a period up to 365 days. The length changes of concrete prisms were also measured over the same period of time. The resultant data indicated that a fine aggregate which comprised 25% glass and 75% sand would be categorised as “non-expansive”, i.e. the same as the sand on its own. As the proportion of glass in the fine aggregate became greater than the aggregate became more expansive but it did not exceed recommended limits.
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Chau, Giovana Patricia Tang, and 唐喬娜. "Effects of protein replacement in fishmeal by beans of Mucuna (Mucuna pruriens) in different percentages on growth of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26258213588181184446.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣海洋大學<br>水產養殖學系<br>96<br>The increasing economical and environmental concerns regarding the use of fish meal in diets for aquaculture have led to the development of replacement strategies in which plants are seen as a reliable source of lower production costs. This study evaluated a fish meal replacement strategy using a plant protein source in treatment diets for marine white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.
The use of mucuna beans was evaluated as a replacement for fish meal in practical diets. Animal protein was replaced with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of mucuna beans meal respectively. Post larvae of Litopenaeus vannamei were reared indoors. Each treatment had a replicate containing groups of 24 shrimps (100/m2) per aquarium arranged in a completely randomized design. Shrimps initial mean weight ranged from 1.37 ± 0.09 and 1.41 ± 0.17. The shrimp were hand fed twice daily at 08:00 and 20:00 for 70 days.
The results showed that mucuna bean is a good alternative source for protein in white shrimp diets and can replace fish meal in levels from 25 % to 50 %. The results also showed no significant different effect in weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival rate.
From the economic point of view, the partial gross returns for the protein source were compared simulating a 1 hectare culture of white shrimp and using results from the treatment diets that showed no significant differences among them according to final mean weight. The results showed that as more mucuna was replaced on every diet, the protein costs were lowered, but control diet had an increased partial gross return of NT$ 260 673.47 compared to the 25% replacement with NT$ 198 897.26 and the 50% mucuna had NT$ 184 153.84.
According to these results we can have a good usage of the mucuna beans in replacement of the fishmeal especially from the economic point of view since we can reduce the price of the feed, which is the major cost in the culture of most aquatic species and in this case in the white shrimp culture.
In conclusion, the replacement of fish meal with mucuna beans as a plant protein source in white shrimp practical diets is feasible.
Keywords: Litopenaeus vannamei; Mucuna pruriens; Fish meal; Shrimp Nutrition
Book chapters on the topic "Replacement percentage"
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Behforouz, Babak, Davoud Tavakoli, Behrouz Naderi, and Mohammad Hajmohammadian Baghban. "Sustainable Enhancement of Lightweight Concrete: A Comprehensive Investigation into GGBS and Waste Steel Fiber Incorporation for Improved Strength and Durability." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69626-8_68.
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AbstractThis study explores the properties of lightweight concrete incorporating slag and steel fibers. Cubic and cylindrical specimens were created with varying fiber percentages (0%, 1.5%, and 3%) and slag replacements (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%). The samples underwent testing for compressive strength at 7, 28, and 90 days, tensile strength at 28 and 90 days, and water absorption at 28 and 90 days. Results indicate an enhancement in both compressive and tensile strength with a 20% slag replacement in all specimens. Additionally, an inverse correlation is observed between overhead percentage and water absorption, where an increase in overhead corresponds to a decrease in water absorption. Despite no substantial impact on compressive strength, the incorporation of waste steel fibers consistently improves tensile strength across all fiber percentages. This study underscores the potential of these eco-friendly additives in promoting environmentally conscious construction practices, aligning with the principles of sustainable development in the concrete industry.
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Cerone, Antonio, and Enrico Marsili. "A Formal Model for the Simulation and Analysis of Early Biofilm Formation." In From Data to Models and Back. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70650-0_9.
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AbstractBiofilms are structured communities of bacterial cells adherent to a surface. This bacterial state is called sessile.This paper focuses on the modelling of the transition between planktonic and sessile state using Real-time Maude as the modelling language. With more and more bacteria joining the sessile community, the likelihood of producing a biofilm increases. Once the percentage of bacterial cells that adheres to the surface reaches a threshold, which is specific for the considered bacterium species, a permanent biofilm is formed. An important challenge is to predict the time needed for the formation of a biofilm on a specific surface, in order to plan when the material infrastructure that comprises such a surface needs to be cleaned or replaced. We exploit the model-checking features of Real-time Maude to formally prove that a regular cleaning or replacement of the infrastructure prevents the biofilm formation.
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Baltimore, Craig. "An Investigation on Non-caclined Natural Pozzolan (Class N) as a High Percentage Cement Replacement in Concrete Masonry Grout." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-73310-9_72.
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Roychand, R., J. Li, M. Saberian, et al. "Effect of Different Additives on the Compressive Strength of Very High-Volume Fly Ash Cement Composites." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3330-3_32.
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AbstractThe cement industry is responsible for about 5–7% of global greenhouse gas emissions and with the rapid rise in global warming, it is imperative to produce an ecofriendly alternative to Portland cement. Fly ash (FA) is an abundantly available and least utilized industrial byproduct with good pozzolanic properties that can help reduce the carbon footprint of cement composites. We investigated replacing 80% of the cement content with different blends of FA, nanosilica (NS) and silica fume (SF). Hydrated lime and a set accelerator were used to increase the pozzolanic reactivity of the blended cement composites. The portlandite released with 20% cement content was insufficient for the pozzolanic reaction of the blended cement composites containing FA and SF, requiring externally added hydrated lime. The addition of a set accelerator significantly increased the pozzolanic reaction and the resultant compressive strength, and these increased with the increasing content of the set accelerator. The replacement of SF with NS led to a remarkable increase in the pozzolanic reaction. The corresponding compressive strength of FA mixed with cement composites increased with increasing percentage composition of NS.
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Cherene, M. G. P., G. C. Xavier, A. R. G. Azevedo, and S. N. Monteiro. "Use of Ceramic Waste in Different Percentages as a Replacement of the Fine Aggregate in Mortars." In Advances in Powder and Ceramic Materials Science 2023. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22622-9_13.
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Qasim, Ghulam, and Faisal Shabbir. "Ductility of Polypropylene Reinforced Cement Composites with Carbon Black." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde230778.
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As the demand for monitoring the structural health of concrete structures continues to rise, one particular area of interest lies in sensors based on cement composites. These sensors are integrated into the structure and serve the purpose of lifelong monitoring. Cement composites inherently possess low ductility, which can be enhanced through the incorporation of polypropylene fiber (PPF). To investigate this enhancement, tensile tests were conducted on dog-bone specimens with varying weight percentages of PPF (0%, 0.4%, and 0.8%). The outcomes of these tests reveal a noteworthy trend: an increase in the percentage of PPF corresponds to an augmentation in the ductility of cement composites containing carbon black (CB). The highest tensile strength was observed when the PPF percentage reached 0.8%, indicating a substantial 46.51% increase in tensile strength compared to the absence of PPF. Furthermore, CB, at a concentration of 7.5% by weight as a cement replacement, was also assessed. Remarkably, this replacement had no significant impact on ductility.
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"The influence of percentage replacement from coarse recycled concrete aggregate." In Research and Applications in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15963-322.
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Ghalib, Nabil. "Managing the Replacement of Legacy HR System." In Cases on Enterprise Information Systems and Implementation Stages. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2220-3.ch014.
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Application software projects have always been viewed as a massive challenge by companies, particularly when it comes to replacing legacy in-house developed systems with package solutions. Challenges start by the resentment to change typically demonstrated by a good percentage of the user community, followed by the many pitfalls encountered due to the changes that are included / excluded while the project progresses with user hesitance to accept the new system. The project had many challenges that are not typical of a properly managed one and to make matters worse, it had challenges that were related to poor priority settings that were attached to some non-professional aspects. Cultural issues came as a bonus in this project. The challenges and the counter measures taken to ensure the timely delivery of the project with minimum damage possible will be addressed as the chapter progresses, reflecting on how the objective shifted towards the end of its life to a win/win scenario.
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Verma, Parth, Priyanka Dhurvey, and Chandra Prakash Gour. "Utilization of E-Waste as Coarse Aggregates in Geopolymer Concrete." In Sustainable Approaches and Strategies for E-Waste Management and Utilization. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7573-7.ch012.
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E-waste is a general term for damaged, surplus, or excess electrical and electronic equipment. Due to quick technological advancement and inexpensive beginning costs, there is a rapidly expanding global surplus of e-waste. If not managed appropriately, the many sorts of compounds and chemicals included in e-waste can seriously harm both human health and the environment. Large volumes of e-waste may be recycled in the concrete sector, solving both the disposal and reuse issues. The most practical application of e-waste is thus thought to be recycling and reuse in the geopolymer concrete (GPC) industry. The experimental study is carried out to enhance the mechanical properties of the GPC (M30 Grade) with varies percentage e-waste replacement for coarse aggregates by casting cubes, cylinders, and beams. Also, an empirical regression-based model is also formulated for the evaluation of the strength of GPC at varying e-waste coarse aggregate (EWCA) percentages.
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Jindal, Abhishek, and Divya Mehra. "An Experimental Study on Internal Curing of Concrete with the Inclusion of Recycled Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP)." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3233/atde241021.
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Concrete, as a widely used construction material, is prone to various issues such as early-age shrinkage, cracking, and reduced durability. Internal curing, a technique aimed at providing a continuous source of moisture within the concrete matrix, has come to light as a possible approach for above mentioned issues. This study investigates the utilization of hydrogel (as a recycled form of SAP) derived from ice gel packs as an Internal Curing Agent (ICA) in concrete. Ice gel packs, commonly used for cold therapy (in many industries such as the medical field, cold storage, etc) contain Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs) that can absorb and release moisture. By repurposing these gel packs, this study explores the feasibility and effectiveness of the hydrogel in internal curing, evaluating its impact on workability, strength development, water absorption, and its optimal amount/ dosage (i.e. percentage replacement of cement) etc. This study also investigates the mix design considerations, and potential challenges associated with incorporating hydrogel into concrete. The findings show that the mechanical properties were improved i.e. compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength at 28 days were increased by 9.83%, 8.94%, and 17.52% respectively. Also, the optimum amount used for SAP was identified as 0.7% (which is percentage replacement of cement). These findings contribute to advancing knowledge on the use of ice gel pack-derived hydrogel for internal curing, paving the way for more sustainable and durable concrete structures.
Conference papers on the topic "Replacement percentage"
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Ullah, Zeeshan, Muhammad Khurram Rashid, Saima Shafi Ur Rehman, and Maryam Sadia. "The Impact of Silica Fume on the Properties of High-Strength Concrete: Enhancing Strength, Workability, and Durability." In 14th International Civil Engineering Conference. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-c0xt2l.
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Concrete is a fundamental component of many structures and the backbone of the construction industry. While normal-strength concrete is typically used for smaller projects, high-strength, and even ultra-high-strength concrete are increasingly employed in large-scale construction. This type of concrete provides greater structural strength and reduces costs by minimizing the size of structural members compared to normal-strength concrete. High-strength concrete offers additional benefits such as enhanced durability, reduced permeability, and improved resistance to environmental conditions. High-strength concrete can be produced using various admixtures, including fly ash, silica fume, sugarcane bagasse, and rice husk ash. This study focuses on developing high-strength concrete suitable for high-rise buildings and infrastructure projects. This research used silica fume as a partial replacement for cement in varying proportions (5% to 15% by weight) along with highlighting the optimal percentage of silica fume replacement to achieve best performance. The mix designs utilized Sargodha and Margalla crush aggregates, with water-to-cement ratios ranging from 0.30 to 0.35. Concrete samples were cast and tested to evaluate key properties, including compressive strength, tensile strength, workability and modulus of elasticity. The study shows that incorporation of silica fume in high-strength concrete significantly enhances its mechanical properties, including workability, compressive strength, and tensile strength. The results showed marginal improvements in the modulus of elasticity as the silica fume content increased. By using high-strength concrete, designers can reduce material usage due to smaller member sizes, making it particularly valuable for high-rise buildings, long-span bridges, and offshore structures. The research concludes with recommendations for future work and further applications.
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Shargay, Cathleen, Sarah Radovcich, Amish Jani, Kuntak Daru, and Jigneshkumar J. Desai. "Air Cooler Plug Gaskets Leakage During Startup." In CORROSION 2020. NACE International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2020-15197.
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Abstract Severe leakage on a high percentage of the plug gaskets on a high alloy air cooled heat exchanger during or shortly after initial startup has occurred in only a small percentage of air coolers, but has resulted in costly replacements and unit shutdowns. These problems have occurred with 304L stainless steel (SS), 316L SS and Nickel 200 gaskets, although each material also has many successful applications. The contributing factors to the leakage has included corrosion, galling and/or inadequate manufacturing steps. This paper summarizes a number of case histories and gives their root causes and solutions. The pros and cons of various gasket materials and design options are discussed, along with a proposal for additional requirements to be added to industry standards which would minimize the risks of these problems.
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Sofyan, Muhammad, Muhammad Aqwam Thariq Arifin, Amry Dasar, and Irma Wirantina Kustanrika. "Effect of Perlite Composition on Compressive and Split Tensile Strength of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete." In The 6th International Symposium on Infrastructure Development. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-fl2jxu.
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Geopolymer concrete is an environmentally friendly alternative to cement as it can reduce carbon dioxide gas emissions during the production process. This study uses fly ash, a waste from the combustion of steam power plants, and perlite, a silicate glass rock with high alumina content, as cement replacement materials. Variations of perlite were used in geopolymer concrete mixtures to replace fly ash with percentages of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, with a concentration of 12 M, and a Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio of 2.5 and AA/PM of 0.5. For the treatment of geopolymer concrete using oven curing method at 80°C for 16 hours. The results showed that variation 4 (fly ash 70% + perlite 30%) had an optimum compressive strength value of 27.145 MPa at the age of 28 days. The optimum split tensile strength value at the age of 28 days also occurred in variation 4 with a value of 3.130 MPa. In addition, variation 1 (100% fly ash + 0% perlite) had the highest slump value of 9.15 cm, while variation 4 (70% fly ash + 30% perlite) had the lowest density value of 2047.014 kg/m3.
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Umer, Muhammad Bin, Qasim Shaukat Khan, Asad Ullah Qazi, Fawad Ahmed, Muhammad Shayan Ali, and Muhammad Arslan Sarwar. "Cement-Less Recycled Aggregate Concrete: A Sustainable Solution for Future Constructions in Pakistan." In International Civil Engineering Conference. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-vjlm3u.
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Climate change as a result of global warming has become one of the worlds’ most pressing concerns. The release of greenhouse gases (GHG), primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions into the atmosphere increases global warming. The concrete is the second most used material and cement is the key element in concrete. The cement production releases GHG in the atmosphere, which increases global warming and consequently results in climate change. This research utilizes, fly ash (FA) as 100% replacement of cement in concrete, which will reduce the reliance of construction industry on the cement production and will help to reduce the adverse impacts of climate changes. Moreover, recycled aggregates (RA) prepared from construction and demolition (C&D) wastes are used as varying percentage replacements of natural aggregates (NA) in cement-less recycled aggregate concrete (CRAC), which will help to reduce the depletion of natural resources. This research investigates the influences of varying percentage replacements of NA with RA (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and molarity of NaOH solution (12 M, 14 M and 16 M) on the compressive strength (CS) and flexural strength (FS) of CRAC mixes. A total of 15 CRAC mixes were prepared. Each mix comprised three 100 mm cube specimens and three prism specimens sized 75 mm x 75 mm x 300 mm. The research concluded that the CS and FS decreased with the increase in percentage replacements of NA with RA. Moreover, the CS and FS increased as the molarity of NaOH solution was increased from 12 M to 16 M. The CS and FS was reduced by 29.1% and 31.1% respectively at 100% replacement of NA with RA at 16 M compared to 12 M NaOH solution. The CS and FS increased by 30% and 31.9% respectively at 16 M NaOH solution compared to 12 M NaOH solution at 25% replacement of NA with RA.
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Wasiuddin, N. M., Nouman Ali, and M. R. Islam. "Use of Offshore Drilling Waste in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Concrete as Aggregate Replacement." In ASME 2002 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2002/ee-29168.
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Despite continuous research and development on drilling fluids and waste minimization during the last 40 years, offshore drilling waste (OSDW) remains a significant environmental concern for the petroleum industry. OSDW contains three types of contaminants namely, heavy metals from drilling fluid, oil from oil based mud or petroleum contamination and naturally occurring radioactive substances from exposed formations. In this study a promising and permanent solution based on recycling of OSDW as road construction materials has been investigated. It has been revealed previously that five to ten percent of some waste materials such as recycled asphalt pavement, tire rubber, glass, roofing shingles, polythene etc. can be added to hot mix asphalt (HMA) concrete without sacrificing its strength and performance. These wastes can be added to the HMA by either replacing the mineral filler or proportionately reducing the amount of virgin material in the original mix. In this laboratory test study, different percentages of OSDW were added as aggregate replacement and the properties of resulting blends were evaluated. Three beneficial actions, namely, incineration, dilution and solidification took place. At the end, the effectiveness of using OSDW was determined with the Marshall stability and flow, permeability of HMA concrete, leachability and resilient modulus. It has been found that for the drilling waste used in this research the percentage that can be used in HMA concrete without sacrificing its properties is as high as 20%. Even though the percentage of waste that can be used as aggregate replacement varies with waste types and properties, the proposed technique offers significant promises for OSDW recycling.
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Abdul Zahra, Zainab, Mahmood Ahmed, and Ibrahim Al-Ani. "Stabilization of Clayey Soil by Using Metakaolin and Sugarcane Ash." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ARCHITECTURAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING 2020. Cihan University-Erbil, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.219.
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Soft clay is a natural soil that spreads in the south of Iraq and many countries in the world. It is a problematic soil causing trouble for the structures built on it because of, high water content, low shear strength, and high compressibility. This work investigated the geotechnical behavior of soft clay by using mix of Metakaolin (M) and Sugarcane Straw Ash in air (SCSAA).The experimental work contains the following tests: chemical tests, physical tests, Compaction tests and shear test. These tests were carried out on soil samples prepared from soft soil; the replacement materials by weight of dry unit weight for different percentages of M (4%, 6%, 8%, 10%) mix with different percentages of SCSAA (4%, 6%, 8%, 10%). The tests results showed that the best percentage for the plasticity test was M1B4. Also,the percentage which gave the best value for undrained shear strength test was M4B4 (135).Finally, the treatment soil is good sub grade materials and also can be used in highway sub-base material.
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Joshy, Hanna C., Mansoor Ali K, Rameez Z, Sarath S, and Ramaswamy K. P. "A Suitability Study of Using Crushed Fluorescent Lamp Waste as Fine Aggregates." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.42.
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Fluorescent lamp wastes are one of the discarded electrical devices. These lamp wastes pose serious health concerns, and require extreme care in its disposal to avoid any adverse impacts. Also, with the widespread use of energy efficient LED lamps for lighting purposes, environmental concerns related to disposal of used mercury containing fluorescent lamps have become progressively important. This paper explores the possibility of replacement of fine aggregates in mortar with different proportions of fluorescent lamp wastes in order to find the optimum percentage of replacement to get better properties. Fluorescent lamp wastes were collected and crushed to the grading of fine aggregates. Compressive strength and bulk density of mortar cubes with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% replacement of fine aggregates with fluorescent lamp wastes were evaluated after 7 days of initial curing. The compressive strength and bulk density of mortar was found to be decreasing with increasing percentage of lamp waste added. The replacement of fine aggregate by 25% lamp waste has greater strength compared to other proportions. Bulk density was found to be lesser at higher replacement levels and can be tried in producing light weight mortar. The utilization of lamp waste in mortar/concrete is a noble attempt in reducing the negative impact of lamp wastes on the environment
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Alo, Ayopo Bamidele, and Olugbenga Oyedepo. "Performance Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Fly Ash and Waste Foundry Sand in Road Development." In 2023 School of Engineering and Engineering Technology Annual Conference. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-ggh2ke.
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This research evaluates the performance of hot mix asphalt modified with fly ash and waste foundry sand for road development. Preliminary tests were conducted to determine material properties. Hot mix asphalt samples with varying percentages of granite, sand, stone dust, and bitumen (5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, and 7%) were produced using ASTM D6927 Marshall mix design. The optimum bitumen content (OBC) was found from the mix to be 5.7%. Using the same mix design, bituminous mixtures were created with waste foundry sand as a partial replacement for fine aggregate (10% - 50% at 10% intervals), along with granite, stone dust, and 5.7% bitumen (OBC). The mix with 40% replacement performed optimally. A new mixture, incorporating granite, sand, fly ash (10% - 60% replacement for filler material, at 10% intervals), and 5.7% bitumen (OBC), was produced. The optimal replacement percentage was 50%. A combination mix of the materials, based on derived optimums, achieved a stability value of 26.09 kN, meeting the Asphalt Institute's criteria. Microstructural analysis indicated a densely packed agglomeration of particles, implying good strength properties. This research demonstrates the viability of waste foundry sand and fly ash as alternative materials, enhancing the strength and flexibility of hot mix asphalt. Reusing these waste materials in road construction is a positive step towards sustainability.
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Al-Ani, Ibrahim, Wan Hamidon, Wan Mohtar, and Basma Alwachy. "Development of Lightweight Concrete using Industrial Waste Palm Oil Clinker." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ARCHITECTURAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING 2020. Cihan University-Erbil, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/aces2020/paper.218.
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Concrete is a major material used in the construction of buildings and structures in the world. Gravel and sand are the major ingredients of concrete but are non-renewable natural materials. Therefore, the utilisation of palm oil clinker (POC), a solid waste generated from palm oil industry is proposed to replace natural aggregate in this research to reduce the demand for natural aggregates. One mix of ordinary concrete as control concrete; while four mix proportions of oil palm clinker concrete were obtained by replacing 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 % of gravel and sand of control concrete with coarse and fine oil palm clinker respectively by volume, with same cement content and water cement ratio. Compressive strength test was carried out of concretes with different percentages of oil palm clinker; whereas water absorption test according to respective standard, were carried out to determine the durability properties of various mixes. Based on the results obtained, the study on the effect of percentage of clinker on strength and durability properties was drawn. According to ACI classification of light weight concrete only the 100 percentage replacement can achieve the definition of light weight concrete since its density less than 1900 kg/m3 and strength larger than 17 MPa. Eventually the 25 % replacement of the normal aggregate by the OPC will improve the strength and durability of the concrete.
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Radcikov, Vasilii, Tatiana Sapsaliova, Victor Țai, Irina Bodanovici, Ion Golub та Margarita Maslinscaia. "Рубцовое пищеварение, переваримость и использование питательных веществ при скармливании бычкам жмыха льна-долгунца". У "Fiziologia şi sănătatea", congresul fiziologilor. Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Medical Sciences, 2025. https://doi.org/10.52692/cfzl2024.36.
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The purpose of the research is to study the effect of feeding flax seed cake on scar digestion, digestibility and nutrient use to young cattle. The influence of different levels of introduction of flax seed cake into compound feeds for young cattle of the post-dairy period on the digestibility and use of nutrients in diets has been studied. The optimal introduction of flax seed cake with the complete replacement of sunflower meal into mixed feeds for calves was established - 20 and 25% by weight, expressed in the activation of the intensity of physiological and biochemical processes in the rumen, increasing the digestibility of the dry matter of the rations by 1.7 and 1.1 percentage points, crude protein - by 0.5 percentage points, fiber - by 4.3 and 6.9 percentage points, fat - by 6.1 and 15.6 percentage points; improved nitrogen use - by 1.7 and 2.7 percentage points. Studies have confirmed the high nutritional value of flaxseed cake due to the high content of oil, its fatty acid composition, protein, fiber and vitamins.
Reports on the topic "Replacement percentage"
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Benitez-Rueda, Miguel. The Productivity Effects of Forced Migration: Evidence from Venezuelan Migrants in Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005336.
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Labor-supply shocks resulting from forced migrations alter skills availability in host economies and influence firms' incentives towards formal and informal hiring, potentially affecting productivity. This paper examines the productivity effects of forced migration, using the Venezuelan exodus to Colombia as a case study. I employ a continuous difference-in-differences empirical strategy, leveraging the timing of the border reopening between Colombia and Venezuela as a source of exogenous variation. Results reveal that a one-percentage-point increase in the migration share at the industry level increased labor productivity by 7.6%. This effect was attributable to a decrease in employment and hours worked rather than an increase in output and was driven by the higher skill set of migrants compared to natives. Combined, these results suggest that productivity gains were derived from the replacement of less-educated natives by higher-skilled migrants. Finally, I show that productivity gains were somewhat counteracted by barriers to formality faced by Venezuelans.
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Altamirano Montoya, Álvaro, María Laura Oliveri, Mariano Bosch, and Waldo Tapia Troncoso. Calculating the Redistributive Impact of Pension Systems in LAC. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005231.
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This paper examines the implicit subsidies within pension systems across Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region. We first calculate the theoretical benefits of pension for hypothetical workers in 25 countries in LAC. We show that, on average, LAC's pension systems are subsidized, as they provide pensions above what workers would have obtained by investing pension contributions in a safe asset. Similarly, pension systems are designed to be progressive by offering higher replacement rates (pensions relative to earnings) for low-income workers. Despite this progressivity, in some countries, absolute subsidies could be higher for high-income workers. This occurs because the cost of one percentage point of the replacement increases with the average pension. Second, using data from social protection surveys, we estimate the incidence of pension systems in five LAC countries. We show that, on average, all five systems provide important subsidies to those workers who obtain a pension. However, given the high levels of informal work, in some countries, those subsidies are highly concentrated among high-income workers. Variation is large across countries. The three highest labor income deciles concentrate 70-95% of all subsidies in defined benefit systems such as Paraguay and Colombia. In defined contribution systems, subsidies are much more progressive, but still, because low-income workers do not qualify for minimum pensions, between 50-60% of subsidies concentrate in the high-income deciles. Countries like Chile, with explicit subsidies targeted at the bottom of the income distribution, obtain a more progressive distribution of subsidies. Because of relatively low participation rates, women have a weaker link with the pension system. They are also less likely to benefit from implicit subsidies. Finally, we show that non-contributory pensions, if well-targeted, largely improve the redistributive properties of pension systems in LAC.