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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Representation analysis'
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1
Kachintseva, Dina (Dina D. ). "Semantic knowledge representation and analysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76983.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2011.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 103).<br>Natural language is the means through which humans convey meaning to each other - each word or phrase is a label, or name, for an internal representation of a concept. This internal representation is built up from repeated exposure to particular examples, or instances, of a concept. The way in which we learn that a particular entity in our environment is a "bird" comes from seeing countless examples of different kinds of birds. and combining these experiences to form a menial representation of the concept. Consequently, each individual's understanding of a concept is slightly different, depending on their experiences. A person living in a place where the predominant types of birds are ostriches and emus will have a different representation birds than a person who predominantly sees penguins, even if the two people speak the same language. This thesis presents a semantic knowledge representation that incorporates this fuzziness and context-dependence of concepts. In particular, this thesis provides several algorithms for learning the meaning behind text by using a dataset of experiences to build up an internal representation of the underlying concepts. Furthermore, several methods are proposed for learning new concepts by discovering patterns in the dataset and using them to compile representations for unnamed ideas. Essentially, these methods learn new concepts without knowing the particular label - or word - used to refer to them. Words are not the only way in which experiences can be described - numbers can often communicate a situation more precisely than words. In fact, many qualitative concepts can be characterized using a set of numeric values. For instance, the qualitative concepts of "young" or "strong" can be characterized using a range of ages or strengths that are equally context-specific and fuzzy. A young adult corresponds to a different range of ages from a young child or a young puppy. By examining the sorts of numeric values that are associated with a particular word in a given context, a person can build up an understanding of the concept. This thesis presents algorithms that use a combination of qualitative and numeric data to learn the meanings of concepts. Ultimately, this thesis demonstrates that this combination of qualitative and quantitative data enables more accurate and precise learning of concepts.<br>by Dina Kachintseva.<br>M.Eng.
2
Ji, Donghong. "Conceptual relevance : representation and analysis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711639.
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Wilhelmson, Mika. "Representations of culture in EIL : Cultural representation in Swedish EFL textbooks." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Engelska, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-21120.
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The English language has become an international language and is globally used as a lingua franca. Therefore, there has been a shift in English-language education toward teaching English as an interna-tional language (EIL). Teaching from the EIL paradigm means that English is seen as an international language used in communication by people from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. As the approach to English-language education changes from the traditional native-speaker, target country context, so does the role of culture within English-language teaching. The aim of this thesis is to in-vestigate and analyse cultural representations in two Swedish EFL textbooks used in upper-secondary school to see how they correspond with the EIL paradigm. This is done by focusing on the geograph-ical origin of the cultural content as well as looking at what kinds of culture are represented in the textbooks. A content analysis of the textbooks is conducted, using Kachru’s Concentric Circles of English as the model for the analysis of the geographical origin. Horibe’s model of the three different kinds of culture in EIL is the model used for coding the second part of the analysis. The results of the analysis show that culture of target countries and "Culture as social custom" dominate the cultural content of the textbook. Thus, although there are some indications that the EIL paradigm has influ-enced the textbooks, the traditional approach to culture in language teaching still prevails in the ana-lysed textbooks. Because of the relatively small sample included in the thesis, further studies need to be conducted in order to make conclusions regarding the Swedish context as a whole.
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Sanchez, Carmona Vicente Ivan. "Experimental analysis of representation learning systems." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10056389/.
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Studying a subject is central to understanding its behavior and what it has learned. In this thesis, we study specific aspects of five representation learning systems for natural language processing tasks. Representation learning systems are a type of machine learning system dedicated to learn representations of data suitable for other machine learning systems, such as classifiers, to operate upon them. Thus, understanding the behavior of and the abilities learned by representation learning systems is crucial for improving the results on the tasks they are used. The aspects on which we focus are interpretability, robustness, and abilities learned. We are interested in obtaining explanations that allow us to understand how a system makes a decision, what factors from the data and internal to the system affect its robustness, and to what extent it has learned a linguistic ability. To do so, we propose to carry out three types of analyses, namely functional, behavioral, and internal analyses which we link with work on the cognitive science, behavioral science, and neuroscience. We present three case studies. In the first study, we provide a functional explanation of a matrix factorization system that allow us to understand how this system makes a prediction. In our second study, we investigate how robust are three systems when the input data suffers a simple transformation and how certain external and internal factors influence their behavior; these systems are trained for the task of natural language inference. Finally, our third study shows that we are able to extract hypernymy from the word embeddings of a popular ReLe system, while studying the influence that the choice of hypernymy dataset plays in the task. In summary, we advance towards better understanding ReLe systems by providing explanations of their predictive behavior and investigating abilities learned by these systems.
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Shen, Guoling 1967. "Analysis of boundary representation model rectification." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/88491.
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Altaf, Muhammad Umair Bin. "Environmental sounds: acquisition, analysis, and representation." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53953.
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The dissertation presents the design and development of a systematic
signal analysis and representation framework beyond short-time Fourier
power spectrum for sounds, in particular environmental sounds. This
framework is consistent with the underlying assumptions of the
analysis method and its elements are correlated with human
perception. The sound signal has to conform to certain conditions for
its power spectrum to have a physical and perceptual meaning. We
contend that very few environmental sounds readily meet these criteria
and argue that the quantities that are traditionally used to describe
sounds need to be repurposed and, if necessary, redefined to represent
sounds by non-Fourier means. We propose a perceptuo-analytic
organization of sounds so that any environmental sound can be analyzed
based on its signal characteristics and perception.
We present environmental sound acquisition in the context of
collection and annotation of a database for the footstep sounds, a
common environmental sound, and show that it can be represented by
these unconventional means and further analyzed to produce
descriptions which are obscured with the traditional analysis. We
present a novel application of extracting gait characteristics from
the footstep sounds which is enabled by the proposed framework.
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Albrecht, Birgit. "Novel representation and analysis of protein structure." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418641.
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Shum, Simon J. "A cognitive analysis of design rationale representation." Thesis, University of York, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306290.
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Simoncelli, Eero Peter. "Distributed representation and analysis of visual motion." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12590.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1993.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 171-179).<br>by Eero Peter Simoncelli.<br>Ph.D.
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Mukras, Rahman. "Representation and learning schemes for sentiment analysis." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/379.
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This thesis identifies four novel techniques of improving the performance of sentiment analysis of text systems. Thes include feature extraction and selection, enrichment of the document representation and exploitation of the ordinal structure of rating classes. The techniques were evaluated on four sentiment-rich corpora, using two well-known classifiers: Support Vector Machines and Na¨ıve Bayes. This thesis proposes the Part-of-Speech Pattern Selector (PPS), which is a novel technique for automatically selecting Part-of-Speech (PoS) patterns. The PPS selects its patterns from a background dataset by use of a number of measures including Document Frequency, Information Gain, and the Chi-Squared Score. Extensive empirical results show that these patterns perform just as well as the manually selected ones. This has important implications in terms of both the cost and the time spent in manual pattern construction. The position of a phrase within a document is shown to have an influence on its sentiment orientation, and that document classification performance can be improved by weighting phrases in this regard. It is, however, also shown to be necessary to sample the distribution of sentiment rich phrases within documents of a given domain prior to adopting a phrase weighting criteria. A key factor in choosing a classifier for an Ordinal Sentiment Classification (OSC) problem is its ability to address ordinal inter-class similarities. Two types of classifiers are investigated: Those that can inherently solve multi-class problems, and those that decompose a multi-class problem into a sequence of binary problems. Empirical results showed the former to be more effective with regard to both mean squared error and classification time performances. Important features in an OSC problem are shown to distribute themselves across similar classes. Most feature selection techniques are ignorant of inter-class similarities and hence easily overlook such features. The Ordinal Smoothing Procedure (OSP), which augments inter-class similarities into the feature selection process, is introduced in this thesis. Empirical results show the OSP to have a positive effect on mean squared error performance.
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Calais, Linus. "The Representation of Culture : A Comparative Analysis of Cultural Representation in Swedish EFL Coursebooks." Thesis, Jönköping University, HLK, Ämnesforskning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53604.
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The overall aim of this study is to analyse the cultural representation in fictional texts in three English as a Foreign Language (EFL) coursebooks written for the English 5 course in Swedish upper secondary school. The three coursebooks are Blueprint A 3.0, Pick & Mix 1, and Solid Gold 1. The study was conducted in order to compare and discuss the portrayal and representation of cultures of the English-speaking world. The method used consists of a combination of the two-stage model constructed by McDonough et al. (2013) and a qualitative content analysis. The three coursebooks were analysed through the theoretical framework of postcolonial theory. The results show that American culture is represented to a higher extent than any other culture in the included fictional works. Because of the discrepancy in representation, American culture was portrayed through various societal issues, living conditions, and cultural features. However, many other cultures of the English-speaking world were barely represented at all. Furthermore, the results show that cultures such as Indian or Irish are not included in all the coursebooks. The lack of fictional texts representing cultures of Africa included in the coursebooks further shows the discrepancy and specific focus on certain parts of the English-speaking world. Solid Gold 1 was the only one of the three coursebooks which included fictional texts discussing all cultures highlighted. Although there is a notable difference in the representation of cultures, and the number of times certain cultures are mentioned, the analysis shows that the coursebooks create many opportunities, through fictional texts, for students to learn about societal issues, cultural features, and living conditions in parts of the world where English is used, meeting the requirements of the Swedish curriculum.
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Maxwell, Bailey. "Transgender Representation in Mainstream Advertising." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1505163/.
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This study focuses on the transgender community's presence and portrayal in advertisements that reach a broad, mainstream audience base. Through a mixed-methods use of focus groups and qualitative content analysis, the content, context, and framings of ads between the years 2015 and 2018 are explored to illustrate current portrayals of the trans community and how the industry is approaching this subcultural group. Its findings contribute to advertising research by exploring current trends in trans portrayals in the cultural context they exist. Because trans advertising in both LGBTQ+ publications and to mainstream audience is largely unexplored, this study seeks to begin a conversation among advertising professionals. The main objective is to ultimately improve the number of genuine, positive portrayals of trans people in advertising and hold the industry accountable for the role they play in serving this community.
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Musgrave, John. "Cognitive Malice Representation and Identification." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1565348664149804.
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Wilson, Miyako Watanabe. "The constrained object representation for engineering analysis integration." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17328.
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Corona, Blanca Tovar. "Analysis and representation of heart sounds and murmurs." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299958.
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Jackson, Todd Robert. "Analysis of functionally graded material object representation methods." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9032.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering, 2000.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 218-224).<br>Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) processes have demonstrated the ability to produce parts with locally controlled composition. To exploit this potential, methods to represent and exchange parts with varying local composition need to be proposed and evaluated. In modeling such parts efficiently, any such method should provide a concise and accurate description of all of the relevant information about the part with minimal cost in terms of storage. To address these issues, several approaches to modeling Functionally Graded Material (FGM) objects are evaluated based on their memory requirements. Through this research, an information pathway for processing FGM objects based on image processing is proposed. This pathway establishes a clear separation between design of FGM objects, their processing, and their fabrication. Similar to how an image is represented by a continuous vector valued function of the intensity of the primary colors over a two-dimensional space, an FGM object is represented by a vector valued function spanning a Material Space, defined over the three dimensional Build Space. Therefore, the Model Space for FGM objects consists of a Build Space and a Material Space. The task of modeling and designing an FGM object, therefore, is simply to accurately represent the function m(x) where x E Build Space. Data structures for representing FGM objects are then described and analyzed, including a voxel based structure, finite element method, and the extension of the Radial-Edge and Cell-Tuple-Graph data structures mains in order to represent spatially varying properties. All of the methods are capable of defining the function m(x) but each does so in a different way. Along with introducing each data structure, the storage cost for each is derived in terms of the number of instances of each of its fundamental classes required to represent an object. In order to determine the optimal data structure to model FGM objects, the storage cost associated with each data structure for representing several hypothetical models is calculated. Although these models are simple in nature, their curved geometries and regions of both piece-wise constant and non-linearly graded compositions reflect the features expected to be found in real applications. In each case, the generalized cellular methods are found to be optimal, accurately representing the intended design.<br>by Todd Robert Jackson.<br>Ph.D.
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Jia, Wei. "Image analysis and representation for textile design classification." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2011. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/c667f279-d7a6-4670-b23e-c9dbe2784266.
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A good image representation is vital for image comparision and classification; it may affect the classification accuracy and efficiency. The purpose of this thesis was to explore novel and appropriate image representations. Another aim was to investigate these representations for image classification. Finally, novel features were examined for improving image classification accuracy. Images of interest to this thesis were textile design images. The motivation of analysing textile design images is to help designers browse images, fuel their creativity, and improve their design efficiency. In recent years, bag-of-words model has been shown to be a good base for image representation, and there have been many attempts to go beyond this representation. Bag-of-words models have been used frequently in the classification of image data, due to good performance and simplicity. “Words” in images can have different definitions and are obtained through steps of feature detection, feature description, and codeword calculation. The model represents an image as an orderless collection of local features. However, discarding the spatial relationships of local features limits the power of this model. This thesis exploited novel image representations, bag of shapes and region label graphs models, which were based on bag-of-words model. In both models, an image was represented by a collection of segmented regions, and each region was described by shape descriptors. In the latter model, graphs were constructed to capture the spatial information between groups of segmented regions and graph features were calculated based on some graph theory. Novel elements include use of MRFs to extract printed designs and woven patterns from textile images, utilisation of the extractions to form bag of shapes models, and construction of region label graphs to capture the spatial information. The extraction of textile designs was formulated as a pixel labelling problem. Algorithms for MRF optimisation and re-estimation were described and evaluated. A method for quantitative evaluation was presented and used to compare the performance of MRFs optimised using alpha-expansion and iterated conditional modes (ICM), both with and without parameter re-estimation. The results were used in the formation of the bag of shapes and region label graphs models. Bag of shapes model was a collection of MRFs' segmented regions, and the shape of each region was described with generic Fourier descriptors. Each image was represented as a bag of shapes. A simple yet competitive classification scheme based on nearest neighbour class-based matching was used. Classification performance was compared to that obtained when using bags of SIFT features. To capture the spatial information, region label graphs were constructed to obtain graph features. Regions with the same label were treated as a group and each group was associated uniquely with a vertex in an undirected, weighted graph. Each region group was represented as a bag of shape descriptors. Edges in the graph denoted either the extent to which the groups' regions were spatially adjacent or the dissimilarity of their respective bags of shapes. Series of unweighted graphs were obtained by removing edges in order of weight. Finally, an image was represented using its shape descriptors along with features derived from the chromatic numbers or domination numbers of the unweighted graphs and their complements. Linear SVM classifiers were used for classification. Experiments were implemented on data from Liberty Art Fabrics, which consisted of more than 10,000 complicated images mainly of printed textile designs and woven patterns. Experimental data was classified into seven classes manually by assigning each image a text descriptor based on content or design type. The seven classes were floral, paisley, stripe, leaf, geometric, spot, and check. The result showed that reasonable and interesting regions were obtained from MRF segmentation in which alpha-expansion with parameter re-estimation performs better than alpha-expansion without parameter re-estimation or ICM. This result was not only promising for textile CAD (Computer-Aided Design) to redesign the textile image, but also for image representation. It was also found that bag of shapes model based on MRF segmentation can obtain comparable classification accuracy with bag of SIFT features in the framework of nearest neighbour class-based matching. Finally, the result indicated that incorporation of graph features extracted by constructing region label graphs can improve the classification accuracy compared to both bag of shapes model and bag of SIFT models.
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Reyes, Mendy Francisca. "Exploring the green promises of deliberative democracy : a multi-country analysis /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2003.
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Submitted to the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2003.<br>Adviser: William Moomaw. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 223-248). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;
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Penton, Dave. "Linguistic data models : presentation and representation /." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00002875.
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Kangwai, Riki Dale. "The analysis of symmetric structures using group representation theory." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265422.
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Group Representation Theory is the mathematical language best suited to describing the symmetry properties of a structure, and a structural analysis can utilises Group Representation Theory to provide the most efficient and systematic method of exploiting the full symmetry properties of any symmetric structure. Group Representation Theory methods currently exist for the Stiffness Niethod of structural analysis, where the stiffness matrix of a structure is block-diagonalised into a number of independent submatrices, each of which relates applied loads and displacements with a particular type of symmetry. This dissertation extends the application of Group Representation Theory to the equilibrium and compatibility matrices which are commonly used in the Force Method of structural analysis. Group Representation Theory is used to find symmetry-adapted coordinate systems for both the external vector space which is suitable for representing the loads applied to a structure, and the internal vector space wh",t-k is-suitable for representing the internal forces. Using these symmetry-adapted coordinate systems the equilibrium matrix is block-diagonalised into a number of independent submatrix blocks, thus decomposing the analysis into a number of subproblems which require less computational effort. Each independent equilibrium submatrix block relates applied loads and internal forces with particular symmetry properties, and hence any states of self-stress or inextensional mechanisms in one of these equilibrium submatrix blocks will necessarily have ~rresponding symmetry properties. Thus, a symmetry analysis provides valuable insight into the behaviour of symmetric structures by helping to identify and classif:)'. any states of self-stress .or inextensional mechanisms present in a structure. In certain cases it is also possible for a symmetry analysis to identify when a structure contains a :ijnite rather than infinitesimal mechanism. To do this a symmetry analysis must b~ carried out using the symmetry properties of the inextensional mechanism of interest. If the analysis shows that any states of self-stress which exist in the structure have "lesser" symmetry properties, then the states of self-stress exist independently from the mechanism and cannot prevent its finite motion.
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Richardson, Craig Howard. "The symbolic representation, analysis, and manipulation of morphological algorithms." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13358.
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Turcat, Jean-Philippe. "Object-based content representation and analysis for image retrieval." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394142.
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DAFLON, LEANDRO RIBEIRO. "A FRAMEWORK FOR SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PROCESS REPRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5285@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>Diversas organizações buscam por padrões e guias de
trabalho para atingir
um processo de desenvolvimento maduro. Entretanto, mudanças
e evoluções no
negócio e na tecnologia implicam constantemente em mudanças
e evoluções no
processo. Esta dissertação propõe um framework que permite
as organizações
definirem e analisarem seus processos de desenvolvimento de
software no
contexto da organização ou projeto. Dessa forma,
integração, alteração e
evoluções do processo são facilitadas. A definição de um
processo está baseada no
conceito de Unidades de Processo. As Unidades de Processo
representam blocos
de construção utilizados na elaboração de novos modelos de
processo, podendo
utilizar partes de modelos de processos existentes ou não.
A análise do processo é
baseada em normas de qualidade ou modelos de maturidade,
como SW-CMM,
CMMI, ISO 12207.<br>Many organizations search for standards and guidance to
achieve a mature
process. However, change and evolution of business and
technology imply
constant change and evolution of development processes. In
this dissertation we
propose a framework that offers an infrastructure allowing
organizations to define
and analyze software engineering process at organization
level or project level.
Besides that, it facilitates integration, change and
process evolution. The
definition of a process is based on a concept Process
Units. These represent
building blocks for tailoring integrated development
processes, by reusing or not
parts of existing process models. The process analysis is
based on quality
standards or maturity models, such as SW-CMM, CMMI, ISO
12207.
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Alachram, Halima [Verfasser]. "Knowledge Integration and Representation for Biomedical Analysis / Halima Alachram." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1228364966/34.
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Quick, Donya. "Applications and parameter analysis of temporal chaos game representation." Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1454350.
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Thesis (M.S. in Computer Science)--S.M.U.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed Mar. 16, 2009). Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 47-01, page: 0419. Adviser: Margaret H. Dunham. Includes supplementary digital materials in a .zip file available from ProQuest website. Includes bibliographical references.
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Davison, Julian. "Images and metaphor : an analysis of Iban collective representation." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1987. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28939/.
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The Iban of Sarawak, East Malaysia, are the inhabitants of a vast equatorial rain forest which not only plays a crucial role in satisfying their material needs, but also provides them with a rich source of imagery for the portrayal of key cultural concerns and social values. That is to say, one finds that Iban collective representations are characterized by a profusion of floral and botanical forms, while the ritual use of plants features strongly in Iban religious life. Often these 'sacred' and 'profane' aspects of the plant world coincide, as in the case of Iban rice farming which both provides them with their staple diet, and at the same time is imbued with a deeply religious significance. The primary interest of this study, then, lies in its examination of the special relationship between man and plant in Iban culture. The research is based on library materials and takes, as its epistemological starting point, the idea that an understanding of metaphor can be usefully employed in the interpretation of symbolic phenomena. This approach works on two levels. On the one hand, there is the idea that a systematic examination of recurrent metaphorical forms - be they expressed in mythological narrative, ritual imagery, or everyday language - can be linked to dominant cultural values and social orientations. On the other hand, there is also the idea that a theory of metaphor - as developed in the field of literary criticism and semantics - can provide valuable insight into the way in which so-called 'symbolic phenomena' are 'actualized', or 'understood', by those for whom they operate. In the last instance, the study seeks to transcend the formal strictures of conventional structural analysis by suggesting ways in which the elaborate structures that are revealed by the latter are actually realized, or at least represented, in daily life - whether it be in the rarefied atmosphere of a religious ceremony or the more mundane setting at some commonplace activity. In doing so, the study raises a number of issues that are of a metaphysical nature - among them the question of indigenous notions of causation - thereby providing not just simply a re-evaluation of the existing ethnographic record, but also a point of departure for future inquiries in the field.
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NICOLINO, ENRICA. "Bayesian Analysis of AR Copula Models with Tree Structural Representation." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1203371.
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Hall, Sara. "Cultural Representation in Swedish EFL Textbooks." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-34544.
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As our world becomes increasingly globalized, the value of understanding cultural diversity is perhaps more relevant than ever. Furthermore, since English plays an important role in the encounters between members of different cultural contexts, analysis of EFL teaching materials is a matter of importance. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of how two Swedish EFL textbooks represent cultural diversity. To achieve this, it aims to answer the following research question: To what extent do the textbooks represent cultural diversity within the framework of English as an international language? To answer the research question, this study uses critical discourse analysis as a method for the evaluation. The results indicate that the textbooks show some tendencies of acknowledging the international status of English by including texts from different countries and cultural settings. However, both books still favor representations of Anglophonic countries. Finally, the results suggest that it is important for teachers who use these books to promote critical reflection of how cultures are portrayed.
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Ma, Hong. "Representation of multivariable-controlled MOSFET nonlinearities in transient analysis programs." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30001.
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This thesis deals with the modelling and circuit simulation problems of nonlinear electronic devices. Emphasis has been aimed at MOSFET devices.
A Piecewise Linear (PWL) modelling scheme has been proposed for a general four-terminal nonlinear charge device. The charge functions are all nonlinear and are approximated by PWL functions. If analytical expressions for the nonlinear functions are not available, PWL function approximations can be built from a data table in which discrete data points are recorded.
In the time domain, the critical-damping-adjustment (CDA ) scheme is used as the integration rule in the discretization of dynamic charge devices.
Piecewise linear modelling combined with the CDA integration scheme gives a fast yet adequately accurate simulation algorithm. The algorithm is based on linear analysis because the entire circuit becomes linear with PWL modelling of nonlinear elements. In order to avoid an iterative solution, PWL region extrapolation is permitted when the circuit solution switches PWL regions. The extrapolation approximation will generate an overshoot error in the solution vector. However, with caution in the selection of the integration step size, the error can be limited to an acceptable range.
Two types of MOSFETs have been modelled and simulated with the algorithm introduced in this thesis, and satisfactory results have been obtained as compared to Newton's iteration solutions.<br>Applied Science, Faculty of<br>Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of<br>Graduate
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Warioba, Isabela Moses. "The first-past-the-post electoral system versus proportional representation in Africa : a comparative analysis." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/18651.
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Most African states emerged from shadows and made a transition from mono-party, one-person and military rule towards political pluralism and multi-party democratic governance in 1990s. One of the key ingredients of this transformation is the holding of regular elections and electoral systems that undergird the electoral process itself.
However still, most African states practice what is referred to as shallow democracy as opposed to deeper democracy that requires full participation of citizens and accountability. Shallow democracy is the democracy that has not made any positive impacts to the ordinary people despite the radical changes to the constitution and expansion of part activity.<br>Prepared under the supervision of Mr Paulo Comoane at the Faculty of Law, Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique<br>Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011.<br>http://www.chr.up.ac.za/<br>nf2012<br>Centre for Human Rights<br>LLM
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Jane, Robert. "Improving the representation of the fragility of coastal structures." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/13080.
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Robust Flood Risk Analysis (FRA) is essential for effective flood risk management. The performance of any flood defence assets will heavily influence the estimate of an area's flood risk. It is therefore critical that the probability of a coastal flood defence asset incurring a structural failure when subjected to a particular loading i.e. its fragility is accurately quantified. The fragility representations of coastal defence assets presently adopted in UK National FRA (NaFRA) suffer three pertinent limitations. Firstly, assumptions relating to the modelling of the dependence structure of the variables that comprise the hydraulic load, including the water level, wave height and period, are restricted to a single loading variable. Consequently, due to the "system wide" nature of the analysis, a defence's conditional failure probability must also be expressed in terms of a single loading in the form of a fragility curve. For coastal defences the single loading is the overtopping discharge, an amalgamation of these basic loading variables. The prevalence of other failure initiation mechanisms may vary considerably for combinations of the basic loadings which give rise to equal overtopping discharges. Hence the univariate nature of the existing representations potentially restricts their ability to accurately assess an asset's structural vulnerability. Secondly, they only consider failure at least partially initiated through overtopping and thus neglect other pertinent initiation mechanisms acting in its absence. Thirdly, fragility representations have been derived for 61 generic assets (idealised forms of the defences found around the UK coast) each in five possible states of repair. The fragility representation associated with the generic asset and its state of repair deemed to most closely resemble a particular defence is adopted to describe its fragility. Any disparity in the parameters which influence the defence's structural vulnerability in the generic form of the asset and those observed in the field are also likely to further reduce the robustness of the existing fragility representations. In NaFRA coastal flood defence assets are broadly classified as vertical walls, beaches and embankments. The latter are typically found in sheltered locations where failure is water level driven and hence expressing failure probability conditionally on overtopping is admissible. Therefore new fragility representations for vertical wall and gravel beach assets which address the limitations of those presently adopted in NaFRA are derived. To achieve this aim it was necessary to propose new procedures for extracting information on the site and structural parameters characterising a defence's structural vulnerability from relevant resources (predominately beach profiles). In addition novel statistical approaches were put forward for capturing the uncertainties in the parameters on the basis of the site specific data obtained after implementation of the aforementioned procedures. A preliminary validation demonstrated the apparent reliability of these approaches. The pertinent initiation mechanisms behind the structural failure of each asset type were then identified before the state-of-the-art models for predicting the prevalence of these mechanisms during an event were evaluated. The Obhrai et al. (2008) re-formulation of the Bradbury (2000) barrier inertia model, which encapsulates all of the initiating mechanisms behind the structural failure of a beach, was reasoned as a more appropriate model for predicting the breach of a beach than that adopted in NaFRA. Failure initiated exclusively at the toe of a seawall was explicitly accounted for in the new formulations of the fragility representations using the predictors for sand and shingle beaches derived by Sutherland et al. (2007) and Powell & Lowe (1994). In order to assess whether the new formulations warrant a place in future FRAs they were derived for the relevant assets in Lyme Bay (UK). The inclusion of site specific information in the derivation of fragility representations resulted in a several orders of magnitude change in the Annual Failure Probabilities (AFPs) of the vertical wall assets. The assets deemed most vulnerable were amongst those assigned the lowest AFPs in the existing analysis. The site specific data indicated that the crest elevations assumed in NaFRA are reliable. Hence it appears the more accurate specification of asset geometry and in particular the inclusion of the beach elevation in the immediate vicinity of the structure in the overtopping calculation is responsible for the changes. The AFP was zero for many of the walls (≈ 77%) indicating other mechanism(s) occurring in the absence of any overtopping are likely to be responsible for failure. Toe scour was found to be the dominant failure mechanism at all of the assets at which it was considered a plausible cause of breach. Increases of at least an order of magnitude upon the AFP after the inclusion of site specific information in the fragility representations were observed at ≈ 86% of the walls. The AFPs assigned by the new site specific multivariate fragility representations to the beach assets were positively correlated with those prescribed by the existing representations. However, once the new representations were adopted there was substantially more variability in AFPs of the beach assets which had previously been deemed to be in identical states of repair. As part of the work, the new and existing fragility representations were validated at assets which had experienced failure or near-failure in the recent past, using the hydraulic loading conditions recorded during the event. No appraisal of the reliability of the new representations for beaches was possible due to an absence of any such events within Lyme Bay. Their AFPs suggest that armed with more information about an asset's geometry the new formulations are able to provide a more robust description of a beach's structural vulnerability. The results of the validation as well as the magnitude of the AFPs assigned by the new representations on the basis of field data suggest that the newly proposed representations provide the more realistic description of the structural vulnerability of seawalls. Any final conclusions regarding the robustness of the representations must be deferred until more failure data becomes available. The trade-off for the potentially more robust description of an asset's structural vulnerability was a substantial increase in the time required for the newly derived fragility representations to compute the failure probability associated with a hydraulic loading event. To combat this increase, (multivariate) generic versions of the new representations were derived using the structural specific data from the assets within Lyme Bay. Although there was generally good agreement in the failure probabilities assigned to the individual hydraulic loading events by the new generic representations there was evidence of systematic error. This error has the potential to bias flood risk estimates and thus requires investigation before the new generic representations are included in future FRAs. Given the disparity in the estimated structural vulnerability of the assets according to the existing fragility curves and the site-specific multivariate representations the new generic representations are likely to be more reliable than the existing fragility curves.
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Bergström, Johan, and Christoffer Riddersholm. "Polisen genom olika fönster : Kritisk diskursanalys av polisens representation." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för medier och journalistik (MJ), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-36653.
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How do the Swedish police get represented in news media and how does that representation differentiate from other media channels where the police have full control over what is said? Through a discourse analysis of news texts and extracts from the police own webpage and Facebook page, we claim that the discourse in newspapers and the discourse on the webpage and Facebook page is pretty much the same, only packaged differently.
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Meine, Hans. "The GeoMap representation: on topologically correct sub-pixel image analysis /." Heidelberg : Aka, 2009. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9783898383233.
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Warburton, Nigel William Reginald. "Mirror with a memory? : a philosophical analysis of photographic representation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/250960.
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Tamburini, Diego Romano. "The analyzable product model representation to support design-analysis integration." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17106.
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Ip, Saimond. "A knowledge representation approach to information systems analysis and modelling." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260555.
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Keeble, David. "Interpretive representation in Thomas Carlyle's Chartism : a relevance-theoretic analysis." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403734.
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Chown, Timothy John. "An extended facet region model for image representation and analysis." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315375.
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Koh, Hunmin. "Shape analysis for digital representation of East Asian silk patterns." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118513.
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Thesis: S.M. in Architecture Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2018.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 58-61).<br>This thesis examines the East Asian geometric silk pattern. Despite its long history of use in traditional architecture as an ornamental element in Korea and China, a little attempt was made to understand its geometric construction. Also, the connection between the silk patterns in two countries are often neglected because of the lack of systematic archiving. I first present the currently existing examples of silk patterns in Korea and China. Through a comparative analysis, I identify that the pattern is a shared heritage of the region and proses that more holistic approach is required to understand its relation with geometric patterns from other cultures. One of the approach is symmetry analysis, a method used in archeology to identify relevance in material culture between two adjacent cultural groups. Subsequently, I present shape analysis of existing sixfold symmetry silk patterns and argue that the stacking order of basic motifs plays an important role in design of the majority of silk patterns. I devised a symbolic notation system to identify different stacking order between different designs. Based on the analysis, I introduce an automated pattern generator which creates patterns with a specific symmetry in batches. The produced images can be used to train a symmetry classifier based on a machine learning model. I discuss possible implementations of the pattern generator and the symmetry classifier model and outline future development and challenges.<br>by Hunmin Koh.<br>S.M. in Architecture Studies
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Santy, Fertiana. "Representation of Muslim women in French jurisprudence : critical discourse analysis." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0293.
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Les questions du laïcisme et de l’égalitarisme se trouvent être en contradiction dans la société française d’aujourd’hui. On pourrait légitimement avancer que, les minorités musulmanes, peuvent y être confrontées à des discriminations religieuses, sociales et économiques. Cet état de fait a affecté de façon démesurée les musulmanes qui portent des attributs religieux ou des vêtements à caractère religieux, donnant ainsi lieu à une série de litiges juridiques dans le contexte des lois laïques et de la laïcité française.Cette recherche porte sur les discours de la jurisprudence française à travers l’analyse de décisions juridiques s’appliquant à des musulmanes devant les cours suprêmes nationales (Cour de Cassation et Conseil d’État). Afin de disséquer plus finement le problème, la thèse comporte deux études de cas, communément appelés l’affaire Baby-Loup et l’affaire du burkini.Cette étude s’inscrit principalement dans le cadre théorique de l’ACD, avec une analyse secondaire reposant sur la théorie du constructionnisme social. L'analyse corrobore la conclusion selon laquelle les jurisprudences soulèvent des questions de nature sociopolitique sur le pouvoir de l'idéologie dominante présente au sein des institutions juridiques et sur la façon dont elles influencent la représentation des musulmanes en France. En dépit de jugements divergents, l’ACD révèle que les discours juridiques soutiennent également l’idée d’une inégalité de traitement envers elles, en tant que citoyennes « non préférées », constituant, de fait, un fardeau pour une société majoritairement libérale et laïque, renforçant ainsi leur vulnérabilité et exacerbant l’inégalité globale<br>The issues of secularism and egalitarianism are at odds with each other in today’s French society. Arguably, minorities, including female Muslim immigrants encounter inequality and bigotry – everywhere from public spaces to employment opportunities – particularly social, economic, and religious discrimination. This has disproportionately affected Muslim women who wear religious attire, or the attire which is considered has religious character, and has led to a series of legal disputes in the context of secular laws and the French laïcité.The research investigated the discourses within French jurisprudence by looking at the decisions of two national Supreme Courts (Cour de Cassation and Conseil d’État) concerning Muslim women. To dissect the problem more closely, the dissertation features two case studies which are commonly called the Baby-Loup case and the burkini case. The main theoretical framework utilised in this study is CDA, with secondary analysis using the social constructionist theory. Applying CDA to the legal sphere renders valuable insight into legal texts and decisions through sociological lens. The analysis supports the conclusion that the jurisprudences raise issues of socio-political nature about the power of dominant ideology present within law institutions, and thus how they influence the representation of Muslim women in France. Despite divergent judgements, the CDA reveals that legal discourses support the notion on unequal treatment of them as non-preferred citizens – a burden within a majoritarian, liberal secular society – thus deepening their vulnerability and exacerbating overall inequality
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Moyer, Jessica Renee. "The ANWR landscape : a geographical analysis of rhetoric and representation /." Online version, 2008. http://content.wwu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/theses&CISOPTR=307&CISOBOX=1&REC=15.
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Siegle, Markus. "Behavior analysis of communication systems compositional modelling, compact representation and analysis of performability properties /." Aachen : Shaker, 2002. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/53805153.html.
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Wooten, Kelsey Dianne. "Gender Representation in Sports Illustrated for Kids." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/90412.
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Sport media has been a known producer of traditional gender images that reflect inequality between sexes. Sport media has been studied endlessly, but one aspect that has not fostered as much attention is sport media, advertising, and children. Sports Illustrated for Kids is the only sport media print magazine for children, with a readership age of 8-15 years old. Images and gender stereotypes have been used continuously by advertising companies to sell products to consumers. Children in particular cannot accurately determine between content that is meant to inform and content that is meant to sell. This study examined whether editorial and advertising images in Sports Illustrated for Kids reflects actual participation rates of athletic activities based on gender in issues from the past decade. Utilizing past research, this study looked at overall numbers and stereotypes by examining factors such as state of dress, photo angle, and motion in photograph. Findings show that females are still under and misrepresented in SIK. Even so, findings of this study suggest representation of women in team neutral sport such as soccer and basketball is on the rise. Findings could have implications for SIK's young readership as well as highlight a need for more education about advertising and editorial practices being implemented.<br>Master of Arts<br>Sport media has been a known producer of traditional gender images that reflect inequality between sexes. Sport media has been studied endlessly, but one aspect that has not fostered as much attention is sport media, advertising, and children. Sports Illustrated for Kids is the only sport media print magazine for children, with a readership age of 8-15 years old. Images and gender stereotypes have been used continuously by advertising companies to sell products to consumers. Children in particular cannot accurately determine between content that is meant to inform and content that is meant to sell. This study examined whether editorial and advertising images in Sports Illustrated for Kids reflects actual participation rates of athletic activities based on gender in issues from the past decade. Utilizing past research, this study looked at overall numbers and stereotypes by examining factors such as state of dress, photo angle, and motion in photograph. Findings show that females are still under and misrepresented in SIK. Even so, findings of this study suggest representation of women in team neutral sport such as soccer and basketball is on the rise. Findings could have implications for SIK’s young readership as well highlight a need for more education about advertising and editorial practices being implemented.
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Sturt, Patrick. "Syntactic re-analysis in human language processing." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/517.
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This thesis combines theoretical, computational and experimental techniques in the study of reanalysis in human sentence comprehension. We begin by surveying the main claims of existing theories of reanalysis, and identify representation preservation as a key concept. We show that the models which most obviously feature representation preservation are those which have been formulated with in the monotonicity framework, which assumes that there are aspects of representation which are updated monotonically (i.e.non-destructively) from state to state, and that any reanalysis which requires a non-monotonic update is predicted to cause processing disruption. Next, we present a computational implementation, based on the monotonic theory of Gorrell (1995b). We argue that in constructing such a model of reanalysis, it is essential to consider not only declarative constraints, but also the computational processes through which reanalysis routines explicit, leading to novel predictions in cases where there exist more than one alternative for structural revision. I show why preferences for such reanalysis ambiguities may differ between predominantly head initial languages such as English, and head final languages such as Japanese. After this, we consider the empirical consequences of the implemented model, in particular in relation to recent experimental data concerning modifier attachment. We shoe that the model is too restrictive, and we argue that the appropriate way to expand its coverage is to apply the monotonicity constraints not directly to phrase structure, but to thematics structure. We provide a general framework which allows such non-phrase structural models to be defined, maintaining the same notion of monotonicity that was employed in the previous model. We go on to provide solutions to some computational problems which accompany this change. Finally, we present two experimental studies. The first of these considers the issue of reanalysis ambiguity, and specifically the existence of a recency preference is confirmed in off-line tasks, such as comprehension accuracy and a questionnaire experiment, but is not confirmed in self-paced reading. We discuss some possible reasons for this dissociation between the on-line and off-line results. The second experimental study considers the effect of modifier attachment in Japanese relative clause ambiguities. In this study, we confirm the influence of thematic structure on the resolution of Japanese relative clause ambiguities, and we argue that this effect should be interpreted in terms of a constraint on reanalysis.
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Fournier, Helene. "The nature of task representation by novice multimedia authors /." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85160.
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The continuing importance of literacy and the emergence of electronic text forms have incited interest in the use of technology in a number of domains, among them writing and multimedia authoring. The expectation is that technology will facilitate the writing process by supporting cognitive processes and align school instruction with real-world tasks by providing more meaningful learning environments. This study tracked middle school students' task representation as they participated in protracted multimedia design and writing tasks. Students were engaged in the creation of a literary magazine over several weeks, with both written and media products linked to a particular theme. Cognitive strategies and behaviours associated with problem solving and communication are described through joint design activities. Students' working activities and their competencies in English Language Arts and Computer Science were identified, and cognitive processes tracked in negotiating and defining the boundaries of the task. Teachers' task representations were also examined in terms of their ability to address student variability; strengths and weaknesses between members of a group as well as their inherent dynamics are brought to the fore. Results point to the need for a better understanding of complex cognitive activities in developing new and more sophisticated repertoires of practice to realize the vision of children 'constructing' their own knowledge. Consequently, educators will gain new insights into what students can achieve when given the opportunities and the tools to do so. The role of educators is seen as instrumental in providing structure and mechanisms for supporting students' engagement in complex tasks. Findings underscore the importance of adopting a broader framework for thinking about the impact of students' participation in literacy projects. Limitations of the study are addressed as well as the key variables in the research on written
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Kruger, Stefan A. "Motion analysis and estimation using multiresolution affine models." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/f1c3201e-cc47-4064-a897-5264498767bf.
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Liang, Kuei-Chia. "Explicit representation of design requirements and its impact on industrial designing." Thesis, University of Derby, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/215211.
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The value of establishing design requirements is well-argued and the need for their clear representation in the material used to brief designers is recognised. However, very little attention has been given as to how the design requirements should be represented for use by industrial designers and whether, or how, such representations benefit design. The research presented in the thesis aims to explore approaches to the organisation and presentation of design brief requirements for effective use by designers. We first examined how design requirements are specified, organised and represented in theory and practice. The role of design requirements in the design problem-solving process was analysed to gain insight into how explicit requirement representation might benefit the design process. An experimental study, using protocol analysis, was then conducted to investigate the impact of explicitly representing design requirements in achieving the theoretical benefits for such representations. The results indicate the explicit representation of design brief requirements yields systematic enhancements including increased utilisation of design requirements and the production of solutions assessed as meeting design requirements more successfully. Thus, the findings support the proposition that the manner in which design requirements are represented will impact upon the design process and the designers' performance. In line with the research findings, recommendations are made about how the organisation and presentation of requirements may be manipulated to achieve maximum positive enhancement and minimal negative reduction in the quality of the design process
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Ennen, Elizabeth Leigh. "Multiple memory systems : a neurophilosophical analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40113.
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Neuroscientific data may be usefully invoked in the arbitration of debates concerning the scope of representational theories of the mind. Contemporary cognitivists (e.g. Fodor) tend toward theoretical imperialism in that they argue that all types of intelligent behaviour, including perceptual-motor skills, can be explained within the framework of representationalism. Phenomenologists (e.g. Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, and Dreyfus) argue that the scope of cognitivism is not as vast as its proponents suppose. They claim that perceptual-motor skills are non-representational and thus fall beyond the purview of cognitivism. I argue that this debate can be resolved in favour of the phenomenologists by citing the neuroscientific evidence for the claim that there are two distinct neural memory systems: (1) a hippocampal system which operates over neurally realized Fodorian representations and subserves rational thought and action and (2) a non-representational striatal system which subserves perceptual-motor skills.
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Gimperlein, Heiko [Verfasser]. "Topics in singular analysis with applications to representation theory and to numerical analysis / Heiko Gimperlein." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1004966776/34.
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Shaw, Jeremy A. "Computational Algorithms for Improved Representation of the Model Error Covariance in Weak-Constraint 4D-Var." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3473.
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Four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) provides an estimate to the state of a dynamical system through the minimization of a cost functional that measures the distance to a prior state (background) estimate and observations over a time window. The analysis fit to each information input component is determined by the specification of the error covariance matrices in the data assimilation system (DAS). Weak-constraint 4D-Var (w4D-Var) provides a theoretical framework to account for modeling errors in the analysis scheme. In addition to the specification of the background error covariance matrix, the w4D-Var formulation requires information on the model error statistics and specification of the model error covariance. Up to now, the increased computational cost associated with w4D-Var has prevented its practical implementation. Various simplifications to reduce the computational burden have been considered, including writing the model error covariance as a scalar multiple of the background error covariance and modeling the model error.
In this thesis, the main objective is the development of computationally feasible techniques for the improved representation of the model error statistics in a data assimilation system. Three new approaches are considered. A Monte Carlo method that uses an ensemble of w4D-Var systems to obtain flow-dependent estimates to the model error statistics. The evaluation of statistical diagnostic equations involving observation residuals to estimate the model error covariance matrix. An adaptive tuning procedure based on the sensitivity of a short-range forecast error measure to the model error DAS parametrization.
The validity and benefits of these approaches are shown in two stages of numerical experiments. A proof-of-concept is shown using the Lorenz multi-scale model and the shallow water equations for a one-dimensional domain. The results show the potential of these methodologies to produce improved state estimates, as compared to other approaches in data assimilation. It is expected that the techniques presented will find an extended range of applications to assess and improve the performance of a w4D-Var system.