Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Représentation faible'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 49 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Représentation faible.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Dieujuste, Rode-Sindia. "Analyse compréhensive de la faible représentation des femmes dans des postes de décision politique en Haïti." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66713.
Full textThis research focuses on the under-representation of women in Haitian politics. More specifically, it seeks to understand this under-representation from the lived experiences and perspectives of women who have reached political decision-making positions in the country. Using a theoretical framework that mobilizes the concepts of “gender consciousness” and “women political representation” developed by Manon Tremblay (1996), the thesis offers a comprehensive analysis of this social phenomenon. A series of semi-structured interviews was carried out with seven Haitian elected officials, including two senators and five former ministers for the Status of Women and Women's Rights. The results of the analysis show that gender-differential socialization, gender stereotypes and gender-based violence can explain the low representation of Haitian women in political decision-making positions. In addition, the analysis highlights the link between the gender consciousness of elected officials and the political representation of women in Haiti. The analysis reveals that the respondents have a gender consciousness and are aware of the gender inequalities that exist in the Haitian society in general and within the political class in particular. On the other hand, several elected officials do not consider themselves as feminists and say that they have represented the population as a whole (men and women) and not the specific interests of women. Conversely, analysis shows that some elected officials are not only gender conscious, but that they have brought the demands of Haitian women into the political arena. While in power, the actions they took addressed the causes of the under-representation of women in politics and the obstacles they had experienced themselves.
Flocon-Cholet, Joachim. "Classification audio sous contrainte de faible latence." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S030/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on audio classification under low-latency constraints. Audio classification has been widely studied for the past few years, however, a large majority of the existing work presents classification systems that are not subject to temporal constraints : the audio signal can be scanned freely in order to gather the needed information to perform the decision (in that case, we may refer to an offline classification). Here, we consider audio classification in the telecommunication domain. The working conditions are now more severe : algorithms work in real time and the analysis and processing steps are now operated on the fly, as long as the signal is transmitted. Hence, the audio classification step has to meet the real time constraints, which can modify its behaviour in different ways : only the current and the past observations of the signal are available, and, despite this fact the classification system has to remain reliable and reactive. Thus, the first question that occurs is : what strategy for the classification can we adopt in order to tackle the real time constraints ? In the literature, we can find two main approaches : the frame-level classification and the segment-level classification. In the frame-level classification, the decision is performed using only the information extracted from the current audio frame. In the segment-level classification, we exploit a short-term information using data computed from the current and few past frames. The data fusion here is obtained using the process of temporal feature integration which consists of deriving relevant information based on the temporal evolution of the audio features. Based on that, there are several questions that need to be answered. What are the limits of these two classification framework ? Can an frame-level classification and a segment-level be used efficiently for any classification task ? Is it possible to obtain good performance with these approaches ? Which classification framework may lead to the best trade-off between accuracy and reactivity ? Furthermore, for the segment-level classification framework, the temporal feature integration process is mainly based on statistical models, but would it be possible to propose other methods ? Throughout this thesis, we investigate this subject by working on several concrete case studies. First, we contribute to the development of a novel audio algorithm dedicated to audio protection. The purpose of this algorithm is to detect and suppress very quickly potentially dangerous sounds for the listener. Our method, which relies on the proposition of three features, shows high detection rate and low false alarm rate in many use cases. Then, we focus on the temporal feature integration in a low-latency framework. To that end, we propose and evaluate several methodologies for the use temporal integration that lead to a good compromise between performance and reactivity. Finally, we propose a novel approach that exploits the temporal evolution of the features. This approach is based on the use of symbolic representation that can capture the temporal structure of the features. The idea is thus to find temporal patterns that are specific to each audio classes. The experiments performed with this approach show promising results
Ka, Ahmad Khoureich. "Méthodes à faible complexité algorithmique pour l'analyse d'ECG." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00816445.
Full textVaiter, Samuel. "Régularisations de Faible Complexité pour les Problèmes Inverses." Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01026398.
Full textXiong, Wenmeng. "Localisation de sources dispersées : Performances de MUSIC en présence d'erreurs de modèle et estimation parcimonieuse à rang faible." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC076/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the distributed source localization problem. In a first step, performance of high resolution methods in the presence of model errors due to the angular distribution of source has been studied. Theoretical expressions of the estimation bias and the mean square error of the direction of arrival of sources have been established in terms of model error. The impacts of the array geometry on the performances have studied in order to optimize the robustness of the array to the model error due to distributed sources.Theoretical results have been validated by numerical simulations.In a second step, a new approach for the localization of spatially distributed source has been proposed: the approach is based on the sparsity and low-rank property of the spatial covariance matrix of the sources. The proposed method provides also an estimation of the distribution shapes of the sources. Simulation results exhibit the advantages of exploiting the sparsity and the low rank properties
Bandini, Elena. "Représentation probabiliste d'équations HJB pour le contrôle optimal de processus à sauts, EDSR (équations différentielles stochastiques rétrogrades) et calcul stochastique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLY005/document.
Full textIn the present document we treat three different topics related to stochastic optimal control and stochastic calculus, pivoting on thenotion of backward stochastic differential equation (BSDE) driven by a random measure.After a general introduction, the three first chapters of the thesis deal with optimal control for different classes of non-diffusiveMarkov processes, in finite or infinite horizon. In each case, the value function, which is the unique solution to anintegro-differential Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation, is probabilistically represented as the unique solution of asuitable BSDE. In the first chapter we control a class of semi-Markov processes on finite horizon; the second chapter isdevoted to the optimal control of pure jump Markov processes, while in the third chapter we consider the case of controlled piecewisedeterministic Markov processes (PDMPs) on infinite horizon. In the second and third chapters the HJB equations associatedto the optimal control problems are fully nonlinear. Those situations arise when the laws of the controlled processes arenot absolutely continuous with respect to the law of a given, uncontrolled, process. Since the corresponding HJB equationsare fully nonlinear, they cannot be represented by classical BSDEs. In these cases we have obtained nonlinear Feynman-Kacrepresentation formulae by generalizing the control randomization method introduced in Kharroubi and Pham (2015)for classical diffusions. This approach allows us to relate the value function with a BSDE driven by a random measure,whose solution hasa sign constraint on one of its components.Moreover, the value function of the original non-dominated control problem turns out to coincide withthe value function of an auxiliary dominated control problem, expressed in terms of equivalent changes of probability measures.In the fourth chapter we study a backward stochastic differential equation on finite horizon driven by an integer-valued randommeasure $mu$ on $R_+times E$, where $E$ is a Lusin space, with compensator $nu(dt,dx)=dA_t,phi_t(dx)$. The generator of thisequation satisfies a uniform Lipschitz condition with respect to the unknown processes.In the literature, well-posedness results for BSDEs in this general setting have only been established when$A$ is continuous or deterministic. We provide an existence and uniqueness theorem for the general case, i.e.when $A$ is a right-continuous nondecreasing predictable process. Those results are relevant, for example,in the frameworkof control problems related to PDMPs. Indeed, when $mu$ is the jump measure of a PDMP on a bounded domain, then $A$ is predictable and discontinuous.Finally, in the two last chapters of the thesis we deal with stochastic calculus for general discontinuous processes.In the fifth chapter we systematically develop stochastic calculus via regularization in the case of jump processes,and we carry on the investigations of the so-called weak Dirichlet processes in the discontinuous case.Such a process $X$ is the sum of a local martingale and an adapted process $A$ such that $[N,A] = 0$, for any continuouslocal martingale $N$.Given a function $u:[0,T] times R rightarrow R$, which is of class $C^{0,1}$ (or sometimes less), we provide a chain rule typeexpansion for $u(t,X_t)$, which constitutes a generalization of It^o's lemma being valid when $u$ is of class $C^{1,2}$.This calculus is applied in the sixth chapter to the theory of BSDEs driven by random measures.In several situations, when the underlying forward process $X$ is a special semimartingale, or, even more generally,a special weak Dirichlet process,we identify the solutions $(Y,Z,U)$ of the considered BSDEs via the process $X$ and the solution $u$ to an associatedintegro PDE
Liu, Yuan. "Représentation parcimonieuse basée sur la norme ℓ₀ Mixed integer programming for sparse coding : application to image denoising Incoherent dictionary learning via mixed-integer programming and hybrid augmented Lagrangian." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMIR22.
Full textIn this monograph, we study the exact ℓ₀ based sparse representation problem. For the classical dictionary learning problem, the solution is obtained by iteratively processing two steps: sparse coding and dictionary updating. However, even the problem associated with sparse coding is non-convex and NP-hard. The method for solving this is to reformulate the problem as mixed integer quadratic programming (MIQP). Then by introducing two optimization techniques, initialization by proximal method and relaxation with augmented contraints, the algorithmis greatly speed up (which is thus called AcMIQP) and applied in image denoising, which shows the good performance. Moreover, the classical problem is extended to learn an incoherent dictionary. For dealing with this problem, AcMIQP or proximal method is used for sparse coding. As for dictionary updating, augmented Lagrangian method (ADMM) and extended proximal alternating linearized minimizing method are combined. This exact ℓ₀ based incoherent dictionary learning is applied in image recovery, which illustrates the improved performance with a lower coherence
Carreno, Medrano Pamela. "Analyse et synthèse de mouvements théâtraux expressifs." Thesis, Lorient, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORIS424/document.
Full textThis thesis addresses the analysis and generation of expressive movements for virtual human characters. Based on previous results from three different research areas (perception of emotions and biological motion, automatic recognition of affect and computer character animation), a low-dimensional motion representation is proposed. This representation consists of the spatio-temporal trajectories of end-effectors (i.e., head, hands and feet) and pelvis. We have argued that this representation is both suitable and sufficient for characterizing the underlying expressive content in human motion and for controlling the generation of expressive whole-body movements. In order to prove these claims, this thesis proposes: i.) A new motion capture database inspired by physical theater theory. This database contains examples from different motion classes (i.e., periodic movements, functional behaviors, spontaneous motions, and theater-inspired motion sequences) and distinct emotional states (happiness, sadness, relaxedness, stress and neutral) performed by several actors. ii.) A user study and automatic classification framework de- signed to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the amount of emotion-related information conveyed and encoded in the proposed representation. We have observed that although slight differences in performance were found with respect to the cases in which the entire body was used, our proposed representation preserves most of the motion cues salient to the expression of affect and emotions. iii.) A simple motion synthesis system able to capable of: a) reconstructing whole-body movements from the proposed low-dimensional representation, and b) producing novel end- effector (and pelvis) expressive trajectories. A quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the generated whole body motions shows that these motions are as expressive as the movements recorded from human actors
Lu, Yi. "Calcul fonctionnel non-anticipatif et applications aux processus stochastiques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066418/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on various mathematical questions arising in the non-anticipative functional calculus, which is based on a notion of pathwise directional derivatives for functionals. We extend the scope and results of this calculus to functionals which may not admit such derivatives, either through approximations (Part I) or by defining a notion of weak vertical derivative (Part II). In the first part, we consider the representation of conditional expectations as non-anticipative functionals. We show that it is possible under very general conditions to approximate such functionals by a sequence of smooth functionals in an appropriate sense. This approach provides a systematic method for computing explicit approximations to martingale representations for a large class of Brownian functionals. We also derive explicit convergence rates of the approximations. These results are then applied to the problem of sensitivity analysis and dynamic hedging of (path-dependent) contingent claims. In the second part, we propose a concept of weak vertical derivative for non-anticipative functionals which may fail to possess directional derivatives. The definition of the weak vertical derivative is based on the notion of pathwise quadratic variation and makes use of the duality associated to the associated bilinear form. We show that the notion of weak vertical derivative leads to a functional characterization of local martingales with respect to a reference process, and allows to define a concept of pathwise weak solution for path-dependent partial differential equations
Weisbecker, Clement. "Amélioration des solveurs multifrontaux à l'aide de représentations algébriques rang-faible par blocs." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00934939.
Full textSoulimant, Nina. "Faire face au changement et réinventer des îles." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00750862.
Full textBazin-Beust, Delphine. "L'obligation de faire faire." Caen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CAEN0056.
Full textHillairet, Caroline. "Equilibres sur un marché financier avec asymétrie d'information et discontinuité des prix." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008278.
Full textVilar, de Melo Maria de Fátima. "Le developpement de la conceptualisation de connaissances et de l'argumentation chez des syndicalistes de faible niveau de formation de base." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05H026.
Full textDavid, Jean-Lou. "La représentation de la violence sexuelle faite aux femmes dans l'oeuvre de Guy de Maupassant." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38778.
Full textGambino, Mélanie. "Vivre dans les espaces ruraux de faible densité de population : pratiques et représentations des jeunes dans le Périgord vert (France) et le Rural Galway (Irlande)." Toulouse 2, 2008. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01151094.
Full textIn this research, we adopt an approach of the remote areas which differs from most of the previous studies, in the fact that we take low population densities as a datum. We focus on problems little invested by geographers until now, by investigating the meaning of living in remote areas. The constant doubts about the future of these remote areas led us to take an interest in a group of actors on which a part of the future rests : young people from 15 to 25 years of age. Thus, this research aims at understanding how young people deal with low population density. It is a question of penetrating into the logics of usage and appropriation of these specific areas and of explaining its models of organization. More precisely, it is important to understand how remote areas are lived, inhabited, put in acts, invested, perceived, transformed… to analyze the functioning of this particular spatial organization. In a more general way, our research aims at investigating how remote areas are represented and reinvented today. This analysis also tries to be a contribution to a better knowledge of the variety of rural areas in Europe. This work leans on a qualitative methodology based on semi-directive interviews and on participating observation. Besides, our analysis proceeds by comparison between France and Ireland because the place of rural areas in both French and Irish imagination establishes a common feature between these two countries
Sellini, Florence. "Contribution à la représentation et à la vérification de modèles de connaissances produit en ingénierie d'ensembles mécaniques." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ECAP0616.
Full textMalaud, David. "Architectus ludens : faire illusion. Situation, symbole, diagramme, carte." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLD005.
Full textArchitectus ludens. The architect is a player. The analogy is rather common, maybe a tad romantic. The architect enjoys playing with shapes, materials, shadows and light, like a child who plays, he “creates a world to his idea”. The following essay suggests taking this posture seriously, and to consider the architectural and urban project as the factory of an illusion that the architect would share with society. The author follows the path opened by Sigmund Freud, who compared the artist to the child player. Following his footsteps, Donald Woods Winnicott had established the transitional phenomenon of play, which enable the infant existence and inaugurate his ability to imagine, as the root of human creativity. The architectural project is then defined as the path that leads from the free play space to the design of a set game, a shared playground.If this hypothesis applies to the general case of the project – all architects are players – it is clearly expressed in the playful moment that follows the collapse of the modern paradigm. From the 1950s until the late 1970s, artists sought to renew their practices by opposing the experience of play to the work of art as an object. The whole world was to become a great playground, to use the formula of Allan Kaprow, «Everywhere as Playground». The architects followed this movement and many emblematic projects of this period stand out by their explicit playful nature.To offer the playful architects a compass so that they do not get lost in their plays, the essay then proposes a matrix of four playing rules which allows to theorize four ways of illusion, four techniques of interpretation of the environment.The first investigation deals with the desorientation of the labyrinth, illustrated by New Babylon, this immense labyrinthic city conceived by the artist Constant Nieuwenhuys, following the concept of unitary urbanism theorized by the Internationale Situationiste. It leads us to theorize the notion of situation as result of a distracting play, which diverts us from the functional space-time to refocus on the energies of the body exchanging with the environment. The magic of toys is the second rule studied by taking the example of the Teatro del Mondo, a small ephemeral floating theatre imagined by the Milanese architect Aldo Rossi for the revival of the Venetian carnival. The architecture is theorized as a re-presentation play that allows to make a symbol, a form referring to the events of our memories. It is then the combination of the construction games that is analyzed by observing the Fun Palace, this popular university dedicated to creativity, and designed by the British architect Cedric Price as a shipyard that can be infinitely reconfigured by its users. This subspecific kind of architecture is mapped by the diagram tool, which establishes a network of relationships to be updated by the interpretation play. The final essay focuses on the systemics of strategic games and examines the World Game of the American architect Richard Buckminster Fuller, a peaceful strategic simulation game that derived from the American Army’s war games to give Citizens of the world the joysticks of the «Earth» spacecraft. The associated creative operation it is that of making a map through the play of comprehension.The four illusions studied finally refer to four possible postures for the architect who can choose to combine them as he wants in the making of his projects. It is about giving him the reflexive tools that will help him develop his own architectural grammar. The author does not propose recipes for illusion, but he draws the outline of an ethical posture that requires to always go back to the free play in order to reset the rules of each project, guided by the desire of playing that creates the human being
Schwarzentruber, François. "Voir, savoir, faire : une étude de cas en logique modale." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00609903.
Full textSchuppert, Guillaume. "Le "faire-semblant" en procès : examen et défense de la philosophie de Kendall L. Walton." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0036.
Full textThe ordinary concept of fiction raises ontological, epistemological, logical and aesthetical questions. Kendall Walton's Mimesis as Make-Believe (1990) introduced a groundbreaking theory on fiction and representation. According to his main claim, the practice of appreciating representational works of art shares significant similarities with the practice of playing games of make-believe. According to Walton, both activities rely on the concept of fictionality, the fact of being true in the fiction, which is understood in terms of prescriptions to imagine. My dissertation consists of an introduction to Walton's philosophy, a commentary of Mimesis' theory of make-believe and a defense against their critics. The first part provides a presentation of Walton's philosophical methodology and discusses one of his most famous articles, "Categories of Art" (1970). The second part provides a detailled commentary of Mimesis, based on a confrontation between Nelson Goodman's theory of representation and Walton's one. The third part is dedicated to analyse the criticisms that are encountered by the theory. A first set of criticisms comes from philosophers admitting the fundamental principles of the theory : those are Gregory Currie (1990), Peter Lamarque and Stein Olsen (1994), or Jerrold Levinson (1993). I argue that those objections are groundless. Another set of criticisms comes from philosophers attempting to undermine the fundamental principles of the theory : those are Stacie Friend (2008), Derek Matravers (2014), or even Walton himself (2015). According to me, those objections are on the right tracks if correctly understood, but fall short from being decisive. Nevertheless, I argue they should lead us to develop a research on the semiotic aspects of fictionality
Boubacar, Mainassara Yacouba. "Estimation, validation et identification des modèles ARMA faibles multivariés." Phd thesis, Université Charles de Gaulle - Lille III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00452032.
Full textGiron, Céline. "La représentation sociale du chômage chez les adolescents : étude de sa fonction de faire-face à la menace du chômage." Reims, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999REIML002.
Full textUnemployment is now a structural element of the economic reality. Because of its extent and its spreading, unemployment constitutes a significant threat for adolescents : young people are specially vulnerable to unemployment which is a social and economic precariousness factor. Unemployment is therefore a stress factor. Adolescents can cope with this stressor by developing a certain social representation of unemployment and unemployed persons. The aim of this study is to analyse this sociocognitive process of coping. This research is based on i/an exploratory study, carried out by interviews ; it constitutes an initial approach of the unemployment representations among secondary school students, 2/ a pre-survey carried out by questionnaires among vocational secondary students ; it attempts to identify the relationship between stress and social representation of unemployment, 3/ a survey carried out by questionnaires among vocational, technical and general secondary students ; it shows in which conditions the social representation of unemployment can help young people to cope with the stress caused by unemployment threat. This study shows that the stress coping function of the social representation of unemployment changes according to the subjects' potential employability
Eyrolles, Stéphanie. "Explorer la faille : Identité et narration dans l'œuvre de William Faulkner." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV079/document.
Full textThis dissertation studies the issue of identity in several of William Faulkner’s novels (The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, Light in August, Absalom, Absalom! and Requiem for a Nun) and how characters attempt to retrieve a sense of self through narration. The characters’ belonging to the American South exacerbates their inner gap, which they then try to fill thanks to their story-telling. This study examines, through the prism of Ricoeur’s theory of mimesis, how these characters configure their world of action and project themselves mimetically into their narratives so as to achieve self-understanding through a hermeneutical process. However, the narrators under study are overwhelmed with a deconstructive impetus which sheds light on the indecisiveness of the language thanks to which they are trying to create a substitute identity. They thus become aware that language disseminates itself and that the presence they are attempting to create gives way as soon as it appears
Claudel, Cécile. "Se "faire" vecino à Mocomoco : identité sociale et représentations de l'espace de la petite bourgeoisie rurale dans les Andes boliviennes." Paris, EHESS, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EHES0052.
Full textPoitrenaud, Sébastien. "La representation des procedures chez l'operateur : description et mise en oeuvre des savoir-faire." Paris 8, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA081506.
Full textThis work presents procope, a language for describing procedures that allows representing knowhow as object-centered. This formalism allows (i) automatically generating the acceptable series of actions for carrying out a procedure, (ii) representing a subject's knowledge about the procedures in a certain domain, as well as the mechanisms of procedure selection for carrying out a given task. In the procope model, procedures and goals are organized into a lattice whose nodes represent the properties of objects and whose links represent relations of semantic inclusion. The underlying psychological hypothesis is that goals and procedures are object properties and, as such, they generate object categories. From a formal point of view, the procope network is based on the algebraic structure known as galois' lattice of a binary relation. We engineered a computer program for (i) automatically building galois' simulating task execution. The network of classes of objects that our method allows identifying corresponds to the minimal conceptual structure required for efficiently using a system. We show how our method for task analysis and simulation allows critiquing the complexity of appliances, systems and user interfaces in order to make suggestions for simplifying them. Considering properties as branching pathways led us to distinguish two kinds of property implication: semantic implication and empirical implication. Category development is dependant on a process of property differentiation through both abstraction and specification. We developed stone (semantic tree based object navigator and editor), a computer program whose data structure is based on generalising the notion of attribute. We replaced the traditional table/attribute/value triad by the notion of a property of variable depth, a fact which led us to eliminate the distinction between data structure and the data itself
Chep, Alain. "Modèle de représentation et d'utilisation des connaissances nécessaires à la conception d'un processus de fabrication : application à la génération de gammes d'usinage en tournage." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ECAP0216.
Full textBarbier-Le, Déroff Marie-Armelle. "Réalité gestuelle du quotidien : pratiques et représentations, savoirs et savoir-faire dans une société rurale en mutation, la Bretagne au XXe siècle." Brest, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BRES0001.
Full textHonoré-Chedozeau, Carole. "Faire la différence entre deux crus : du tout cuit ? : Effet de l’expertise sur les représentations conceptuelles et perceptuelles des vins du Beaujolais." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. https://nuxeo.u-bourgogne.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/38afc3c7-13b9-4f16-8f8d-bc973d491de4.
Full textExpertise was studied in cognitive psychology in order to understand the psychological mechanisms and the abilities involved in various areas of expertise. In the wine field, the few studies conducted on expertise suggest that the knowledge representation of experts is organized around “prototypes” derived from wines of different colours or grape varieties. The general purpose of this thesis was to address 1) theoretical questions about knowledge representation of wines among experts and novices, and 2) wine industry questions about Beaujolais wine perceptions. To this end, the effect of expertise on knowledge representations of wines was evaluated by comparing the performance of three different panels (experts, familiar novices and unfamiliar novices). In a first section, the hierarchical organization of knowledge was studied, and compared to the wine classification system. To this end, a free hierarchical sorting task was conducted on wine labels from different grape varieties, vineyards and appellations. Additional interviews allowed us to identify the criteria and the strategies used by panelists.In a second section, the transcribed interviews were analyzed by textual analysis in order to provide additional information about the wine representations of the different panels.In a third section, the conceptual and the perceptual wine representations of panelists were compared at different levels of abstraction going from the more general to the more specific (grape variety, appellation and lieu-dit) were compared. A binary sorting task was conducted for each level of abstraction using wines and labels of the same wines as stimuli
Badan, Xavier. "l'élevage montagnard face au paysage patrimonial : organisation et réseaux d'acteurs autour de la construction d'une nouvelle représentation collective : l’exemple des sites « Causses et Cévennes » et « Chaîne des Puys – Faille De Limagne »." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAL008/document.
Full textWhat is a landscape heritage? It is a new look by actors on a landscape wichi, according to Levy & Lussault (2003) “is supposed to deserve a transfer from past to find a value in present”. It is “a collection of attributes, representations, practices fixed on a non-contemporary object […] whose present importance is declared collectively, intrinsic (how this objet is representative of history of society’s objects) and extrinsic (how this object contains the values of a collective memory), which requires its conservation and its transmission.In order to define the heritage properties of landscape, people organize themselves into groups and try to communicate with each other’s. Each constructs a representation of the landscape around specific attributes that are of interest to the group. All these representations are different and yet they concern a single landscape. When it comes to carrying out an action that will have an effect on this common space, the groups interact with each other within a “collective network”. The action may be the subject of negotiations, tensions, conflicts, agreement or abandonment depending on the position of each person. However, whether the action was carried out or abandoned, the actors have exchanged their views on the landscape throughout the collective network. Therefore, as actions are progressively carried out on patrimonial landscape, groups of people construct a common view of this landscape: it is the “collective representation of the landscape”.Unlike a material object, the landscape is difficult to quantify. The acquisition for the latter of a heritage value therefore requires a complex process called “patrimonialization process”. For the groups of people present in the landscape, this process is not insignificant. It disrupts the collective representation of the landscape that has been built in the collective network. In the resulting social disorder, the groups will struggle to assert their representation of the landscape in a new collective representation. In this context, our thesis poses the following problem: Considering a territory undergoing a transformation of the look towards a heritage context, to what extent do agricultural and non-agricultural stakeholders build a new collective representation focused on keeping livestock, use of space and landscape management?To address this problem, we have mobilized the networks of agricultural and non-agricultural actors existing at two sites in the Massif Central that are registered or in search of inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage (“Les Causses et les Cévennes” and “La Chaîne des Puys - faille de Limagne”). After a brief description of the two sites, we have explained our positioning as regards the collective rather than the individual aspect in the construction of a representation of the landscape and around the organization and management of the landscape. We have then constructed a methodology that is inspired by this theoretical contribution. Thanks to it, we managed to conduct a hundred interviews which enabled us to identify and analyze on the sites the two networks in which the collective actors are organizing to integrate this new heritage stake in their representation of the landscape. This network organization materializes around a series of actions aimed to the management of the heritage, as well as support for livestock rising and the enhancement of agricultural production. Thus, we note that the process of patrimonialization contributes indirectly, by influencing the collective representation of agricultural space, to the evolution of agricultural practices which are themselves responsible for the construction of space
Lecigne, André. "Faire le maître et penser l'élève : relations entre l'élaboration des représentations des statuts scolaires chez les enseignants du primaire et diverses modalités de leur exercice professionnel." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR21022.
Full textHow are primary school teachers' representations of their students' scholastic status organized ? What link exists between the contents of their representations and the various modes of exercising their profession ? At the crossroads of the attribution and social representations theories, these questions lead to a comparison of various representations and of different statuses, including that of the student "signaled out" to the psychologist. 304 teachers evaluated the relative importance of 28 descriptions and of 20 causes presented in a bipolar form. We emphasize: - a variability of objectification : different modes of categorization engender teachers' representations according to the type of cognitive activity. Measurable characteristics are used to describe success whereas failure is described using inferences. Explanations distinguish between attributions to the environment for failure and attributions to the student himself for success. - a variability of anchorage : descriptions of failure are linked to the teacher's practices and position in the institution, contrary to descriptions of success and to explanations of status in general which are linked to the teacher's ideological beliefs. For the nature of causality, the teachers give necessary conditions for all statuses. They distinguish between standard statuses and those which are out of the norm, the former being in accordance with their own practices and the latter with their ideas. Finally, through a personological ordering of sufficient conditions, the imputation of responsibility primes over attribution when teachers explain the "signaled out" student's case, contrary to other scholastic statuses. As a hypothesis, the existence of a logic of separation within an apparently egalitarian ideal is advanced, in the midst of two different modes of production of knowledge : descriptions and explanations, the teacher's involvement underlies both
Thach, Thida. "La représentation de la violence faite aux femmes dans 'Un dimanche à la piscine à Kigali' de Gil Courtemanche et 'Je m’appelle Bosnia' de Madeleine Gagnon." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31460.
Full textBessou, Anne-Line. ""Faire face(s)" au travail : entre stress et pression sociale dans le monde du travail, le corps à l'épreuve du regard photographique." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU20065.
Full textThe thesis in Arts that we present associates a personal artistic practice of photography and a research at the crossing of arts sciences, sociology and psychology. It develops an analysis of the representation of work in arts through the use of the photographic medium, from the beginning of the 20th century until today, with a particular interest in the extreme contemporary period. The main stake of this research is to demonstrate how an artistic practice can translate a current event with little visibility, linked to the social representation of work. It focuses on a specific example, the malaise at work, which is the object of both the personal artistic practice and the research work. Whether by the use of portrait or by a staging work, the choices of this artistic representation interrogate the characteristics and the production of meaning of a creative device which combines theatre and still images assembled in polyptyches – while inciting reflexion on a human problem that has become a social phenomenon
Grimard-Dubuc, Josée. "Le romancier autofictif : analyse de la représentation du personnage de l'écrivain dans trois romans de Dany Laferrière." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24008/24008.pdf.
Full textBalaÿ, Olivier. "Discours et savoir-faire sur l'aménagement de l'environnement sonore au XIXème siècle : recherches sur la sensibilité à l'environnement sonore, les représentations sur le bruit et les dispositifs spatiaux." Grenoble 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE21036.
Full textChapaux, Vincent. "Dominer par les idées: étude de la notion de Failed State." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209954.
Full text//
Since the end of the Cold War, the notion of Failed State is used in international relations in order to describe States that have difficulties to exercise a monopoly of legitimate violence on their territory. The thesis raises the question of how this concept influenced the relations of domination in the international relations. The study shows that the concept of Failed State was created by an epistemic community and a group of entrepreneurs primarily based in the United States. The notion promoted a system of representation based on the idea that the salvation of the Failed States rested on their acceptance of very intrusive policies leaded by the most powerful States of the world. The study also shows that this representation system, created at great expense, has not always been able to justify the intrusive policies it was designed to legitimize. Through numerous case studies (Afghanistan, Haiti, Iraq, Somalia, Palestine, Lebanon, Liberia, Sudan, Zimbabwe, Bolivia, Pakistan, Colombia, Burundi, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau and Central African Republic), it is shown that notion of Failed State has not always reached the efficiency desired by its creators and has instead been used, sometimes successfully, to resist policies perceived as intrusive by the allegedly “dominated” actors. The study concludes that while it is theoretically possible to rule with ideas, it is also possible to resist ideas with ideas.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Degoy, Axel. "Représentation du roi et pouvoir de « faire loy » : Enquête autour de l’activité normative du parlement de Paris à l’époque de Charles VI et de la double monarchie franco-anglaise (1380-1436)." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020017.
Full textSince it is now recognized that the various arguments put forward by the parliaments of the monarchy in modern age in order to legitimize their claim to freely check the royal edicts had medieval roots, it was not unjustified to inquire whether their inclination to raise their regulation judgments to the rank of actual laws was not, similarly, already raising in the Late Middle Ages. An investigation of the archives of the Parliament of Paris contemporaneous with the reign of Charles VI (1380-1422) and with the double Franco-English monarchy (1422-1436) confirms this hypothesis. The investigation indeed shows that, at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries, in the Parisian parliamentary environment, it was considered not only that, by its jurisprudence, the “sovereign and capital court of the kingdom” emanated regulations which made laws, but also that the regulation judgments it enacted, or at least some of them, were sovereign normative acts, or even constituted genuine royal rulings. This acknowledged ability of the Supreme Court to be a genuine co-legislator was, as it happens, logical and natural, if one takes the trouble to place it in the institutional, political, and ideological context of the period
Mendoza, Velasquez Cecilia Del Pilar. "Le monde de la rue à Bogota : la débrouillardise comme l'art de faire de la multitude." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0148.
Full textThis work makes the hypothesis that the Colombian modern individual arrived to democracy after the absence of protecting state and social unit y, causing the emergence of individual practices. The popular sectors were formed in a fragmented way in Sogota in the same time as modernization and massive urbanization. These sectors built systems of interaction based on Rebusque, or life scratching. The creativity and inventiveness of the actors can be seen in the form of bargaining, exchange and self-management. Their capacity to play with the system using the public space is converted into a huge informal world. The Séptima was choosen as the observation axis of the city, its history and its representations by the citizens. Three elements are explored: the popular individual, the street and the action of life scratching. The rebuscadores have created their forms of socialization, distant and part of the system at the same time
Holo, Amon. "Les Technologies de l' Information et de la Communication dans l' enseignement du premier degré en France. Contribution à l' étude des compétences des élèves de l'école élémentaire, les origines et modes d' acquisition de celles- ci." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00619093.
Full textBellion, Amélie. "Une approche sémantique et dialogique de l'innovation "en train de se faire", entre co-construction de sens et activisme de la signification : une application au marché des nanotechnologies." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1G035.
Full textThe purpose of our research is to situate the analysis of the innovation at the precise level of meaning. The basis for this innovation research is a move away from a purely technical perspective to a representational and dialogical approach.To achieve this aim, we propose an interpretive approach of innovation by analysing imaginaries and representations of three categories of actors (offer, consumers and opponents) who participate in the construction of meaning in an innovative « in the making » market : nanotechnologies. By considering innovation as a term with multiple meanings according to the different actors – i.e. a praxeme -, we attempt to overthrow traditional schemes in marketing of innovation which propose a deterministic, mechanistic and linear reading of the relation between the offer and the market -, and to encourage a dialogical reading between the offer, the consumers and the innovation resistants. By a qualitative approach, we study the discursive and rhetoric modes that are opposed by the actors of the « semantic arena » that constitutes the innovation. These modes, on the one hand, fit into a co-construction of meaning and a co-construction of the market. On the other hand, they fit into a deconstruction-reconstruction of sense and of the market. This work aims, on the one hand, to highlight the importance of meaning, of the rhetoric and symbolic games in the innovative context, and, on the other hand, to show that the meaning of an innovation is not predetermined unilaterally by the offer, but results more from a semantic confrontation between actors involved in a dialogical relation
Benamara, Farah. "Webcoop : un système de question-réponse coopératif sur le web." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30169.
Full textThis thesis describes the WEBCOOP system that aims at providing cooperative responses in French to natural language queries on the web. The main objectives of the system are : -the integration of reasoning procedures with a variety of knowledge bases as well as real life data extracted from web pages in order to produce web style natural language responses. -major and new feature: the integration of a cooperative know-how component that goes beyond the mere recognition of a user misconception
Sébastien, Léa. "Humains et non-humains en pourparlers : l'Acteur en 4 Dimensions Proposition théorique et méthodologique transdisciplinaire favorisant l'émancipation de nouvelles formes de gouvernances environnementales Application au domaine de l'eau sur trois territoires : la Plaine du Forez, les pentes du Kilimandjaro et les Barthes de l'Adour." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00780587.
Full textKansou, Kamal. "Elaboration d'un système à base de connaissances hétérogènes pour la panification française." Nantes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NANT2016.
Full textIn Food science, the operating limits of the existing mechanistic models bring the researchers to incorporate the knowhow of the field into their models. Taking advantage of both, know-how and scientific knowledge, is also a challenge for knowledge engineering. In this work, we propose to exploit the available domain’s knowledge so to build a model of the French breadmaking process. Our approach proceeds in two stages: representing the structure of the whole process, representing the transformation operations of the process by using a qualitative algebra, our formal knowledge representation’s tool. We set out to: i / formalize a structured approach to model the whole process, ii / extend the theoretical tools of the qualitative algebra (Q, ≈, ⊕,⊗) iii / apply this formalism to the modeling of the operations composing the system. We have shown how to complete the systemic representation of the process so to increase the use properties of the models, that the qualitative algebra is suitable for representing the expertise in breadmaking, its use can even lead to making new knowledge emerge, and finally, that the association of qualitative and quantitative models allow to simulate the dynamic of an operation of the process. Finally the theoretical tools introduced should facilitate the calculation and the use of the qualitative algebra. A preliminary model’s validation has yielded encouraging results, the validation of a model that can handle over 109 different combinations of inputs is an extension of this work
Lee, Ji-Eun. "Etude du malaise dans les échanges communicatifs chez les apprenants coréens et japonais en situations d’apprentissage du français langue étrangère en France." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAC039.
Full textDespite the existing heterogeneity in the class of “French as a foreign language”, there is an element shared by both Korean and Japanese learners, regardless of their study level, field of study, or the duration of their stay in France : a common feeling of not being able to speak French well enough. That observation and the resulting insecurity it causes are often based on subjective criteria, resulting from the idea of an idealized French as well as the learning goals they are supposed to reach. But this depreciation and self-depreciation can also be caused by the attitudes of native speakers which make the learners feel their weakness. From the moment their communicative experiences are marked by a repetitive disparaging judgment towards their French, self-depreciation reinforced by hetero-depreciation eventually generates some discomfort which gradually transforms itself into a kind of a penalizing agent that would take its strength from learning French with questionable results. Even if both public shares a similar depreciative linguistic attitude, communicative standards or similar linguistic dispositions, investigations show that the characteristic unease felt by Korean learners is not always similar to that felt by Japanese learners, as their French is not apprehended in the same way by French native speakers
Kardimis, Théofanis. "La chambre criminelle de la Cour de cassation face à l’article 6 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme : étude juridictionnelle comparée (France-Grèce)." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3004.
Full textThe first party of the study is dedicated to the invocation of the right to a fair trial intra and extra muros and, on this basis, it focuses on the direct applicability of Article 6 and the subsidiarity of the Convention and of the European Court of Human Rights. Because of the fact that the right to a fair trial is a ‘‘judge-made law’’, the study also focuses on the invocability of the judgments of the European Court and more precisely on the direct invocability of the European Court’s judgment finding that there has been a violation of the Convention and on the request for an interpretation in accordance with the European Court’s decisions. The possibility of reviewing the criminal judgment made in violation of the Convention has generated a new right of access to the Court of cassation which particularly concerns the violations of the right to a fair trial and is probably the most important step for the respect of the right to a fair trial after enabling the right of individual petition. As for the weak conventional basis of the authority of res interpretata (“autorité de la chose interprétée”), this fact explains why an indirect dialogue between the ECHR and the Court of cassation is possible but doesn’t affect the applicant’s right to request an interpretation in accordance with the Court’s decisions and the duty of the Court of cassation to explain why it has decided to depart from the (non-binding) precedent.The second party of the study is bigger than the first one and is dedicated to the guarantees of the proper administration of justice (Article 6§1), the presumption of innocence (Article 6§2), the rights which find their conventional basis on the Article 6§1 but their logical explanation to the presumption of innocence and the rights of defence (Article 6§3). More precisely, the second party of the study is analyzing the right to an independent and impartial tribunal established by law, the right to a hearing within a reasonable time, the principle of equality of arms, the right to adversarial proceedings, the right of the defence to the last word, the right to a public hearing and a public pronouncement of the judgement, the judge’s duty to state the reasons for his decision, the presumption of innocence, in both its procedural and personal dimensions, the accused’s right to lie, his right to remain silent, his right against self-incrimination, his right to be informed of the nature and the cause of the accusation and the potential re-characterisation of the facts, his right to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the defence, including in particular the access to the case-file and the free and confidential communication with his lawyer, his right to appear in person at the trial, his right to defend either in person or through legal assistance, his right to be represented by his counsel, his right to free legal aid if he hasn’t sufficient means to pay for legal assistance but the interests of justice so require, his right to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him and his right to the free assistance of an interpreter and to the translation of the key documents. The analysis is based on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and focuses on the position taken by the French and the Greek Court of Cassation (Areopagus) on each one of the above mentioned rights
Pelletier, Denis. "Problems in time series and financial econometrics : linear methods for VARMA modelling, multivariate volatility analysis, causality and value-at-risk." Thèse, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/178.
Full textLongtin, David. "La violence faite aux femmes en Haïti : entre le réseau (inter)national d'assistance et la représentation des organisations féministes haïtiennes (1991-2008)." Mémoire, 2010. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3916/1/M11954.pdf.
Full textHonoré, Carole. "Faire la différence entre deux crus : du tout cuit ? : Effet de l’expertise sur les représentations conceptuelles et perceptuelles des vins du Beaujolais." Thesis, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCK007/document.
Full textExpertise was studied in cognitive psychology in order to understand the psychological mechanisms and the abilities involved in various areas of expertise. In the wine field, the few studies conducted on expertise suggest that the knowledge representation of experts is organized around “prototypes” derived from wines of different colours or grape varieties. The general purpose of this thesis was to address 1) theoretical questions about knowledge representation of wines among experts and novices, and 2) wine industry questions about Beaujolais wine perceptions. To this end, the effect of expertise on knowledge representations of wines was evaluated by comparing the performance of three different panels (experts, familiar novices and unfamiliar novices). In a first section, the hierarchical organization of knowledge was studied, and compared to the wine classification system. To this end, a free hierarchical sorting task was conducted on wine labels from different grape varieties, vineyards and appellations. Additional interviews allowed us to identify the criteria and the strategies used by panelists.In a second section, the transcribed interviews were analyzed by textual analysis in order to provide additional information about the wine representations of the different panels.In a third section, the conceptual and the perceptual wine representations of panelists were compared at different levels of abstraction going from the more general to the more specific (grape variety, appellation and lieu-dit) were compared. A binary sorting task was conducted for each level of abstraction using wines and labels of the same wines as stimuli
Bolduc, Marie-Hélène. "L'intranquilité de la présence : à l'hôtel dans Faire l'amour de Jean-Philippe Toussaint et Lost in translation de Sofia Coppola." Mémoire, 2009. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/2888/1/M11220.pdf.
Full textMénard, Yves Christian. "La discrimination en milieu de travail et le devoir juridique de représentation syndicale : une analyse socio-juridique." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5412.
Full textThis project is a socio-juridical study of the discrimination in the workplace, and its impact on the juridical duty of fair union representation, or more precisely, about the union responsability in a context of diversity. Beginning with a sociometric approach, completed with another one more socio-juridical, discrimination in the workplace is deemed to have a lot of repercussions even in unionized environments where immigration seems to shake up the established order. The literature survey exposes two main axis of interrogations : the first is related to the forums : in the actual state of the law, it is the Human Rights Tribunals that show the way in terms of the standards applicable to the juridical duty of fair union representation in alleged cases of discrimination, the Labour Relations Commissions abiding, but slowly, or else with reluctance, to the new deal ; the second is related specifically to the Union : it balances out the effect of the new standards in accordance with their own strategical interests, as well as to the member expectations, and in view of the prejudices and stereotypes presents in the workplace. The global analysis is based on 689 decisions from four Labour Relations Commissions — Quebec, Federal, Ontario and British-Columbia — along with their corresponding Human Rights Tribunals, within a period of ten years, extending from January 1st, 2000 to December 31st, 2009. With respect to the forums, the findings are that, for the above-mentionned period, none of the institution prevails over the other, in connection with the prohibited grounds of discrimination, the two contributing, as they see fit, to the extensive developpement of the human rights in the workplace, without clashes, nor overlaping. With respect to harassment, the Commissions prevail, and on the accommodation side, the Tribunals do. As to the union party specifically, the findings are that it has always acted, for historical reasons, in accordance with their own strategical interests, the member expectations, and the prejudices and stereotypes present in the workplace, but what has changed — from yesterday to this day — is the general application climate surrounding the juridical duty of fair union representation, as well as the analytical context in the evaluation of situations. Therefore, what is the impact of the discrimination in the workplace on the juridical duty of fair union representation ? Taking into account that the analytical context in the evaluation of situations is how the different agents construe the general application climate, along with all the changes they contribute therein in conjonction with their own strategical interests, then, at the union party level, there is three major impacts : first, (1) the union party has to fiddle around with more factors than ever before ; second, (2) with respect to the employees of a barginning unit, the room for manoeuver is much more restricted in all cases involving discrimination; and finally, this is the mere point, (3) the general economy of the human rights legislations has the effect of introducing a hierarchy to the applicable standards, hence forcing the union party, on a continuous basis, to adapt itself accordingly to the ever changing general application climate to which every agent contributes, including itself.