Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Représentation cartographique'
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Pham, Thi thu ha. "Amélioration de la représentation cartographique des phénomènes urbains." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1229/document.
Full textMore than half of the world's population now lives in cities. This proportion is 77.5% in France. The high density of the urban population causes several environmental problems such as noise, urban heat waves, chemical pollution or magnetic pollution. In a city, the inhabitants could get all the information by the computer infrastructures and the information sharing between the citizens themselves. If one of the objectives of smart cities is to improve the management of resources - such as water and electricity - another is to be able to control day by day what is happening in the city in terms of climate and pollution by collecting local information and mapping it in the public portal of cartography. Although the link between civic services, the interactions between people and government institutions is very important, the concerned information, usually represented by graphics or maps, is not easy to for all people to understand and to interpret. Thus the objective of this thesis is to propose solutions to improve the representation of urban phenomena with their geographical context and at different levels of detail so that it becomes easy to understand for the general public.In order to facilitate the perception of a phenomenon map, we propose a representation at different levels of detail, from the most general to the most detailed and to adapt the graphic density to the level of detail (preparatory optimization in the database) and to the current visualization scale (dynamic and interactive optimization with the user); a various choices of the cartographic space, for example a phenomenon may be represented on the set of buildings or streets, or on any structure of geometry chosen by the user; simple and adaptive symbols to the phenomenon; and an automatic identification of particular zones: with extreme values, exceeding the threshold of dangerousness or with a large dispersion, this allows the user to quickly locate areas of interest throughout the visualization. We also proposed to add the concept of observer and adapt the visualization according to the position of the observer in order to reduce the superposition between the 3D presentations of different levels of height of a phenomenon, when it varies according to of the altitude (and that these data are available)
Regnauld, Nicolas. "Généralisation du bâti : structure spatiale de type graphe et représentation cartographique." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11022.
Full textBernard, Laurent. "La Littérature cartographique, un défi à la totalité." Cergy-Pontoise, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CERG0244.
Full textThis study proposes to confront the cartography with the literature in order to release a literature known as cartographic; I. E. A literature which does not merge with a géographical literature, but which is adapted, at the time of each stage of its speech, spécific codes and ambition of cartographic project which seeks to defy the world in its totality. This attemp at reconciliation, under consideration around a central corpus composed of Borges, Calvino, Perec, Stevenson and using regularly of parallels pictorial, determines in a first part the nature of the cartographic glance (point of view). This glance is carried out around an abandonment of the eye sensitive to profit of an the same time divine and theoretical bicephalous eye. A glance which involves this cartographic literature well off a logic representation for a logic of construction of which the foncations, approached in one second part, let foresee the way in which this literature uses to the statute of card image, between remote setting, framing, brevity and devices of projection. To these foundations succeeds the observation of the strategies installed by this writing, on the cartographic model, in order to achieve, in an effective way its challenge with totality, between disembodied structure, formal global nature related to the question of the genre and cumulative fullness. All of these strategies which are at the same time paradoxical and heterogeneous, come across the difficulties in this challenge. Also, in a last part we question the way in which the cartographic writing consecrates a quite specific reading, between reticularity and rhizomic verticality exempted by intertextuels devices end bilocation. This cartographic reading appealing to exteriority and diversity, for a totality-world open and with which the reader superimposes himself to become himself an individual-world
Barbero, Dominique. "Représentation cartographique d'une image vécue : le cadastre sarde : essai de géographie historique." Lyon 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO31004.
Full textZhao, Épouse Boury Xiao Chun. "Méthodologie de conception d'un système expert pour la généralisation cartographique." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1990. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529718.
Full textArnaud, Aurélie. "Valorisation de l'information dédiée aux événements de territoires à risque : une application cartographique et géovisualisation de la couronne grenobloise." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00664647.
Full textArnaud, Aurélie. "Valorisation de l'information dédiée aux événements de territoires à risque : une application cartographique et géovisualisation de la couronne grenobloise." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10105.
Full text"Territorie at risk" are spatial objects defined by the accumulation of events from risks (floods, landslides, etc. ) throu, history. Interest in these events, from archivaI research to the establishment of observatories, has resulted in informati,dedicated to events (IDE). This information though, presents certain specificities (multi-dimensions, for example) a few tools permit its consultation in an organized and complete manner, in spite of the strong demand from the ri prevention and forecast sector. The value ofIDE must therefore be bett~r appreciated. The hypothesis that we are attempting to validate is that classical cartography (static maps and more sophisticat, mapping (moving maps), interactive maps and multimedia maps) are limited on the Web. It is therefore necessary extend the bertinian'semiology and to use new methods and techniques which refer to interactivity, dinamics displa~ multimedia and visualization, offers to Web environment, in order to satisfy the needs of the actors involved (in ten of consultation of information). Each method and technique bring solutions, but they also reveal new problems. It taking the strengths of each of them that brings us closer to proposing a dynaInic cartographie visualization a: multimedia which represent IDE. To validate, this proposaI, on one hand, it would be integrated into a knowled discovery tool, a type of SIHREN (Information System Dedicated to Risks and the History ofNatural Events) and, the other hand, its effectiveness in terms of meeting the needs of actors and specificities of IDE, is tested
Turczi, Vanda zsofia. "Harmonisation de la représentation des cartes liées à la thématique de l'eau dans l'Union Européenne : élaboration d'un modèle de carte européen pour l'analyse de l'environnement." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00747422.
Full textSaada, Afef. "L'espace tunisien vu de l'Occident, au croisement des notions territoriales Africa et Tunis : concept et représentation dans la cartographie occidentale, du XVIè au XVIIIè siècle." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010714/document.
Full textThis study deals with the concept of the Tunisian space, seen from the West as an intersection of the territorial concepts of Africa and Tunis, throughout the cartographical representation of the modern period, from the 16th to the 18th century. The study is essentially based on cartographic material from the collections of the French National Library. This thesis aims to investigate the cartographic representation of the Tunisian space through two main approaches: the first one is historiographical and structural at heart while the second is quantitative. The main objective of this present study is to detect the essential historical steps in the cartographic representation, from wide sources. So far, I suggest identifying three groups of cartographic images, which are characterized by similar deformations. These images correspond with important stages of the modern cartographical image or even major breaks in its construction, connected with new travel accounts and an evolving representation. Ali maps are not only representative of the cartographical edition but also of the development of technology and geographical knowledge. The « model-maps » along with « mothermaps », once identified, are subsequently subjected to experiments, through a quantitative approach. This approach, which centers on surfaces deformations, is meant to establish a comparison between two types of surfaces: one, the source-surface, which is presumed to be accurate and the other, the image-surface, which corresponds with the historical examples we consider
Eissa, Leila. "Utilisation de méthodes de l'astrogéodésie et de la géodésie spatiale pour des études de déformations de l’écorce terrestre : représentations de déformations et de leur degré de signification par des tenseurs régulièrement répartis." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1018/document.
Full textSpace geodesy tools are now strongly involved in geophysical studies. The horizontal deformation field for a region of interest is provided by two main methods : a velocity field and a strain tensor field. A strain tensors field solution has the advantage of being independent of the reference frame in which the velocities are expressed. Nevertheless, the current methods of calculation of a strain tensors field depend on the positioning of geodetic points. Furthermore, the current mapping method of tensors by their mains axis is not easy to read and to interpret, needing some training. This thesis is devoted to the problem of calculating a continuous field of regularly spaced strain tensors, and providing an intuitive mapping method of these tensors with a simultaneous representation of their significance level on the same map. The estimation of uncertainties related to the deformation field is made in two steps : firstly, a Monte Carlo method is applied for the calculation of uncertainties related to the measurements, its results allow to define the significance level of tensors by normalizing tensor's values with respect to their related uncertainties, then, the constraints coming from the distribution of the network of measurement points are calculated and combined with the first source of error. The new approach of mapping tensors was analyzed through an opinion survey by providing several possibilities of representation. The results of this opinion survey allowed us to validate this new mapping method by geophysicists for representing a deformation field, because it allows highlighting some aspects not well illustrated by the classical mapping method of tensors, and therefore choosing the graphical elements of the map which provide the best intuitive method of mapping a strain tensors field
Dumont, Marion. "Généralisation de représentations intermédiaires dans une carte topographique multi-échelle pour faciliter la navigation de l'utilisateur." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1076/document.
Full textA multi-scale map is a set of maps at different scales, displayed on mapping applications, in which users may navigate by zooming in or out. Each of these maps is produced beforehand by cartographic generalization, which aims to adapt the cartographic representation for a target scale. Due to generalization, the representation changes between maps at different scales may disturb the user during its navigation. We assume that adding intermediate representations in an existing multi-scale map may enable a smooth evolution of cartographic content across scales. While theoretical knowledge exists for traditional cartography, we still do not know how to design efficient multi-scale maps. To formalize knowledge on that subject, we studied sixteen existing multi-scale maps. We focused on the used zooming system (zoom levels and display scales) and on the evolution of cartographic representations across scales, in particular for building and road entities. We also analyzed the variation of visual complexity of the map content across scales, using visual clutter measures. We thus identified general trends in terms of multi-scale representation (i.e. use of WMTS standard), some potential disturbing factors (i.e. use of a same map at different scales), but also good practices which may ease the user navigation (i.e. mixed representations). Based on these findings, we made assumptions on the influence of intermediate representations design on user navigation. We built test material from an extract of the Scan Express multi-scale map of the French IGN, between the existing maps at 1:25k and 1:100k scales. We thus produced four different versions of intermediate representations between these two maps, implementing our different hypotheses. This way, we highlighted the technical issues that we faced when producing intermediate representations. Finally, we conducted a controlled user study, asking 15 participants to perform a cartographic task on these different multi-scale maps, to evaluate our hypotheses
Bord, Jean-Paul. "Le Monde arabe : des espaces géographiques aux représentations cartographiques." Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01063172.
Full textEissa, Leila. "Utilisation de méthodes de l'astrogéodésie et de la géodésie spatiale pour des études de déformations de l'écorce terrestre : représentations de déformations et de leur degré de signification par des tenseurs régulièrement répartis." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00664268.
Full textBiaggi, Enali Maria de. "La cartographie et les représentations du territoire au Brésil." Paris 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA030137.
Full textBronner, Gisèle. "Représentation des connaissances en cartographie comparée des génomes : le modèle de GeMCore." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10045.
Full textMedina, Bañuelos Verónica. "Représentation tridimensionnelle de l'activité électrique cérébrale." Compiègne, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991COMPD432.
Full textTourneux, François-Pierre. "Modes de représentation des paysages." Besançon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BESA1019.
Full textKowalski, Jean-Marie. "Thalassographeïn : mesure, représentation et description des espaces maritimes en Grèce ancienne." Nice, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NICE2026.
Full textFritsch, Emmanuel. "Représentations de la géométrie et des contraintes cartographiques pour la généralisation du linéaire routier." Marne-la-Vallée, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MARN0018.
Full textJung, In-Chul. "Accessibilité et représentations cartographiques : approches méthodologiques : exemples en Corée du Sud et en France." Géographie humaine, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991STR10007.
Full textSoufflet, Laurent. "Représentation tridimensionnelle de l'activité électrique cérébrale : localisation des sources génératrices de l'EEG." Mulhouse, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MULH0184.
Full textGokhool, Tawsif Ahmad Hussein. "Cartographie dense basée sur une représentation compacte RGB-D dédiée à la navigation autonome." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4028/document.
Full textOur aim is concentrated around building ego-centric topometric maps represented as a graph of keyframe nodes which can be efficiently used by autonomous agents. The keyframe nodes which combines a spherical image and a depth map (augmented visual sphere) synthesises information collected in a local area of space by an embedded acquisition system. The representation of the global environment consists of a collection of augmented visual spheres that provide the necessary coverage of an operational area. A "pose" graph that links these spheres together in six degrees of freedom, also defines the domain potentially exploitable for navigation tasks in real time. As part of this research, an approach to map-based representation has been proposed by considering the following issues : how to robustly apply visual odometry by making the most of both photometric and ; geometric information available from our augmented spherical database ; how to determine the quantity and optimal placement of these augmented spheres to cover an environment completely ; how tomodel sensor uncertainties and update the dense infomation of the augmented spheres ; how to compactly represent the information contained in the augmented sphere to ensure robustness, accuracy and stability along an explored trajectory by making use of saliency maps
Esquivié, Dominique. "Images visuelles et représentations mentales de l'espace tridimentionnel à partir de la cartographie." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05H013.
Full textThe present research investigates the process of visualisation as it pertains to the relationship between the cartographic depiction of a terrain and its mental representation. Contour lines are one of the most common methods for depicting relief on a map. The present research investigated the process of visualisation involved in contour line interpretation. If visualisation implies detailed memory of the relief, then slope, shape and height information should be preserved in the mental image of the environment. (. . . )
Rodhain, Florence. "La construction et la confrontation de représentations : le cas des besoins en information : proposition d'une méthode fondée sur la cartographie cognitive." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20069.
Full textHoarau, Charlotte. "Représentations cartographiques intermédiaires : comment covisualiser une carte et une orthophotographie pour naviguer entre abstraction et réalisme ?" Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1011/document.
Full textTwo representations of the territory are widely provided simultaneously to the user through interactive tools (such as magnifiers, sliders or swipes): topographic maps and orthoimages. They provide complementary visions of the territory because of abstraction steps used to design maps and the intrisic perceived photorealism power of orthoimages. Aiming at providing efficient covisualizations of these two representations to the user, we advise not to search for an ideal graphic mix, but to produce a cartographic continuum composed of in-between representations mixing topographic data and orthoimagery. Our objective is to provide interactive tools allowing to choose an intermediate step within the continuum by controling the realism and abstraction levels. Our approach is based on three principles: first, the need for local adaptation of vector data symbolisation to preserve their readability, second, the call for graphic transitions to establish a continuity through in-between cartographic representations, and third the required control over realism level in order to ensure a visual consistency of hybrid visualisations. We provide elementary symbolisation methods to be combined in a global design process. The first one aims at interpolating SLD symbolisation parameters such as color, opacity or texturing between two symbolisations. The second one aims at defining a local symbolisation depending on the graphic context of objects to be highlighted. Those symbolisations are combined for each theme and synchronized for all themes. For these design steps, we provide guidelines based on the evaluation of the realism level coming from our user test. Finally we build a prototype software allowing to test our propositions and browse in-between representations from abstraction to realism through an interactive slider
Frédéricque, Benoit. "Saisie photogrammétrique multi-représentation de bâtiments : une approche Semi-Automatisée Initialisée et Supportée par l'Intervention humainE." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19747.
Full text3D MRDB (Multi Representation Data Base) population is more and more required to support advanced cartographical applications and advanced geospatial decisional analysis. This dissertation presents a new photogrammetric approach dedicated to multiple representation acquisition process to populate the buildings of a 3D MRDB. The proposed approach is named SAISIE (this French acronym matches with a semi-automatic acquisition process, initialized and supported by human intervention). The SAISIE approach tackles simultaneously the Detailed Geometries (DG) extraction and the Simplified Geometries (GS) extraction. This uses both the Multi-Representation Acquisition Pattern concept and the Instance Driven SASS concept (SASS : Selection of the Algorithms, Sources and Setting) to improve the process performance. These two new concepts have been introduced during this research. The MRAP concept stems from bridging together the geometric pattern concept (used to support generalisation process) and the parametric model (used to support the photogrammetric building extraction). Two new algorithms have also been introduced. The first one deals with the automatic implantation of 3D geometric pattern and the second one with the automatic extraction of building footprints. The SAISIE approach, the new concepts and the two new algorithms, have been implemented and tested with four test sites. These test sites cover more than three hundred buildings. Results analysis and several recommendations, based on our experimentation and experience, are proposed to conclude this dissertation.
Cosma, Ioana-Mihaela. "Modèle de données pour la production cartographique sur le Web : mise en oeuvre des représentations multiples en GML." Thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/21761/21761.pdf.
Full textSoliman, Aly. "La carte entre discours et représentations cartographiques dans les manuels de géographie de l'enseignement de base en Égypte : étude, analyse et prospective." Montpellier 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON30004.
Full textHaguet, Lucile. "Aegyptus, de l'Égypte de l'Occident : concept et représentation de l'Égypte dans la cartographie occidentale du XVe au XVIIIe siècle." Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040181.
Full textBecause its Latin termination insists on its foreign origin, "Aegyptus", largely employed in modern time cartography, seemed the adequate term to name the concept of western Egypt and to distinguish it from true Egypt. The analysis is worked out here from a corpus of maps. Because of its encyclopaedic purpose, cartography appeared as a relevant documentation to define western Egypt because it synthesizes and deals on a hierarchical basis with its various aspects. This thesis describes the stages of the construction of a knowledge database on Egypt, then evaluates the degree of acknowledgment of the maps, for a better understanding of what "Aegyptus" meant to the inquisitive onlookers of the time, and finally brings up the instrumentation of the concept by the political and religious powers. This study thus hopes to light up differently the western imaginary of Egypt which would no longer be perceived as a restricted and shattered list from pyramids to episodes of the Exodus, but as a one piece compact concept that would not forget less known commonplaces, such as the marvellous islands of the Nile or the Christian hermits of the deserts
Benmahbous, Mustapha. "Modélisation de la connaissance architecturale et urbaine : un modèle conceptuel de représentation de la cartographie à la 3D informé." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30011.
Full textTricot, Christophe. "Cartographie sémantique : des connaissances à la carte." Chambéry, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CHAMS032.
Full textThis study has begun with an important observation : organizations are more and more submerged by information whose management is necessary for their activities. As a matter of fact, the globalization of flows and services has created new needs and then new activities have been developed : strategic intelligence, innovation management, knowledge capitalization, intellectual and human capital management, economic intelligence, etc. Insofar as more and more information are collected, the enterprise's informational space does not stop to increase. In such a context, the future of organizations goes through the control of their informational space. The control of a space is a universal problem which concerns mankind since its origin. Cartography results from this problem. It makes it possible to visualize a space for a better apprehension. Each map plays the role of an external medium for mind in order to amplify the user's cognition. The study of cartography has revealed that building maps from the informational space of organizations requires to carry out paradigms of representation, visualization and interaction. This process is now well known and controlled. However it meets only partially our needs. Indeed, it remains two problems to solve to reach that point: how to take into account the domain's semantics and how to select the different paradigms in order to provide the most suitable maps for users ? Faced with this two-fold problem, we have defined a new cartography paradigm for building maps which fit to the needs of organizations. We have named it "semantic cartography". This new cartography paradigm relies on our different propositions and realizations. Our proposition has been validated through different industrial applications, e. G. Content management systems and competency management systems
Foutrel, Sylvie. "Les logiques décisionnelles du marquage territorial : une analyse par la cartographie cognitive appliquée au cas de "Produit en Bretagne"." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1G036.
Full textFaced with an increasingly complex and international economic environment, characterised by a series of crisis - financial, energy, health - an important number of actors are rediscovering the importance of a local dimension in commercial exchanges. Globalisation has indeed led to the confrontation of two apparently conflicting phenomena : on the one hand globalisation and homogenisation of markets and, on the other hand, affirmation and attachment of individuals to "minority" identity values. Today we witness the creation of many "territorial" brands. The recent growth of these brands leads to some questions : why do companies affirm their territorial origin ? Is there not a risk of limiting themselves accordingly ? How can very different actors belong together? This thesis aims at providing a better understanding of how decision makers integrate the territorial dimension in management in their companies, taking the case of "Produit en Bretagne". Its interest centres specifically on the meaning of this label for 28 company directors, members of this association, who belong to three branches of professionals : super/hypermarket decision makers, directors of companies connected to the food sector and decison makers in the service and culture sectors. Cognitive mapping is used to reveal the decision logic used by the actors to justify their choice of régional branding. This approach aims at disclosing a collective vision through the development of a thematic index and the development of congregate maps, based on elements that are both shared and present in the cognitive loop. This research shows that the sociocognitive dimensions of territorial brands go far beyond the "made in" effect. The branding centres on three key concepts (union elements and present in a loop) : employment, solidarity and the brand, and also on 5 peripheral concepts : the region, promotion, the operation notion, the economy and the network. These results are put in perspective with a typology of entrepreneurs and a tripartite organisation of the actors relating to employment. This research opens up two perspectives : placing the territorial brand in a social reference register and the potential of a heritage lever as a key decision logic element and as a source of strategic efficiency
Lefrère, Laurent. "Contribution au développement d'outils pour l'analyse automatique de documents cartographiques." Rouen, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ROUES045.
Full textMas, Magali. "Analyse comparative des représentations du risque volcanique en milieu insulaire : Guadeloupe, Martinique et Réunion." Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00981943.
Full textLienou, Marie Lauginie. "Apprentissage automatique des classes d'occupation du sol et représentation en mots visuels des images satellitaires." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005585.
Full textKlein, Olivier. "Modélisation et représentations spatio-temporelles des déplacements quotidiens urbains : Application à l'aire urbaine Belfort-Montbéliard." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2007/KLEIN_Olivier_2007.pdf.
Full textTime and daily mobility are, nowadays, essential criteria characterizing the quality of life and territories attractiveness in modern societies. However, the temporal approach and its relation with space are not enough taken into account by actors to analyze their territories functioning. That gap can be partly explained, by the deficiency, the maladjustment and the lack of relevance of the cartographic representations that are used. This research proposes a reproducible methodological process for political actors to help them in taking coherent and adapted planning decisions. Putting the map, and most overall the picture – reasoning tool and communication channel – in the core of the process should make exchanges, talks and consultations easier between various territories actors. Considering data and the associated management systems deficiencies, this thesis applies to establish a type of data to build in order to finalize an adapted data structure. It also develops a theoretical research on spatiotemporal data visualization and integrates the whole in an operational prototype. Applications at different scales on the Belfort-Montbéliard Urban Area illustrate the visualization’s possibilities and allow a better understanding of phenomena and processes on work
Mokrane, Abdenour. "Représentation de collections de documents textuels : application à la caractéristique thématique." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00401651.
Full textCollin, Bellier Céline. "Analyse et représentation de la couverture pédologique : application à la caractérisation des unités cartographiques de sols pour le programme I.G.C.S d'un secteur du baugeois (49)." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00330560.
Full textDans un contexte d'intérêt mondial pour les sols, ce travail se propose de comprendre l'organisation des sols à grande échelle sur un terrain sédimentaire du Baugeois. Quelle logique sous-tend la formation des unités de sols, et quelles représentations sont les plus appropriées ? Enfin, comment conserver l'état tridimensionnel de la couverture pédologique ?
La compréhension de l'organisation spatiale des sols s'appuie sur l'identification des facteurs et processus à l'origine de la variation des sols. Il s'agit donc d'une approche cartographique fondée sur l'analyse des processus pédogénétiques en cause. Les techniques d'acquisition des données se basent sur deux méthodes de cartographies complémentaires : (1) un échantillonnage systématique d'un sondage par hectare ; (2) un échantillonnage le long de séquences inspirées de l'" Analyse structurale ". Cet échantillonnage-ci a permis le prélèvement et l'analyse des matériaux sur profils pédologiques. Afin d'intégrer ces données dans l'environnement, elles ont été complétées par l'acquisition d'un M.N.A. de maille 10 m.
La granulométrie, en tant que principale donnée utilisée pour la compréhension de la pédogenèse, a permis la caractérisation des matériaux et horizons. Elle est à la base d'un système d'équations de mélanges de matériaux géologiques. Deux séquences perpendiculaires ont été particulièrement étudiées, une lithotoposéquence d'Ouest en Est, et une isoaltiséquence, selon une courbe de niveau choisie dans la zone la plus pentue. Le modèle de mélange a été développé sur la lithotoposéquence et appliqué à l'isoaltiséquence. Il permet : (1) de constater que les sols sont souvent issus du mélange de matériaux autochtones et allochtones, (2) de mettre en évidence que croupe et talweg ont des fonctionnements opposés, croupe sans apport allochtone ni érosion, talweg avec apports allochtones et érosion.
Trois modèles de représentation sont proposés : (1) le modèle conceptuel met en valeur l'hypothèse d'une pédogenèse polyphasique et l'importance de considérer la couverture pédologique comme un volume, (2) le modèle cartographique choroplète souligne les différentes interprétations et les choix possibles pour le nombre et la délimitation des unités cartographiques (3) enfin, un modèle statistique permet d'expliciter et de quantifier le modèle choroplète.
Jean-Courret, Ezéchiel. "La morphogenèse de Bordeaux des origines à la fin du Moyen Age : fabrique, paysages et représentations de l'Urbs." Bordeaux 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR30034.
Full textThe studies of Bordeaux have been focussed on politics, religious institutions, economic or social history and have only touched on the materiality of the city. This study analyses how the protohistoric city was shaped (6th c. B. C) and transformed into a large open built-up area (2nd c. ), then into Burdigala, the walled city, and finally into Bordeu (15th c. ). Consequently, the main subject of this research is the urban space and leads to give an account of its developments from the angle of the map. The survey is based on abundant sources : geomorphic and archaeological data, written medieval sources dealing with real property, views and maps, first cadastral register surveyed (1811-1821). This study aims at understanding how a city is made and how it works. A first entry consists in a discovery of the topography based on its modern representations which have played perceptions of the Urbs. If one wants to go further to explain and understand the development and the evolution of the city, one has to consider space as a primary source – source revealed by the cadastral map – and analyse it independently from any other data. This account proceeds in two points: first it goes through the ancient stages of the urban genesis until the end of the 3rd c. By studying how the division of properties is oriented. It then carries on with an examination of the urban planning (surrounding walls, enclosures, city planning operations, plan units) for the best documented stages of the morphogenesis, (4th c. - end of the XV th). Finally, the masses of documents from the 14th-15th c. Make it possible to get a good grasp of the dynamic and the logic of space by studying its townscape
Doucet, Gaëlle. "Etude de l'état de repos conscient en imagerie fonctionnelle : de la cognition spontanée à l'activité cérébrale." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN3115.
Full textBrain activity at rest has been the subject of numerous investigations in functional imaging for few years. A major hypothesis was put forward about the relationship between this activity and spontaneous thoughts mainly reported during this state. In order to test it, this work was realized in three parts. The first one consisted of exploring mental activities of 180 healthy participants, using an introspective questionnaire designed for that purpose, during a condition of a conscious resting state realized in functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results highlighted various mental activities among participants where specific profiles of spontaneous thoughts were revealed. In the second part, we revealed a hierarchical functional organization of the brain through 2 systems, 5 modules and 23 resting state networks. Study of functional connectivity showed a global bipartition of the brain, including, nevertheless, specific interactions at each other level. Finally, in the third part, based on the two previous ones, we analyzed effects of spontaneous mental activities on functional connectivity values between modules and between networks on a group of 340 participants, respectively. Our study reveals a direct relationship between spontaneous mental processes and brain activity at rest. Thus, we showed that modulations of functional interactions between the different brain networks would reflect content of spontaneous thoughts during this state
Renaudeau, Brice. "Robotique coopérative aéro-terrestre : Localisation et cartographie hétérogène." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0012/document.
Full textThis work aims to study the problem of air-ground robotic cooperation for collaborative traversability mapping. The need for a map for navigation and path planning for terrestrial robots is no longer to be proven. The use of air-ground cooperation to create a navigable map for the ground robots has several interests. First, the drone can quickly map an area through its large field of vision and traveling capabilities. Second, the fusion of maps based on these two agents makes it possible to draw the best benefits from both points of views: the coherence of the global aerial view and the accuracy of the local ground view. To answer this problem, we propose a method that relies on the construction of a unified model of hybrid maps and their fusion.The maps are built using the skeleton of the traversability space as a support for graphs also containing local metric and potentialy semantic information of the environment. The maching of aerial and ground maps is done using a point to point correlation based on an appropriate dissimilarity measure. This measure is defined to meet invariance and discriminance criteria. The matching is then used to merge the maps into an augmented traversability map. The merged maps can be used by the ground robot to perform its mission. They also make it possible to deploy information such as GPS coordinates to robots in GPS denied environments. Experiments in virtual and real world environments have been carried out to validate this approach and map out future perspetives
Vagnon, Emmanuelle. "Cartographies et représentations de l'Orient méditerranéen en Occident (du milieu du XIIIe à la fin du XVe siècle)." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010656.
Full textLienou, Marie Lauginie. "Apprentissage automatique des classes d'occupation du sol et représentation en mots visuels des images satellitaires." Phd thesis, Paris, ENST, 2009. https://pastel.hal.science/pastel-00005585.
Full textLand cover recognition from automatic classifications is one of the important methodological researches in remote sensing. Besides, getting results corresponding to the user expectations requires approaching the classification from a semantic point of view. Within this frame, this work aims at the elaboration of automatic methods capable of learning classes defined by cartography experts, and of automatically annotating unknown images based on this classification. Using corine land cover maps, we first show that classical approaches in the state-of-the-art are able to well-identify homogeneous classes such as fields, but have difficulty in finding high-level semantic classes, also called mixed classes because they consist of various land cover categories. To detect such classes, we represent images into visual words, in order to use text analysis tools which showed their efficiency in the field of text mining. By means of supervised and not supervised approaches on one hand, we exploit the notion of semantic compositionality: image structures which are considered as mixtures of land cover types, are detected by bringing out the importance of spatial relations between the visual words. On the other hand, we propose a semantic annotation method using a statistical text analysis model: latent dirichlet allocation. We rely on this mixture model, which requires a bags-of-words representation of images, to properly model high-level semantic classes. The proposed approach and the comparative studies with gaussian and gmm models, as well as svm classifier, are assessed using spot and quickbird images among others
Coulais, Jean-François. "Images virtuelles et horizons du regard : l'expérience des visibilités calculées dans l'histoire des représentations urbaines et géographiques." Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0061.
Full textHow does the experience ofvirtua1ity impact the way we see and sense our environment, from cities to landscapes, and how do devices such as virtual globes or augmented reality gradually modify our vision of the world in which we live? This research aims to assess these questions from the viewpoints of historical geography and visual anthropology, exploring the relationships between the history of architectural, urban and cartographic representation and that of human vision. It results from 15 years of research conducted on a series of "experimental situations of vision", considered as physical or sensible as well as mental and symbolic processes. When studied in combination with each other, these two aspects form visual and mental horizons, which are a1tered throughout history by the effect of changes in the balance between categories such as oral, gesture or pictural modes of transmission. The research shows that digital images are only the most recent expression in a long genealogy of calculated visibilities, dating back to the Renaissance perspective, geometrical maps or the discovery by Kepler of the refracted image painted by light on the retina in 1604. Their massive availability, everywhere at anytime, on smartphones and tablets, creates hybrid visibilities, where virtual imagery and actual percepts mesh up into our eyes, disrupting the reference systems on which orientation in space and identity of places are based. These pictures without geographical location reduce the status of real places to that of an image, making bodily presence unnecessary while actual experience of urban places and landscapes vanishes beyond the horizon of digital screens
Duboeuf, Patrick. "Diversité et confrontation intergénérationnelle dans la construction du sens : comprendre la Perception et le management de la reconnaissance au sein les laboratoires de recherche." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON30009/document.
Full textIn the light of the current evolutions of the device of treatment of retirement pensions, to face the ageing of the employees, the action of seniors within organizations becomes a stake in major management. This search aims at the understanding of the specificities of the relation age-activity professional within the framework of the necessary reinstatement / conservation of quinquas with a prospect of organizational efficiency, emptied of any orientation of instrumentalisation of the troops seniors. The consideration of the property to live professional actors, with objectives of organizational results, can be a frame of reflection in sciences of management.The positive representations are a key of a better collective performance of groups of heterogeneous actors in age. This heterogeneousness is the frame of sets of comparison limiting thecommitment of seniors. The understanding of the mechanisms of gratitude of the actors, as value and manager action, is put as a focal point, a source of knowledge. More exactly, this approach tries to answer the question: how the management of the gratitude adapted to seniors will allow them " to play a role " within organizations by their contributory action the collective performance? To bring elements of answer, we analyze the constituent schemas of the representations of referee of more than 50 years old according to the model cognitiviste proposed by Cossette (2004). From the update of the individual schemas linkin grateful entities, seats of gratitude and commitment, we elaborated and analyzed fifteen cognitive maps of researchers and engineers of search, to pull elements of understanding and explanation, by means of thesoftware Decision investigate.The results bring to light at first the types of gratitude received or waited in terms of means and objective. Two units of time of analysis are then proposed. They allow to distinguish and to move closer to the gratitudes of utility and membership within the framework of interactions connected to the situation, of the gratitude of connected to the personal capacities in echos with the age-related specificities. The crossing, between frame of the units of time, the entities and the seats of gratitude, constitutes)a compass for the possible acts of management of gratitude directed seniors
Dauphant, Léonard. "« Toute France ». Construction et représentations de l'espace politique français au XVe siècle (1380-1514)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040156.
Full textDuring the 15th century, the French nation emerged and the unification of the country progressively took place, under the rule of the royal state. The question of how to control the territory, in both its intellectual and practical dimensions, was made more urgent by the troubles caused by the Hundred Years’ War. How, in the 15th century, could a King of France visualize his kingdom ? How was he able to govern it ? The territorialisation of power, oscillating between representation and real occupation, became progressively clearer. Differentiated social spaces emerged, depending on whether the regions were directly governed by the King or were entrusted to governors, be it a Prince or a Parliament. At the time when the monarchy gained overall control over the territory within the limits defined by four rivers (Scheldt, Meuse, Saone, Rhone), political society organised itself in a state constituted by offices ruled by royal law. Royal unity and diverging regional structures combined themselves into an original type of nation-state, a mixed territorial state, unitary and heterogeneous at the same time
Batista, Sinthia Cristina. "Cartografia geográfica em questão : do chão, do alto, das representações." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/100294.
Full textAo buscar explorar o mapa em suas múltiplas determinações o movimento de pensamento e trabalho de pesquisa conduziu, temporariamente, a pensá-lo a partir da tríade: linguagem, lógica e mediação. Neste momento traduzida pela relação entre: uma ‘Cartografia Geográfica’ – pensada como linguagem que sistematiza, versa e veicula um conhecimento geográfico; o Método - partindo da relação entre as lógicas formal e dialética que desvela as facetas materiais e simbólicas da condição espacial (da produção do/no espaço) e o Mapeamento Comunitário – no processo de elaboração de uma série de mapas como mediação relevante para a compreensão da lógica espacial e apropriação do espaço, possibilitando práticas de autogestão territorial. Trata-se de uma abordagem que a partir da teoria crítica das representações de Henri Lefebvre (2006) tensiona a materialização e simbolização da produção do espaço a partir dos mapas, procurando alcançar a vida da tríade espaço percebido, concebido e vivido, assim como das dimensões de sua produção: os espaços de representações; as representações do espaço e a prática social. Esta proposta realiza-se em um processo de mapeamento comunitário, compreendido como instrumento para o engajamento de comunidades (em seu sentido de classe) à autogestão territorial. Tal compreensão dá-se a partir da análise crítica dos processos de mapeamentos participativos que vislumbram a elaboração/legitimação de políticas públicas inseridos num contexto político que fomenta a participação popular e as insere nas “tomadas decisões” subsumindo a possibilidade do conflito e da luta, sempre em busca de um consenso para todos os “setores” da sociedade. O processo de pesquisa levou ao entendimento de que a participação efetiva do povo nas decisões sobre suas próprias demandas se faz na luta, na superação da contradição forjada pelo modo de produção capitalista da condição humana desigual de ser/estar no mundo, portanto na valorização dos processos históricos, conflitos, permanências e possibilidades da classe social. Esta proposta se realiza a partir de dois momentos distintos, mas inter-relacionados: 1. A construção de uma prática pedagógica para a formação do geógrafo em que a Cartografia Geográfica é ponto de partida para o desenvolvimento do raciocínio espacial, bem como para a compreensão do mapa como produto social, que forja e veicula representações da sociedade que o produz a partir de uma intencionalidade historicamente determinada e espacialmente produzida. Revivificada pela compreensão do mapa como processo que institui diferentes relações entre saber, poder e representações, tornando-o instrumento de luta. 2. A produção de um Memorial do Assentamento Roseli Nunes que para além da compreensão do mapa como instrumento de luta o realiza como materialização da apropriação cotidiana do espaço, portanto na possibilidade da autogestão territorial, considerando sua história e sua geografia. Estes momentos, concretizados em práxis (sala de aula e trabalho comunitário) se fundiram e alcançaram um entendimento de que o processo de elaboração e uso dos mapas revela representações subjetivadas, engendradas objetivamente, de uma prática social que produz espaço, mas que também mediam um discurso sobre a realidade a ser objetivada. Portanto, o mapa como instrumento de luta viabiliza a compreensão e apreensão de uma dada lógica espacial, cotidiana (compreendida na relação entre as diversas escalas) e ao mesmo tempo a possibilidade de reivindicar condições objetivas para a resistência no espaço e quiçá a possibilidade da transformação social.
In seeking to explore the map in its multiple determinations the movement of thought and research led temporarily to think of it from the triad of language, logic and mediation. At this time translated by the ratio : a " Geographical Cartography " - conceived as a language which organizes, conveys and discusses a geographic knowledge , the method - based on the relationship between formal and dialectical logic unveiling material and symbolic aspects of the spatial condition (of production/in space) and the Communitarian Mapping - the process of developing a series of maps as relevant to the understanding of spatial logic and appropriation of space mediating , facilitating the practice of territorial self-government . It is an approach from critical theory of representations of Henri Lefebvre (2006) tenses the materialization of symbolization and production of space from the maps, pursuing the life of the triad perceived space, conceived and lived as well as the dimensions of its production : the spaces of representations , representations of space and social practice . This proposal is realized in a process of communitarian mapping, understood as a tool for engaging communities (in its sense of class) to territorial self-management. This understanding gives the critical analysis of participatory mapping processes that envision the development/legitimation public policies in a political context that promotes popular participation and insert them into the "decisions taken" subsuming the possibility of conflict and struggle, always in search of a consensus for all " sectors " of society . The research process has led to the understanding that the effective participation of people in decisions about their own demands is made through the fight , to overcome the contradiction forged by the capitalist mode of production of unequal human condition of being in the world , therefore the valuation of historical processes , conflict , continuity and possibilities of social class . This proposal takes place from two different times, but inter - related : 1. The construction of a pedagogical practice for geographer formation whose Geographical Cartography is a prerequisite for the development of spatial reasoning , as well as for understanding the map as a social product , forging and conveys representations of the society that produces from an intentionality historically and spatially determined. Revivified by understanding the process map as establishing different relationships between knowledge, power and representations, making it the instrument of struggle. 2. The production of a Memorial of the Settlement Roseli Nunes, which beyond the comprehension of the map as an instrument of struggle performs as the materialization of everyday appropriation of space, so the possibility of territorial self-government, considering its history and its geography. These moments, realized in practice (classroom and community work) merged and reached an understanding that the process of preparation and use of maps reveals subjectivized representations engendered objectively, a social practice that produces space, but also mediate one discourse about reality being objectified. Therefore , the map as an instrument of struggle enables the understanding and perception of a given everyday spatial logic ( understood in the relationship between the various scales ) while the possibility of claiming objective conditions for endurance in space and perhaps the possibility of social transformation.
Boeglin, Noémie. "Représentations romanesques de la modernité parisienne dans le "Grand XIXème siècle", 1830-1913." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSES028/document.
Full textIn this thesis we study the representations of Parisian modernity during the “Grand XIXème siècle” through representative sampling of 31 novels. Modernity is for us like a tradition of the new incessantly renewed. Novels are the main source of this research, to which we add a source that we have created using textometry and GIS softwares. Authors describe the city of Paris by the walks of their characters. We can associate them with urban walk. We can identify and mapping these walks, by the names of streets which are used. So we can create a cartographic representation of the city of Paris in our sampling. Texts and maps are analyzed in the same time, because they give us two points of view of literary representations of Parisian modernity. We studied the modernity of Paris from the micro to the macro, from the intimate space of the housing to the large urban transformation operations. We identified four incarnations of modernity in the French capital: architecture, business, networks and transport. Modernity is an accumulation of characteristic markers. Some seem absent from the novels in our sampling. We consider them as contrasts of modernity, between absences, ambivalences and negative modernity
Poyat, Yannick. "La cartographie des services écosystémiques rendus par les sols : un nouvel outil pour des projets d'urbanisme durable." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://theses.scd.univ-tours.fr/index.php?fichier=priv/2018/yannick.poyat_8186.pdf.
Full textIn France, the expansion of urban areas has followed an almost linear evolution since the 1990s, increasing by about 57,000 ha per year. This situation is unsustainable because urbanization induces the destruction of a nonrenewable natural resource essential for the maintenance of human welfare : the soil. Soil knowledge is perceived as a constraint in urban planning in so far as it contributes to questioning the destructive aspect of urban projects. However, given the dichotomy between pedology and urbanism, we can hypothesis that local politicians do not have knowledge of environmental and socio-economic issues related to soil conservation. A survey work was therefore conducted with local politicians to understand the relationship between representations and practices. Results show that the soil is preserved as soon as the ecosystem services it supports are broadly reconised. Knowledge of this social value can be seen as a prerequisite for designing decision support tools to integrate sustainable soil management into urban planning processes
Reneteaud, Gaëlle. "Du merveilleux au scientifique. Évolution de la représentation de l’Islande en France entre le XVIe et le XIXe siècles." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040198.
Full textThe Icelandic case it is about understanding how the image of a country can be shaped from elsewhere and by literary vectors. The image of Iceland in France has been shaped as a distant and mysterious country, a picture that still persists in the minds today, the island has preserved the element of the unknown and this enigmatic appearance, despite numerous contemporary sources. Cliches and stereotypes are still perpetuated today in the French collective imagination. The Iceland history remains relatively unknown, its artistic and cultural influence nevertheless confers a non-negligible presence on the international stage. This work not only intends to contribute to the construction of the history of the representations of Iceland, but it also aims to understand the political and economic conditions that allowed the spreading in Europe of the representations of this country, customs and culture of its inhabitants. This thesis also seeks to show how all collective image of Iceland have been interpreted in the history of representations. To meet the deficit of researches on Iceland and its representations, it will combine contextualized analysis of a literary corpus (travel stories and scientific articles) and an iconographic corpus (universal cosmographies) containing engravings and maps, to understand how it was possible to perceive a population and a territory that had long been designated as outside Europe