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Academic literature on the topic 'Réplication virale – Dissertations universitaires comme sujet'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Réplication virale – Dissertations universitaires comme sujet"
Carocci, Margot. "Sur la route d'un virus recombinant EMCV-FMDV." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077186.
Full textFoot and Mouth Disease is a highly contagious animal disease with important economic impacts. The causative agent, FMDV, a picornavirus, replicates and spreads extremely rapidly. The recent outbreaks in countries previously FMD-free demonstrated the need to develop control strategies to stop or at least slow the spread of the virus. The aim of this project is to develop a safe recombinant virus that would be made of FMDV capsid proteins, and the non structural proteins of the Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). This recombinant virus will serve as a marker vaccine against FMD. In order to attenuate EMCV virulence, a deletion in the 2A protein was introduced. Study of EMCV1. 26 Δ 2A virus showed that it causes cell death by apoptosis in contrast to the wild type, suggesting that the EMCV 2A protein is necessary to inhibit apoptosis. Moreover, we have shown that EMCV1. 26 Δ 2A virus was strongly attenuated in vitro as in vivo, and efficiently protected mice after challenge with a lethal dose of wild type virus. Our results indicate that this virus is a good candidate for a live attenuated vaccine against EMCV and a safe base for the production of the EMCV-FMDV chimera virus. The production of this recombinant chimera virus required several cloning steps, leading to the construction of the EMC VA2 Δ -PI FMDV genomic cDNA (pMCl). The first attempts to produce recombinant virus EMC V Δ 2A-P1 FMDV allowed detection of FMDV capsid antigens, but did not succeed yet to produce infections recombinant virus. The formation of recombinant viral particles or the eventual limiting steps of the viral cycle remain to be determined. However, the results obtained up to now are heartening and promising
Hammoumi, Saliha. "Etude des facteurs susceptibles de favoriser ou de limiter l'infecton des cellules humaines par le virus de l'encéphalomyocardite." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077210.
Full textIn order to evaluate the transmission risk of EMCV, from animal, mainly pig, to human, especially during xenotransplantations, we were interested in factors likely to support or limit this transmission by studying the interaction of EMCV with human cells. Tools allowing the detection of the virus multiplication at the various stages of the infection were developed. In particular, for the follow-up of the proteins synthesis, a recombinant EMCV expressing EGFP was created. The recombinant virus was pathogenic for mouse like the parental virus. EGFP could be detected by autofluorescence in vitro in infected cells and in vivo on prints of mouse brains. The infectious power of various viral strains on human cell lines and primary cells, reflecting the tropism of the virus in animal, was analysed. The results indicated that the infection of the cells depends on the cellular type and the viral strain and that adsorption varies primarily according to the strains. By comparison of the sequences of capsid, amino acids playing a probable part in this adsorption were highlighted. The analysis of the cellular partners implied in the attachment made it possible to show that the adsorption of the strain 1086C is dependent on sialic acid and that lysine 231 of VP1 would play an important part in this connection. In addition, the adsorption of the B279/95 strain is independent of sialic acid but depends on heparanes sulfates. This suggests the probable use of co-receptors carrying heparane sulfates or sialic acids
Ho, Tsong Fang Raphaël. "Contribution des modèles du macaque rhésus infecté par un SIV sauvage ou atténué à la compréhension de la dynamique lymphocytaire lors de l'infection de l'homme par le VIH : importance de l'apport thymique." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077238.
Full textWe studied in the animal model of the rhesus macaque, the infection with a pathogenic SIV and with an attenuated SIV. Pathogenesis of these infections is still poorly understood. Our data show that activated CD8 T cell numbers progressively increase during the infection with a wild-type SIV in the blood and the lymph nodes. This increase is correlated with the viral replication and the progression to AIDS. We didn't observe any increase in CD4 activation. So these data show distinct profiles between CD4 and CD8 T cells. During a long-term attenuated infection, in spite of weak viral loads, the SIVAnef induced pathological CD4 T cell depletion. Virus replication and CD8 T cell activation positively correlated with the rate of disease progression. The frequency of TRECs within CD8+CD45RA+ increased in SIVAnef-infected animals compared to age-matched non-infected controls. Moreover, in the cohort of the attenuated SlV-infected animals TREC+CD45RA+CD4+ T cell counts inversely and highly correlated with the rate of disease progression. Altogether, our results suggest that the thymus plays a main role in the pathogenesis of the SIV and that a sustained thymic output could maintain CD4 T cell homeostasis in the context of low viral loads
Lopez, Sandra. "Rôle du cofacteur cellulaire TIP47 dans l'incorporation de la glycoprotéine d'enveloppe dans les particules virales du VIH-1." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077170.
Full textThe formation of new infectious HIV-1 viruses requires the encounter between three major viral components: the envelope glycoprotein (Env), the Gag precursor and the genomic RNA. Env incorporation into the viral Gag particles is a crucial step since it confers to the newly formed virions the capacity to infect new target cells. Yet the mechanisms of Env incorporation are not well known. The first part of my thesis allowed us to identify the first cellular cofactor, TIP47, required for Env incorporation. TIP47 permits the association between Gag and Env by interacting simultaneously with the matrix domain of Gag and with the cytoplasmic domain of the transmembrane subunit TMgp41 of Env. HIV-1 Env incorporation is an active mechanism, in which the interaction between Gag, TIP47 and Env plays a central role. TIP47 is essential for Env incorporation into virions produced by différent target cells of HIV-1, as T CD4+ lymphocytes and primary macrophages. The second part of my thesis allowed the characterization of a new group of partners of the cytoplasmic domain of TMgp41 of HIV-1 Env: transcription factors anchored in the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, Env can participate in the regulation of different cellular pathways. The interaction between Env and one of these factors, Luman, inhibits its activation. Luman inhibits the transcriptional activity of HIV-1 genes, and Env seems to counteract this inhibition. On the other hand, ATF6 and SREBP, the other factors we identified, are necessary for viral replication and might be activated during HIV-1 infection
Jacquot, Guillaume. "Propriétés moléculaires et fonctionnelles de la protéine virale Vpr et de la sous-unité p50/dynamitine du complexe dynactine : rôles dans les étapes précoces du cycle réplicatif du VIH-1." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T014.
Full textNumerous studies showed that HIV-1 Vpr plays a crucial role during establishment of the early steps of the viral life cycle. Previous results obtained in our laboratory suggest that Vpr would act by interacting with the nucleoporine hCG1, a component of the nuclear pore complex. The results obtained during my PhD revealed a functional link between this property of Vpr and other known functions of the protein, among which, its cytostatic and pro-apoptotic activities. Moreover, our results suggest that Vpr accumulation at the nuclear envelope could contribute to optimization of viral replication in nondividing cells, such as macrophages. We also characterized a new interaction between the nucleoporin hCG1 and the p50/dynamitin, a central subunit of the dynein/dynactin microtubular complex. Although no information exist in the literature concerning molecular determinants of the p50/dynamitin responsible for its structural role in the dynactin complex, our work revealed the molecular and functional basis of this property
DUPLAN, CHANUT HELENE. "La proteine tat du virus vih-1 : expression chez escherichia coli, purification et activite." Toulouse, INSA, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ISAT0039.
Full textLabit, Hélène. "Régulation de l'initiation de la réplication chez les vertèbrés : analyse du programme temporel d'activation des origines de réplication dans les extraits d'oeufs de xénope." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077176.
Full textIn Vertebrates, replication origins are activated according to a spatial and temporal program. In early Xenopus embryos, origins are located at apparently random sequences and are activated in clusters that fire at different times throughout S phase. The main object of the present work is to characterize the temporal regulation of replication in Xenopus egg extracts through analysis of origin activation on single DNA fibers and replication foci distribution in sperm nuclei. Using molecular combing of DNA, we compared the distributions of replication origins fired at the beginning of two following S phases. Absence of significative coincidence between origins shows that the temporal order of replication does not depend on genomic position. Furthermore, no epigenetic central regulates the moment of origin firing. However the detection of coincidence between replication foci labeled at the beginning of two following S phases suggests that the chromosomal organization may influence the replication timing. Using FISH, we showed that the replication of the ribosomic DNA is delayed compared to the replication of whole genomic DNA. An altered chromatin structure may be responsible for this delay. Mapping of origins revealed that initiation frequency is two fold lower in the G+C rich intergenic spacer than in the coding rDNA sequence. At the rDNA, local parameters such as nucleotide composition may influence the localization of replication origins
de, Féraudy Sébastien. "Caractérisation de la réponse yH2AX induite par les rayons ultra-violets pendant la phase de réplication." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T021.
Full textWe compared UV irradiation and treatment with etoposide, an agent that causes DSBs during DNA replication. We found that during DNA replication UV irradiation induced at least three classes of γH2AX response: a minority of γH2AX foci co-localizing with 53BP1 foci that represent DSBs at replication sites; a majority of γH2AX foci that did not co-localize with 53BP1 foci; and cells with high levels of pan-nuclear γH2AX without foci of either γH2AX or 53BP1. ATM and JNK mediated the UV-induced pan-nuclear γH2AX, which preceded and paralleled UV-induced S phase apoptosis. These high levels of pan-nuclear γH2AX were further increased by loss of the bypass polymerase Pol eta or inhibition of ATR, but required the presence of the damage binding proteins of excision repair XPA and XPC. DSBs therefore represent a small variable fraction of UV-induced γH2AX foci dependent on repair capacity and are not detected within high levels of pan-nuclear γH2AX, a pre-apoptotic signal associated with ATM and JNK-dependent apoptosis during replication. The formation of γH2AX foci after treatment with DNA-damaging agents cannot therefore be used as a direct measure of DSBs without independent corroborating evidence
Fetouchi, Rachid. "Impact de la modulation de la signalisation calcique sur la réplication et l'expression protéïque du virus de l'hépatite C (VHC)." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T023.
Full textHepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a positive strand RNA virus affecting more than 170 million people in the world and responsible for chronic liver disease. We have previously shown that transient and stable expression of HCV Core protein decreases ER Calcium concentration and induces apoptotic cell death in a calcium dependent manner. We thus tested the hypothesis that modulation of calcium concentrations in the ER by specific drugs can have an impact on HCV protein expression and HCV replication. With the advent of the Huh7 cell line stably expressing the full length HCV genome (replicon system) and more recently systems to generate infectious virus particles in cell culture, we have the opportunity to check our initial hypothesis by modulating intracellular calcium concentrations with the following drugs: CAI, CsA, Debio-025, Thapsigargin, TbuBHQ and CGP37157. Intracellular calcium concentrations were assessed by specifically targeted recombinant aequorin calcium probes. Viral proteins expression was measured by Western Blot and Immunocytochemistry. The amount of viral RNA was evaluated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. The ER is known to have a major role both in regulation of calcium signalling and in HCV proteins maturation and genome replication. Our results show that pharmacological modulation of intracellular calcium concentration affects HCV proteins expression and HCV replication. Our results are consistent with a pivotal role of calcium signalling in HCV replication and show a new class of drugs potentially able to control HCV infection
Coronel, Agnès. "Etude de la persistance virale chez les Spumarétrovirus : analyse moléculaire d'une lignée chroniquement infectée et mise en évidence de délétions spécifiques dans les LTRs." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05CD03.
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