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Journal articles on the topic 'Reproductive hormone axis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Rodríguez Gabilondo, Adrian, Liz Hernández Pérez, and Rebeca Martínez Rodríguez. "Hormonal and neuroendocrine control of reproductive function in teleost fish." Bionatura 3, no. 3 (2021): 2122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2021.06.02.35.

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Reproduction is one of the important physiological events for the maintenance of the species. Hormonal and neuroendocrine regulation of teleost requires multiple and complex interactions along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis. Within this axis, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates the synthesis and release of gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). Steroidogenesis drives reproduction function in which the development and differentiation of gonads. In recent years, new neuropeptides have become the focus of reproductive physiology r

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Tena-Sempere, Manuel, and Ilpo Huhtaniemi. "Sex in the brain: How the brain regulates reproductive function." Biochemist 31, no. 2 (2009): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03102004.

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Reproductive functions are maintained by a complex hormonal regulatory network called the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, which is under the hierarchical control of a network of neurohormones that ultimately modulate the synthesis and pulsatile release of the decapeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by specialized neural cells distributed along the mediobasal hypothalamus. This neuropeptide drives the production of the two gonadotropic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland, luteinizing hormone (LH) and folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), which are released into the circul

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3

Jahangiri, Arman, Jeffrey R. Wagner, Sung Won Han, et al. "Improved versus worsened endocrine function after transsphenoidal surgery for nonfunctional pituitary adenomas: rate, time course, and radiological analysis." Journal of Neurosurgery 124, no. 3 (2016): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.1.jns141543.

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OBJECT The impact of transsphenoidal surgery for nonfunctional pituitary adenomas (NFAs) on preoperative hypopituitarism relative to the incidence of new postoperative endocrine deficits remains unclear. The authors investigated rates of hypopituitarism resolution and development after transsphenoidal surgery. METHODS Over a 5-year period, 305 transsphenoidal surgeries for NFAs performed at The California Center for Pituitary Disorders were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Patients with preoperative endocrine deficits (n = 153, 50%) were significantly older (mean age 60 vs 54 years; p = 0.004

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Rajeswari, Jithine Jayakumar, and Suraj Unniappan. "Nesfatin-1 suppresses fish reproductive axis and gonadal steroidogenesis." Reproduction 160, no. 3 (2020): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-20-0068.

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Nesfatin-1 is a naturally occurring orphan ligand in fish and mammals. Research in our lab resulted in the identification of an inhibitory role for nesfatin-1 on pituitary hormones (goldfish) and oocyte maturation (zebrafish). The present study is an extension of these original findings and aimed to determine whether nesfatin-1 has any additional effects on HPG genes in male and female goldfish. We found that a single i.p. injection of synthetic nesfatin-1 (50 ng/g body weight) downregulated the expression of salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sgnrh), chicken gnrh-II (cgnrh-II), kisspeptin

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Nakao, Nobuhiro, Hiroko Ono, and Takashi Yoshimura. "Thyroid hormones and seasonal reproductive neuroendocrine interactions." REPRODUCTION 136, no. 1 (2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-08-0041.

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Many animals that breed seasonally measure the day length (photoperiod) and use these measurements as predictive information to prepare themselves for annual breeding. For several decades, thyroid hormones have been known to be involved in this biological process; however, their precise roles remain unknown. Recent molecular analyses have revealed that local thyroid hormone activation in the hypothalamus plays a critical role in the regulation of the neuroendocrine axis involved in seasonal reproduction in both birds and mammals. Furthermore, functional genomics analyses have revealed a novel

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6

Rocha, Juliana S., Michael S. Bonkowski, Luiz R. França, and Andrzej Bartke. "Mild Calorie Restriction Does Not Affect Testosterone Levels and Testicular Gene Expression in Mutant Mice." Experimental Biology and Medicine 232, no. 8 (2007): 1050–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/0703-rm-52.

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The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and the somatotropic axis are influenced by nutritional factors. Calorie restriction (CR) extends lifespan but suppresses both the HPG and the somatotropic axes. Since most CR studies use a fairly severe (40%–60%) reduction of calorie intake, we hypothesized that a milder CR (20%) might not be deleterious to reproduction in male mice. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the effects of 20% CR on testicular testosterone content and on testicular expression of genes that are relevant to testicular function and reproductive competence, including insu

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Mills, Edouard G. A., Waljit S. Dhillo, and Alexander N. Comninos. "Kisspeptin and the control of emotions, mood and reproductive behaviour." Journal of Endocrinology 239, no. 1 (2018): R1—R12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-18-0269.

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Reproduction is fundamental for the survival of all species and requires meticulous synchronisation of a diverse complement of neural, endocrine and related behaviours. The reproductive hormone kisspeptin (encoded by the KISS1/Kiss1 gene) is now a well-established orchestrator of reproductive hormones, acting upstream of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) at the apex of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) reproductive axis. Beyond the hypothalamus, kisspeptin is also expressed in limbic and paralimbic brain regions, which are areas of the neurobiological network implicated in sexual a

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8

McGowan, B. M., S. A. Stanley, J. Donovan, et al. "Relaxin-3 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 295, no. 2 (2008): E278—E286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00028.2008.

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The hypothalamus plays a key role in the regulation of both energy homeostasis and reproduction. Evidence suggests that relaxin-3, a recently discovered member of the insulin superfamily, is an orexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptide. Relaxin-3 is thought to act in the brain via the RXFP3 receptor, although the RXFP1 receptor may also play a role. Relaxin-3, RXFP3, and RXFP1 are present in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, an area with a well-characterized role in the regulation of energy balance that also modulates reproductive function by providing inputs to hypothalamic gonadotropin-re

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Schiller, Crystal Edler, Samantha Meltzer-Brody, and David R. Rubinow. "The role of reproductive hormones in postpartum depression." CNS Spectrums 20, no. 1 (2014): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852914000480.

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Despite decades of research aimed at identifying the causes of postpartum depression (PPD), PPD remains common, and the causes are poorly understood. Many have attributed the onset of PPD to the rapid perinatal change in reproductive hormones. Although a number of human and nonhuman animal studies support the role of reproductive hormones in PPD, several studies have failed to detect an association between hormone concentrations and PPD. The purpose of this review is to examine the hypothesis that fluctuations in reproductive hormone levels during pregnancy and the postpartum period trigger PP

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10

Witorsch, R. J. "Use of Gonadotropic Hormones and Sex Steroids in Assessing Male Reproduction." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 5, no. 4 (1986): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818609140748.

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In this presentation we discuss how male reproductive hormones are influenced by various normal and abnormal situations. Puberty is characterized by a progressive increase in serum gonadotropins (FSH and LH) and testosterone. Hormonal profiles in aging men and rats differ significantly, suggesting qualitatively different age-related changes in both species. Gonadal disorders in humans may exhibit similar symptoms (such as delayed or precocious virilization) but may be due to different defects within the hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis and, hence, may exhibit different reproductive hormon

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Yosefzon, Yahav, Cfir David, Anna Tsukerman, et al. "An epigenetic switch repressingTet1in gonadotropes activates the reproductive axis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 38 (2017): 10131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704393114.

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The TET enzymes catalyze conversion of 5-methyl cytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine (5hmC) and play important roles during development. TET1 has been particularly well-studied in pluripotent stem cells, butTet1-KO mice are viable, and the most marked defect is abnormal ovarian follicle development, resulting in impaired fertility. We hypothesized that TET1 might play a role in the central control of reproduction by regulating expression of the gonadotropin hormones, which are responsible for follicle development and maturation and ovarian function. We find that all three TET enzymes are

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Judd, Stephen J. "Disturbance of the reproductive axis induced by negative energy balance." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 10, no. 1 (1998): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/r98024.

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Animal reproduction is impaired when intake of energy is so restricted that activities essential to life are threatened; this is seen as a homeostatic adjustment that restricts wasteful energy expenditure. Fasting or exercising to a degree requiring considerable energy expenditure has major effects on the hypothalamus, including activation of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons, suppression of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone synthesis, and increased growth hormone secretion; these are associated with increased concentrations of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y mRNA and are corrected by adm

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Dobrzyn, Kamil, Nina Smolinska, Marta Kiezun, et al. "Adiponectin: A New Regulator of Female Reproductive System." International Journal of Endocrinology 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7965071.

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Adiponectin is the hormone that belongs to the group of adipokines, chemical agents mainly derived from the white adipose tissue. The hormone plays pleiotropic roles in the organism, but the most important function of adiponectin is the control of energy metabolism. The presence of adiponectin and its receptors in the structures responsible for the regulation of female reproductive functions, such as hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, indicates that adiponectin may be involved in the female fertility regulation. The growing body of evidence suggests also that adiponectin action is depe

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Bachelot, Anne, and Nadine Binart. "Reproductive role of prolactin." Reproduction 133, no. 2 (2007): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-06-0299.

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The biological actions of prolactin (PRL), a polypeptide hormone, are mostly related to lactation and reproduction. These actions have been clarified by studies of PRL and PRL-deficient receptor mice, which have a clear phenotype of reproductive failure at multiple sites. This review aims to summarize current knowledge about PRL and its receptor, role in reproductive axis and presents information of hyperprolactinemia in reproductive medicine. Our understanding of the physiology and transduction pathway of PRL has largely increased in the past 20 years with the cloning of PRL and its receptor

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Mishra Sarita and Parameswarappa S. Byadgi. "Proper digestion as a regulator of female reproductive physiology- An Ayurvedic perspective." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 3 (2019): 2199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1452.

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Neuro-hormonal regulation of female reproductive system is a well established theory till today which believes that Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone(GnRH) is the primary signal that control the activity of Anterior Pituitary Gonadotrops which regulates secretion of Follicular Stimulating Hormone ( FSH ) and Luteinzing Hormone ( LH ). Further FSH and LH regulate growth of ovarian follicle and their proper balance results in ovulation. There is consensus among experts about hypothalamus that secret GnRH is the primary site that regulates female reproductive physiology. Now researchers are focused

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Romerowicz-Misielak, Maria, and Marek Koziorowski. "The Gonadotropins Subunits, GNRH and GNRH Receptor Gene Expression and Role of Carbon Monoxide in Seasonal Breeding Animals." Annals of Animal Science 12, no. 1 (2012): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0002-x.

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The Gonadotropins Subunits, GNRH and GNRH Receptor Gene Expression and Role of Carbon Monoxide in Seasonal Breeding AnimalsSeasonality in reproduction occurs mainly in wild species and it is the result of natural selection. Signals to start or finish the period of reproductive activity, both environmental and hormonal depend on the neuroendocrine pathway - synthesis and secretion of pituitary hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), under the control of the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. Variable frequency of GnRH pulses is not onl

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17

Izzi-Engbeaya, Chioma, Sophie Jones, Yoshibye Crustna, et al. "Effects of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 on the Reproductive Axis in Healthy Men." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 4 (2020): 1119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa072.

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Abstract Context Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) potently reduces food intake and augments glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Recent animal data suggest that GLP-1 may also influence reproduction. As GLP-1 receptor agonists are currently widely used in clinical practice to treat obesity/type 2 diabetes, it is necessary to determine the effects of GLP-1 on the reproductive system in humans. Objective To investigate the effects of GLP-1 administration on the reproductive axis in humans. Design Single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. Setting Clinical Research Facility, Im

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Hull, Kerry L., and Steve Harvey. "Growth Hormone and Reproduction: A Review of Endocrine and Autocrine/Paracrine Interactions." International Journal of Endocrinology 2014 (2014): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/234014.

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The somatotropic axis, consisting of growth hormone (GH), hepatic insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and assorted releasing factors, regulates growth and body composition. Axiomatically, since optimal body composition enhances reproductive function, general somatic actions of GH modulate reproductive function. A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that GH also modulates reproduction directly, exerting both gonadotropin-dependent and gonadotropin-independent actions in both males and females. Moreover, recent studies indicate GH produced within reproductive tissues differs from

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Mills, Edouard G. A., Kevin T. O'Byrne, and Alexander N. Comninos. "Kisspeptin as a Behavioral Hormone." Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 37, no. 02 (2019): 056–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400239.

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AbstractSuccessful reproduction is dependent not only on hormonal endocrine responses but also on suitable partner selection, copulatory acts, as well as associated emotional, behavioral, and cognitive processes many of which are supported by the limbic system. The reproductive hormone kisspeptin (encoded by the KISS1/kiss1 gene) is now recognized as the key orchestrator of the reproductive axis. In addition to the hypothalamus, prominent kisspeptin neuronal populations have been identified throughout limbic and paralimbic brain regions across an assortment of species. In this review, we detai

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Shukla, Akshara, Rohitash Jamwal, and Kumud Bala. "ADVERSE EFFECT OF COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 1 (2016): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i1.14565.

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ABSTRACTOral contraceptive (OC) pills contain estrogen and progestin that are synthetic analogs of natural hormones. These synthetic hormones affectthe hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis of the female reproductive system. There are many types of contraceptives; most of the OC pills preventpregnancy by inhibiting ovulation. Estrogen and progestin are two female reproductive hormones that are critical. Typically, estradiol is producedby growing follicle (ovaries) which stimulates the hypothalamus to produce the gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which further stimulates theanterior pituitary to pr

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Izzi-Engbeaya, Chioma, Sophie Jones, Yoshibye Crustna, et al. "Acute Effects of Glucagon on Reproductive Hormone Secretion in Healthy Men." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 6 (2020): 1899–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa164.

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Abstract Context Glucagon increases energy expenditure; consequently, glucagon receptor agonists are in development for the treatment of obesity. Obesity negatively affects the reproductive axis, and hypogonadism itself can exacerbate weight gain. Therefore, knowledge of the effects of glucagon receptor agonism on reproductive hormones is important for developing therapeutics for obesity; but reports in the literature about the effects of glucagon receptor agonism on the reproductive axis are conflicting. Objective The objective of this work is to investigate the effect of glucagon administrat

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Huhtaniemi, I. "Molecular aspects of the ontogeny of the pituitary-gonadal axis." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 7, no. 5 (1995): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9951025.

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The endocrine function of the mammalian pituitary-gonadal axis begins in utero. This is important particularly for the ontogeny and function of the male reproductive organs, the induction of which is critically dependent on the two fetal testicular hormones, testosterone and anti-mullerian hormone. In contrast, ovarian endocrine activity begins only after birth. The earliest phases of testicular hormone production are probably under autocrine or paracrine regulation, but the dependence on gonadotrophins starts in fetal life. During maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, the

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Skinner, D. C., A. J. Albertson, A. Navratil, et al. "Effects of Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone Outside the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Reproductive Axis." Journal of Neuroendocrinology 21, no. 4 (2009): 282–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01842.x.

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Peng, Chun, and Spencer T. Mukai. "Activins and their receptors in female reproduction." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 78, no. 3 (2000): 261–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o00-007.

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Activins are growth and differentiation factors belonging to the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. They are dimeric proteins consisting of two inhibin β subunits. The structure of activins is highly conserved during vertebrate evolution. Activins signal through type I and type II receptor proteins, both of which are serine/threonine kinases. Subsequently, downstream signals such as Smad proteins are phosphorylated. Activins and their receptors are present in many tissues of mammals and lower vertebrates where they function as autocrine and (or) paracrine regulators of a variety of phys

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Novaira, Horacio J., Ariel L. Negron, Jones B. Graceli та ін. "Impairments in the reproductive axis of female mice lacking estrogen receptor β in GnRH neurons". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 315, № 5 (2018): E1019—E1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00173.2018.

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The effect of estrogen on the differentiation and maintenance of reproductive tissues is mediated by two nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα, and ERβ. Lack of functional ERα and ERβ genes in vivo significantly affects reproductive function; however, the target tissues and signaling pathways in the hypothalamus are not clearly defined. Here, we describe the generation and reproductive characterization of a complete-ERβ KO (CERβKO) and a GnRH neuron-specific ERβKO (GERβKO) mouse models. Both ERβKO mouse models displayed a delay in vaginal opening and first estrus. Hypothalamic gonadotropin-rel

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Vigo, E., J. Roa, M. López, et al. "Neuromedin S as Novel Putative Regulator of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion." Endocrinology 148, no. 2 (2007): 813–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-0636.

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Neuromedin S (NMS), a 36 amino acid peptide structurally related to neuromedin U, was recently identified in rat brain as ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor FM4/TGR-1, also termed neuromedin U receptor type-2 (NMU2R). Central expression of NMS appears restricted to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and NMS has been involved in the regulation of dark-light rhythms and suppression of food intake. Reproduction is known to be tightly regulated by metabolic and photoperiodic cues. Yet the potential contribution of NMS to the control of reproductive axis remains unexplored. We report herein analys

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Senarat, Sinlapachai, Jes Kettratad, Wannee Jiraungkoorskul, et al. "Distribution and changes in the sbGnRH system in Rastrelliger brachysoma males during the breeding season." Scientia Marina 85, no. 3 (2021): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.05023.017.

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Rastrelliger brachysoma is a mariculture candidate species, but reproduction in captive fish has been problematic. This report examines the difference in the HPG axis, the neuroendocrine system and the development of reproductive tissues between captive vs. wild male R. brachysoma. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) of sexually mature male wild R. brachysoma was 1.12±0.34 and 1.94±0.26 during the non-breeding and breeding seasons, respectively. Captive R. brachysoma had a GSI of 1.88±0.17. All wild R. brachysoma were in the late spermatogenic stage irrespective of seasons. Immunostaining results sh

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Scott, Camilla. "Reproductive management of the transitional mare." Equine Health 2020, no. 2 (2020): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eqhe.2020.2.42.

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The mare is a seasonally polyoestrous long-day breeder with a physiological breeding season lasting from April–October in the Northern Hemisphere. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the mare is subject to a circannual endogenous rhythm that is primarily regulated by day length. Increasing ambient photoperiod in the spring alters the pattern of melatonin secretion. The resulting stimulation of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion triggers pituitary follicular stimulating hormone release and follicular growth. Exposure of mares in deep anoestrus to a stimulatory photoper

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Scott, Camilla. "Reproductive management of the transitional mare." UK-Vet Equine 4, no. 2 (2020): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ukve.2020.4.2.42.

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The mare is a seasonally polyoestrous long-day breeder with a physiological breeding season lasting from April–October in the Northern Hemisphere. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in the mare is subject to a circannual endogenous rhythm that is primarily regulated by day length. Increasing ambient photoperiod in the spring alters the pattern of melatonin secretion. The resulting stimulation of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion triggers pituitary follicular stimulating hormone release and follicular growth. Exposure of mares in deep anoestrus to a stimulatory photoper

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Wunder, D. M., M. Yared, N. A. Bersinger, D. Widmer, R. Kretschmer, and M. H. Birkhäuser. "Serum leptin and C-reactive protein levels in the physiological spontaneous menstrual cycle in reproductive age women." European Journal of Endocrinology 155, no. 1 (2006): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.02178.

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Objective: Only a few studies have investigated variations of different markers for inflammatory processes during the physiological menstrual cycle. The results are conflicting, particularly concerning the correlation between the marker leptin and steroid hormones. The aim of the study was to investigate the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and leptin in the serum of healthy, normally ovulating women and to correlate these with each other and with the hormones of the gonadal axis. A cycle-dependence of the markers studied would imply an exact timing of the blood sampling for clini

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Hernandez, Arturo, and M. Elena Martinez. "Thyroid hormone action in the developing testis: intergenerational epigenetics." Journal of Endocrinology 244, no. 3 (2020): R33—R46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-19-0550.

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Male fertility involves the successful transmission of the genetic code to the next generation. It requires appropriately timed cellular processes during testis development, adequate support of spermatogenesis by hormonal cues from the reproductive axis and cellular cross-talk between germ and somatic cells. In addition to being the vessel of the father’s genome, increasing evidence shows that the mature sperm carries valuable epigenetic information – the epigenome – that, after fecundation, influences the development of the next generation, affecting biological traits and disease susceptibili

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Barbotin, Anne-Laure, Maëliss Peigné, Samuel Andrew Malone, and Paolo Giacobini. "Emerging Roles of Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function." Neuroendocrinology 109, no. 3 (2019): 218–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000500689.

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Since its initial discovery in the 1940s, research into the physiological actions of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), from its eponymous role in male developmental biology to its routine clinical use in female reproductive health, has undergone a paradigm shifting change. With several exciting studies recently reporting hitherto unforeseen AMH actions at all levels in the hypogonadal-pituitary-gonadal axis, the importance of this hormone for both hypothalamic and pituitary reproductive control is finding increasing support and significance. In this review, we will briefly summarize what is known

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Naufahu, Jane, Adam D. Cunliffe, and Joanne F. Murray. "The roles of melanin-concentrating hormone in energy balance and reproductive function: are they connected?" REPRODUCTION 146, no. 5 (2013): R141—R150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-12-0385.

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Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is an anabolic neuropeptide with multiple and diverse physiological functions including a key role in energy homoeostasis. Rodent studies have shown that the ablation of functional MCH results in a lean phenotype, increased energy expenditure and resistance to diet-induced obesity. These findings have generated interest among pharmaceutical companies vigilant for potential anti-obesity agents. Nutritional status affects reproductive physiology and behaviours, thereby optimising reproductive success and the ability to meet energetic demands. This complex cont

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Collins, Taylor, and Krista L. Rompolski. "Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: Causes, Complications, & Controversies." Journal of Student Research 6, no. 1 (2017): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47611/jsr.v6i1.288.

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Hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) is considered a reversible condition characterized by the absence of menses for 3 months or more, due to suppressed secretions of gonadotropin releasing hormone affecting the entire hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. HA can be triggered by excessive stress, weight loss or excessive exercise, however, the etiology is still largely unknown. Serious, long-term complications include severe hypoestrogenism and infertility, in addition to a variety of hormonal aberrations. Hypoestrogenism also leads to diminished bone health, cardiovascular problems, and mood changes t

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Casadesus, Gemma, Emma Ramiro Puig, Kate M. Webber, et al. "Targeting Gonadotropins: An Alternative Option for Alzheimer Disease Treatment." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2006 (2006): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/jbb/2006/39508.

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Recent evidence indicates that, alongside oxidative stress, dysregulation of the cell cycle in neurons susceptible to degeneration in Alzheimer disease may play a crucial role in the initiation of the disease. As such, the role of reproductive hormones, which are closely associated with the cell cycle both during development and after birth, may be of key import. While estrogen has been the primary focus, the protective effects of hormone replacement therapy on cognition and dementia only during a crucial period led us to expand the study of hormonal influences to other members of the hypoth

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Mills, Edouard G. A., Kevin T. O'Byrne, and Alexander N. Comninos. "The Roles of the Amygdala Kisspeptin System." Seminars in Reproductive Medicine 37, no. 02 (2019): 064–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400462.

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AbstractThe hypothalamic hormone kisspeptin (encoded by the KISS1/kiss1 gene) is the master regulator of the reproductive axis with its role in controlling gonadotrophin hormone secretion now well characterized. However, identification of kisspeptin and its cognate receptor expression within the amygdala, a key limbic brain region whose functions contribute to a broad range of physiological and behavioral processes, has heightened interest concerning kisspeptins' role in the broader aspects of reproductive physiology. In this review, we detail the important developments and key studies examini

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Lucy, Matthew C. "Growth hormone regulation of follicular growth." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 1 (2012): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd11903.

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The somatotropic axis – consisting of growth hormone (GH), the insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 (IGF1 and IGF2), GH binding protein (GHBP), IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) 1 to 6, and the cell-surface receptors for GH and the IGFs – has major effects on growth, lactation and reproduction. The primary target tissues for GH are involved in growth and metabolism. The functionality of the somatotropic axis depends in part on the expression of liver GH receptor (GHR), which determines the amount of IGF1 released from the liver in response to GH. The IGF1 acts as a pleiotropic growth factor and als

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Sepúlveda, Maria, Cristina Ros, Elena H. Martínez-Lapiscina, et al. "Pituitary-ovary axis and ovarian reserve in fertile women with multiple sclerosis: A pilot study." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 22, no. 4 (2015): 564–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458515602339.

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Since a decline in the ovary function might impact the reproductive potential in women with multiple sclerosis (MS), we investigated the pituitary-ovary axis and ovarian reserve, including anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels and ultrasound imaging of the ovaries, of 25 relapsing–remitting MS patients and 25 age-matched healthy controls. Mean levels of pituitary-gonadal hormones and age-adjusted parameters of ovarian reserve markers were not significantly different between both groups. Patients with higher disease activity (annualized relapse rate >0.5; n=9) had significantly lower AMH level

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Plewka, Danuta, Jacek Marczyński, Michał Morek, Edyta Bogunia, and Andrzej Plewka. "Receptors of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian-Axis Hormone in Uterine Myomas." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/521313.

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In this study the expression of GnRH, FSH, LH, ER-α, ER-β, and PR receptors was examined in uterine myomas of women in reproductive and perimenopausal age. In cases of GnRH and tropic hormones a membranous and cytoplasmic immunohistochemical reaction was detected, in cases of ER-αand PR the reaction was located in cell nucleus, and in the case of ER-βit manifested also a cytoplasmic location. In some of the examined cases the expression was detected in endometrium, myocytes, and endothelium of blood vessels, in uterine glands and myoma cells. In myometrium the level of GnRH and LH receptors in

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KHALLOUA, ZINE CHARAF, IMENE CHEBLI, SAMIRA MEZIANI, et al. "Does BMI Really Alter the Hormonal Profile in Infertile Women? Retrospective Study in the Region of Sidi Bel Abbes (West Algeria)." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 4-s (2020): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i4-s.4320.

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Background: In last few years .; it’s increasingly being recognized that Reproductive function is controlled by the hypothalamic–pituitary– gonadal axis, which is regulated by numerous endogenous and environmental factors such us adipose accumulation in obesity contributing to reproductive failure such as menstrual disorders and infertility, gestational failure and obstetric complications, and infertility , Distinct changes in circulating sex hormones appear to underline these abnormalities. The objective: The aim of this study was to elucidate the possible correlation between body mass

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Graham, Jessica L., Katie B. Needham, Emily M. Bertucci, Alexis A. Pearson, Carolyn M. Bauer, and Timothy J. Greives. "Onset of Daily Activity in a Female Songbird Is Related to Peak-Induced Estradiol Levels." Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 4 (2019): 1059–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz112.

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Abstract Research in captive birds and mammals has demonstrated that circadian (i.e., daily) behavioral rhythms are altered in response to increases in sex-steroid hormones. Recently, we and others have demonstrated a high degree of individual repeatability in peak (gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH]-induced sex) steroid levels, and we have found that these GnRH-induced levels are highly correlated with their daily (night-time) endogenous peak. Whether or not individual variation in organization and activity of the reproductive endocrine axis is related to daily timing in wild animals is no

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Grigoryan, O. R., A. A. Okhotnikova, and E. N. Andreeva. "Hypothalomo-pituitary-gonadal axis in girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus menstrual disorders and ovarian dysfunction." Problems of Endocrinology 55, no. 5 (2009): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl200955538-43.

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) has negative effect on the development and functioning of the reproductive system in young girls. The time of onset of type 1 DM (especially in the puberty period), duration of the disease, and poor compensation of disturbed carbohydrate metabolism are supposed to be the most probable causes of delayed pubertal development exerting negative effect on the age of menarche and increasing the frequency of menstrual problems (largely oligo- and amenorrhea). Despite a wealth of relevant investigations, the cause of reproductive dysfunction remains unknown even though ne

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Scott, Christopher J., Jessica L. Rose, Allan J. Gunn, and Briony M. McGrath. "Kisspeptin and the regulation of the reproductive axis in domestic animals." Journal of Endocrinology 240, no. 1 (2019): R1—R16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-18-0485.

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The control of reproductive processes involves the integration of a number of factors from the internal and external environment, with the final output signal of these processes being the pulsatile secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. These factors include the feedback actions of sex steroids, feed intake and nutritional status, season/photoperiod, pheromones, age and stress. Understanding these factors and how they influence GnRH secretion and hence reproduction is important for the management of farm animals. There is evidence that the RF-amide neuropept

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Spratt, Daniel I., Robert S. Kramer, Jeremy R. Morton, F. Lee Lucas, Karen Becker, and Christopher Longcope. "Characterization of a prospective human model for study of the reproductive hormone responses to major illness." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 295, no. 1 (2008): E63—E69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00472.2007.

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With critical illness, serum testosterone levels fall markedly, whereas estrogen levels rise. Although animal studies suggest adaptive advantages, no prospective model has been available for studies in humans. We hypothesized that coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery would provide such a model by eliciting the same reproductive hormone and other endocrine responses as reported with major nonsurgical illnesses. We further hypothesized that those responses would occur consistently in all CABG patients with predictable time courses, providing reliable windows for prospective studies. In 17

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Darrow, J. M., L. Yogev, and B. D. Goldman. "Patterns of reproductive hormone secretion in hibernating Turkish hamsters." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 253, no. 2 (1987): R329—R336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.253.2.r329.

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Changes in gonadal state and in circulating reproductive hormones [follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL), and testosterone] were studied for 30 wk in male Turkish hamsters (Mesocricetus brandti) induced to hibernate by exposure to a short-day, cold environment [10:14-h light-dark (LD) cycle, 6 +/- 1 degree C]. Similar measures were compared in hamsters maintained under short-day warm conditions (10:14-h LD, 21 +/- 2 degrees C). A decrease in testicular size and in hormone levels was observed after 9-12 wk of short-day exposure in all animals. After 24 wk, hormone levels rose agai

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Yaw, Alexandra M., Autumn Mclane-Svoboda, Duong Nguyen, Thu Van Quynh Duong, and Hanne Mette Hoffmann. "A Mouse Model of Shiftwork Reveals Sex-Specific Impairments in Circadian Behavior and Reproductive Tissue Timekeeping." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (2021): A530—A531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1080.

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Abstract Approximately 21 million Americans are employed in nighttime or rotating shiftwork, which is linked with numerous health risks, including reduced reproductive success. While there is a strong body of clinical evidence associating shift workers with deficits in fertility, very little is known about the mechanisms by which shiftwork produces reproductive dysfunction. One important feature of shiftwork is extensive exposure to light at night. Light is one of the strongest timing cues for the circadian system, where exposure to mistimed light (light at night) can disrupt timekeeping throu

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Xiong, Shuting, Jinsong Tian, Si Ge, et al. "The microRNA-200 cluster on chromosome 23 is required for oocyte maturation and ovulation in zebrafish†." Biology of Reproduction 103, no. 4 (2020): 769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioaa125.

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Abstract The reproductive process is usually controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis in vertebrates, while Kiss/gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) system in the hypothalamus is required for mammalian reproduction but dispensable for fish reproduction. The regulation of follicle stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone (LH) expression in fish species is still unknown. Here, we identified miR-200s on chromosome 23 (chr23-miR-200s) as important regulators for female zebrafish reproduction. Knockout of chr23-miR-200s (chr23-miR-200s-KO) resulted in dysregulated expression of luteiniz

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Ling, Lin, and Alexander S. Raikhel. "Cross-talk of insulin-like peptides, juvenile hormone, and 20-hydroxyecdysone in regulation of metabolism in the mosquito Aedes aegypti." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 6 (2021): e2023470118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023470118.

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Female mosquitoes feed sequentially on carbohydrates (nectar) and proteins (blood) during each gonadotrophic cycle to become reproductively competent and effective disease vectors. Accordingly, metabolism is synchronized to support this reproductive cyclicity. However, regulatory pathways linking metabolism to reproductive cycles are not fully understood. Two key hormones, juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysteroids (20-hydroxyecdysone, 20E, is the most active form) govern female mosquito reproduction. Aedes aegypti genome codes for eight insulin-like peptides (ILPs) that are critical for controlli

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Salvi, Roberto, Einar Castillo, Marie-Jeanne Voirol, et al. "Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Expressing Neurons Immortalized Conditionally Are Activated by Insulin: Implication of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway." Endocrinology 147, no. 2 (2006): 816–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2005-0728.

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Energy balance exerts a critical influence on reproduction via changes in the circulating levels of hormones such as insulin. This modulation of the neuroendocrine reproductive axis ultimately involves variations in the activity of hypothalamic neurons expressing GnRH. Here we studied the effects of insulin in primary hypothalamic cell cultures as well as a GnRH neuronal cell line that we generated by conditional immortalization of adult hypothalamic neurons. These cells, which represent the first successful conditional immortalization of GnRH neurons, retain many of their mature phenotypic ch

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Sakai, Tsubasa, Tatsuya Yamamoto, Shin Matsubara, Tsuyoshi Kawada, and Honoo Satake. "Invertebrate Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Signaling and Its Relevant Biological Actions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 22 (2020): 8544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228544.

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Gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRHs) play pivotal roles in reproduction via the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis (HPG axis) in vertebrates. GnRHs and their receptors (GnRHRs) are also conserved in invertebrates lacking the HPG axis, indicating that invertebrate GnRHs do not serve as “gonadotropin-releasing factors” but, rather, function as neuropeptides that directly regulate target tissues. All vertebrate and urochordate GnRHs comprise 10 amino acids, whereas amphioxus, echinoderm, and protostome GnRH-like peptides are 11- or 12-residue peptides. Intracellular calcium mobilization is the

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