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Academic literature on the topic 'Réponse stringente'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Réponse stringente"
Maouche, Samia rim. "Rôle de la petite GTPase CgtA dans la biogenèse du ribosome et la réponse au stress chez Escherichia coli." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4088.
Full textThe stringent response is a physiological process that occurs when bacterial cells encounter nutritional stresses, and allowing coordinated growth arrest. This conserved response is characterized by the accumulation of tetra- and pentaphosphate guanosine (ppGpp). ppGpp bind to RNA polymerase and modifies its kinetic properties, thereby affecting the transcription of many genes. Prinicpaly, ppGpp accumulation inhibits stable RNAs (rRNA and tRNA) biosynthesis, which in consequence inhibits ribosome biogenesis. Escherichia coli contains two enzymes involved in ppGpp metabolism, RelA and SpoT. During amino acid starvation, RelA bound to ribosomes produces ppGpp in response to the presence of uncharged tRNA in the ribosomal A-site. In contrast, SpoT produces ppGpp in response to other types of nutrient limitations, such as carbon starvation, but the detected signals and mechanism involved are still unknown. It has been proposed that the CgtA protein is involved in the stringent response control by interacting with SpoT at the ribosome. CgtA is a conserved and essential small GTPase of the Obg family. CgtA has also been implicated in ribosome maturation, chromosome segregation and division, but its precise function remains unknown. The cgtA gene is located downstream of rplU, rpmA and yhbE genes coding respectively for L21 and L27 proteins of the 50S subunit of the ribosome, and an integral inner membrane protein of unknown function. This genetic proximity with rplU and rpmA genes is highly conserved in bacteria. My thesis work was therefore organized around three questions. First, understanding the role of CgtA in growth control and in the stringent response
Genay, Magali. "Impact de la réponse stringente sur la mutabilité de Streptomyces coelicolor et Streptomyces ambofaciens au cours de la différenciation." Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2006_0123_GENAY.pdf.
Full textIn nature, organisms are constantly subjected to chemical, physical or nutritional variations of the environment. The modulation of the mutation rate constitutes one of the mechanisms contributing to the adaptation of bacterial species to rapid environmental modifications. The aim of this work was to highlight the influence of environmental factors on the genetic instability characterized in Streptomyces species. Through the study of S. Ambofaciens and S. Coelicolor mutants, not pigmented, unable to sporulate and produced during the aerial mycelium growth, we showed that a limitation in amino acids constituted a mutagen condition. Indeed, on amino acid-limited media, the production of these mutants was strongly increased. A mutation in their whiG or whiH genes, two genes intervening in the first stages of the sporulation process, was frequently detected. We could highlight, via the study of the relA mutant of S. Coelicolor, the existence of a link between stringent response, the physiological response induced during an amino acid limitation, and increase in the mutability of these genes. There is thus a relation between a nutritive limitation and an increase in genetic instability via the establishment of a local or global mutator state, initiated by the induction of the stringent response. The produced mutants could contribute to the survival of the colony during an amino acid limitation metabolising substances different from the rest of the colony or allowing the release of nutrients, food for the neighbour cells
Philippe, Nadège. "Mécanismes moléculaires de l'adaptation au cours de 20 000 générations d'évolution expérimentale chez Escherichia coli." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00108200.
Full textBattesti, Aurélia. "Rôle de l'interaction entre l'AcyL Carrier protein et SpoT : un lien génétique et physique entre la réponse stringente et le métabolisme des lipides." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX22100.pdf.
Full textBacteria respond to various nutritional stresses by producing (p)ppGpp. The accumulation of this nucleotide triggers the stringent response, which is characterized by growth arrest and the modulation of gene expression. E. Coli contains two enzymes involved in (p)ppGpp metabolism, RelA and SpoT. RelA responds to amino acid starvation by a well known mechanism, whereas SpoT produces (p)ppGpp during fatty acid or carbon starvation but the mechanism for this response is unknown. During my thesis, we characterized a physical interaction between SpoT and Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP), a central co-factor in fatty acid synthesis. The loss of this interaction prevents (p)ppGpp accumulation in response to fatty acid starvation, supporting the idea that the ACP/SpoT interaction is involved in SpoT-dependent stress response. This led us to propose a model in which an ACP modification signals fatty acid starvation to SpoT, triggering a conformational switch in SpoT and so leading to (p)ppGpp synthesis. Then, in order to study the importance of the ACP/SpoT interaction in bacterial physiology, we have engineered E. Coli strains in which this interaction is abolished by introducing specific point mutations in spoT gene. These strains present growth phenotypes and envelope defects. Furthermore, the response to fatty acids starvation and the interaction between ACP and SpoT mutated proteins in these strains are affected in a ΔrelA context but not in a relA+ context, suggesting a role for RelA in the ACP/SpoT interaction. Studying the conservation of the ACP/SpoT interaction between bacterial species, we show that this interaction is only present in bacteria containing SpoT enzymes. Lastly, we characterized an interaction network centred on SpoT, linking translation and lipid metabolism proteins. All these data suggest that the ACP/SpoT interaction is important for bacterial physiology, even more during starvation condition
Caymaris, Stéphanie. "Implication du ppGpp et du régulateur global CodY dans le déclenchement de la compétence chez streptococcus pneumoniae." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1086/.
Full textStreptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is found in the nasopharynx of 20% of adults and 50% of children. The pneumococcus is a major pathogen, causing pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis and bacteriema. Every year, pneumococcal infections kill 1. 5 million people worldwide. The two methods used to fight this pathogen (vaccination and antibiotherapy) can be bypassed by the high genetic variability of the pneumococcus. Natural genetic transformation is responsible for this variability and requires the pneumococcus to enter a transitory physiological state called competence. This state is based on an autocatalytic loop that induces the expression of the genes involved in competence. This thesis focusses on molecular mecanisms that lead to competence initiation in the pneumococcus. Studies carried out in our lab have shown that the Ami transporter is involved in competence regulation. Amino acids (intrenaliszed throught Ami) may be a metabolic gauge for competence regulation. Results show that ppGpp is involved in competence development activation but that other regulatory signals are also involved. The regulator CodY might be a competence repressor. On the other hand, this study has shown that codY is an essential gene and that its inactivation can lead to merodiploid formation. Furthermore, the absence of CodY can be compensated by the presence of two mutations, in the fatC and amiC genes, or by the presence of other mutations not yet characterized
Soares, Anaïs. "Exploration de l'adaptation de Pseudomonas aeruginosa en biofilm : rôle dans l'échec des traitements antibiotiques." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR045/document.
Full textBiofilm device-related infections can lead to antibiotic failure requiring frequent removal of medical device. Pseudomonas aeruginosa has emerged as the typical pathogen for biofilm infections. To explore the determinants of antibiotic failure in biofilm, an in vitro P. aeruginosa biofilm model exposed to suprainhibitory antibiotic concentrations was developed. In planktonic culture, the ciprofloxacin and amikacin combination prevented the selection of resistant mutants in ciprofloxacin and amikacinlow-level resistant P. aeruginosa strains overexpressing efflux. In biofilm, the ciprofloxacin and amikacin combination, used simultaneously or sequentially, didn’t show superior effects compared to monotherapies. Despite an initial bacterial reduction, biofilm eradication was not obtained. Regardless of wild-type or efflux strains and antibiotic regimen used, antibiotic failure was related to the selection of antibiotic-tolerant cells named “persisters”. Ciprofloxacin induced significant alterations in the biofilm structure, notably a considerable reduction in the exopolysaccharides of the matrix. The transcriptomic analysis of genes, potentially involved in persistence, suggested that early activation of the stringent response might be one of the main pathways for ciprofloxacin tolerance in biofilm. Finally, the emergence of "small colony variants" within the biofilm, characterized by enhanced ability to form biofilm, attested to biofilm heterogeneity. This work therefore contributes to a better understanding of how P. aeruginosa biofilms escape antibiotic
Baudier, Claire. "How do the metabolites, GTP and (p)ppGpp, simultaneously control the occurrence of translational errors and resource allocation in bacteria?" Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS202.
Full textEven though diverse mechanisms cooperate to prevent protein synthesis errors in bacteria, missense and translational frameshift errors (TFEs) can occur . In particular, TFEs were detected at low levels in the exponential growth phase and at higher levels in the stationary phase in both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. This observation led researchers to revisit the role of the “stringent response” in the occurrence of TFEs since it is the key mechanism involved in the bacterial adaptation to nutritional downshifts. It relies on the interaction between the RelA/SpoT proteins and the translating ribosomes, which leads to the detection of uncharged tRNAs and to the production of an alarmone called (p)ppGpp. In a relA mutant strains unable to synthesize (p)ppGpp, translational errors are highly increased.In this context, the main goal of our work was to revisit the role of the stringent response in the translational error control and to clarify the role of the two key, antagonistic metabolites GTP and (p)ppGpp. Indeed, while GTP enhances translation initiation (targeting the initiation factor IF2) and elongation (targeting the elongation factor EF-Tu) , (p)ppGpp inhibits GTP biosynthesis (reducing the enzyme activity of Gmk, HprT and GuaB) and translation initiation (competing with GTP on IF2).For this purpose, we used the Gram positive model bacterium B. subtilis, designed three distinct reporter systems to detect TFEs and built a strain unable to synthesize (p)ppGpp (called “(p)ppGpp0”). We observed that during growth in poor media TFEs were increased in the absence of (p)ppGpp in the exponential phase (i.e. steady-state growth) and that by contrast to the wild type, the (p)ppGpp0 strain exhibited a TFE burst during the transition in rich medium to the stationary phase. By controlling intracellular levels of GTP in the (p)ppGpp0 strain, we showed that GTP abundance is the trigger factor of TFEs occurrence. Nevertheless, upon a "weak" induction of GTP biosynthesis leading to sub-optimal growth rates, the TFEs rate still peaked during the transition to the stationary phase, which demonstrated that the mode of action of (p)ppGpp to prevent TFEs occurrence did not only rely on its inhibition of GTP biosynthesis. We then focused on the (p)ppGpp inhibitory effect on IF2 and mimicked its action by injecting drugs known to inhibit translation initiation. Hence, we demonstrated that by reducing translation initiation (injecting drugs) upon aminoacyl-tRNAs depletion (p)ppgGp0 wild-strain type cells is are able to optimally control the rate of TFEs in the transition to the stationary phase. The same conclusion is obtained even in presence of a high GTP level.In a second part, we studied how transcription and translation are affected by variations in GTP and (p)ppGpp abundances. We observed that genes possessing a transcription start site (TSS) made of two guanines were more importantly transcribed at higher growth rates than genes possessing a TSS made of two adenines. This difference was even more pronounced for (p)ppGpp0 strains grown in rich medium upon guanosine addition (leading to a high level of GTP). Moreover, the ribosomal RNAs (rrns; for which the TSS is a guanine) synthesis level seemed to be positively correlated to GTP levels during exponential growth in poor and rich media as observed by the modulation of GTP biosynthesis.In conclusion, we demonstrated that (p)ppGpp controls the occurrence of translational errors during steady-state growth by decreasing GTP levels and during a nutritional downshift by specifically inhibiting translation initiation ensuring a parsimonious , which also globally affects resource allocation
Trinquier, Aude. "Coupling between transfer RNA maturation and ribosomal RNA processing in Bacillus subtilis." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7066.
Full textCellular protein synthesis both requires functional ribosomes and mature transfer RNAs (tRNAs) as adapter molecules. The ribosomes are large essential ribonucleoprotein complexes whose biogenesis accounts for most of cellular transcription and consumes a major portion of the cell’s energy. Ribosome biogenesis is therefore tightly adjusted to the cellular needs and actively surveilled to rapidly degrade defective particles that could interfere with translation. Interestingly, tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are both transcribed from longer primary transcripts and universally require processing to become functional for translation. In this thesis, I have characterized a coupling mechanism between tRNA processing and ribosome biogenesis in the Gram-positive model organism Bacillus subtilis. Accumulation of immature tRNAs during tRNA maturase depletion, specifically abolishes 16S rRNA 3’ processing by the endonuclease YqfG/YbeY, the last step in small ribosomal subunit formation. We showed that this maturation deficiency resulted from a late small subunit (30S) assembly defect coinciding with changes in expression of several key 30S assembly cofactors, mediated by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional effects. Interestingly, our results indicate that accumulation of immature tRNAs is sensed by the stringent factor RelA and triggers (p)ppGpp production. We showed that (p)ppGpp synthesis and the accompanying decrease in GTP levels inhibits 16S rRNA 3’ processing, most likely by affecting GTPases involved in ribosome assembly. The inhibition of 16S rRNA 3’ processing is thought to further lead to degradation of partially assembled particles by RNase R. Thus, we propose a model where RelA senses temporary slow-downs in tRNA maturation and this leads to an appropriate readjustment of ribosome biogenesis. This coupling mechanism would maintain the physiological balance between tRNAs and rRNAs, the two major components of the translation machinery
Patacq, Clement. "Quantification des contraintes métaboliques et physiologiques liées à la surproduction de protéines recombinantes par Escherichia coli : amélioration des performances et de la robustesse du système d'expression et du procédé de production." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ISAT0040.
Full textThe production of heterologous proteins offers the ability to develop a new generation of vaccines. The most used organism for the production of heterologous proteins, also called recombinant proteins, is the bacterium Escherichia coli. However, the induction of the production often alleviates the bacterial growth by the new allocation of metabolic resources toward the production of the recombinant protein. Even, this may also lead to growth arrest. The production of high quantities of functional recombinant proteins requires a good balance between of bacterial growth and production of the recombinant protein.In order to rationally develop a robust and an efficient biological system for the production of a large variety of recombinant proteins in E. coli, the metabolic constraints associated to their production have been quantified. From this observation, the T7 expression system has been integrated into the metabolic and translational regulation of the E. coli BL21 (DE3) in order to adjust as perfect as possible the protein production rate to the metabolic capacities of the strain. This new biological production system has made it possible to significantly increase the quantities of proteins produced and opens up the possibility of developing performant semi-continuous and continuous production processes in a chemically defined medium