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Journal articles on the topic 'Reprisal'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Van den Brande, Philippine Christina. "‘Remedium repraesaliarum’: The Medieval and Early Modern Practice and Theory of Reprisal within the Just War Doctrine." Grotiana 41, no. 2 (December 17, 2020): 305–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760759-41020004.

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Abstract Centuries before being included in Hugo Grotius’s De iure belli ac pacis and De iure praedae, the subject of reprisal was already being discussed in medieval literature. The aim of this paper is to examine the medieval and early modern practice and theory of reprisal as it developed before and during Grotius’s lifetime. Its first part investigates a number of important foundational elements, such as the issues of definition and terminology, and the common characteristics of a reprisal case. In the second half, the author explores why reprisals were deemed to be a ‘perversus mos’ or ‘bad custom’ and how continued reliance on this practice was nonetheless justified by inserting it into the medieval just war doctrine. The paper does not provide a systematic study of Grotius’s own engagement with medieval reprisal sources. Rather, it should be read in conjunction with another publication in this same volume, ‘Grotius on Reprisal’ by Randall Lesaffer.

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2

Lesaffer, Randall. "Grotius on Reprisal." Grotiana 41, no. 2 (December 17, 2020): 330–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760759-41020005.

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Abstract In neither of his two major forays into the laws of war and peace – De iure praedae or De iure belli ac pacis – did Hugo Grotius discuss the legal institutions of reprisal – whether special or general – or privateering in their own right. His profoundly novel reading of the just war doctrine in the context of his theory of natural rights, however, gave powerful legitimisation to the practices of special reprisals, as well as of privateering in times of war and of peace.

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3

Darcy, Shane. "What future for the doctrine of belligerent reprisals?" Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 5 (December 2002): 107–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135900001057.

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Throughout its extensive history, the doctrine of belligerent reprisals has caused controversy and provoked debate, none more so than in the Twentieth Century, with its unprecedented developments in the codification of the laws of armed conflict. Belligerent reprisals areprima facieunlawful acts taken against a party to an armed conflict that is violating the law for the purpose of coercing that party to cease its unlawful conduct. Owing to this law enforcement function, belligerent reprisals have historically been treated as lawful acts, provided that they have been carried out in observance of a number of established principles. The rules laid down in international humanitarian law have increasingly limited the scope for taking reprisals by excluding certain categories of persons and objects from being the lawful targets of reprisal actions. While palpable disagreement exists regarding the customary status of the law pertaining to belligerent reprisals, more fundamental dispute arises in relation to the desirability of the actual institution of belligerent reprisals itself.

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Pileri, Alessandro, Annalisa Patrizi, Claudio Agostinelli, Iria Neri, Elena Sabattini, Francesco Bacci, Pier Paolo Piccaluga, Nicola Pimpinelli, and Stefano A. Pileri. "Primary cutaneous lymphomas: a reprisal." Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology 28, no. 3 (August 2011): 214–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.semdp.2011.04.002.

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5

Lu, Qing, Peter Hwang, and Clement K. Wang. "Agency risk control through reprisal." Journal of Business Venturing 21, no. 3 (May 2006): 369–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.08.001.

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6

Smith, Everard H. "Chambersburg: Anatomy of a Confederate Reprisal." American Historical Review 96, no. 2 (April 1991): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163218.

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7

Bazargan, Saba. "Defensive Wars and the Reprisal Dilemma." Australasian Journal of Philosophy 93, no. 3 (December 11, 2014): 583–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048402.2014.989867.

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8

Boyle, Michael J. "Revenge and reprisal violence in Kosovo." Conflict, Security & Development 10, no. 2 (May 2010): 189–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14678801003665968.

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9

Morel, Oriane, Cedric Lion, Godfrey Neutelings, Jonathan Stefanov, Fabien Baldacci-Cresp, Clemence Simon, Christophe Biot, Simon Hawkins, and Corentin Spriet. "REPRISAL: mapping lignification dynamics using chemistry, data segmentation, and ratiometric analysis." Plant Physiology 188, no. 2 (October 23, 2021): 816–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab490.

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Abstract This article describes a methodology for detailed mapping of the lignification capacity of plant cell walls that we have called “REPRISAL” for REPorter Ratiometrics Integrating Segmentation for Analyzing Lignification. REPRISAL consists of the combination of three separate approaches. In the first approach, H*, G*, and S* monolignol chemical reporters, corresponding to p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol, are used to label the growing lignin polymer in a fluorescent triple labeling strategy based on the sequential use of three main bioorthogonal chemical reactions. In the second step, an automatic parametric and/or artificial intelligence segmentation algorithm is developed that assigns fluorescent image pixels to three distinct cell wall zones corresponding to cell corners, compound middle lamella and secondary cell walls. The last step corresponds to the exploitation of a ratiometric approach enabling statistical analyses of differences in monolignol reporter distribution (ratiometric method [RM] 1) and proportions (RM 2) within the different cell wall zones. We first describe the use of this methodology to map developmentally related changes in the lignification capacity of wild-type Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) interfascicular fiber cells. We then apply REPRISAL to analyze the Arabidopsis peroxidase (PRX) mutant prx64 and provide further evidence for the implication of the AtPRX64 protein in floral stem lignification. In addition, we also demonstrate the general applicability of REPRISAL by using it to map lignification capacity in poplar (Populus tremula × Populus alba), flax (Linum usitatissimum), and maize (Zea mays). Finally, we show that the methodology can be used to map the incorporation of a fucose reporter into noncellulosic cell wall polymers.

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10

Funches, Venessa, Melissa Markley, and Lenita Davis. "Reprisal, retribution and requital: Investigating customer retaliation." Journal of Business Research 62, no. 2 (February 2009): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.01.030.

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11

Hesse, S. "Gait training after stroke: a critical reprisal." Annales de Réadaptation et de Médecine Physique 49, no. 8 (November 2006): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annrmp.2006.08.002.

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12

Lintott, A. "Sula--reprisal by seizure in greek inter-community relations." Classical Quarterly 54, no. 2 (December 1, 2004): 340–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cq/54.2.340.

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13

McIntyre, Steven. "Peter Gidal’s anti-narrative: An art of reprisal reappraised." MIRAJ, Moving Image Review & Art Journal 2, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/miraj.2.1.26_1.

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14

Lintott, Andrew. "Sula—reprisal by seizure in greek inter-community relations." Classical Quarterly 54, no. 2 (December 2004): 340–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clquaj/bmh043.

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15

Evans, Martin. "Reprisal Violence and the Harkis in French Algeria, 1962." International History Review 39, no. 1 (June 9, 2016): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2016.1141307.

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16

Seckbach, Efrat. "Meir Har-Zion's act of reprisal: Reality and memory." Journal of Israeli History 33, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13531042.2014.886834.

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17

Welch, Steven R. "Revolution and Reprisal: Bavarian Schoolteachers in the 1848 Revolution." History of Education Quarterly 41, no. 1 (2001): 25–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2001.tb00073.x.

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In 1851 the conservative journalist and social critic Wilhelm Riehl placed the blame for the revolutionary upheavals of 1848–49 in Germany on the Volksschullehrer, the elementary schoolteachers, who allegedly acted as the ringleaders of rebellion in their local communities. Riehl labeled the “perverse schoolmaster” as the “Mephisto” and “evil demon” who inspired the peasantry to rise against the established order. Riehl's diagnosis of the source of the revolutionary disease appeared quite plausible and convincing to the rulers of various German states who had long harbored the suspicion that dangerously pretentious, miseducated schoolteachers were, as a Bavarian government decree issued in 1829 put it, “spreading mistaken doctrines and erroneous political views among their pupils and in this way dripping the poison of partisan political struggles into the unprejudiced souls [of the young].”

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18

STRYCHALSKI, Andrzej. "ON LIMITS OF THE REPRISAL LAW IN ARMED CONFLICTS." National Security Studies 5, no. 1 (May 15, 2014): 473–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37055/sbn/135209.

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Represalia to środki odwetowe stosowane przez jedno państwo w odpowiedzi na bezprawne, niesłuszne lub krzywdzące działanie innego państwa takimi samymi środkami, a więc obiektywnie rzecz biorąc bezprawnymi, lecz usprawiedliwionymi w konkretnej sytuacji bezprawną działalnością innego państwa. Przy ich stosowaniu obowiązuje: zasada proporcjonalności – należy dbać, by zastosowane środki miały podobny charakter lub wagę jak bezprawne działanie, które je spowodowało, i zasada humanitarności – represalia powinny odnosić się przede wszystkim do rzeczy, nie do ludzi. Celem represaliów jest skłonienie państwa – podmiotu deliktu – do usunięcia skutków bezprawnego czynu lub zaprzestania dalszego gwałcenia prawa, skłonienie przeciwnika do poddania się prawnym następstwom popełnienia przezeń deliktu międzynarodowego, a więc do przywrócenia poprzedniego stanu rzeczy, udzielenia reparacji i zadośćuczynień. Mimo że represalia stosownie do postanowień prawa międzynarodowego są legalne, to w dokumentach MPHKZ takich jak konwencje genewskie z 1949 r., protokoły dodatkowe z 1977 r. oraz konwencja haska z 1954 r. zastosowano liczne zakazy stosowania tych środków odwetowych. Autor w swoim artykule omawia przedmiotowe zakazy

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19

Rome, Mark. "Non-executive reporting requirements for public companies." Corporate Board role duties and composition 5, no. 2 (2009): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cbv5i2art4.

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Non-Executive Reporting Requirements should empower non-executive staff of publicly traded companies with a structured process to communicate value-added information directly with analysts, investors and regulators on a recurring basis without fear of reprisal or reprimand. This paper analyses non-executive reporting requirements for public companies in the United States.

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20

Stewart, Garrett. "Pre-War Trauma: Haneke's The White Ribbon." Film Quarterly 63, no. 4 (2010): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2010.63.4.40.

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The surgical rigor of Haneke's The White Ribbon lays bare the underlying brutality of family life in a German village, microcosm of a social order whose strictures and class resentments fester on the eve of WWI. Punishment, abuse, and humiliation tighten a mysterious web of spite and reprisal among the local children, with national history waiting ominously in the wings.

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21

Fernandez-Maldonado, F. J., J. R. Gallego, A. Valencia, M. Gamez, Z. Varga, J. Garay, and T. Cabello. "Cannibalism: Do risks of fighting and reprisal reduce predatory rates?" Community Ecology 18, no. 1 (April 2017): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/168.2017.18.1.10.

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22

Vinogradov, Andrey. "Life and Death of Theodorets of Vladimir: Justice or Reprisal?" ISTORIYA 10, no. 10 (84) (2019): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840008052-6.

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23

Christian Kurt Freye, Enno. "The Truth About Cancer, the Disease of Mitochondria - A Reprisal." Acta Scientifci Nutritional Health 4, no. 3 (February 20, 2020): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asnh.2020.04.0649.

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24

Willasey-Wilsey, Tim. "Marque and reprisal: the spheres of public and private warfare." International Affairs 96, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 822–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa087.

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25

Davidson, Joel. "Marque and Reprisal: The Spheres of Public and Private Warfare." Journal of American History 107, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaaa360.

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26

Spicer, Zachary, and John L. Nater. "Legislative Dissent without Reprisal? An Alternative View of Speaker Selection." Journal of Legislative Studies 19, no. 4 (December 2013): 505–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13572334.2013.812356.

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27

Sagan, Scott D., and Allen S. Weiner. "The Rule of Law and the Role of Strategy in U.S. Nuclear Doctrine." International Security 45, no. 4 (2021): 126–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00407.

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Abstract In 2013, the U.S. government announced that its nuclear war plans would be “consistent with the fundamental principles of the Law of Armed Conflict” and would “apply the principles of distinction and proportionality and seek to minimize collateral damage to civilian populations and civilian objects.” If properly applied, these legal principles can have a profound impact on U.S. nuclear doctrine. The prohibition against targeting civilians means that “countervalue” targeting and “minimum deterrence” strategies are illegal. The principle of distinction and the impermissibility of reprisal against civilians make it illegal for the United States, contrary to what is implied in the 2018 Nuclear Posture Review, to intentionally target civilians even in reprisal for a strike against U.S. or allied civilians. The principle of proportionality permits some, but not all, potential U.S. counterforce nuclear attacks against military targets. The precautionary principle means that the United States must use conventional weapons or the lowest-yield nuclear weapons that would be effective against legitimate military targets. The law of armed conflict also restricts targeting of an enemy's leadership to officials in the military chain of command or directly participating in hostilities, meaning that broad targeting to destroy an enemy's entire political leadership is unlawful.

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28

Rogers, Rosemary. "Reprisal threats and little support for nurses reporting suspected child abuse." Nursing Standard 7, no. 28 (March 31, 1993): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.7.28.8.s14.

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29

Knippenberg, Steve. "The Unsecured Creditor's Bargain: An Essay in Reply, Reprisal, or Support?" Virginia Law Review 80, no. 8 (November 1994): 1967. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1073549.

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30

Neumaier, Christopher. "The Escalation of German Reprisal Policy in Occupied France, 1941-42." Journal of Contemporary History 41, no. 1 (January 2006): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009406058685.

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31

Salerno, Sergio, Claudio Granata, Marco Trapenese, Vittorio Cannata, Davide Curione, Maria Camilla Rossi Espagnet, Andrea Magistrelli, and Paolo Tomà. "Is MRI imaging in pediatric age totally safe? A critical reprisal." La radiologia medica 123, no. 9 (May 3, 2018): 695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11547-018-0896-1.

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32

Ndour, Paul. "La réponse par le feu dans le roman portugais néo-réaliste: une manière singulière d’écrire le matérialisme dialectique." Revista Portuguesa de Humanidades 25, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 235–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17990/rph/2021_25_1_235.

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In the neo-realist Portuguese novel against the Salazar dictatorship (1933-1974), arson is used as a reprisal for the abuses of factory and latifundios owners. Through the study of works by leading figures of this Marxist-inspired literary current, we will show that fire also assumes a narrative function as an accelerator of chronological temporality. The discourse of the igneous substance thus testifies to a singular way of writing dialectical materialism in these renowned authors.

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33

Bibi, Hamida, and Surat Khan. "The Perils of Jirga and the Miserable Plight of Women." Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/ramss.v3i2.41.

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This study was conducted to critique and asses the institution of Jirga and its practice of Swara. The data was collected through vis-à-vis semi-structured interviews from the Jirgees and Swaras, the two most proximate stakeholders of the institution of Jirga. For the analysis of data, the tool of Thematic Analysis, developed by Braun and Clarke (2015), was used. The findings of the study show that Jirga — besides being unconstitutional — is involved in multifarious inhumane practices and its members are mostly uneducated. Its decisions are completely void of the canon international law and human rights. Jirga is involved in the felonious practice of Swara. Swaras — women atoned by Jirga in reprisal for an offence — are living wretched lives facing multifarious forms of violence, discrimination, humiliation and other forms of inhumane behaviors. Besides, they are suffering from depression, inferiority complexes, suicidal attempts, malnutrition, verbal abuse, etc. The findings also imply that illiteracy, passivity and condonement of the judiciary and law enforcing agencies, and the higher rate of crimes in the area are the factors contributing to the practice of Swara. In the light of the findings, the researcher recommends that the practice of reprisal reiterated by Jirga should be completely extirpated. Education should be disseminated and the government and law enforcing agencies should work in proximity to mitigate the rate of crimes in the area. The government should frame inclusive economic policies in order to promote peace and prosperity in the area.

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34

Kuperman, Ranan D. "The impact of internal politics on Israel's reprisal policy during the 1950s." Journal of Strategic Studies 24, no. 1 (March 2001): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402390108437820.

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35

GROSS, MICHAEL L. "Killing Civilians Intentionally: Double Effect, Reprisal, and Necessity in the Middle East." Political Science Quarterly 120, no. 4 (December 2005): 555–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-165x.2005.tb00557.x.

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36

Hoenderkamp, Erik. "The Danube: Damned or Dammed? The Dispute Between Hungary and Slovakia Concerning the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project." Leiden Journal of International Law 8, no. 2 (1995): 287–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500003332.

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AbstractThis article deals with the legal aspects of the dispute between Hungary and Slovakia concerning a joint project of locks and power-stations, which had to be constructed in the Danube at Gabc ikovo and Nagymaros. Rules of treaty-law, environ-mental protection, good faith, reprisal and contributory negligence will be applied to assess whether Hungary was entitled to terminate the treaty and whether Slovakia could lawfully construct a provisional solution. Furthermore the significance of the case and its submission to the International Court of Justice is addressed.

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37

Ahmed, Zahid Shahab, Bert Jenkins, and Waseem Iftikhar. "Perception of Foreign Drone Strikes by Citizens: The Context of US Drone Strikes in Pakistan." South Asian Survey 24, no. 2 (September 2017): 135–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971523118822442.

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Since the start of US drone strikes in 2004–2005, these remotely piloted drone aircraft have been a subject of discussions internationally, especially at the UN. Previous studies have reported the effectiveness of US drone strikes in countering terrorism, and large public support in Pakistan for such measures. Contrasting with previous work on the subject, this research found that sentiments of reprisal were aimed against the Pakistan government, its armed forces including anti-US and anti-NATO feelings. This is in addition to the existence of some negative attitudes against local extremists and terrorists as well.

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38

Beck, Bernard. "Up Front With Valerie and Joe: Fair Game and Other Stories of Reprisal." Multicultural Perspectives 13, no. 3 (July 2011): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15210960.2011.594382.

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39

Sajjad, Mohammad. "Local Resistance and Colonial Reprisal: Tirhut (Muzaffarpur) Muslims in the Ghadar, 1857–59." Contemporary Perspectives 2, no. 1 (June 2008): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223080750800200103.

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40

Head, David. "Kenneth B. Moss. Marque and Reprisal: The Spheres of Public and Private Warfare." American Historical Review 125, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 686–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa183.

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41

Mahmoudi, Morteza. "Academic bullies leave no trace." BioImpacts 9, no. 3 (May 26, 2019): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/bi.2019.17.

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Bullying in academic science is a growing concern. It may vary in severity from insults, snubs, or invasions of privacy to violations of intellectual property and unfair crediting of authors. In extreme cases it may even include coercing lab workers to sign away rights to authorship or even intellectual property. Cumbersome institutional protocols and fears of reprisal may discourage targets of bullying from reporting such incidents; lab workers in the US on visas may feel especially vulnerable. Possible strategies to combat bullying include detailed examination of relevant documentation for signs of coercion or inaccuracy and specific training on reporting for those at risk of abuse.

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42

Wainberg, James, and Stephen Perreault. "Whistleblowing in Audit Firms: Do Explicit Protections from Retaliation Activate Implicit Threats of Reprisal?" Behavioral Research in Accounting 28, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria-51122.

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ABSTRACT Despite the increasing number of statutory protections now provided to whistleblowers, fear of reprisal remains a primary reason why individuals fail to report misconduct. In order to alleviate such fears and encourage reporting, hotline policies often describe explicit whistleblower protections from specific types of retaliation (e.g., harassment, threats or intimidation, loss of job, etc.). However, we posit that such vivid descriptions may actually achieve the opposite of their intended effect by increasing the salience of retaliatory threats, thereby discouraging whistleblower reporting. We conduct an experiment and find evidence that when explicit protections are added to an audit firm's whistleblower hotline policy, auditors assess the risk of reporting as higher and, as a result, are less likely to indicate that the misconduct will be reported through the hotline. To our knowledge, our study is the first to demonstrate that offering explicit protections to whistleblowers can have these unintended and counter-intuitive consequences.

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43

Caldicott, Catherine V., and Kathy Faber-Langendoen. "Deception, Discrimination, and Fear of Reprisal: Lessons in Ethics from Third-Year Medical Students." Academic Medicine 80, no. 9 (September 2005): 866–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200509000-00018.

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44

Singer, Simon I. "The fear of reprisal and the failure of victims to report a personal crime." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 4, no. 3 (September 1988): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01072455.

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45

Mellor, Steven, and Lisa M. Kath. "Fear of Reprisal for Disclosing Union Interest: Assessing the Effectiveness of Perceived Anti-Unionism." Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal 23, no. 2 (July 16, 2010): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10672-010-9154-y.

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46

McMurtrie, Kevin J., and Brett R. C. Molesworth. "Australian Flight Crews’ Trust in Voluntary Reporting Systems and Just Culture Policies." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 8, no. 1 (March 2018): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000131.

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Abstract. The aim of the research was to investigate the reporting behavior of commercial pilots and explore whether flight crew trust organizational just culture as a functioning and integral part of an airline’s safety management system. In pursuit of this aim, 270 Australian-based pilots completed a series of behavioral questions focusing on past reporting behaviors. The results revealed that 54% of the participants lacked confidence in their organization’s just culture, and as a result failed to report safety information or selectively reported safety information. The main reason for this under-reporting was ‘fear of reprisal’ from their employer. The results suggest organizations need to work on improving trust in their just culture environment.

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47

Wells, Rosalie. "A Fresh Look at the Muddy Waters of Psychopathy." Psychological Reports 63, no. 3 (December 1988): 843–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.63.3.843.

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Contrary to traditional psychological definitions, psychopathic behavior is neither self-defeating nor contradictory. Once the psychopath's total self-absorption and need to exploit and humiliate others is recognized, many of the contradictory characteristics of the personality fall into logical place. Primary psychopaths exhibit strong self-serving motives and an insatiable need to prove superiority over anyone and everyone. Compulsive lying and flaunting of established rules are consistent with the psychopaths' view of their special position within various social/business constellations. This unique position is validated and measured by their abilities to violate successfully established boundaries without reprisal and to convince and manipulate others to do what they want or believe what they say. Far from being aimless and impulsive, the psychopath's behavior is completely goal-directed.

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48

EDWARDS, SHERRY L., and MARIE THIELKE HUFF. "ANONYMITY IN ELECTRONIC DISCUSSION GROUPS: EFFECT ON DIVERSITY DISCUSSION*." Journal of Baccalaureate Social Work 9, no. 1 (September 1, 2003): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18084/1084-7219.9.1.131.

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This article explores the use of an electronic FORUM in a social work diversity class as a way to increase and enhance outside discussions related to contemporary diversity issues. A total of 45 students from two different BSW programs participated in the FORUM. Students were encouraged to remain anonymous during the discussions to enhance the opportunity for honest dialogue. A five-point Likert scale was developed to measure students' perceptions about whether or not their participation in the FORUM was personally beneficial and how anonymity affected their responses. Overall, students felt positive about their experience with the electronic FORUM, and appreciated being able to express their opinions openly without fear of reprisal. They also reported an increased awareness about other cultures, customs, and beliefs.

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McReynolds, Louise. "Raping Freedom: Pornography and Politics in the Satirical Journals of 1905-1906." Experiment 19, no. 1 (2013): 63–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2211730x-12341242.

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Abstract Editors of a number of satirical journals deployed images of rape to illustrate their sense that the revolution was lost after the autocracy’s bloody reprisal against workers in Moscow in December, 1905, and subsequent proroguing of the first electoral Duma in June, 1906. Tapping into the Silver Age aesthetics of decadence and eroticism, they cast Freedom as a vulnerable virgin, but did not provide heroes to protect her. Instead, they drew monstrous villains from Russian folklore that in some cases made Freedom complicitous in her violent fate. The Russian male appeared willing to return to his historical impotence, the nineteenth-century’s “superfluous man,” because he did not know what to do with the abstraction of freedom that he had desired for so long.

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Wink, Jurriaan, and Louis Sicking. "Reprisal and diplomacy: conflict resolution within the context of Anglo–Dutch commercial relations c1300–c1415." Comparative Legal History 5, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2049677x.2017.1314605.

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