Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Réponse T CD4'
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Cariou, Anne. "Spécificité de l'aide T CD4 lors de la réponse T CD8 mémoire." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066730.
Full textParrot, Tiphaine. "Étude des lymphocytes Tαβ double positifs CD4+ CD8+ intra-tumoraux dans la réponse immune anti-mélanome." Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT1031/document.
Full textThe immune infiltrate is a key factor in the tumor progression and has a prognostic value for the efficacy of anti-tumor treatments especially for immunotherapies. Therefore, the understanding of the cellular components and their interactions taking place within the tumor microenvironment is necessary for the future optimization of anti-tumor therapeutic strategies. We previously documented among melanoma-infiltrating lymphocytes, an atypical tumor reactive and class-Irestricted T cell population co-expressing both CD4 and CD8 co-receptors. In this study, we excluded a cytotoxic and regulatory function for these cells and ascribed helper properties through the expression of the CD40L costimulatory molecule. Through the CD40L/CD40 interaction, DP T cells allow B cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as, the licensing of dendritic cells for the efficient priming of an anti-tumor cytotoxic CD8 T cell response. Also, our results described a potential role of the interleukin-9 cytokine in DP T cell function and homeostasis. Through its interaction with its cognate receptor, the IL-9 receptor, expressed by DP T cells, IL-9 increases their survival and proliferation and could enhance their enrichment in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, IL-9 enhances their functional properties including cytokine production, cytolytic activity and probably their helper potential. It would be interesting to now define the relevance of this population ex vivo in the anti-tumor immune response by correlating their intra-tumor frequency with the clinical status of the patients
Espinosa, Carrasco Gabriel. "L'activation des cellules T CD8+ et T CD4+ en réponse aux auto-antigènes : du tissu lymphoïde à l'organe cible." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT026.
Full textThe immune system has evolved multiple mechanisms of peripheral tolerance to control CD8+ T cell responses. Under particular conditions that are not yet well understood, potentially autoreactive T cells may override tolerance and differentiate into effector cells capable of targeting the own components of the organism resulting in self-reactivity. Utilizing transgenic mice expressing a model antigen in the beta cells of the pancreas, I have studied two important processes involved in CD8+ T cells differentiation in response to self-antigens. 1) Role of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) translocation in the breakdown of CD8+ T cell tolerance. It has been previously shown in our laboratory that lymphodepleting protocols, such as total body irradiation, promote breakdown of peripheral CD8+ T cell tolerance. Irradiation induces translocation of commensal bacteria LPS, a potent innate immune system activator, into the bloodstream. My data demonstrated that LPS translocation correlated with systemic activation of CD11c+ dendritic cells (DC), in particular CD8+ DC, responsible for pancreatic self-antigen cross-presentation, in lymphoid tissue. While antibiotic treatment of mice before irradiation prevented LPS translocation, DC activation was only partially affected, and onset of autoimmunity and breakdown of CD8+ T cell tolerance could not be prevented.2) Intra-vital visualization of effector CD8+ and CD4+ T cell cooperation in beta cell destruction in the pancreas. Using two-photon microscopy, I have been able, for the first time, to simultaneously analyze dynamics of fluorescently tagged autoreactive CD8+ and CD4+ T cells as they infiltrated the pancreas and induced autoimmune diabetes. I found that T cell infiltration promoted extracellular matrix remodeling in the pancreas, which in turn served as a scaffold for T cell migration. In addition, I showed that MHC class II dependent arrest of effector CD4+ T cells, due to interactions with antigen presenting cells, occasionally also implicating CD8+ T cells, provided help to effector CD8+ T cells in maintaining their effector functions
Bajénoff, Marc. "Etude de la régulation de la réponse T CD4+ in vivo." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22019.
Full textAbou, Ezzi Grazia. "Immunomodulation de la réponse des lymphocytes T CD4+ par les ostéoclastes." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4052.
Full textOsteolysis is a hallmark of chronic inflammatory diseases due to an over differentiation and activity of osteoclasts (OCLs), mainly induced by activated/ memory CD4+ T cells. OCLs are derived from the monocyte lineage and in inflammatory condition, they can also arise from dendritic cells. OCLs have been described to be a major player in maintaining hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in their medullar niches, and contribute to their mobilization under stress condition. During my PhD, I was interested in studying the role of OCLs on CD4+ T cells. First, I focused on the capacity of OCLs to present antigen and activate CD4+ T cells. We showed, for the first time, that both subsets of OCLs can present antigens and activate CD4+ T cells with a difference in polarizing T cells. OCLs derived from normal bone marrow polarize T cells toward regulatory T cells (Foxp3+), whereas OCLs derived from DCs induce inflammatory T cells (INFγ+, TNFα+). In an interesting way, OCLs differentiated from inflammatory bone marrow fail to induce regulatory CD4+T cells, demonstrating that the bone marrow environment is essential in the control of the immunomodulatory effect of OCLs. Since memory T cells represent a major CD4+ T cell population in the bone marrow and are maintained in specialized niches in quiescent state, the second part of my thesis was to define if OCLs may play a role in mobilizing those cells, as they do for HSCs. We demonstrated that OCLs control the mobilization of central memory T cells from the bone marrow by modulating the phenotype of the mesenchymal cells forming the niches. This study present a new vision of the multiple functionalities of OCLs, going from activating T cells as any other antigen presenting cells to controlling the mobilization of memory T cells from the bone marrow to the periphery. Those newly defined functions of OCLs may contribute to generate new therapeutic approaches to limit the propagation of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases
Laffont, Sophie. "Rôle des lymphocytes cytotoxiques T CD8 et NK dans le contrôle des réponses T CD4 alloréactives." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30033.
Full textCD4 T cells play an essential in allograft rejection. However, factors influencing their polarization into Th1 or Th2 effector cells in vivo are still poorly understood. We report here that in absence of CD8 T cell and/or NK cell activation, a strong CD4 T cells occurs characterized by the development of type-2 cytokine producing cells. In this situation, allogeneic skin grafts are heavily infiltrated with eosinophil. The aim of the study here was to investigate the mechanisms by which CD8 T lymphocytes and NK cells can control CD4 T cell priming. We found that, they both act by limiting the accumulation of donor-derived dendritic (Dcs) cells through a perforin-dependent mechanism. We propose that CD8 T cells and NK cells, by controlling the half-life of allogeneic DCs, modify the kinetics of DC differentiation in lymph nodes thereby modulate the amplitude and the polarization of alloreactive CD4 T cells
Helft, Julie. "Identification d'un nouveau mécanisme de régulation négative de la réponse lymphocytaire T CD4+." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05D037.
Full textAlthough T cells proliferate extensively during an immune response, they don't expand indefinitely. The mechanisms limiting the expansion are poorly understood, though the disappearance of antigen, or competition for limiting amounts of antigen, have been suggested. During my PhD, I studied the recruitment of antigen-experienced CD4 T cells into a localized immune response. We found that the recruitment of antigen experienced T cells is selectively inhibited compared to that of naïve T cells. This preferential inhibition begins as soon as day 2 of the immune response and takes place before antigen disappearance. Importantly, this inhibition is antigen specifie and relies on the presence of responding T cells that present MHCII/peptide complexes captured from their antigen presenting cells early in the response. This inhibition of antigen-experienced CD4 T cells proliferation by MHCII/peptide bearing T cells generates a negative feedback loop that regulates CD4 T cell proliferation
Phothirath, Phoukham. "Génération de cellules T CD4+CD25+ suppressives induite par des lymphocytes T CD8+CD28- au cours de réactions leucocytaires mixtes autologues." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO1T195.
Full textChevaleyre, Claire. "Étude de la réponse en lymphocytes T CD4+ dirigée contre l’antigène tumoral Cycline B1." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T087.
Full textMany tumor antigens have been identified since the discovery of the first human antigen about twenty years ago, and some of them have been used as targets for the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines. However, most of the time, the results of clinical trials designed to assess the efficacy of these vaccines proved to be disappointing. Thus, it is still necessary to identify new tumor antigens able to induce strong and long-Lasting anti-Tumor responses that could be used as targets for cancer vaccine. Cyclin B1, an endogenous protein involved in cell cycle regulation, is one of the tumor antigens which are currently considered as potential targets for a cancer vaccine. Usually expressed transiently in healthy dividing cells, this protein is overexpressed in numerous tumors and is necessary for tumor development. Moreover, Cyclin B1 specific spontaneaous immune responses have been observed in cancer patients. My PhD work aimed at characterizing the response of CD4+ T cells, which play a major role in anti-Tumor immune responses, specific to human Cyclin B1 both in healthy individuals and cancer patients. We showed that, in healthy individuals, there exists two pre-Existing Cyclin B1 specific CD4+ T cell populations, namely naive CD4+ T cells and memory CD4+ T cells, the latter lymphocyte population being also found in cancer patients. Multiple CD4+ T cell epitopes have been identified in this protein, and were differently recognized by these two CD4+ T cell populations. Besides, anti-Cyclin B1 IgG antibodies have been detected both in healthy individuals and in cancer patients, without significant differences in antibody levels between these two groups of donors. Therefore, this work shows that Cyclin B1 is a tumor antigen characterized by a singular pattern of immune responses, and confirms the potential of this protein as a target for a cancer vaccine
Blasco, Elisabeth. "Etude de l'activation des lymphocites T CD4+ [positifs] humains par la lectine jacaline." Poitiers, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996POIT2383.
Full textBoué, Jérôme. "Activité analgésique des lymphocytes T CD4+ effecteurs générés au cours de la réponse immunitaire adaptative." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU30052.
Full textPainful sensation is a hallmark of the inflammatory response induced by pathogens or tissue damage. A large spectrum of molecules released within the inflamed tissue including neuropeptides, prostaglandins, or proteases induces pain by stimulating primary afferents in situ. Painful messages conveyed by primary sensitive fibers are modulated by peripheral endogenous regulatory mechanisms involving local opioïd release by leukocytes infiltrating the inflammatory site. Endogenous opioïd peptides belong to three families: endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins, which are derived from protein precursors encoded by three distinct genes: the proopiomelanocortin, the proenkephalin, and the prodynorphin genes, respectively. The biological activities of the opioïd neuropeptides are mediated by three types of seven transmembrane segment G-protein-coupled receptors named µ- (MOR), d- (DOR), and κ- (KOR) opioid receptors. ß-endorphin and enkephalins bind to both MOR and DOR, whereas dynorphin interacts only with KOR. Among immune cells infiltrating the inflammatory site, T lymphocytes have been described to be more efficient to relieve pain. We have quantified the expression level of mRNA encoding for all three opioïd precursors in dendritic cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and macrophages in mice. We found that cell activation up-regulates proenkephalin mRNA level only in dendritic cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes. In activated CD4+ T lymphocytes, proenkephalin mRNA level were the highest, reaching more than 50% of that measured in brain, the main enkephalins producing organ. The role of T cell-mediated immunity in regulation of inflammatory pain was first appreciated by comparing nociceptive response to mechanical stimuli. T cell-deficient nude mice are more sensitive to inflammatory pain than wild-type mice. Normal sensitivity is restored by injection of naïve CD4+ T lymphocytes specific to the antigen responsible for inflammation. Analgesic property of CD4+ T lymphocytes is acquired in response to their specific antigen within draining lymph nodes, by de novo synthesis of enkephalins. Enkephalins production is irrespective of effector CD4+ T cell functions and is dependent upon specific antigen recognition at the inflammatory site. CD4+ T cell-induced analgesia is dependent on DOR activation on primary afferents. Enkephalins release by effectors CD4+ T cells within inflammatory site could also decrease dendritic cells migration to draining lymph nodes that contribute to T lymphocytes response reduction
Malbec, Agathe. "Contrôle épigénétique de la biologie des lymphocytes T CD4." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30305/document.
Full textUpon activation, naïve CD4 T cells differentiate into distinct helper or regulatory T cell subsets depending on environmental signals received. This process relies on complex and lineage-specific gene expression programs whose dynamics and stability are regulated at the level of the chromatin. The epigenetic pathways involved, however, remain largely unknown. Here, we report that the histone methyltransferase SETDB1 critically controls the Th1 gene expression program. SETDB1-deficient naïve CD4 T cells show exacerbated Th1 priming, and when exposed to a Th1-instructive signal, SETDB1-deficient Th2 cells cross lineage boundaries and transdifferentiate into Th1 cells. Surprisingly, SETDB1 does not appear to control Th1 gene promoter activity. Instead, it deposits the repressive H3K9me3 mark at a restricted and cell-type specific set of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) strongly associated with genes involved in immune processes. Refined bioinformatic analyses indicated that these retrotransposons either flank and repress Th1 gene cis-regulatory elements or behave themselves as Th1 gene enhancers. In conclusion, H3K9me3 deposition by SETDB1 ensures T cell lineage integrity by repressing a repertoire of ERVs that have been exapted into cis-regulatory modules to shape and control the Th1 gene network
Laborel-Préneron, Emeline. "Effets des sécrétomes de Staphylococcus aureus et Staphylococcus epidermidis du microbiote cutané d'enfants atopiques sur la réponse immunitaire T CD4." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30093/document.
Full textAtopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory and pruritic skin disease frequently affecting children. Its prevalence is increasing in industrialized countries. Its complex pathophysiology involves a skin barrier dysfunction and/or genetic abnormalities leading to sensitivity to environmental allergens such as house dust mites. Interactions between the immune system and skin bacteria, pathogens and commensals, appeared to be important in the disease. To study the influence of skin microbiota in the CD4+ T cell response, we designed a cohort of young AD children sensitized to house dust mite allergens (Der p) and their counterparts (controls). Analysis of skin microbiota (MALDI-TOF), transcripts profiling and quantification of anti-Der p CD4+ T cells showed that the presence of S. aureus on inflamed skin of AD subjects was associated with high IgE levels, Th2/Th22 transcripts and peripheral Th2 anti-Der p response. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC) were exposed to secretomes produced by S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains isolated from patients and released IFN-gamma and IL-10 respectively. Proliferation of CD4+ T cells induced by allogeneic moDC exposed to S. aureus secretome was blunted by concurrent exposure of moDC to S. epidermidis secretome. Regulatory T cells (Treg) lost their activity against conventional CD4+ T cells under the direct effect of S. aureus secretome. Overall, these results allow us to think that S. aureus is an important factor of the AD inflammation by inducing Th2 activation and silencing resident Treg. Commensals such as S. epidermidis could be used to counteract these effects by inducing IL-10 production by skin DC
Antoine, Pierre. "Etude de la réponse des lymphocytes T CD4+ au cours de l'infection primaire par le cytomégalovirus." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209148.
Full textAprès l’infection primaire, le virus persiste tout au long de la vie à l’état latent mais peut se réactiver de manière intermittente. Ceci est associé à l’expansion de lymphocytes T CD4+ fortement différenciés ayant des fonctions auxiliaires et cytolytiques. L’infection primaire est, par contre, caractérisée par une réplication virale intense qui dure plusieurs mois. Il a été montré que l’exposition prolongée à des concentrations élevées d’antigènes entraine une perte progressive de fonction par les lymphocytes T appelée épuisement et caractérisée par l’expression de récepteurs inhibiteurs. L’impact de la réplication virale intense observée au cours de l’infection primaire par le CMV sur la fonction des lymphocytes T CD4+ n’est pas bien connu.
La fonctionnalité des lymphocytes T CD4+ a été explorée chez l’humain et le singe rhésus au cours de l’infection primaire et comparée à celle de sujets porteurs chroniques du virus.
Les résultats montrent que l’infection primaire par le CMV est associée à la détection de lymphocytes T CD4+ circulants ayant une faible capacité de prolifération et de production de cytokines et d’IL-2 en particulier.
L’impact de la différenciation sur la fonction des lymphocytes a été exploré en détail chez l’humain. Il a été observé qu’un degré de différenciation plus élevé des lymphocytes T CD4+ spécifiques du CMV joue un rôle dans la production réduite d’IL-2. Toutefois, la fraction moins différenciée (exprimant la molécule CD28) présente également une sécrétion d’IL-2 moindre au cours de l’infection primaire. Ceci fait partie d’une diminution globale de la production de cytokines au cours de l’infection primaire qui affecte également la sécrétion d’IFNγ et TNFα, entraine une polyfonctionnalité réduite et est indépendante de la différenciation. L’épuisement des lymphocytes T CD4+ spécifiques du CMV contribue à leur fonctionnalité moindre comme l’indique l’expression accrue du récepteur inhibiteur PD-1 et l’augmentation des réponses prolifératives en présence d’anticorps bloquant PD-1.
Le lien entre excrétion virale et fonction lymphocytaire a été étudié chez le macaque rhésus. L’infection par le CMV est observée chez les singes juvéniles et adultes mais pas chez les nourrissons. L’excrétion urinaire et salivaire est significativement plus fréquente et intense chez les singes juvéniles par rapport aux adultes. Comme chez l’humain au cours de l’infection primaire, les lymphocytes T CD4+ spécifiques du virus sont moins
polyfonctionnels et prolifèrent moins efficacement chez les singes juvéniles par rapport aux singes adultes. Ceci est associé à l’expression accrue du récepteur inhibiteur PD-1 chez les singes juvéniles. La réponse proliférative des lymphocytes T CD4+ est accrue en présence d’anticorps bloquant PD-1 ou d’IL-2 exogène. Enfin, une association inverse entre fonction lymphocytaire et excrétion urinaire a été mise en évidence chez les macaques adultes.
Ces résultats indiquent que l’infection par le CMV présente des caractéristiques semblables chez l’humain et le singe rhésus. L’infection primaire est associée à la détection de lymphocytes T CD4+ ayant une fonctionnalité moindre qu’au cours de l’infection chronique. L’expression du récepteur inhibiteur PD-1 typique des cellules épuisées est l’un des mécanismes impliqués et pourrait être la cible de stratégies immunomodulatrices visant à améliorer les fonctions lymphocytaires et le contrôle de la réplication virale. Les résultats présentés indiquent que l’infection naturelle chez le singe rhésus constitue un modèle potentiellement utile à l’étude de la réponse immune au CMV humain et à l’évaluation de stratégies immunomodulatrices.
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Cytomegalovirus infection is mostly asymptomatic in immunocompetent hosts but leads to severe morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised subjects and foetuses.
After primary infection, CMV establishes lifelong persistence but can reactivate intermittently. This is associated with the expansion of highly differentiated CD4+ T lymphocytes exhibiting helper functions and cytolytic activity.
Primary infection is characterised by an intense viral replication lasting several months. It has been shown that prolonged exposure to elevated antigen concentrations induces a progressive loss of function by T lymphocytes called exhaustion. This state of functional impairment is associated to the expression of inhibitory receptors. The consequence of the intense viral replication seen in primary CMV infection on CD4+ T cell function is unknown.
CD4+ T cell function has been studied in human and rhesus macaque during primary CMV infection. Chronic CMV carriers have been used as controls.
The results show that primary CMV infection is associated to the detection of circulating CD4+ T lymphocytes exhibiting weak proliferative capacities and reduced cytokine production affecting IL-2 in particular.
The impact of differentiation on lymphocyte function has been explored in detail in human. An increased proportion of terminally differentiated CD4+ T cells (CD28-) is observed during primary infection. These lymphocytes are unable to secrete IL-2 in response to CMV antigens. Interestingly, CD28+ CMV-specific CD4+ T cells also exhibit reduced IL-2 production during primary infection. This is part of a global reduction of cytokine production affecting IFNγ and TNFα as well. The impaired cytokine production is associated to reduced polyfunctionality and is independent of differentiation. Exhaustion of CMV-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes contributes to the reduced functionality as shown by an increased expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1 and improved proliferative responses in the presence of PD-1 blocking antibodies.
The relationship between viral replication and lymphocyte function has been explored in rhesus macaques. CMV infection is observed in juvenile and adult monkeys but not in newborns. Excretion in urine and saliva is significantly more frequent and intense in juvenile monkeys than adults. As in primary infection in human, CMV-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes are less polyfunctional and have lower proliferative capacities in juveniles as compared to adults. This is associated with an increased expression of PD-1 in juvenile monkeys. CD4+ T cell proliferative responses are increased when PD-1 blocking antibodies or exogenous IL-2 are added to the culture medium. Finally, an inverse association between lymphocyte function and urinary excretion has been observed in adult macaques.
These results indicate that CMV infection shares common features in human and rhesus macaque. Primary infection is associated to the detection of CD4+ T lymphocyte displaying lower functional capacities as compared to chronic infection. Exhaustion contributes to the functional impairment and the inhibitory receptor PD-1 could be targeted by immunomodulatory strategies aiming at improving lymphocyte functions and controlling viral replication. Natural CMV infection in rhesus macaque might be useful as a model to evaluate the efficacy and safety of immunomodulatory approaches.
Doctorat en Sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Tellier, Julie. "Contrôle génétique du développement thymique des lymphocytes T régulateurs CD4+CD25+Foxp3+C." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/262/.
Full textCD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) are essential to maintain self-tolerance and control inflammation. It is a natural population that develops in the thymus from CD4-CD8- cells like its conventional counterpart. However, fate decision made by CD4+ thymocytes between effector and regulatory lineage remains poorly understood. We showed that distinct proportions of Treg were found in thymi of common mouse strains and that a genetic control modulated quantitatively regulatory compartment generation. We demonstrated that it was a polygenic trait and identified a locus on chromosome 17. We next focused on the diabetes-prone NOD strain, and surprisingly found a high level of Treg among mature CD4+ thymocytes. Genetic control in this strain is dependent on a region that colocalizes with the diabetes susceptibility locus Idd16. Our preliminary results tend to show that thymic selection is not involved, which suggests a lineage commitment linked mechanism. Study of new congenic lines should help us to restrain our region of interest and our candidate gene number
Meunier, Sylvain. "Impact de l’interaction CD40/CD40L sur les différents intervenants de la réponse immunitaire T CD8." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T039.
Full textMy thesis project is to study the role of different possible pathways possible for the CD40/CD40L interaction during the primary response of CD8 T cells and to characterize the response of CD8 T cell CD40-/-. The results suggest two CD40/CD40L interaction effects depending on the location of the CD40 molecule expressed on different cell types (on CD8 T cells or on antigen presenting cells). The first effect is to set up an optimal primary response from the CD8 T cells and is due to the expression of CD40 by antigen presenting cells. The second effect is the generation of memory CD8 T cells during the primary response and is due to the expression of CD40 by CD8 T cells. Our results show that the CD40/CD40L interaction via the antigen presenting cells sends signals sufficient for proliferation and cytotoxicity of CD8 primary response. However, the CD40/CD40L interaction via the CD8 T cells is essential for the generation of memory CD8 T cells. If the deficiency of CD40 by CD8 T cells does not affect the primary response, it is not the case of the secondary response. Indeed, in this case, CD8 T cells exhibit altered secondary response. Compared to a classical secondary response, the CD8 T cells CD40-/- exhibit a decreased response amplitude and delayed peak response, a response closer to a primary response. These cells also exhibit impaired cytotoxicity and survival. Finally these cells have a more sensitivity to immunoregulatory factors
Vendeville, Agnès. "Mode d'entrée de la protéine Tat de HIV-1 dans les lymphocytes T CD4+." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20065.
Full textAlonso, Ramirez Ruby. "Caractérisation in vivo de la réponse des lymphocytes T CD4+ naïfs spécifiques d'un néoantigène à différents stades du développement tumoral." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB099.
Full textDuring tumor development, the immune system is persistently exposed to tumor-associated antigens, frequently in a non-inflammatory context, favoring the establishment of tolerance. Passive (ignorance, anergy or deletion of tumor-specific T cells) or active mechanisms mediated by regulatory T cells (Tregs) may be involved in tolerance. CD4+ T cells are the main source of Tregs but they also display indirect and direct antitumor activity. So far, the contribution of CD4+ T cells during tumor development has been mainly addressed in murine transplanted tumor models. However, in these models the artificial inflammation associated with the presence of dying tumor cells at the time of tumor inoculation favors a long-lasting MHC-II-restricted tumor antigen presentation in an artificial inflammatory context. Here, we addressed this issue using two different models: a transplanted one in which the MHC-II neoantigen (DBY) is induced long after tumor implantation and a genetically engineered mouse (GEM) model of lung adenocarcinoma also expressing the DBY epitope, in which malignant transformation results from both the expression of an oncogene and the deletion of a tumor suppressor gene. Tumor-specific CD4+ T cell response was followed by transfer of naive DBY-specific Marilyn CD4+ T cells. In the transplanted tumor model, we found that the appearance of a neoantigen in established tumors was not ignored by the immune system. On the contrary, the neoantigen reached the tumor-draining lymph node (TdLN) and induced efficient priming of Marilyn cells that proliferated, produced IFN-γ, and recirculated to the tumor site. However, despite efficient induction of a tumor-specific CD4+ T cell response, tumors were not rejected. In the GEM model, we found that starting at the early tumor stages, neoantigens were expressed and reached the TdLN in sufficient amount to induce activation and proliferation of naive Marilyn T cells. However, this priming was suboptimal and resulted in a weak migration to the tumor site. Instead, some of the activated Marilyn cells acquired the expression of FOXP3 and a Treg gene signature while the remaining FOXP3- cells displayed a CD44hiCD73hiFR4hi anergic phenotype. CpG administration did not revert the Marilyn Treg conversion despite reinforcing dendritic cell maturation in the lung and the TdLN. Depletion of the host Treg compartment however, inhibited this conversion and favored Marilyn cell activation into full-blown effector cells able to migrate to the tumor site. Finally, Marilyn cells that were primed at distance of the TdLN, escaped tumor induced inhibition and became full effectors. Thus, in a tumor model reproducing the natural development of slowly growing human tumors, a tumor-associated dominant tolerance is established in the lymph node draining the tumor. This state of unresponsiveness is highly dependent on the presence of Treg cells in the TdLN, conferring tolerance to incoming tumor-specific naive CD4+ T cells
Saison, Julien. "Étude de la réponse immunitaire au traitement antirétroviral au cours de l'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10108/document.
Full textMore than 30 years after the discovery of HIV, between 20 and 30% of patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) do not recover normal levels of CD4 T lymphocytes (CD4). This immunological non response (INR) to ART is associated with an increased morbidity and mortality. There are many conflicting results in the literature related the role of T cells immune activation of T regulator cells (Treg), in INR. In order to clarify the links between INR, immune activation and Treg, we made two hypotheses: (i) there is a link between Treg’s percentage, immune activation of CD4 and / or CD8, and INR; and (ii) the percentage of Treg measured at ART introduction can be used as an independent predictor for INR. To test our hypotheses, we initially improved the immunophenotyping of Treg in daily practice, by comparing different Treg’s phenotype, and by validating in clinical samples a new « one step» staining method of intracellular FoxP3. Then we analyzed in a crosssectionnal study the links between INR, immune activation, different Treg’s subpopulations and detection of very low level viremia, in a population of HIV-1 infected patients, under suppressive ART for many years. Predictive factors associated with the INR were analyzed using multivariate analysis. Simultaneously, we performed a prospective study to analyse the prognostic role of Treg’s percentage at ART introduction on the CD4 reconstitution within 2 years. We have shown that INR after 7 years of ART was independently associated with CD4 nadir and Treg’s percentage. We found in INR patients a significant increase of CD4 immune activation, but not of CD8. Finally, we showed that the Treg’s percentage and the CD4 nadir were independant predictors of INR within 2 years from the start of ART. The effect of Treg at baseline on CD4 evolution was as lower as the CD4 nadir was higher. Measuring the percentage of Treg at ART introduction could be a simple and easy tool to use in daily routine. It could help to better target patients at risk of INR in association with the measurement of CD4 nadir. A follow-up of the cohort will confirm these results in the long term. Further studies will be conducted, focusing on patients with a low CD4 nadir, and on older patients, in order to explore the interactions between immunosenescence, immune activation and Treg
Garidou, Lucile. "Effet du 17B-oestradiol sur la réponse T CD4 et l'inflammation : implication dans la physiopathologie de l'encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30070.
Full textCiucci, Thomas. "Études des mécanismes d'action des lymphocytes T CD4+ dans la réponse inflammatoire chronique associée à la perte osseuse." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4049.
Full textChronic inflammation is a deregulated immune response characterized by a too important accumulation and activation of numerous cells, among them CD4+T cells. Inflammatory bone loss is the pathology mostly associated with several inflammatory diseases like Crohn’s disease. However, T cells populations and molecular mechanisms responsible of inflammatory bone loss still reaming unknown. Combination of in vivo and in vitro analysis in mice and human allows us to identify Th17 producing TNF-alpha osteoclastogenic T cell population and mechanisms linking inflammation and bone description. This population is maintained in vivo in the bone marrow and induces, via stromal cells, the recruitment of osteoclast precursors and their differentiation in osteoclast. Lastly, we confirm the presence and the osteoclatogenic effect of this population in human. In low-grade inflammation like obesity, we identify a subset of dendritic cells able to polarize mostly Th17-producing TNF-alpha CD4+T cells that could be responsible of bone loss that is observed in overweight patients. Altogether, our results showed for the first time that IL-17+ TNF-alpha+ cells represent an osteoclatogenic T cell subset witch link inflammation to bone destruction and represent a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target in inflammatory bone loss
Esquerré, Michael. "Influence des lymphocytes T CD4+ CD25+ régulateurs sur la dynamique de formation de la synapse immunologique entre un lymphocyte T CD4+ effecteur et une cellule présentatrice d'antigène." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/51/.
Full textThe encounter between a T lymphocyte and an antigen presenting cell (APC) is a central event in the initiation and development of adaptative immune responses. Interaction between these two cells leads to multiple molecular reorganizations of the intercellular contact site leading to the formation of a dynamical and specialized structure filling diverse biological functions: the Immunological Synapse (IS). This interaction enables a CD4+ T helper lymphocyte (TH) to activate and to put into place an intracellular sustained signaling necessary for cytokine production. The second key feature of this interaction consists in TH lymphocyte secretory machinery polarization towards APC thereby allowing a selective activation of the APC presenting the specific antigen and thus a selective amplification of the immune response. CD4+ CD25+ natural regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) play a pivotal role in the maintenance of peripheral self tolerance, their absence leading to the development of autoimmune lymphoproliferative disorders. Treg are also involved in controlling anti-infectious immune responses and have a deleterious role during anti-tumoral immune responses. To date, different regulation mechanisms involving cellular contact or the secretion of soluble effector molecules have been described. My thesis work was to determine if human Treg could inhibit immune responses by altering polarization of TH lymphocytes towards APC. In order to answer this question we used confocal microscopy approaches so as to visualize a Treg and a TH lymphocyte simultaneously interacting with a same APC. We were able to observe that Treg inhibit secretory machinery polarization of TH lymphocytes (Golgi apparatus and tubulin cytoskeleton) towards APC via local TGF- production. These results enabled us to identify a novel suppression mechanism that could allow to better apprehend the incredible potential of Treg to finely regulate immune responses
Joncker, Nathalie. "Rôle de l'antigène et de la force de stimulation dans la réponse anti-tumorale des lymphocytes T CD4+." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05N14S.
Full textUsing an adoptive transfert model of monoclonal CD4+ T cells into mice bearing a fibrosarcoma that expresses or not the specific antigen (Ag), we showed that CD4 T cells can accumulate in tumors independently of Ag presence in situ. These results indicate that tumor infiltrating T cells (TIM) presence does not always reflect an ongoing anti-tumor response in situ. Then we studied the influence of signal intensity (number of peptide-MHC complexes) on CD4+ TIL intra-tumor accumulation. Indirect way of tumor Ag presentation by dendritic cells (DC) in the tumor draining lymph node does not lead to an optimal activation of CD4+ T cells. Although, they proliferate continously and have capacity to secrete γ-IFN, activated T cells accumulate poorly in the tumors. We showed that the rate of TIL accumulation is related to the number of peptide-MHC complexes per DC
Cassan, Cécile. "Lymphocytes T CD4+Foxp3+ régulateurs et auto-immunité du système nerveux central." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30184.
Full textThe immune system defends us against invasions of pathogens; meanwhile, several mechanisms, including the control exerted by CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs), maintain an immune tolerance towards self-antigens. A disruption of this tolerance contributes to the development of auto-immune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). We have showed that Tregs protect mice against the development of experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is an animal model for MS. We have then investigated the role of the thymus and of self-antigens in the generation of Tregs specific for central nervous system antigens, as well as their specificity in EAE. A better knowledge on Tregs will allow the design of new therapeutic strategies for MS patients
Bobinet, Mathilde. "L'antigène de mélanome MELOE-1 : expression tissu-spécifique et immunogénicité." Nantes, 2013. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=675d8013-d823-46e0-b444-8afddd6642d1.
Full textIn order to develop new approaches of immunotherapy in melanoma, we focused on MELOE-1 antigen which is involved in immunosurveillance in melanomas. This study allowed to better document the immunogenicity of this antigen and to define the mechanisms involved in the regulation of meloe gene expression, two prerequisites for a use as a cancer vaccine. We showed that meloe gene expression was controlled both by melanoma specific transcription factors and by the methylation status of its promoter region, specifically hypomethylated in the melanocyte lineage. These two levels of control lead to the exclusive expression of meloe gene in melanocytic cells. Regarding the immunogenicity of MELOE-1 antigen, a product resulting from the translation of meloe gene, we identified six class II epitopes in different regions of the protein, in addition to the class I epitope already described. Furthermore, we showed in vitro, that MELOE-1 antigen was able to induce CD4 responses predominantly Th1 from circulating lymphocytes of all melanoma patients tested. Finally, preliminary results suggest that whole MELOE-1 antigen or a long peptide derived from this protein are more effective than the minimal class I epitope to induce robust CD8 T cell responses in vitro from circulating T lymphocytes. Taken together, these results make the use of long peptides derived from MELOE-1 relevant for melanoma immunotherapy
Sanlaville, Amélien. "Rôle de la réponse immunitaire adaptative anti-tumorale dans l’induction de la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1276.
Full textCurrent clinical challenge in many carcinomas is to reduce the risk of metastasis development and cancer recurrence. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a physiological process during embryogenesis, is a central mechanism in oncogenesis. EMT induction contributes to early transformation and dissemination through inhibition of cellular surveillance (apoptosis and senescence) and increased migrative and invasive behavior. Another necessary hallmark of cancer is the ability of tumor cells to evade immune surveillance, a powerful barrier against tumor progression. But cancer cells enjoy intricate relations with the immune system. Whereas inclination of inflammation and innate immune cells to favor tumor development and immune escape, via EMT induction and immunosuppressive microenvironment maintenance, has been well investigated, the role of adaptive immune response in EMT promotion is understudied. Based on the development of a plastic murine mammary tumor cell line model overexpressing Her2/Neu oncogene, this study demonstrate in vivo that tumor cells keep an epithelial phenotype in adaptive immunodeficient mice but undergo EMT under the pressure of T-cell mediated immune response, characterized by loss of epithelial EpCAM marker and acquisition of mesenchymal features and EMT transcriptomic signature. CD4 T cell depletion but not CD8 restores the epithelial phenotype of tumors, suggesting that CD4 T cells mediate an immune response that could lead ton EMT induction. In return, EMT confers the ability of tumor cells to shape immunity like intra-tumor neutrophil infiltration. This work shed a new light on interactions between tumor cells and immune system
Praud, Chantal. "Réponse des lymphocytes T CD4 dirigée contre des peptides du virus d'immunodéficience humaine (VIH) chez des individus séro-négatifs." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30062.
Full textJaume, Martial. "Influence des opioïdes sur l'apoptose hépatique et l'élaboration d'une réponse immunitaire TCD4+." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30245.
Full textFlament, Héloïse. "Modélisation de la réponse anti-tumorale des lymphocytes T CD4+ à l’aide 1) d’une tumeur transplantée exprimant un antigène de manière inductible et 2) de souris porteuses de tumeurs «spontanées»." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T031.
Full textThe role of CD4+ T cells in both tumor progression and immunity is being increasingly acknowledged in humans and mice. CD4+ T cell immunity against cancer has been mostly studied using murine transplanted tumor systems. In these models, many tumor cells die at the time of surgical implantation, leading to the release of tumor antigen (Ag) in an inflammatory context. This contrasts with the slow and non-destructive growth of early stage human tumors. Here, we show that the presentation of a MHC class II-restricted model (male, DBY) Ag released by dying fibroblastic tumor cells may last more than 3 weeks in the tumor draining lymph node (dLN). This artificial, early and long lasting priming precludes the study of the interactions between the immune system and tumors at the steady state. We therefore generated a cell line that could be induced to efficiently express DBY as a neoAg after implantation. We also took advantage of a previously described mouse model of genetically engineered, KrasG12D p53flox lung adenocarcinoma to generate a “spontaneous” tumor model expressing DBY. Our aim was to study in these two models the natural history of the tumor-specific CD4+ T cell response. In the transplanted tumor system, we show that the Ag reaches the dLNs and is efficiently presented to naïve specific CD4+ T cells. The proliferative and effector responses were similar in the inducible and constitutively expressed Ag tumor systems. The ICOS co-stimulatory receptor, and the PD-1 and BTLA co-inhibitory receptors were upregulated on the Ag specific CD4+ T cells in the dLN. We did not observe de novo induction of tumor-specific regulatory T cells. Finally, the pattern of secreted lymphokines in the dLN, spleen and tumor after in vitro Ag restimulation was similar, with a mixed TH1/TH17 response. Notably, a small percentage of DBY-specific effector T cells also displayed a cytolytic phenotype marked by the co-expression of granzyme B and LAMP-1. Thus, when the neo-Ag appears at distance of tumor implantation, the tumor was not ignored and did not induce tolerance of naïve CD4+ T cells. Other mechanisms have to be thought to explain the absence of tumor rejection despite efficient priming and migration of effector CD4+ T cells into tumors. Similarly to the strong proliferative response mentioned above, the DBY tumor Ag was efficiently presented in LNs draining “spontaneous” lung tumors, and induced activation and proliferation of adoptively transferred naive T cells. After priming they did not convert into Tregs, even in end-stage disease. This work is still ongoing, but preliminary results show that activated DBY-specific T cells from the dLN and the lungs produced IFN-γ and granzyme B during early stages of the disease. In contrast, IL-17 secreting cells were found exclusively in the lungs from mice with late-stages invasive tumors. Although IL-17 may enhance tumor progression, including in models driven by the Kras oncogen, emerging data strongly suggest that TH17 effector cells demonstrate a high grade of plasticity and can display anti tumor activity. Little is known about the antigen specificity of IL-17 production in lung cancer patients, and our model could be useful to test new strategies targeting either positively or negatively tumor Ag-specific TH17 cells in cancer immunotherapy
Lucas, Bernadette. "Étude de la réponse cellulaire vis à vis des stades érythrocytaires au cours de l'infection de souris BALB/C par Plasmodium yoelii." Compiègne, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994COMPD708.
Full textGalperin, Moran. "Molecular and functional characterization of high avidity T cell receptors preferentially expressed by HIV-specific CD4 + T cells from HIV controllers." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC251.
Full textHIV controllers are rare individuals who spontaneously control HIV replication without the need for therapeutic intervention, these patients are characterized by normal CD4+ T cell counts and viral loads, which remain below the limit of detection (<50 RNA copies per milliliter plasma) for extended periods of time, importantly, HIV controllers very rarely progress to aids, accumulating evidence suggests that control of viral replication in these patients is mediated by a particularly efficient cellular immune response. Indeed, our team previously reported that HIV controllers maintain a population of specific CD4+ T cells of high functional avidity, these cells were shown to produce IFN gamma in response to minimal amounts of the immunodominant GAG293 peptide. In a first study, we have shown that HIV controller CD4+ T cells maintain a population of highly efficient effector cells, which are characterized by increased production of IFN gamma and the degranulation marker CD107A in response to stimulation with GAG293, notably, these THI responses persisted in HIV controllers despite the minimal amount of viral antigens available to induce such responses, in contrast, CD4+ T cells from treated patients showed increased expression of IL-10, indicating negative immunoregulation after long-term antiretroviral therapy, the persistence of efficient CD4+ T effector responses in spite of low antigenemia may be explained by the presence of high avidity CD4+ T cells in HIV controllers. These findings prompted us to explore the ex vivo expression patterns of T-BET, which is a key transcription factor driving the differentiation towards THI lineage, T-BET expression levels were higher in HIV controllers compared with healthy blood donors, However, we did not detect Increased T-BET expression in controller CD4+ T cells compared to patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart), the possibility that T-BET expression differs in the HIV -specific CD4+ T cells of controllers and treated patients remains to be tested. The high functional avidity observed in controller CD4+ T cells could be explained by an intrinsic property of their t cell receptors (TCRS), which efficiently round GAG293-loaded MHC class-II tetramers, to identify the molecular determinants underlying this hight avidity response, we characterized the TCR repertoire directed at the immunodominant capsid epitope, GAG293. HIV controllers showed a highly skewed repertoire characterized by a predominance of the TRAV24 and TRBV2 variable gene families, the presence of conserved motifs in both CDR3 regions, and a high prevalence of public clonotypes (N=18 for each TCR chain), the most prevalent public clonotypes generated TCR with affinities in the micro-molar range, at the high end of values reported for naturally occurring TCRS, the high-affinity GAG293-specific TCRS conferred broad HLA 11 cross-restriction, with up to 5 HLA-DR alleles recognized, high antigen sensitivity, and polyfunctionalityTo primary CD4+ T cells, in addition, CD8+ T cells could be redirected to target the conserved capsid major homology region by expressing a high-affinity GAG293-specific TCR, these findings indicate that TCR clonotypes with superior functions are associated with HIV control, amplifying or transferring such clonotypes may contribute to immunotherapeutic approaches that aim at a functional HIV cure
Delmas, Sandra. "Etude de la réponse lymphocytaire T CD4 + dirigée contre la protéine IE1 du cytomégalomégalovirus humain (CMVH) : potentialisation de cette réponse dans un but vaccinal : échappement du CMVH à la réponse cytotoxique de ces lymphocytes." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30232.
Full textHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects 50-100 % of the world population without overt symptoms but is pathogenic in immunosuppressed individuals. Cellular immunity plays a major role in the control of HCMV infection. Our data show potentiation of the CD4+ T cell response to a specific epitope of IE1 protein through shortening and relocation of an otherwise nuclear protein and suggest applications in vaccination. This response was due to endogenous presentation followed by exogenous presentation at later time points. Presentation was dependent on both proteasome and acidic compartments. We have also shown that although IE1-specific CD4+T cell clones were cytotoxic against peptide-pused targets, their cytotoxicity was undetectable on infected targets. The main reason for this lack of cytotocixity was found to be the selective inhibition of cytotoxicity of infected targets whereas IFN-g production was not impaired. Our data describe for the first the inhibition of cytotoxicity of CD4+ T lymphocytes against infected targets
Sharma, Meenu. "Interactions cellulaires et moléculaires entre basophiles et lymphocytes T CD4+." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01066885.
Full textBeziaud, Laurent. "Impact des inhibiteurs de la voie mTOR sur la réponse immunitaire T anti-tumorale." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA3002.
Full textThe mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays a central role in the regulation of cell growth andmetabolism, and is involved in oncogenesis. Everolimus and temsirolimus are two mTOR inhibitors (mTORi) approvedfor renal and breast carcinoma treatments. However, accumulating evidence highlights a central role for mTOR pathwayin T cell immunity. We showed that 21 out of 23 metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients under everolimus treatmenthad an increase of Tregs atter everolimus treatment. Paradoxically, strong antitumor Th 1 responses were detected andthen greatly decreased at the time of disease progression when high expansion of Tregs occurred. Furthermore, weidentified three immune groups based on the early modulation of both Treg and anti-tumor Thl cells and found thatpatients with {low Tregs plus high anti-tumor Thl cells} showed the best survival. In vitro, mTORi-exposed Tregs highlysuppressed T cell proliferation and Thl-associated cytokines production. We showed in vivo that T cells depletiondifferentially modulated the antitumor efficacy of mTORi. Although anti-mTOR effect was loss in B16-OVA-bearingmice lacking CD8 T cells, CD4 T depletion increased mTORi efficacy. The studies conducted in mice demonstratedthat the presence of Tregs in vivo altered the responses to mTORi via a mechanism involving the inhibition of antitumorCD8 T cell responses. Finally the efficacy of mTORi was improved by combination with Tregs depleting agents andvaccines. Altogether, our results describe for the first time a dual impact of host adaptive antitumor T cell immunity onthe clinical effectiveness of mTQRi and prompt their association with immunotherapies
Azam, Aurélien. "Etude de la réponse des lymphocytes T spécifiques de l’hormone humaine H2-relaxine et de modifications non-naturelles : perspectives pour la réduction de l’immunogénicité des protéines et peptides thérapeutiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS140/document.
Full textThis project has accompanied the pre-clinical development of the human hormone Relaxin-2 (Rln2) that induced antibodies during clinical trials, it focuses on two issues: (1) to understand its immunogenicity, (2) to study the impact of unnatural modifications on immunogenicity to increase its stability.Given the role of CD4 T-cells in immune responses, the frequency of Rln2-specific T-cells in a large panel of healthy donors was estimated, and explained the development of anti-Rln2 antibodies. The T epitope mapping then identified the areas responsible for its immunogenicity. Then, 6 unnatural modifications (D amino acid, amino isobutyric acid, peptoid, N-methylation, C-methylation & reduced peptide bond) used to increase the half-life were introduced at most positions of a highly immunogenic peptide. T-cell recognition, binding to HLA molecules and the ability to induce CD4 T-cells were studied for modified analog peptides. Most of the modifications were very effective in minimizing immunogenic properties.This thesis project is at the crossroads between the acquisition of new knowledge in immunology and its application in the process of design & risk management of therapeutic peptides
Bossennec, Marion. "Caractérisation et régulation des lymphocytes T CD4+CD73+ en contextes physiologique et pathologique." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1159.
Full textRequirement for CD4+ effector T lymphocytes (Teff) comprehensive study in human is increasing since it can contribute to the emergence of new immunotherapy strategies. This work brings up important information concerning the characterization and regulation of a Teff population expressing the CD73 ecto-nucleotidase, which is able to degrade extracellular AMP into immunosuppressive adenosine (Ado). This population, highly polyfunctional and pro-inflammatory, is enriched in Th1.17 cells. CD73+ Teff express low levels of inhibitory immune checkpoints but are negatively regulated by the autocrine Ado production that limits their pro-inflammatory function and proliferative capacities. In addition, CD73+ Teff express high levels of the ABC transporter multi-drug resistance 1 (MDR1), responsible for the exclusion of cells’ cytoplasm of many drugs. The study of this population in different pathological contexts enabled to decipher its functions. I could evidence that CD73 expression is dynamic. CD73 is notably decreased in autoimmune arthritic pathologies (rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA)) in which Th1.17 and Th17 are highly activated. CD73 decreased expression by these cells is a mechanism that alleviates self-inhibition by autocrine Ado production and enables them to fully contribute to chronic inflammation characterizing these pathologies. In tumor context, CD73+ Teff present in breast and ovarian tumors could on the contrary bear a selective advantage due to their high MDR1 expression enabling them to resist MDR1 substrates-based chemotherapy treatments. These chemotherapy treatments combined to therapies blocking CD73 enzymatic function could allow the restauration of an efficient anti-tumor immune response
RIVAILLER, PIERRE. "Etude du rôle de CD46 dans l'infection par le virus de la rougeole et dans la réponse des lymphocytes T CD4+ spécifiques à l'aide de souris transgéniques." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ENSL0039.
Full textJacquet, Alexandra. "Etude de la réponse T CD4+ antitumorale : régulation de l'expansion et de l'accumulation intratumorale et établissement de nouveaux modèles de tumeurs transplantées et spontanées." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T010.
Full textDelobel, Pierre. "Evolution du tropisme du HIV-1 sous traitement antirétroviral et impact sur l'homéostasie lymphocytaire T." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30059.
Full textRahmoun, Massilva. "Études phénotypique et fonctionnelle de lymphocytes T CD4+ régulateurs humains : implication dans le contrôle de l'inflammation cutanée et bronchique." Montpellier 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON1T001.
Full textBartolo, Laurent. "Réponses immunitaires et induction de tolérance pour la thérapie génique rAAV du muscle basée sur le ciblage des hépatocytes : induction de tolérance et mécanismes immunitaires liés à la transduction des hépatocytes Liver-based tolerance induction of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells responses in rAAV muscle gene therapy." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB198.
Full textIt is increasingly realized that immune responses to rAAV gene therapy treatments, not only to the vector capsid but also to reparative transgenes can cause adverse effects of importance in the case of muscle gene delivery in monogenic muscle disorders. These responses to "foreign" sequence elements of the reparative transgene that are not initially present or insufficiently expressed in the host represent a threat which can eliminate the transduced cells of interest. It is therefore highly desirable to design immune tolerance protocols able to impose transgene-specific immunological unresponsiveness. We explored here how liver-based recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (rAAV) mediated expression of foreign transgene imposes immune tolerance after immunogenic rAAV muscle transduction. We found that liver transgene expression driven with the hAAT hepatocyte specific promotor is effective to promote robust muscle-associated transgene expression, nullifying transgene-specific CD8+ T cell responses as well as humoral responses. Liver transgene expression equally promotes immune tolerance to subsequent rAAV muscle injections despite the presence of transgene-specific memory responses. Importantly, the CD8+ T cell tolerization process leads to partial deletion and conversion into PD-1+ CD8+ T cells, a hallmark of T cell exhaustion. Likewise, CD4+ T cell responses elicited in muscle do not compromise liver-based tolerance induction. Our results demonstrate that liver transduction with rAAV vectors using hepatocyte specific hAAT promotor imposes immune tolerance to transgene-specific T cells elicited from the naïve T cell repertoire after muscle transduction. Confronting our results with others, we suggest that CD8+ T cell depletion occurs after antigen recognition through direct capture and internalization of T cell corpses by hepatocyte in a mechanism already described and referred to as suicidal emperipolesis. Alternatively, BIM-dependent apoptotic process may also occur as a result of T cell-hepatocyte interactions. Regarding transgene-specific CD4+ T cells, we presume that they undergo phenotypic conversion such as Treg conversion as evidenced in multiple sclerosis models. Our results also suggest that the retention time and affinity of transgene-specific T cells next to transduced hepatocytes is critical for their fate. Last, considering applications for muscle gene therapies, control of local muscle immune response is of crucial importance in the treatment of several muscular dystrophies including Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. In this context our liver-based tolerance induction protocol is relevant, provided that the transgene of interest does not alter hepatocytes functions and is beneficial against adverse immune responses
Galaine, Jeanne. "Etude des réponses lymphocytaires T CD4 anti-tumorales : de l'identification de cibles à leur utilisation pour l'immunomonitorage." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA3016.
Full textImmune cells are able to recognize and eliminate cancer cells to prevent from cancer development. Among them, antitumoral activity is mainly attributed to CD4 T helper 1 (Thl) cells. CD4 Thl cells are activated upon recognition of tumor antigen presented on the Major Histocompatibility Complex class II (MHC-II) molecules. These cells possess their own cytotoxic capacities and activate other immune cells. Firstly, we were interested in the mechanism of presentation of the catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT) which is an attractive tumor antigen target for immunotherapies. hTERT protein can interact with cell surface HSPGs facilitating its internalization by DC. Then, hTERT uses thé endo-lysosomal and cytosolic proteolysis pathways to generale immunogenic peptides named UCP (Universal Cancer Peptide) presented in HLA-DR context. This discovery is an additional argument in favor of using hTERT as a target for cancer immunotherapies. Then, we identified four novel hTERT-derived peptides presented by HLA-DP4 and compared their immunogenicity with UCP. This analysis highlighted the superiority of UCP in term of immunoprevalence and immunodominance. This stresses the importance of considering MHC-II locus for immunotherapy strategies stimulating CD4 T cells. Finally, we studied the impact of oxaliplatin treatment and/or oxaliplatin résistance acquisition on CRC antigenome. Evaluation of immune responses in CRC patients permitted the identification of immunogenic peptides derived from antigens upregulated after oxaliplatin exposition. In conclusion, this work could participate in the improvement of cancer immunotherapies and immunomonitoring targeting CD4 Thl cells
Bessay, Muriel. "Les coccidioses aviaires : contributions à l'étude du développement de la réponse immune, conséquences pour une stratégie vaccinale." Tours, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOUR3801.
Full textLoyon, Romain. "Etude du role de l'IL-21 dans l'interaction entre les cellules à cytotoxicité naturelle et les lymphocytes T CD4 chez l'homme." Thesis, Besançon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BESA3020.
Full textNatural Killer lymphocytes are critical for innate immunity-mediated protection. Main roles of NK cell rely on their cytotoxic functions or depend on the tuning of TH1 adaptive immunity by IFN-y. Here, we provide evidence that 1L-21, a cytokine produced in vivo during chronic inflammation or infectious diseases, promotes the differentiation of a specifie subset of NK co-expressing CD86 and HLA-DR. IL-21-propagated HLA-DR' NK were able to process and present antigens to CD4' T lymphocytes. More importantly, IL-21-propagated HLA-DR' NK produced macrophage migration inhibitory factor and provided a co-stimulatory signaling during naive CD4* T cell priming inducing the differentiation of uncommitted central memory (Tcm) lymphocytes. Tcm expanded in the presence of HLA-DR* NK were CXCR3 CCR4" CCR6' CXCR5' and produced IL-2, as well as low levels of TNF-a. Co-stimulation of CD4* T cells by HLA-DR' NK prevented the acquisition of effector memory phenotype induced by IL-2. Altogether, these results demonstrate a novel function for IL-21 in tuning NK and CD4~ T cell interactions promoting a specifie expansion of central memory lymphocytes
Guihot-Thévenin, Amélie. "Etude des réponses immunes spécifiques de l'herpès humain virus-8 (HHV-8)." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066599.
Full textWe study specific-T cell responses to HHV-8 in different clinical situations: during Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD), which are HHV-8 related diseases, and in HHV-8 asymptomatic carriers (AC). Our first work during classic and HIV-related KS (n=29 patients) shows a lack of HHV-8-specific T cells in ELISpot IFN assays when compared to AC (n=23 patients). This study identifies 8 new CD4 and CD8 T cell epitopes on HHV-8. Our second work shows that during MCD (n=12 patients), HHV-8-specific CD8 T cells in ELISpot IFN assays are conserved in peripheral blood when compared to AC (n=12 patients), but their phenotype is more differentiated. Percentages of early differentiated effector HHV-8-specific T cells are inversely correlated to HHV-8 viral loads. Furthermore, HHV-8-specific T cells are polyfunctional in MCM and PA patients. These results suggest that during MCD, HHV-8-specific T cells are quantitatively normal and polyfunctional but seems inefficient on MCD control. These studies permit us to elaborate different physiopathological mechanisms for KS and MCM
Ghazi, Bouchra. "Réponses cellulaires associées au récepteur KIR3DL2, marqueur spécifique des lymphocytes T tumoraux du syndrome de Sézary." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST0068.
Full textSézary syndrome (SS) is an aggressive leukemic and erythrodermic variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. It is characterized by the presence of a clonal CD4+ T lymphocyte population in the skin, lymph nodes and peripheral blood. Our laboratory has previously identified the NK cell receptor KIR3DL2 as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic marker for the detection of the tumoral T cell burden of Sézary syndrome patients. However, the function of this receptor on the malignant T lymphocyte population remained unexplored. The specific expression of KIR3DL2 by SS patients malignant cells prompted us to investigate its possible influence on mechanisms regulating the tumoral cells outgrowth and apoptosis process.To this aim, two axes were developed. The first axis aimed to highlight the function of KIR3DL2 on the malignant T lymphocyte population and to elucidate the intracellular signaling mechanisms initiated by engagement of the receptor with the monoclonal antibody AZ158. Our results show that KIR3DL2 can exert an inhibitory co-receptor function in malignant Sézary cells. Indeed, triggering of KIR3DL2 inhibits the CD3-mediated proliferation and cell death of the CD4+ KIR3DL2+ cells, this inhibition being correlated to a down-modulation of the TCR-mediated signals. Thus, KIR3DL2 does not behave as an independent signaling unit in Sézary cells, unlike NK cells.The second axis aimed to evaluate a new function of KIR3DL2 as CpG ODN receptor. We show for the first time a direct effect of CpG ODN on tumoral CD4+ T Sézary cells. Thus, we observed a caspase-dependent apoptotic effect of CpG ODN-C on Sézary cell lines and circulating malignant T cells. This process of cellular death is correlated to a dephosphorylation of the transcription factor STAT3, which is found constitutively phosphorylated and activated in Sézary cells.This study has provided new insights into the function and the intracellular signaling pathways initiated by KIR3DL2 in malignant Sézary T cells. Furthermore, this work opens new therapeutic perspectives based on the direct and specific targeting of tumor cells that could be associated to immune cell stimulation through the use of ODN CpG
Landais, Elise. "Caractérisation de réponses lymphocytaires T CD4+ dirigées contre le virus d'Epstein-Barr." Nantes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NANT2038.
Full textEpstein-Barr virus is a persistent virus, controlled but never eliminated by the immune system, which infects 90% of the population worldwide. CD4 T cell responses are essential in anti-viral immunity but found at low frequency in vivo, thus explaining their poor characterisation. We have characterised a cytotoxic CD4 T cell response directed against the lytic protein BHRF1, important in the control of EBV latently infected B cells. In fact, this lytic protein is cross-presented by latently infected B cells, which do not express this antigen, thus leading to their recognition by BHRF1-specific CD4 T lymphocytes. We also show the existence, in the EBV-specific CD4 T cell repertoire, of alloreactive cells potentially dangerous for engrafted people whose B-EBV lymphoproliferations are treated with adoptive transfer of EBV-specific T cell lines
Ghenassia, Alexandre. "Induction de réponses mémoires lymphocytaires T CD8 et protection vaccinale après transfert de gènes par le vecteur AAV recombinant." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05T032/document.
Full textImmunological memory is the fundamental biological mechanism at the beginning of the development of vaccination. Understanding this mechanism and its interactions with the various players of the immune system has allowed the development of vaccines that are today the most effective barrier against the emergence of life-threatening infectious diseases. Route of injection and the nature of carriers of these vaccines are key parameters to be taken into consideration because they define a modulation of immune responses and their specific features. Nowadays, only the intramuscular injection route remains the major route of vaccines injection in the context of primary prophylaxis in human health. During our study, we were interested in comparing the injection of antigen (ovalbumin) following two routes of administration: intramuscular and intradermal routes. We also relied on a technology in the laboratory that involves the transfer of genes by rAAV2/1 vectors. We had two constructs of these vectors having specificity to target skeletal muscle cells and allowing us to provide a helper effect from CD4+ T cells during injections into female mice recipients. Moreover, one of these constructs enabled us to avoid the direct presentation of antigens by dendritic cells (DCs) to CD8+ T cells. The capacity of modulation of these vectors allowed us to show for the first time that the rAAV2/1 vector was able to trigger the expression of a transgene in the skin, and there to generate a strong cellular response. We have also shown that CD4+ T cell help and the intradermal route of immunization synergize to improve greatly cellular responses from the cross-presentation of antigens. Finally, we have demonstrated that CD8+ T cells generated following this synergism exhibited a phenotypic profile of polyfunctional memory cells and able to protect the host against a pathogenic challenge
Bayard, Florence. "Etude des réponses cellulaires T spécifiques de la protéine hepatitis B spliced-generated protein (HBSP) du virus de l'hépatite B (VHB) et caractérisation de nouveaux épitopes du VHB." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077089.
Full textChronic HBV infection remains a Worldwide health problem, as 400 million people are chronic HBV-carriers. Detection of antibodies against the recently identified "Hepatitis B spliced-generated protein" (HBSP) in 30% of HBV chronic carriers has been related to the severity of fîbrosis. This suggests a possible role of HBSP-specific T cell immune response in fibrogenesis. We first studied the HBSP-specific T cell immune response in HLA-A2 and HLArB7:transgenic mice immunized with HBSP-encoding vectors. Several epitopes activated CD8 T cell responses in immunized mice. Then, we showed that these epitopes were efficiently processed and recognized by T cells from HBV chronic carriers. We are currently investigating the possible link of these immune responses with severe fibrosis and/or viral replication by exploring the HBSP-specific T cell immune response/in patients with different clinical settings. In a second part, we studied the helper potential of two HLA-DRl-restricted epitopes derived from HBV. Invariant chain of our vectors allowed efficient transport and processing of HLA-DR1 epitopes. These epitopes efficiently helped to develop a polyfunctional CD8 T cell response specific for HBV envelope. Ail the epitopes described here are strong activators of CD8 and/or CD4 T cell immune responses. They could be included in polyepitopic DNA vaccine constructs to increase the cellular responses primed by such vaccines. Moreover, if HBSP-specific T cell responses are correlated with outcome of disease, it could have a great clinical impact, for example to develop a diagnostic tool for fibrosis progression
Stubbe, Muriel. "Lymphocytes T CD4 et réponses vaccinales: du processus de différenciation à la mémoire immunologique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210593.
Full textPour approcher cette question, nous avons utilisé deux approches expérimentales. La première est un suivi de la différenciation des LT CD4 au cours de la réponse immune primaire chez des sujets vaccinés contre l’hépatite B ;la deuxième est la caractérisation phénotypique et fonctionnelle des LT CD4 mémoires antigène(Ag)-spécifiques pendant la phase d’état. Cette analyse a été réalisée au sein des LT CD4 spécifiques d’Ag vaccinaux, l’Ag de surface du virus de l’hépatite B (HBs) et la toxine tétanique (TT), ainsi que ceux spécifiques des Ag du cytomégalovirus (CMV). Les LT CD4 Ag-spécifiques ont été mis en évidence par cytométrie de flux après marquage intracytoplasmique du ligand du CD40 (CD40L) exprimé en réponse à une stimulation de courte durée par l’Ag. Des expériences basées sur la stimulation par la toxine du syndrome du choc toxique et le marquage du segment Vbeta2 du récepteur des LT ont démontré la bonne sensibilité et spécificité de cette méthode.
Le suivi de la réponse primaire chez 11 donneurs jusqu’à plus d’un an après immunisation par le vaccin anti-hépatite B a permis d’établir un modèle de différenciation des LT CD4 Ag-spécifiques in vivo chez l’homme. Nous avons mis en évidence des LT CD4 spécifiques d’un nombre limité de peptides immunodominants de la protéine HBs suggérant une réponse de type oligoclonale. Grâce à l’utilisation d’un cytomètre neuf couleurs, nous avons mené une analyse détaillée de l’hétérogénéité de la population mémoire HBs-spécifique. L’expression du CCR7 permet de distinguer des cellules de type mémoire centrale (LTCM, CCR7+) et effectrice (LTEM, CCR7-) se distinguant notamment par leur capacité à migrer vers les ganglions lymphatiques ainsi que par leurs propriétés fonctionnelles. Nous avons montré l’existence de ces deux sous-populations au sein des cellules HBs-spécifiques mais par opposition à leur définition initiale, ces LTCM sont capables de produire des cytokines effectrices. La proportion importante de LTCM exprimant le Ki67 témoigne d’une activité proliférative persistante in vivo et suggère la capacité de ces cellules à s’auto-renouveler et éventuellement à alimenter le pool des LTEM. La proportion importante de LTCM exprimant la chaîne alpha du récepteur à l’IL-7 (CD127) suggère que ces cellules sont sensibles aux signaux émanant de l’IL-7, une cytokine dont le rôle dans le maintien de la mémoire lymphocytaire T est connu. Compte tenu de la relevance potentielle de ces caractéristiques uniques pour le développement de vaccins et de l’accumulation de travaux montrant l’avantage sélectif des LTCM à conférer une immunité protectrice, nous avons focalisé la dernière partie de ces recherches sur cette sous-population. Une étude transversale des LTCM spécifiques de plusieurs types d’Ag (éliminés (HBs et TT) ou persistants (CMV)) a été menée. Nos résultats montrent une hétérogénéité, variable selon l’Ag, de la capacité de ces cellules à produire des cytokines effectrices et de leur phénotype de différenciation. Cette donnée nouvelle soulève la possibilité que les LTCM soient hétérogènes dans leur capacité à conférer une immunité protectrice. L’acquisition du marqueur KLRG1 par une fraction des LTCM s’associe à une capacité accrue à produire des cytokines effectrices et à une expression élevée du CD127. La possibilité que ces cellules soient particulièrement aptes à conférer une immunité protectrice et durable est discutée, tout comme les mécanismes menant à leur génération et l’intérêt de ces connaissances pour la conception de nouveaux vaccins.
Doctorat en Sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished