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1
Norris, Alison H., Payal Chakraborty, Kaiting Lang, Robert B. Hood, Sarah R. Hayford, Lisa Keder, Danielle Bessett, et al. "Abortion Access in Ohio’s Changing Legislative Context, 2010–2018." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 8 (August 2020): 1228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305706.
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Objectives. To examine abortion utilization in Ohio from 2010 to 2018, a period when more than 15 abortion-related laws became effective. Methods. We evaluated changes in abortion rates and ratios examining gestation, geographic distribution, and abortion method in Ohio from 2010 to 2018. We used data from Ohio’s Office of Vital Statistics, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Abortion Surveillance Reports, the American Community Survey, and Ohio’s Public Health Data Warehouse. Results. During 2010 through 2018, abortion rates declined similarly in Ohio, the Midwest, and the United States. In Ohio, the proportion of early first trimester abortions decreased; the proportion of abortions increased in nearly every later gestation category. Abortion ratios decreased sharply in most rural counties. When clinics closed, abortion ratios dropped in nearby counties. Conclusions. More Ohioans had abortions later in the first trimester, compared with national patterns, suggesting delays to care. Steeper decreases in abortion ratios in rural versus urban counties suggest geographic inequity in abortion access. Public Health Implications. Policies restricting abortion access in Ohio co-occur with delays to care and increasing geographic inequities. Restrictive policies do not improve reproductive health.
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Ashley, Walker S., Alex M. Haberlie, and Jacob Strohm. "A Climatology of Quasi-Linear Convective Systems and Their Hazards in the United States." Weather and Forecasting 34, no. 6 (October 17, 2019): 1605–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-19-0014.1.
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Abstract This research uses image classification and machine learning methods on radar reflectivity mosaics to segment, classify, and track quasi-linear convective systems (QLCSs) in the United States for a 22-yr period. An algorithm is trained and validated using radar-derived spatial and intensity information from thousands of manually labeled QLCS and non-QLCS event slices. The algorithm is then used to automate the identification and tracking of over 3000 QLCSs with high accuracy, affording the first, systematic, long-term climatology of QLCSs. Convective regions determined by the procedure to be QLCSs are used as foci for spatiotemporal filtering of observed severe thunderstorm reports; this permits an estimation of the number of severe storm hazards due to this morphology. Results reveal that nearly 32% of MCSs are classified as QLCSs. On average, 139 QLCSs occur annually, with most of these events clustered from April through August in the eastern Great Plains and central/lower Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys. QLCSs are responsible for a spatiotemporally variable proportion of severe hazard reports, with a maximum in QLCS-report attribution (30%–42%) in the western Ohio and central Mississippi River Valleys. Over 21% of tornadoes, 28% of severe winds, and 10% of severe hail reports are due to QLCSs across the central and eastern United States. The proportion of QLCS-affiliated tornado and severe wind reports maximize during the overnight and cool season, with more than 50% of tornadoes and wind reports in some locations due to QLCSs. This research illustrates the utility of automated storm-mode classification systems in generating extensive, systematic climatologies of phenomena, reducing the need for time-consuming and spatiotemporal-limiting methods where investigators manually assign morphological classifications.
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Poland, Therese M., Deepa S. Pureswaran, Tina M. Ciaramitaro, and John H. Borden. "1-Octen-3-ol is repellent to Ips pini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in the midwestern United States." Canadian Entomologist 141, no. 2 (April 2009): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n09-002.
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AbstractIn field experiments at three sites in Michigan and Ohio we tested the activity of 1-octen-3-ol in combination with ipsdienol, the aggregation pheromone of the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say). When 1-octen-3-ol was added to funnel traps baited with ipsdienol, significantly fewer beetles of either sex were captured than in traps baited with ipsdienol alone. This result suggests that the compound is potentially repellent and interrupts the response of beetles to their aggregation pheromone, and is consistent with previous reports of its inhibition of aggregation behaviour in other bark beetles.
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Kamstra, James. "Japanese Chaff-flower, Achyranthes japonica (Amaranthaceae), on the Erie islands, an invasive plant new to Canada." Canadian Field-Naturalist 133, no. 1 (September 20, 2019): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v133i1.2161.
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Japanese Chaff-flower, Achyranthes japonica (Miquel) Nakai (Amaranthaceae) was found growing on two islands in western Lake Erie: East Sister Island and Middle Island. These are the first documented reports for this species in Canada, and these locations are approximately 300 km north of the nearest reported observations in southern Ohio. Japanese Chaff-flower is a non-native plant from Asia, which is highly invasive in the United States and has the potential to become so in Canada.
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Mathers, Hannah M., and Michele M. Bigger. "Bark Splitting and Other Cold Hardiness Effects of Ornamental Herbicides." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 976C—976. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.976c.
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Many nurseries within Ohio and northeastern, southeastern, and western United States, and Canada have reported severe bark splitting and scald-type problems in 2005. The amount and severity of damage seen in 2005 has been unlike anything seen before. At Ohio State University, samples from across the state started appearing in 2003–04 and increased in incidence in 2005. Growers' reports of exceeding losses of 5% of their inventory or 3000 to 4000 trees per nursery are not uncommon. At an average cost of $125 per tree and with the number of nurseries reporting problems, the stock losses in Ohio have been staggering, in excess of several million dollars. The trees that we have seen problems on in 2005 have been callery pears, yoshino cherry, kwanzan cherry, crab apples, sycamore, serviceberry, hawthorn, mountain ash, black gum, paper bark maple, japanese maples, norway maple `Emerald Queen', red maples, kousa dogwood, magnolia `Elizabeth' and the yellow magnolias such as `Butterflies', `Sawada's Cream', `Yellow Bird', and `Yellow Lantern'. It has long been observed that the actual cause of a bark crack was “preset” by a wound such as the improper removal of a basal sprout, herbicide, leaving of a branch stub, or lack of cold hardiness. Cold and frost may be contributing to the increase in bark splitting across the United States; however, new research results at Ohio State University regarding the effects of DNA preemergent herbicides in the reduction of root hardiness and regrowth potential, sprout removal and other mechanical injuries, and postemergent herbicide application will reveal these are more the causal agents.
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Stumpf, Steven H., Mary L. Hardy, D. E. Kendall, and Clifford R. Carr. "Unveiling the United States Acupuncture Workforce." Complementary health practice review 15, no. 1 (January 2010): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533210110377884.
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Acupuncture was first legalized in Maryland in 1973. By the end of 2009, regulatory legislation had passed in all but six states. The growth of acupuncture is most commonly measured by its well-documented demand as a treatment modality and the rapid increase in the number of licensees. Much less documented is a puzzling stagnation in work opportunities and income. As many as half of all licensees, on graduation and licensure, may be unable to support themselves by working in their chosen profession. However, unlike other well-established complementary and alternative health professions, such as chiropractic and massage, acupuncture is conspicuously absent from the Bureau of Labor and Statistics occupations manual, with only a handful of secondary and incomplete studies available, which together provide an inexact picture of the workforce. In this article, the authors review seven reports that provide limited information including hours worked, income, and practice type. Although data from these published articles are not standard, it can be reasonably concluded from the available information that, over the past decade, 50% of the licensed acupuncture (LAc) workforce is working less than 30 hr weekly; 50% are earning less than $50,000 on average; and the number of LAcs working independently in practice, either in their own office or sharing one, has increased from approximately 75% to 90%. Suggestions are presented for conducting a much needed comprehensive analysis of the acupuncture workforce.
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Loftin, Colin, David McDowall, and Min Xie. "Underreporting of Homicides by Police in the United States, 1976-2013." Homicide Studies 21, no. 2 (February 14, 2017): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767917693358.
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To identify sources of error in estimates of the number of homicides committed by police officers in the United States, we examined data from the Supplementary Homicide Report (SHR) and the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) between 1976 and 2013. Coverage and nonresponse errors were the primary reasons for underreporting in the SHR, with some agencies not participating or failing to submit some monthly reports. Measurement errors were the primary source of underreporting in the NVSS. If police involvement was not mentioned on death certificate, the death was misclassified as a civilian homicide.
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Wolff, J. K., and R. D. Sharman. "Climatology of Upper-Level Turbulence over the Contiguous United States." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 2198–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jamc1799.1.
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Abstract Climatologies of the regional, seasonal, and temporal distributions of upper-level (18 000–60 000-ft MSL) turbulence over the contiguous United States (CONUS) are constructed using pilot reports (PIREPs) of aircraft turbulence encounters. The PIREP database used contains over two million entries, and encompasses 12 complete years of data, from January 1994 through December 2005. In spite of known variability in pilot reporting practices, it was found that PIREPs are very consistent among themselves for the null and moderate-or-greater (MOG) intensity categories. Air traffic pattern biases were accounted for by considering only statistics of MOG/total report ratios. Over the CONUS, regional maxima are evident in MOG/total ratios over mountainous regions in the west, over the south and southeast, and over the North Atlantic seaboard. Some additional investigations are presented to help to identify possible origins of the turbulence using a smaller time interval of PIREPs in comparison with archived 20-km Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) NWP model analyses, satellite and radar-based cloud-top and cloud-base analyses, and lightning flash data, as well as topography statistics.
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HOPPEROBERTS, J., L. LLOYD, and P. CHYKA. "Poisoning Mortality in the United States: Comparison of National Mortality Statistics and Poison Control Center Reports." Annals of Emergency Medicine 35, no. 5 (May 2000): 440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(00)70005-9.
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Hoppe-Roberts, Jansje M., Larry M. Lloyd, and Peter A. Chyka. "Poisoning Mortality in the United States: Comparison of National Mortality Statistics and Poison Control Center Reports." Annals of Emergency Medicine 35, no. 5 (May 2000): 440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mem.2000.105932.
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Thompson, Erin L., P. S. S. Rao, Christopher Hayes, and Catherine Purtill. "Dispensing Naloxone Without a Prescription: Survey Evaluation of Ohio Pharmacists." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 32, no. 4 (February 25, 2018): 412–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190018759225.
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Background: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports a 200% escalation in the rate of opioid overdose deaths in the United States. Unfortunately, Ohio has been deemed the epicenter of the nation’s opioid epidemic. In 2015, Ohio passed a bill that permits a pharmacist to distribute naloxone without a prescription. Objectives: This survey was aimed to discover pharmacists’ knowledge of naloxone and Ohio law, perceived barriers that may prohibit naloxone dispensing, and Ohio pharmacists’ general confidence, comfort, perception, and experience dispensing naloxone per physician protocol. Methods: Pharmacists’ knowledge of naloxone and Ohio law pertaining to dispensing naloxone; perceived barriers to naloxone distribution; and overall experience, willingness, comfort, and perceptions of personally supplying naloxone were assessed using multiple-choice and Likert-type scale questions through an e-mail survey. Results: Overall, Ohio pharmacists were knowledgeable about naloxone and displayed confidence in their training and ability to provide patient education on naloxone. Pharmacists were less certain about Ohio law pertaining to naloxone distribution, especially those who have been in practice longer. Pharmacists indicated several barriers to dispensing naloxone and the need for more training. Younger pharmacists were more likely to report a concern with clientele who would frequent their pharmacy and moral and ethical concerns as barriers to dispensing naloxone. Conclusion: Additional educational programs should be delivered to Ohio pharmacists to inform them of the state law and policies. Continuing education programs that review substance abuse and attempt to reduce social stigma may assist with increasing naloxone distribution to those in need, especially, if directed toward younger pharmacists in Ohio.
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Saud, Pradip, Jingxin Wang, Benktesh D. Sharma, and Weiguo Liu. "Carbon impacts of hardwood lumber processing in the northeastern United States." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, no. 12 (December 2015): 1699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0082.
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Carbon emission from hardwood lumber processing in different-sized sawmills under varying energy sources, management strategies, and potential carbon offsetting capacity through useful life (service life) of lumber in the northeastern United States was analyzed using analytical statistics such as analysis of variance (ANOVA), mixed-effect model, principal component analysis, and Monte Carlo simulation. Data obtained from a regional sawmill survey (Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, and West Virginia), energy audit of sawmills, public databases, and relevant literature were analyzed for the gate-to-gate life cycle inventory framework. Results showed that mean carbon emission (megagrams (Mg) per thousand cubic metres (TCM)) for lumber processing significantly differs among sawmill sizes. The total carbon emission from electricity consumption and wood residue of lumber processing was approximately 62.5%, 80.3%, and 66.2% of carbon stored in lumber processed for small, medium, and large sawmills, respectively. Efficient management and potential opportunities of improvement in sawmills can significantly reduce carbon emission (10.96% ± 1.57%) from hardwood lumber processing. Carbon stock from lumber production could be enhanced by either reducing carbon emission from energy consumption or decreasing lumber export quantity. The carbon emission–loss ratio (CELR) suggested that after 100 years, nearly 50% of carbon stored in lumber would be still available for carbon accountability. Electricity generation from either a single resource (natural gas) or mixed resources as is the case in RFC EAST (eGrid subregion) would be beneficial in lowering carbon emission from sawmill processing.
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Naylor, Jason, and Aaron Sexton. "The Relationship between Severe Weather Warnings, Storm Reports, and Storm Cell Frequency in and around Several Large Metropolitan Areas." Weather and Forecasting 33, no. 5 (September 27, 2018): 1339–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-18-0019.1.
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Abstract The spatial distribution of storm-based severe weather warnings, local storm reports, and radar-detected storm cells around six large cities in the central United States is examined from October 2007 to May 2017. The cities are Columbus, Ohio; Cincinnati, Ohio; Indianapolis, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky; Nashville, Tennessee; and St. Louis, Missouri. In all six cities, warning counts within 20 km of the city center are found to vary by 20%–40%. In every city except St. Louis, a maximum in warnings is located 5–15 km to the east (downwind) of the city center. Additional analysis reveals that the location of the warning maxima often varies with wind direction. Areas of enhanced convective activity are also evident in and around each city. Many of these areas are found to the east of the city center and are coincident with areas of increased warnings. This alignment could suggest that urban influences are creating areas of enhanced severe weather potential on the eastern side of large cities. However, there are also instances where the locations of maxima in warnings, local storm reports, and convective activity are spatially offset. In these locations, it is possible that other factors are impacting the distribution of one or more of these fields.
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Chen, Chi-Min, Karla A. de la Cerda, John E. Kaminski, Greg W. Douhan, and Francis P. Wong. "Geographic Distribution and rDNA-ITS Region Sequence Diversity of Waitea circinata var. circinata Isolated from Annual Bluegrass in the United States." Plant Disease 93, no. 9 (September 2009): 906–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-9-0906.
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Waitea circinata var. circinata is the causal agent of brown ring patch, an emergent disease of turfgrass in the United States. Forty-two isolates from annual bluegrass were obtained from California, Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Oregon, and Rhode Island. Almost all isolates produced white to orange sclerotia (bulbils), 2 to 5 mm in size, that turned dark brown after 21 days on ¼-strength potato dextrose agar. The ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer regions and 5.8S region (ITS) were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using MspI and sequencing to attempt identification of the isolates. Some isolates were heterozygous at the MspI restriction site, results not found in previous reports using the RFLP technique for identification. Four additional nucleotide positions were found to be variable within ITS based on sequence analysis, including two indels and two additional heterozygous positions. A total of 17 ITS haplotypes were found, and there was no obvious relationship between ITS haplotype and the geographic distribution of the isolates. Results of this work indicate that W. circinata var. circinata is present in multiple states and provide an initial understanding of the diversity of the pathogen in the United States.
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Paim, Francine C., Andrew S. Bowman, Lauren Miller, Brandi J. Feehan, Douglas Marthaler, Linda J. Saif, and Anastasia N. Vlasova. "Epidemiology of Deltacoronaviruses (δ-CoV) and Gammacoronaviruses (γ-CoV) in Wild Birds in the United States." Viruses 11, no. 10 (September 26, 2019): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11100897.
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Porcine deltacoronavirus (δ-CoV) is the object of extensive research in several countries including the United States. In contrast, the epidemiology of δ-CoVs in wild birds in the US is largely unknown. Our aim was to comparatively assess the prevalence of δ- and γ-CoVs in wild migratory terrestrial and aquatic birds in Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Tennessee and Wisconsin. A total of 1236 cloacal/fecal swabs collected during the period 2015–2018 were tested for γ- and δ-CoVs using genus-specific reverse transcription-PCR assays. A total of 61 (4.99%) samples were γ-CoV positive, with up to 29 positive samples per state. In contrast, only 14 samples were positive for δ-CoV (1.14%) with only 1–4 originating from the same state. Thus, unlike previous reports from Asia, γ-CoVs are more prevalent than δ-CoVs in the US, suggesting that δ-CoVs may spread in birds with lower efficiency. This may indicate δ-CoV emerging status and incomplete adaptation to new host species limiting its spread. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial N gene revealed that the newly identified δ-CoV strains were most closely related to the HKU20 (wigeon) strain. Further studies are necessary to investigate the role of aquatic bird δ-CoVs in the epidemiology of δ-CoVs in swine and terrestrial birds.
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Benner, Megan, Victoria Steiner, and Linda L. Pierce. "Family caregivers’ reports of hospitalizations and emergency department visits in community-dwelling individuals with dementia." Dementia 17, no. 5 (June 8, 2016): 585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1471301216653537.
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Individuals with dementia in the United States have higher rates of hospitalizations and emergency department visits compared to those without. This descriptive study examined the frequency of hospitalizations and emergency department visits among community-dwelling individuals with dementia, reasons for hospitalizations and emergency department visits, and caregivers’ actions to prevent these events. Family caregivers ( n = 63) from education/support groups offered through Alzheimer’s Association chapters in western Ohio completed a survey. Twenty-two percent of caregivers reported that their care recipient stayed overnight in the hospital and 30% reported that their care recipient visited the emergency department at least once in the past three months. The most frequent reasons for hospitalization and emergency department visits, such as urinary tract infections and fall-related injuries, were potentially avoidable. Caregivers reported giving medications, seeking healthcare services, and obtaining home care services, as the most frequently used preventive actions. Family caregivers of individuals with dementia should be provided substantive education about preventable hospitalizations and emergency department visits.
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Cassel, Stacy Gallese. "Case Reports: Trial Dysphagia Interventions Conducted via Telehealth." International Journal of Telerehabilitation 8, no. 2 (December 15, 2016): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ijt.2016.6193.
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The diagnosis of dysphagia, defined as swallowing dysfunction or difficulty, is estimated to affect 40-60% of the institutionalized geriatric population, and is the leading cause of aspiration pneumonia, one of the primary contributors of geriatric mortality. In the United States, statistics suggest that at least 50% of these individuals have limited access to treatment due to mobility, distance, and socioeconomic constraints. While “tele-dysphagia intervention” – the delivery of dysphagia therapy services via telecommunications technology – may provide a solution, there is limited research investigating its validity or reliability. The following three case reports of individuals successfully participating in trial tele-dysphagia therapy sessions lend credibility to this service delivery approach, and highlight the need for future research.
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Crowe, Remle P., Roger Levine, Severo Rodriguez, Ashley D. Larrimore, and Ronald G. Pirrallo. "Public Perception of Emergency Medical Services in the United States." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 31, S1 (November 25, 2016): S112—S117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x16001126.
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AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the public’s experience, expectations, and perceptions related to Emergency Medical Services (EMS).MethodsA population-based telephone interview of adults in the United States was conducted. The survey instrument consisted of 112 items. Demographic variables including age, race, political beliefs, and household income were collected. Data collection was performed by trained interviewers from Kent State University’s (Kent, Ohio USA)Social Research Laboratory. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Comparative analyses were conducted between those who used EMS at least once in the past five years and those who did not use EMS using χ2andttests.ResultsA total of 2,443 phone calls were made and 1,348 individuals agreed to complete the survey (55.2%). There were 297 individuals who requested to drop out of the survey during the phone interview, leaving a total of 1,051 (43.0%) full responses. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 94 years with an average age of 57.5 years. Most were Caucasian or white (83.0%), married (62.8%), and held conservative political beliefs (54.8%). Three-fourths of all respondents believed that at least 40% of patients survive cardiac arrest when EMS services are received. Over half (56.7%) believed that Emergency Medical Technician (EMT)-Basics and EMT-Paramedics provide the same level of care. The estimated median hours of training required for EMT-Basics was 100 hours (IQR: 40-200 hours), while the vast majority of respondents estimated that EMT-Paramedics are required to take fewer than 1,000 clock hours of training (99.3%). The majority believed EMS professionals should be screened for illegal drug use (97.0%), criminal background (95.9%), mental health (95.2%), and physical fitness (91.3%). Over one-third (37.6%) had used EMS within the past five years. Of these individuals, over two-thirds (69.6%) rated their most recent experience as “excellent.” More of those who used EMS at least once in the past five years reported a willingness to consent to participate in EMS research compared with those who had not used EMS (69.9% vs. 61.4%,P=.005).ConclusionsMost respondents who had used EMS services rated their experience as excellent. Nevertheless, expectations related to survival after cardiac arrest in the out-of-hospital setting were not realistic. Furthermore, much of the public was unaware of the differences in training hour requirements and level of care provided by EMT-Basics and EMT-Paramedics.CroweRP,LevineR,RodriguezS,LarrimoreAD,PirralloRG.Public perception of Emergency Medical Services in the United States.Prehosp Disaster Med.2016;31(Suppl.1):s112–s117.
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Goodman, Christopher J., and Jennifer D. Small Griswold. "Meteorological Impacts on Commercial Aviation Delays and Cancellations in the Continental United States." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 58, no. 3 (March 2019): 479–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0277.1.
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AbstractWeather creates numerous operational and safety hazards within the National Airspace System (NAS). In 2014, extreme weather events attributed 4.3% to the total number of delay minutes recorded by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics. When factoring weather’s impact on the NAS delays and aircraft arriving late delays, weather was responsible for 32.6% of the total number of delay minutes recorded. Hourly surface meteorological aviation routine weather reports (METARs) at major airports can be used to provide valuable insight into the likely causes of weather delays at individual airports. When combined with the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA’s) Operations Network (OPSNET) delay data, METARs can be used to identify the major causes of delays and to create delay climatologies for a specific airport. Also, patterns for delays and cancellations for the study period of 2003–15 can be identified for the individual airports included in this study. These patterns can be useful for operators and airport planners to optimize performance in the future.
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Workneh, F., G. L. Tylka, X. B. Yang, J. Faghihi, and J. M. Ferris. "Regional Assessment of Soybean Brown Stem Rot, Phytophthora sojae, and Heterodera glycines Using Area-Frame Sampling: Prevalence and Effects of Tillage." Phytopathology® 89, no. 3 (March 1999): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1999.89.3.204.
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The prevalence of brown stem rot (caused by Phialophora gregata), Heterodera glycines, and Phytophthora sojae in the north central United States was investigated during the fall of 1995 and 1996. Soybean fields were randomly selected using an area-frame sampling design in collaboration with the National Agricultural Statistics Service. Soil and soybean stem samples, along with tillage information, were collected from 1,462 fields in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, and Ohio. An additional 275 soil samples collected from Indiana were assessed for H. glycines. For each field, the incidence and prevalence of brown stem rot was assessed in 20 soybean stem pieces. The prevalence and recovery (expressed as the percentage of leaf disks colonized) of P. sojae and the prevalence and population densities of H. glycines were determined from the soil samples. The prevalence of brown stem rot ranged from 28% in Missouri to 73% in Illinois; 68 and 72% of the fields in Minnesota and Iowa, respectively, showed symptomatic samples. The incidence of brown stem rot was greater in conservation-till than in conventional-till fields in all states except Minnesota, which had few no-till fields. P. sojae was detected in two-thirds of the soybean fields in Ohio and Minnesota, whereas 63, 55, and 41% of the fields in Iowa, Missouri, and Illinois, respectively, were infested with the pathogen. The recovery rates of P. sojae were significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) in conservation-till than in conventional-till fields in all states except Iowa. H. glycines was detected in 83% of the soybean fields in Illinois, 74% in Iowa, 71% in Missouri, 60% in Ohio, 54% in Minnesota, and 47% in Indiana. Both the prevalence and population densities of H. glycines were consistently greater in tilled than in no-till fields in all states for which tillage information was available.
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Sharma, Aishwarya, and Sharon Mace. "Reviewing Disasters: Hospital Evacuations in the United States from 2000 to 2017." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19000633.
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Introduction:Between 2000 to 2017, there were over 150 hospital evacuations in the United States. Data received from approximately 35 states were primarily concentrated in California, Florida, and Texas. This analysis will provide disaster planners and administrators statistics on hazards that cause disruptions to hospital facilities.Aim:The aim of this study is to investigate US hospital evacuations by compiling the data into external, internal, and man-made disasters thus creating a risk assessment for disaster planning.Methods:Hospital reports were retrieved from LexisNexis, Google, and PubMed databases and categorized according to evacuees, duration, location, and type. These incidents were grouped into three classifications: external, internal, and man-made. Both partial and full evacuations were included in the study design.Results:There were a total of 154 reported evacuations in the United States. 110 (71%) were due to external threats, followed by 24 (16%) man-made threats, and 20 (13%) internal threats. Assessing the external causes, 60 (55%) were attributed to hurricanes, 21 (19%) to wildfires, and 8 (7%) to storms. From the internal threats, 8 (40%) were attributed to hospital fires and 4 (20%) chemical fumes. From the man-made threats, 6 (40%) were attributed to bomb threats and 4 (27%) gunmen. From the 20 total reported durations of evacuations, 9 (45%) lasted between 2 to 11:59 hours, 6 (30%) lasted over 24 hours, and 5 (25%) lasted up to 1:59 hours.Discussion:Over 70% of hospital evacuations in the US were due to natural disasters. Compared to 1971-1999, there was an increase in internal and man-made threats. Exact statistics on evacuees, durations, injuries, and mortality rates were unascertainable due to a lack of reporting. It is critical to implement a national registry to report specifics on incidences of evacuations to further assist with disaster and infrastructure planning.
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Rosen, Lawrence. "The Creation of the Uniform Crime Report." Social Science History 19, no. 2 (1995): 215–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200017302.
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The introduction of the Uniform Crime Reporting system (UCR) in 1930 remains one of the most important events in the history of criminal statistics in the United States. Based on local police reports, it is the oldest extant national crime data system in the United States, with the possible exception of prison statistics. It continues to be a vitally important data system because of its extensive use by scholars, social critics, governmental organizations and the media, and as such it has made a major contribution to our understanding of crime in the United States in the last half century. The UCR has also had its share of controversy, involving not only scientific issues of validity and reliability, but the possibility of covert agendas on the part of the police and the FBI to foster an image of effective law enforcement. Despite its importance and controversial nature there is no single objective and definitive written history documenting the beginnings of the UCR. That which exists tends to be brief and superficial, and at times even ideologically biased (Leonard 1954; Maltz 1977; Sherman et al. 1982; Thompson 1968; U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation 1940).
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V. Sang, N., and L. Trang. "TRADE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE BRITISH WEST INDIES (1823-1846)." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 3 (May 31, 2020): 589–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.8363.
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Purpose of the study: This study investigated the history of trade relations between the United States and the British West Indies from 1823 to 1846.
Methodology: This article uses a combination of historical approach and interdisciplinary approach through statistics, analysis of statistical reports, and content of scientific publications on the topic.
Main Findings: The author of this article has analyzed the value of trade and the structure of exchanged products, compared the trade value between the US and the British West Indies with other regions as well as its effect on the US, British Indies in the context of the British-American relations in the first half of the nineteenth century.
Applications of this study: This study can be useful to understand the history of trade relations between the US and the British colonies in the West Indies during the first half of the nineteenth century. It can also be used for academic purposes for universities, researchers, lecturers of history and political sciences as well as undergraduate and postgraduate students.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This paper is the first study on the history of trade relations between the US and the British West Indies between 1823 and 1846.
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Smith, Bryan T., Richard L. Thompson, Jeremy S. Grams, Chris Broyles, and Harold E. Brooks. "Convective Modes for Significant Severe Thunderstorms in the Contiguous United States. Part I: Storm Classification and Climatology." Weather and Forecasting 27, no. 5 (May 1, 2012): 1114–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-11-00115.1.
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Abstract Radar-based convective modes were assigned to a sample of tornadoes and significant severe thunderstorms reported in the contiguous United States (CONUS) during 2003–11. The significant hail (≥2-in. diameter), significant wind (≥65-kt thunderstorm gusts), and tornadoes were filtered by the maximum event magnitude per hour on a 40-km Rapid Update Cycle model horizontal grid. The filtering process produced 22 901 tornado and significant severe thunderstorm events, representing 78.5% of all such reports in the CONUS during the sample period. The convective mode scheme presented herein begins with three radar-based storm categories: 1) discrete cells, 2) clusters of cells, and 3) quasi-linear convective systems (QLCSs). Volumetric radar data were examined for right-moving supercell (RM) and left-moving supercell characteristics within the three radar reflectivity designations. Additional categories included storms with marginal supercell characteristics and linear hybrids with a mix of supercell and QLCS structures. Smoothed kernel density estimates of events per decade revealed clear geographic and seasonal patterns of convective modes with tornadoes. Discrete and cluster RMs are the favored convective mode with southern Great Plains tornadoes during the spring, while the Deep South displayed the greatest variability in tornadic convective modes in the fall, winter, and spring. The Ohio Valley favored a higher frequency of QLCS tornadoes and a lower frequency of RM compared to the Deep South and the Great Plains. Tornadoes with nonsupercellular/non-QLCS storms were more common across Florida and the high plains in the summer. Significant hail events were dominated by Great Plains supercells, while variations in convective modes were largest for significant wind events.
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O’Laughlin, Kevin, Jennifer R. Cope, and Zachary A. Marsh. "354. The Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Acanthamoeba Disease in the United States, 1956–2018." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.549.
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Abstract Background Acanthamoeba is a free-living ameba found worldwide in soil and water that can cause severe illness. Transmission is thought to be through the skin, eyes, or lungs; Acanthamoeba can cause disseminated infection (Acanthamoeba disease) in addition to the more widely recognized Acanthamoeba keratitis. Infections however are rare, and only case reports or small case series have been published. We review Acanthamoeba disease cases from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) free-living ameba registry to characterize the disease in the United States. Methods CDC maintains a free-living ameba (FLA) registry of laboratory-confirmed Acanthamoeba cases (excluding keratitis) sourced from published case reports, CDC case report forms, and CDC laboratory results. SAS© version 9.4 software was used to calculate descriptive statistics and frequencies. Results We identified 163 cases of Acanthamoeba disease between 1956 and 2018. Of cases with documented outcome, 85% were fatal (105/124). Most (88%) cases were in patients who were immunocompromised (136/155): 66 people living with HIV (of whom 49 were classified as having AIDS); 33 recipients of organ transplantation; 30 people diagnosed with malignancy. The most common manifestation of disease was encephalitis (49%). Other clinical presentations included cutaneous lesions (20%) and rhinosinusitis (6%); 40 cases involved multiple organ systems. Median patient age was 42 years (range 0–83 years). Males accounted for 71% (114/160) of cases. California (29) and Texas (14) had the most case reports; 30 other states reported cases. The source of exposure was unknown in most cases (75%); soil and water were documented in 14 and 17 cases, respectively. Conclusion Acanthamoeba disease in the United States is primarily characterized by encephalitis and cutaneous lesions that affect predominately immunocompromised individuals. Acanthamoeba as a cause of encephalitis in immunocompromised patients should be considered by clinicians, which may lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Klein, Kelly R., Marc S. Rosenthal, and Howard A. Klausner. "Blackout 2003: Preparedness and Lessons Learned from the Perspectives of Four Hospitals." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 20, no. 5 (October 2005): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00002818.
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AbstractIntroduction:The blackout in North America of August 2003 was one of the worst on record. It affected eight United States states and parts of Canada for >24 hours. Additionally, two large United States cities, Detroit, Michigan and Cleveland, Ohio, suffered from a loss of water pressure and a subsequent ban on the use of public supplies of potable water that lasted four days. A literature review revealed a paucity of literature that describes blackouts and how they may affect the medical community.Methods:This paper includes a review of after-action reports from four inner-city, urban hospitals supplemented accounts from the authors' hospital's emergency operations center (emergency operations center).Results:Some of the problems encountered, included: (1)lighting; (2) elevator operations; (3) supplies of water; (4) communication operations; (5) computer failure; (6) lack of adequate supplies of food; (7) mobility to obtain Xray studies; (8) heating, air condition, and ventilation; (9) staffing; (10) pharmacy; (11) registration of patients; (12) hospital emergency operations center; (13) loss of isolation facilities; (14) inadequate supplies of paper; (15) impaired ability to provide care for non-emergency patients; (16) sanitation; and (17) inadequate emergency power.Discussion:The blackout of 2003 uncovered problems within the United States hospital system, ranging from staffing to generator coverage. This report is a review of the effects that the blackout and water ban of 2003 had on hospitals in a large inner-city area. Also discussed are solutions utilized at the time and recommendations for the future.Conclusion:The blackout of 2003 was an excellent test of disaster/emergency planning, and produced many valuable lessons to be used in future events.
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Miller, Anastasia. "Emergency medical service personnel injury and fatality in the United States." Journal of Epidemiological Research 4, no. 2 (May 23, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jer.v4n2p9.
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Introduction: Emergency Medical Services (EMS) personnel comprise an intricate part of the public safety net in the US. The purpose of this study was to synthesize data sources to understand the major workplace dangers facing EMS providers. Methods: This study examined four data sources: The BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII), Firefighter Fatalities and Statistics from USFA, and the EMS Voluntary Event Notification Tool (E.V.E.N.T.). Characteristics of the most common causes of injury and fatalities were described and compared. Results: SOII reports covered 13 years and 64,780 nonfatal reported cases. COFI covered 12 years and 149 fatalities. 111 fatalities from the USFA dataset who had been identified as EMS in some manner in their rank between 2003-2016 were inspected. 21 cases where a firefighter died in the course of providing EMS/patient care were also identified and discussed. All events submitted to E.V.E.N.T. were read and categorized. 214 events were identified as near-miss EMS provider injuries and included in the study. Conclusions: The biggest mortal threat to private EMS personnel is vehicular incidents. Among firefighters/EMTs Heart Attacks was the most common nature of death. The biggest nonfatal concerns are violence, slips, trips, and falls, and overexertion in addition to vehicular incidents. Most violent events were the result of a patient with a Temporarily Altered Mental Status. There is clearly a need for further research to develop evidence-based methods and policies to reduce injury and death in EMS personnel from an agency level.
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Blank, Rebecca M., Kerwin Kofi Charles, and James M. Sallee. "A Cautionary Tale About the Use of Administrative Data: Evidence from Age of Marriage Laws." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 128–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.1.2.128.
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This paper demonstrates that administrative data may be inferior to survey data under particular circumstances. We examine the effect of state laws governing the minimum age of marriage in the United States. The estimated effects of these laws are much smaller when based on retrospective reports from census versus administrative records from Vital Statistics data. This discrepancy appears due to systematic avoidance behavior of two kinds. Some young people marry in states with less restrictive laws; others appear to have misrepresented their age on their marriage certificate. Our results have important implications regarding legal avoidance and the use of administrative data. (JEL J12 K36)
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Psyllou, Elena, and Arnab Majumdar. "The Analysis of Airspace Infringements Over Complex Airspace in Europe and the United States of America." Journal of Navigation 73, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 1036–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463320000156.
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The increase in the number of commercial flights highlights the need for air traffic to follow air procedures. Unfortunately, general aviation aircraft used for recreational purposes keep entering controlled and restricted airspace without obtaining permission from air traffic services. Given the safety and operational problems this could potentially cause, this paper examines the underlying reasons for these incidents occurring. In particular, it analyses airspace infringements between 2008 and 2017 involving general aviation flights that were recorded in airspace in which a large number of commercial flights also fly in Europe and America. The reports were analysed based on an initial assessment of their quality. Information was latent in the narrative and subsequently both qualitative (content analysis) and quantitative methods (descriptive statistics) of analysis were used. The analysis revealed that airspace infringements were related to the pilot's flight planning, that is, flight-route choice, navigation skills and communication, in addition to requirement to adhere to airspace procedure. The findings could be used by national authorities and flying clubs to promote safe flying in these regions.
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Glogovac, Georgina, Jamal Fitts, Jordan Henning, Tonya Dixon, and Richard T. Laughlin. "Patterns in Opioid Prescription for Patients Operatively Treated for Ankle Fractures Following Implementation of 2017 Ohio Opioid Prescriber Law." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 2473011419S0018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011419s00186.
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Category: Ankle, Trauma Introduction/Purpose: The use of prescription opioids has risen sharply over the last few decades as pain management has become increasingly recognized as an essential aspect of patient care. In August 2017, Ohio implemented a law limiting the quantity of opioid medications a provider could prescribe for the treatment of acute pain. Specifically, a prescriber may not prescribe more than 7 days of opioids in the first prescription for an acute pain episode and the total morphine equivalent dose (MED) cannot exceed an average of 30 MEDs a day. The purpose of this study is to report patterns of opioid prescription for patients treated operatively for ankle fractures after implementation of the 2017 Ohio Opioid Prescriber Law in comparison to the previous year. Methods: A total of 152 patients operatively treated for isolated ankle fractures during two six-month periods, January 2017 to July 2017 (n=73) and January 2018 to July 2018 (n=79), were retrospectively identified using CPT codes. The earlier time period includes patients treated before implementation of the Ohio Opioid Prescriber Law, and the later time period represents patients treated after implementation of the law. Preoperative and postoperative patient narcotic use was reviewed using a legal prescriber database. The prescription search was limited to prescriptions prescribed within one year prior to surgery and 6 months postoperatively. Total number of prescriptions, quantity of pills, and milligrams of morphine per patient prescribed during the 90- day postoperative period were compared between those treated before and those treated after implementation of the law. Average number of pills and average milligrams per morphine per prescription were also compared. Statistical analysis was conducted using t-tests and fisher exact tests. Results: The average number of opioid prescriptions prescribed per patient in the 90-day postoperative period was 2.3 in the pre-law group and 1.95 in the post-law group (p=0.35). The average milligrams of morphine prescribed per patient dropped from 942.41 mg pre-law to 645.25 mg post-law (p=0.18). Differences in the average number of pills per prescription pre- and post-law (49.72 vs. 36.06) and average milligrams of morphine per prescription (383.11 mg vs. 277.56 mg) were statistically significant (p=0.002 and p=0.014, respectively). Differences in age, gender, Charlson Comorbidity Index, BMI, preoperative narcotic use, and postoperative narcotic use exceeding 90 days were not statistically significant between groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Following the implementation of the 2017 Ohio Opioid Prescriber Law, there was a significant decline in the number of pills per prescription and milligrams of morphine per prescription in patients operatively treated for isolated ankle fractures. The presence of a downward trend in the quantity of opioids prescribed in this patient cohort suggests the effectiveness of the state prescriber law and is promising in the setting of the current opioid epidemic in the United States.
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Zelaya-Molina, L. X., M. L. Ellis, S. A. Berry, and A. E. Dorrance. "First Report of Phytophthora sansomeana Causing Wilting and Stunting on Corn in Ohio." Plant Disease 94, no. 1 (January 2010): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-1-0125c.
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During the spring of 2004, corn seedlings with symptoms of wilting and stunting were observed in corn fields with emergence problems in Madison and Brown counties, Ohio. Phytophthora isolates were recovered from sections of root tissue of diseased seedlings placed on dilute V8 media amended with pentachloronitrobenzene, iprodione, benlate, neomycin sulfate, and chloramphenicol. Colonies were rosaceous on potato dextrose agar, with a growth rate of 5 mm per day. Homothallic isolates with paragynous antheridia were observed on lima bean agar (LBA); oogonia were 35 to 50 μm in diameter. Sporangia were ovoid to obpyriform, nonpapillate, with an average size of 49 × 30 μm. Pathogenicity was tested on corn seeds using a petri dish assay with 3-day-old cultures on LBA and a sand-cornmeal cup test amended with inoculum from 7-day-old cultures on LBA (1). After 1 week in the petri dish assay, the seeds failed to germinate completely and were covered with white, fungal-like, aerial mycelia and the pathogen was recovered from brown discolored radicle roots. In the cup assay, 2-week-old seedlings developed the same symptoms observed in the field; the pathogen was also isolated from brown discolored roots. In both assays, no symptoms developed in the noninoculated controls. Both pathogenicity tests were repeated two times. Genomic DNA was extracted from mycelia of two isolates and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified and sequenced using ITS6/ITS4 primers (2). Both isolates had identical ITS sequences (GenBank Accession No. GQ853880). A BLAST search of the NCBI database showed 100% homology with the sequence of the haplotype isolate of Phytophthora sansomeana (Accession No. EU925375). P. sansomeana is a new species characterized principally by a large oogonial diameter (37 to 45 μm), rapid growth rate (7 to 10 mm/day), and an ITS sequence falling in Cooke's clade 8 (4). Pathogenicity tests, morphological characteristics, and the ITS sequence analysis indicate that P. samsomena is the causal agent of the symptoms observed on corn seedlings. P. sansomeana has been reported as a pathogen of soybean in Indiana, Douglas-fir in Oregon, and weeds in alfalfa fields in New York (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. sansomeana infecting corn in Ohio, albeit other isolates have previously been recovered from soybean in the state. There are four previous reports of Phytophthora spp. affecting corn in the United States and Mexico (3). Crop rotation will have little effect in management of this pathogen since corn and soybean are produced in the same fields continuously throughout the state. References: (1) K. E. Broders et al. Plant. Dis. 91:727, 2007. (2) D. E. L. Cooke et al. Fungal Genet. Biol. 30:17, 2000. (3) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. 1989. (4) E. M. Hansen et al. Mycologia 101:129, 2009.
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Holzberg, Jessica, Renee Ellis, Robin Kaplan, Matt Virgile, and Jennifer Edgar. "Can They and Will They? Exploring Proxy Response of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the Current Population Survey." Journal of Official Statistics 35, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 885–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jos-2019-0037.
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Abstract Within the United States Federal Statistical System, there has been interest in capturing sexual orientation (SO) and gender identity (GI), collectively known as SOGI, on surveys to allow researchers to estimate the size and distribution of sexual and gender minority populations. SOGI measurement in federal surveys may also help to identify disparities between people who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) and those who do not in domains such as health, crime, or employment. Although research has been conducted on best practices for SOGI measurement in surveys, it has largely been limited to examination of self-reports. Many federal surveys use proxy reports, when one person generally responds for all household members. This research used cognitive interviews and focus groups to explore proxy response to SOGI questions. We explored potential sources of measurement error in proxy responses to SOGI questions, including sensitivity, difficulty, as well as the willingness and ability of respondents to answer SOGI questions about other household members. We also conducted paired interviews with members of the same household to assess level of agreement for SOGI questions. Findings suggest that measuring SOGI by proxy may be feasible in federal large-scale, general population surveys.
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Brown, L. J., J. A. Brunelle, and A. Kingman. "Periodontal Status in the United States, 1988–91: Prevalence, Extent, and Demographic Variation." Journal of Dental Research 75, no. 2_suppl (February 1996): 672–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002203459607502s07.
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This paper reports estimates of the periodontal status of US population derived from data from Phase 1 of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Institute of Dental Research from 1988 to 1991. A total of 7,447 dentate individuals 13 years of age and older, representing approximately 160.3 million civilian non-institutionalized Americans, received a periodontal assessment. Measurements of gingival bleeding, gingival recession level, periodontal pocket depth, and calculus were made by dental examiners. Assessments were made at the mesiobuccal and mid-buccal sites of all fully erupted permanent teeth present in two randomly selected quadrants, one maxillary and one mandibular. All data were weighted and standard errors calculated by special software to adjust for the effect of sample design. Although over 90% of persons 13 years of age or older had experienced some clinical loss of attachment (LA), only 15% exhibited more severe destruction (LA ≥ 5 mm). Prevalence of moderate and severe LA and gingival recession increased with age, while prevalence of pockets ≥ 4 mm or ≥ 6 mm did not. These data suggest that the increasing prevalence of LA with age is more associated with increasing prevalence of recession than with changes in the prevalence of pockets or age. The extent or number of affected sites with advanced conditions for loss of attachment, pocket depth, or recession was not large for any age group. Differences in prevalence of moderate and severe loss of attachment, moderate and deep pockets, and recession were found among gender and race-ethnicity groups. Females exhibited better periodontal health than males, and non-Hispanic whites exhibited better periodontal health than either non-Hispanic blacks or Mexican-Americans.
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Holmes, Megan, and Tina M. Waliczek. "The Effect of Horticultural Community Service Programs on Recidivism." HortTechnology 29, no. 4 (August 2019): 490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04282-19.
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The average cost of housing a single inmate in the United States is roughly $31,286 per year, bringing the total average cost states spend on corrections to more than $50 billion per year. Statistics show 1 in every 34 adults in the United States is under some form of correctional supervision; and after 3 years, more than 4 in 10 prisoners return to custody. The purpose of this study was to determine the availability of opportunities for horticultural community service and whether there were differences in incidences of recurrences of offenses/recidivism of offenders completing community service in horticultural vs. nonhorticultural settings. Data were collected through obtaining offender profile probation revocation reports, agency records, and community service supervision reports for one county in Texas. The sample included both violent and nonviolent and misdemeanor and felony offenders. Offenders who completed their community service in horticultural or nonhorticultural outdoor environments showed lower rates of recidivism compared with offenders who completed their community service in nonhorticultural indoor environments and those who had no community service. Demographic comparisons found no difference in incidence of recidivism in comparisons of offenders based on gender, age, and the environment in which community service was served. In addition, no difference was shown in incidence of recidivism in comparisons based on offenders with misdemeanor vs. felony charges. The results and information gathered support the continued notion that horticultural activities can play an important role in influencing an offender’s successful reentry into society.
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Hoare, Karen J., and Denise L. Wilson. "The place for children's centres for New Zealand children." Australian Health Review 31, no. 1 (2007): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah070123.
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This paper examines the experience of poverty and child maltreatment among New Zealand?s children as compared with international statistics. New Zealand was a signatory to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1993, yet indicators suggest that implementation of the Articles of the Convention is limited. In the league of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries it ranks 23rd out of 26 for child poverty and 24th out of 27 for the child maltreatment death rate. A case will be made for coordination of existing and new services for children and families through a dedicated children?s centre, modelled on the United Kingdom?s Sure Start and Children?s Centre program that was modelled in part on the Head Start program of the United States. The paper reports on Wellsford, a rural community north of Auckland, which has embraced the children?s centre concept and is investigating ways to obtain funding to implement the idea.
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KENDIRLI, Selcuk, Sedat KUSGOZOGLU, and M. Sakir BASARAN. "Expansion for Who, Markets or The Poor?" Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People 3, no. 4 (December 20, 2014): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v3i4.86.
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In this study we examine the impacts of expansionary monetary policies executed by the Federal Reserve on poverty in the United States of America. It has been discussed in various studies that the Fed’s expansionary monetary policies create a less positive impact on economy as a whole than financial sector. In this study, the expansionary effects of expansionary policies on the poor living in America will be discussed. The main thesis of the study is that the poor living in the United States benefited less from expansionary monetary policies than either financial sector or the US economy as a whole. When discussing the thesis of the study both employed and unemployed poor will be discussed. Therefore, it will be questioned that the decrease in the unemployment rate is the indicator of the fight against poverty.Indicators such as indices and interest rates in the financial markets, and indicators such as growth rates and unemployment rates in the overall economy are regarded as essential indicators but as for poverty it’s hard to find such regarded indicators. Unfortunately, there are not too many statistics about the poor living in the United States in the reports of the international organizations. Thus the main trouble of the study is that international comparisons are almost impossible. Therefore, various indicators produced by the U.S. government agencies of various indicators will be used in this study.
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Liu, Lingling, Xiaoyang Zhang, Yunyue Yu, Feng Gao, and Zhengwei Yang. "Real-Time Monitoring of Crop Phenology in the Midwestern United States Using VIIRS Observations." Remote Sensing 10, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 1540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10101540.
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Real-time monitoring of crop phenology is critical for assisting farmers managing crop growth and yield estimation. In this study, we presented an approach to monitor in real time crop phenology using timely available daily Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) observations and historical Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) datasets in the Midwestern United States. MODIS data at a spatial resolution of 500 m from 2003 to 2012 were used to generate the climatology of vegetation phenology. By integrating climatological phenology and timely available VIIRS observations in 2014 and 2015, a set of temporal trajectories of crop growth development at a given time for each pixel were then simulated using a logistic model. The simulated temporal trajectories were used to identify spring green leaf development and predict the occurrences of greenup onset, mid-greenup phase, and maximum greenness onset using curvature change rate. Finally, the accuracy of real-time monitoring from VIIRS observations was evaluated by comparing with summary crop progress (CP) reports of ground observations from the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The results suggest that real-time monitoring of crop phenology from VIIRS observations is a robust tool in tracing the crop progress across regional areas. In particular, the date of mid-greenup phase from VIIRS was significantly correlated to the planting dates reported in NASS CP for both corn and soybean with a consistent lag of 37 days and 27 days on average (p < 0.01), as well as the emergence dates in CP with a lag of 24 days and 16 days on average (p < 0.01), respectively. The real-time monitoring of maximum greenness onset from VIIRS was able to predict the corn silking dates with an advance of 9 days (p < 0.01) and the soybean blooming dates with a lag of 7 days on average (p < 0.01). These findings demonstrate the capability of VIIRS observations to effectively monitor temporal dynamics of crop progress in real time at a regional scale.
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Lu, Fred S., Andre T. Nguyen, Nicholas B. Link, Mathieu Molina, Jessica T. Davis, Matteo Chinazzi, Xinyue Xiong, Alessandro Vespignani, Marc Lipsitch, and Mauricio Santillana. "Estimating the cumulative incidence of COVID-19 in the United States using influenza surveillance, virologic testing, and mortality data: Four complementary approaches." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): e1008994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008994.
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Effectively designing and evaluating public health responses to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic requires accurate estimation of the prevalence of COVID-19 across the United States (US). Equipment shortages and varying testing capabilities have however hindered the usefulness of the official reported positive COVID-19 case counts. We introduce four complementary approaches to estimate the cumulative incidence of symptomatic COVID-19 in each state in the US as well as Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia, using a combination of excess influenza-like illness reports, COVID-19 test statistics, COVID-19 mortality reports, and a spatially structured epidemic model. Instead of relying on the estimate from a single data source or method that may be biased, we provide multiple estimates, each relying on different assumptions and data sources. Across our four approaches emerges the consistent conclusion that on April 4, 2020, the estimated case count was 5 to 50 times higher than the official positive test counts across the different states. Nationally, our estimates of COVID-19 symptomatic cases as of April 4 have a likely range of 2.3 to 4.8 million, with possibly as many as 7.6 million cases, up to 25 times greater than the cumulative confirmed cases of about 311,000. Extending our methods to May 16, 2020, we estimate that cumulative symptomatic incidence ranges from 4.9 to 10.1 million, as opposed to 1.5 million positive test counts. The proposed combination of approaches may prove useful in assessing the burden of COVID-19 during resurgences in the US and other countries with comparable surveillance systems.
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Onufrak, Stephen J., Kathleen B. Watson, Joel Kimmons, Liping Pan, Laura Kettel Khan, Seung Hee Lee-Kwan, and Sohyun Park. "Worksite Food and Physical Activity Environments and Wellness Supports Reported by Employed Adults in the United States, 2013." American Journal of Health Promotion 32, no. 1 (September 4, 2016): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117116664709.
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Purpose: To examine the workplace food and physical activity (PA) environments and wellness culture reported by employed United States adults, overall and by employer size. Design: Cross-sectional study using web-based survey on wellness policies and environmental supports for healthy eating and PA. Setting: Worksites in the United States. Participants: A total of 2101 adults employed outside the home. Measures: Survey items were based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Worksite Health ScoreCard and Checklist of Health Promotion Environments and included the availability and promotion of healthy food items, nutrition education, promotion of breast-feeding, availability of PA amenities and programs, facility discounts, time for PA, stairwell signage, health promotion programs, and health risk assessments. Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used to examine the prevalence of worksite environmental and facility supports by employer size (<100 or ≥100 employees). Chi-square tests were used to examine the differences by employer size. Results: Among employed respondents with workplace food or drink vending machines, approximately 35% indicated the availability of healthy items. Regarding PA, 30.9% of respondents reported that their employer provided opportunities to be physically active and 17.6% reported worksite exercise facilities. Wellness programs were reported by 53.2% working for large employers, compared to 18.1% for smaller employers. Conclusion: Employee reports suggested that workplace supports for healthy eating, PA, and wellness were limited and were less common among smaller employers.
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Guadagno, Marie, Michael Mackert, and Aaron Rochlen. "Improving Prenatal Health." American Journal of Men's Health 7, no. 6 (May 30, 2013): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988313490785.
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The U.S. infant mortality rate is among the highest in the developed world, with recent vital statistics reports estimating 6.14 infant deaths per 1,000 live births. Traditional health education and promotion to improve maternal, infant, and child health in the United States has focused only on women, leaving men out of important health messages that may affect pregnancy outcomes as well as family well-being. Recently, public health scholars have suggested that men be included in prenatal health education in an effort to improve birth outcomes and reduce infant mortality. Incorporating men in prenatal health promotion and education has been found to improve overall birth preparedness, reduce the risk of maternal–infant HIV transmission, and reduce perinatal mortality in less-developed nations. Although these results are positive, research on paternal impact in pregnancy outcomes in the United States to date is lacking. This article proposes a U.S.-specific research agenda to understand the current role of men in pregnancy health, as well as actual involvement, barriers, and the influence men can have in prenatal health. A discussion of culture, individual motivations, health care providers, and social marketing is also considered.
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Ramsey, Shirley. "Science and technology: when do they become front page news?" Public Understanding of Science 3, no. 1 (January 1994): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-6625/3/1/005.
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This study suggests that press reports of science and technology increase in complexity, in depth and breadth of coverage, and in prominent placement in the news hole in relation to increased diversity or pluralism of supporting environments. It also suggests that system changes that produce interest and expanded knowledge of science provide opportunities for clashes of interests resulting in localized conflict and thus increased news coverage. `Change' in an innovative area appears to link up conceptually in copy with theory, action descriptions, and visualization through metaphor. The study used content analysis to compare a more innovative, economically progressive `research' area in the United States with an economically flat `control' area; these areas were selected using National Bureau of the Census and local economic development office statistics.
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Workneh, F., and X. B. Yang. "Prevalence of Sclerotinia Stem Rot of Soybeans in the North-Central United States in Relation to Tillage, Climate, and Latitudinal Positions." Phytopathology® 90, no. 12 (December 2000): 1375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.12.1375.
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Since the early 1990s, Sclerotinia stem rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, has caused considerable damage to soybean production in the north-central United States. To determine the extent of its distribution and associated factors, investigations were conducted in 1995 and 1996 in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, and Ohio. Investigations also were conducted in 1997 and 1998 in Iowa, Minnesota, and Missouri. In each state, soybean fields were randomly selected in collaboration with the National Agricultural Statistics Service. From each field, 20 soybean stems 20 cm long (from the base) in 1995 and 1996 and full-length stems in 1997 and 1998 were sampled in a zigzag pattern. During the 4-year period, stem samples were collected from 1,983 fields and assessed for the presence or absence of the disease. Of the five states, Sclerotinia stem rot was most prevalent in north-central Iowa and southern Minnesota. Sclerotinia stem rot was not detected in Missouri during the 4-year investigation period. The disease was most prevalent in 1996 and least prevalent in 1995. The prevalence of the disease was strongly related to cumulative departures from normal maximum and minimum temperatures in July and August. The disease was more prevalent when yearly temperatures were below normal than when they were above normal. In 1996, a year with a cooler-than-normal summer, the disease was detected farther south than in 1995. In both years, the prevalence of the disease was exponentially related to latitudinal positions of the fields (R2 = 0.93 and 0.83 for 1995 and 1996, respectively) reflecting the effect of the north-south variations in temperature. During the 4-year period, there was no relationship between precipitation and the prevalence of the disease. The lack of relationship may suggest that there was no shortage of moisture since it is one of the primary factors for disease development. The prevalence of Sclerotinia stem rot was less in no-till than in minimum-till or conventional-till fields (P = 0.001 and 0.007, respectively) and greater in minimum-till than in conventional-till fields (P = 0.07). Fields that had Sclerotinia stem rot, however, did not differ in incidence of the disease regardless of the tillage system.
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Stierholz, Katrina. "By the Numbers: Economic Data Revisions: What They Are and Where to Find Them." DttP: Documents to the People 45, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v45i2.6383.
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Economic data is being revised often. On the first Friday of every month,the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) publishes its Employment Situation Summary. This report describes the state of employment in the United States and two highly anticipated (and media-watched) employment numbers: The Unemployment Rate and Total Nonfarm Payroll Employment. The Unemployment Rate is based on a survey of persons who report they are seeking work but are not employed. The Payroll Employment Data are based on firms’ reports of the number of people employed. Economists and others carefully watch the rise (or fall) of the total nonfarm payroll employment data. These data are a fundamental reflection of current economic conditions and a significant rise or fall will, in turn, influences economic decision-making by businesses and government.
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Filardo, Mary, Jeffrey M. Vincent, and Kevin Sullivan. "How crumbling school facilities perpetuate inequality." Phi Delta Kappan 100, no. 8 (April 29, 2019): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031721719846885.
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The average public school building was built around 1968 — more than 50 years ago — and the National Center for Education Statistics reports that half of all public schools in the United States need at least one major facility repair. Mary Filardo, Jeffrey Vincent, and Kevin Sullivan explain how poorly maintained school buildings have a negative effect on both student and teacher performance and health. Because local districts are responsible for funding their own building maintenance and upgrades, poor communities lack the resources to keep facilities in adequate shape, much less to modernize them, and needed repairs may be made using the same operating funds used to pay teachers and purchase instructional materials. The authors express hope that interest in infrastructure improvements at the federal level will enable schools to receive the funding they need.
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McGUIRE, IAN. "“Who ain't a slave?”: Moby Dick and the Ideology of Free Labor." Journal of American Studies 37, no. 2 (August 2003): 287–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875803007060.
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In October 1844, on returning to the United States after the four years at sea which became the basis of the majority of his early novels, Herman Melville discovered that his elder brother Gansevoort had become a political orator of national notoriety and a major figure in the Democratic presidential campaign of that year. Gansevoort Melville's political preferences, as widely reported in the newspapers of the day, were for a post-Jacksonian populism which denounced the aristocratic foppery of the Whigs and urged the immediate annexation of Texas in the name of free, white labor. His patriotic invocations of the virtues of salt-of-the-earth republicanism and the American workingman were, that year at least, hardly matched. Described in contemporary reports as “the orator of the human race” and “the great New York orator” he addressed audiences of thousands throughout New York State and at Democratic meetings as far afield as Tennessee and Ohio. He coined the respectful, evocative and adhesive nickname “Young Hickory” for James Polk the Democrat's presidential candidate and in August made a symbolic visit to the ailing Andrew Jackson. According to Hershel Parker, Melville's most recent and most exhaustive biographer, Herman spent the final days of the campaign with his brother probably participating in a huge torchlight procession through Manhattan and listening to his climactic election-night address in Newark, New Jersey.
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de Luccas, Gabriele, Giédre Berretin-Felix, and Ana Fukushiro. "Weblog “How Do I Breathe?”—Design and View Statistics." International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology 23, no. 01 (July 5, 2018): 041–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1657792.
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Introduction Breathing is one of the vital functions of the body and is essential for the maintenance of life. Preventive measures for respiratory disorders can be used by the population, as well as early self-diagnosis and immediate search for treatment based on knowledge of this subject. Objective this study developed a weblog on the breathing function targeting young people and analyzed the statistical data of views until the present moment. Methods The weblog was developed, and the stages of analysis, design, development and implementation were followed. All texts were evaluated by the Flesch Reading Index to verify the language, and the statistical data were analyzed by the number of views, countries with the highest number of views, search terms used, most viewed pages and number of comments on the blog. Results Issues related to the breathing function and those most cited in the literature were selected. The blog was structured using pages with content and curiosities, with texts with minimum readability of 50%, and was made available on the internet by means of the Wordpress tool. The statistics showed an increase in the number of visits after August 2015; the countries with the highest number of views were Brazil, United States and Portugal; the search terms used were unknown or related to mouth breathing; the most viewed pages related to mouth breathing and the comments addressed questions on mouth breathing, reports and compliments. Conclusion The blog “How do I breathe?,” aimed at young people and containing information about the breathing function, was developed and is available on the internet at the address: https://comoeurespiro.wordpress.com.
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Lee, Tamsin E., and David L. Roberts. "Moving Beyond Simple Descriptive Statistics in the Analysis of Online Wildlife Trade: An Example From Clustering and Ordination." Tropical Conservation Science 13 (January 2020): 194008292095840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082920958401.
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Collecting data for reports on online wildlife trade is resource-intensive and time-consuming. Learning often focuses on the main item traded by each country only. However, online trade is increasing, providing potential to update the conversation from a national scale to a global scale. We demonstrate how hierarchical clustering can identify wildlife items that follow similar trading patterns. We also ordinate the clusters, and seek correlations between the clusters and global measures, such as Worldwide Governance Indicators. We primarily use a sample dataset from a published report of online traded wildlife, covering 16 countries and 31 taxa or product types. Clustering provided immediate insights, such as rhinos and pangolins were traded similarly to ivory and suspected ivory. Five out of eight clusters represented items predominately traded by one country. An ordination of these clusters, and representation of global measures on the ordination axis, show a strong correlation of the ‘Voice and accountability' score with the clusters. Consequently, from the ‘Voice and accountability' score of the United States, a country not included in our dataset, we inferred that it traded elephant items (not ivory) and owl items during 2014.
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Lu, Cynthia, Paramita Dasgupta, Jessica Cameron, Lin Fritschi, and Peter Baade. "A systematic review and meta-analysis on international studies of prevalence, mortality and survival due to coal mine dust lung disease." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): e0255617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255617.
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Background Coal mine dust lung disease comprises a group of occupational lung diseases including coal workers pneumoconiosis. In many countries, there is a lack of robust prevalence estimates for these diseases. Our objective was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of published contemporary estimates on prevalence, mortality, and survival for coal mine dust lung disease worldwide. Methods Systematic searches of PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases for English language peer-reviewed articles published from 1/1/2000 to 30/03/2021 that presented quantitative estimates of prevalence, mortality, or survival for coal mine dust lung disease. Review was conducted per PRISMA guidelines. Articles were screened independently by two authors. Studies were critically assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute tools. Pooled prevalence estimates were obtained using random effects meta-analysis models. Heterogeneity was measured using the I2 statistics and publication bias using Egger’s tests. Results Overall 40 studies were included, (31 prevalence, 8 mortality, 1 survival). Of the prevalence estimates, fifteen (12 from the United States) were retained for the meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence estimate for coal workers pneumoconiosis among underground miners was 3.7% (95% CI 3.0–4.5%) with high heterogeneity between studies. The pooled estimate of coal workers pneumoconiosis prevalence in the United States was higher in the 2000s than in the 1990s, consistent with published reports of increasing prevalence following decades of declining trends. Sub-group analyses also indicated higher prevalence among underground miners, and in Central Appalachia. The mortality studies were suggestive of reduced pneumoconiosis mortality rates over time, relative to the general population. Conclusion The ongoing prevalence of occupational lung diseases among contemporary coal miners highlights the importance of respiratory surveillance and preventive efforts through effective dust control measures. Limited prevalence studies from countries other than the United States limits our understanding of the current disease burden in other coal-producing countries.
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Varadarajan, Ramya, Michael K. Cummings, Andrew J. Hyland, Eunice S. Wang, and Meir Wetzler. "Can Decrease in Smoking Incidence Reduce Leukemia Mortality?" Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 3985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.3985.3985.
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Abstract Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the Western world. There is substantial evidence that smokers are approximately 1.5 times more likely to develop acute myeloid leukemia (AML) than non smokers. We were interested to know if there is a relationship between smoking and treatment outcome in AML. We searched the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) databases for data about smoking incidence and AML mortality. We collected AML mortality data for the United States (US) from SEER and state leukemia mortality data from CDC. CDC data are lumped for all types of leukemia. Since AML is the most common leukemia, and no significant improvement in AML treatment, as compared to chronic myeloid leukemia, occurred in the last two decades, we used the collective leukemia data. We compared smoking incidence and age-adjusted leukemia mortality between overall US and states with either a high (Alabama, Indiana, Ohio, Oklahoma, Kentucky) or a low (California, Connecticut, New York, Utah, Rhode Island) smoking incidence. SEER data revealed a statistically significant correlation (r=0.88) between smoking incidence and AML mortality for the different US regions (Figure 1). The correlation was significant whether we included a 10-year lag period (r= 0.75) for leukemia mortality or not. The correlation between smoking incidence and mortality rates for individual states was much more variable; data from two representative states, California (CA) with low smoking incidence (r=0.74) and Indiana (IN) with high smoking incidence (r=0.03) are shown (Figure 2). Possible causes for decreased mortality can include less pulmonary infections, less aggressive leukemia [reports of more frequent chromosomal aberrations involving chromosome 5, 7 and 8 in smokers] and better transplant outcome in non-smokers. To date, we did not find any data on association between leukemia incidence and smoking prevalence. These data suggest a possible association between smoking and leukemia mortality, and additional research is needed to determine if smoking cessation can be a tool to decrease leukemia mortality. Figure 1 Figure 1. Figure 2: Figure 2:.
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Sweet, Victoria. "Rising Waters, Rising Threats: The Human Trafficking of Indigenous Women in the Circumpolar Region of the United States and Canada." Yearbook of Polar Law Online 6, no. 1 (March 11, 2014): 162–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1876-8814_007.
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Among indigenous people around the world, human trafficking is taking a tremendous toll. While trafficking is not an exclusively indigenous issue, disproportionately large numbers of indigenous people, particularly women, are modern trafficking victims. In Canada, several groups concerned about human trafficking have conducted studies primarily focused on the sex trade because many sex workers are actually trafficking victims under both domestic and international legal standards. These studies found that First Nations women and youth represent between 70 and 90% of the visible sex trade in areas where the Aboriginal population is less than 10%. Very few comparable studies have been conducted in the United States, but studies in both Minnesota and Alaska found similar statistics among U.S. indigenous women. With the current interest in resource extraction, and other opportunities in the warming Arctic, people from outside regions are traveling north in growing numbers. This rise in outside interactions increases the risk that the indigenous women may be trafficked. Recent crime reports from areas that have had an influx of outsiders such as Williston, North Dakota, U.S. and Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada, both part of the new oil boom, demonstrate the potential risks that any group faces when people with no community accountability enter an area. The combination of development in rural locations, the demographic shift of outsiders moving to the north, and the lack of close monitoring in this circumpolar area is a potential recipe for disaster for indigenous women in the region. This paper suggests that in order to protect indigenous women, countries and indigenous nations must acknowledge this risk and plan for ways to mitigate risk factors.