Journal articles: 'Reproductive infections'

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Faúndes, A. "Reproductive tract infections." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 46, no. 2 (August 1994): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(94)90233-x.

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Kilpatrick, A. Marm, Dennis A. LaPointe, Carter T. Atkinson, Bethany L. Woodworth, Julie K. Lease, Matthew E. Reiter, and Kevin Gross. "Effects of Chronic Avian Malaria (Plasmodium Relictum) Infection on Reproductive Success of Hawaii Amakihi (Hemignathus Virens)." Auk 123, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 764–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.3.764.

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Abstract We studied the effects of chronic avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) infections on the reproductive success of a native Hawaiian honeycreeper, Hawaii Amakihi (Hemignathus virens). Chronic malaria infections in male and female parents did not significantly reduce reproductive success as measured by clutch size, hatching success, fledging mass, number of nestlings fledged, nesting success (daily survival rate), and minimum fledgling survival. In fact, nesting success of pairs with chronically infected males was significantly higher than those with uninfected males (76% vs. 38%), and offspring that had at least one parent that had survived the acute phase of malaria infection had a significantly greater chance of being resighted the following year (25% vs. 10%). The reproduction and survival of infected birds were sufficient for a per-capita population growth rate >1, which suggests that chronically infected Hawaii Amakihi could support a growing population. Efectos de las Infecciones Crónicas de Malaria Aviaria (Plasmodium relictum) en el Éxito Reproductivo de Hemignathus virens

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Rossow, K. D. "Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome." Veterinary Pathology 35, no. 1 (January 1998): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589803500101.

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In 1987, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) was recognized in the USA as a new disease of swine causing late-term reproductive failure and severe pneumonia in neonatal pigs. The syndrome is caused by an RNA virus referred to as PRRS virus (PRRSV), which is classified in the family Arteriviridae. Swine macrophages are the only indigenous cell type known to support PRRSV replication. Direct contact between infected and naive pigs is the predominant route of PRRSV transmission. Exposure of a mucosal surface to PRRSV leads to virus replication in regional macrophages, a prolonged viremia and systemic distribution of virus to other macrophage populations. Reproductive failure induced by PRRSV infection in late-gestation sows is characterized by premature farrowing of stillborn, partially autolyzed, and mummified fetuses. Pneumonia caused by PRRSV infection is more severe in young pigs compared to adults and may be complicated by concurrent bacterial infections. Gross lung lesions associated with PRRSV infection vary from none to diffuse consolidation. In addition, multiple lymph nodes may be markedly enlarged. Microscopically, PRRSV-pneumonia is characterized by multifocal, interstitial thickening by macrophages and necrotic cell debris in alveoli. Other less common microscopic lesions of PRRSV infection include myocarditis, vasculitis, encephalitis, and lymphoid hypertrophy and hyperplasia. In acute or subacute PRRSV infections, serum and lung are the best specimens for diagnosis. Persistent PRRSV infections can be produced by transplacental or intranasal infection. Persistent PRRSV infections are an important factor for virus survival and transmission within a swine herd and will complicate control programs.

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Giehr, Julia, Anna V. Grasse, Sylvia Cremer, Jürgen Heinze, and Alexandra Schrempf. "Ant queens increase their reproductive efforts after pathogen infection." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 7 (July 2017): 170547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170547.

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Infections with potentially lethal pathogens may negatively affect an individual's lifespan and decrease its reproductive value. The terminal investment hypothesis predicts that individuals faced with a reduced survival should invest more into reproduction instead of maintenance and growth. Several studies suggest that individuals are indeed able to estimate their body condition and to increase their reproductive effort with approaching death, while other studies gave ambiguous results. We investigate whether queens of a perennial social insect (ant) are able to boost their reproduction following infection with an obligate killing pathogen. Social insect queens are special with regard to reproduction and aging, as they outlive conspecific non-reproductive workers. Moreover, in the ant Cardiocondyla obscurior , fecundity increases with queen age. However, it remained unclear whether this reflects negative reproductive senescence or terminal investment in response to approaching death. Here, we test whether queens of C. obscurior react to infection with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum by an increased egg-laying rate. We show that a fungal infection triggers a reinforced investment in reproduction in queens. This adjustment of the reproductive rate by ant queens is consistent with predictions of the terminal investment hypothesis and is reported for the first time in a social insect.

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Nguyen Tien, Nhut, and Huong Le Lam. "LOWER GENITAL TRACT INFECTIONS OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE WOMEN AT HUE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL." Volume 8 Issue 5 8, no. 5 (October 2018): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.34071/jmp.2018.5.15.

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Introduction: Lower genital tract infections is one of the most common deseases among women in reproductive age and affects the quality of their lives. Objective: To assess the status of lower genital tract infections in reproductive age women and some factors related to vaginosis. Subjects and methods: Crosssectional study of 130 coming for examination at Hue University Hospital from August 2016 to December 2016. Results: The incidence of lower genital infections was 72.3%, with: vaginitis was 34%, vaginitis was 25.5%, vaginitis and cervical was 40.5%. Fungal infection is 20.2%, Gardnerella vaginalis infection is 33%, Parasitic infection is 0%. There is a signification relation between hygiene habits, inflammatory history and numbers of pregnancies with the rates of lower genital infections. There is not a signification relation between history of used contraceptive with lower genital infections. Conclusion: Lower genital tract infections are high percentage among women in reproductive age. There is a signification relation between hygiene habits, inflammatory history and numbers of pregnancies with the rates of lower genital infections. Key words: Women, reproductive age, lower genital tract infections

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PRIYADARSHINI, N. HEMA, HARITHA KODALI, and V. K. RAVINDRA KUMAR. "Reproductive Tract Infections Among Currently Married Females in Andhra Pradesh." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 8 (June 1, 2012): 442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/august2014/136.

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Dr. K. JOTHY, Dr K. JOTHY. "Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants of Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs)." International Journal of Scientific Research 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/jun2012/31.

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Lu, Kristina G., and Peter R. Morresey. "Reproductive Tract Infections in Horses." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 22, no. 2 (August 2006): 519–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2006.03.010.

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Corbeil, Lynette B., and Robert H. BonDurant. "Immunity to Bovine Reproductive Infections." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice 17, no. 3 (November 2001): 567–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30007-4.

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Dieterle, S. "Urogenital infections in reproductive medicine." Andrologia 40, no. 2 (April 2008): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2008.00833.x.

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Nezhybová, Veronika, Martin Reichard, Caroline Methling, and Markéta Ondračková. "Limited impacts of chronic eye fluke infection on the reproductive success of a fish host." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 129, no. 2 (December 17, 2019): 334–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz189.

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Abstract Parasitic infections may affect the reproductive success of the host either directly, through behavioural modification, or indirectly, by altering their reproductive investment in response to infection. We determined the effects of infection with the eye fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum (Trematoda) on the reproductive traits of European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus, Cyprinidae), an intermediate fish host with a resource-based mating system. Male bitterling infected by Diplostomum exhibited a larger but less pronounced red eye spot (sexually selected signal) than control males, suggesting that infected males were less preferred by females. The frequency of female ovulation and number of offspring were comparable between the infected and the control group, although there was a 1–2 week delay in the peak of ovulation and offspring production in infected fish, which is known to coincide with higher juvenile mortality. Chronic eye fluke infection had minimal metabolic costs (measured as oxygen consumption) and, consistent with these results, reproductive activity did not differ between infected and control fish in an experimental test of intersexual selection. Overall, the impact of eye fluke infection on the reproduction of European bitterling was limited. We consider the potential effect of favourable conditions during experiments (abundant food, access to spawning substrate and lack of predators and co-infections) on experimental outcomes and recognize that the effects of chronic eye fluke infection in natural conditions might be more pronounced.

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Cook, Susan W., Hunter A. Hammill, and Richard A. Hull. "Virulence Factors ofEscherichia coliIsolated From Female Reproductive Tract Infections and Neonatal Sepsis." Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 4 (2001): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1064744901000333.

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Objective:The presence of enterobacteria such asEscherichia coliin the vagina of normal women is not synonymous with infection. However, vaginalE. colimay also cause symptomatic infections. We examined bacterial virulenceproperties that may promote symptomatic female reproductive tract infections (RTI) and neonatal sepsis.Methods:E. coliisolated as the causative agent from cases of vaginitis (n = 50), tubo-ovarian abscess (n = 45) and neonatal sepsis (n = 45) was examined for selected phenotypic and genetic virulence properties. Results were compared with the frequency of the same properties among fecalE. colinot associated with disease.Results:A significantly greater proportion of infectionE. coliexhibited D-mannose resistant hemagglutination compared with fecalE. coli(p< 0.01). This adherence phenotype was associated with the presence of P fimbriae (pap) genes which were also significantly more prevalent among isolates from all three infection sites (p< 0.01). The majority ofpap+isolates contained thepapG3allele (Class II) regardless of infection type. Increased frequency of Type 1C genes among vaginitis and abscess isolates was also noted. No significant differences in frequency of other bacterial adherence genes, fim, sfa, uca (gaf) or dra were observed. E. coli associated with vaginitis was significantly more likely to be hemolytic ( HIY+) than were fecal isolates (p< 0.05). The HIY+phenotype was also more prevalent among tubo-ovarian abscess and neonatal sepsis isolates (p< 0.08).Conclusions:E. coliisolated from female RTI and neonatal sepses possess unique properties that may enhance their virulence. These properties are similar to those associated with otherE. coliextra-intestinal infections, indicating that strategies such as vaccination or bacterial interference that may be developed against urinary tract infections (UTI) and otherE. coliextra-intestinal infections may also prevent selected female RTI.

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ZYLBERBERG, M., E. P. DERRYBERRY, C. W. BREUNER, E. A. MACDOUGALL-SHACKLETON, J. M. CORNELIUS, and T. P. HAHN. "Haemoproteusinfected birds have increased lifetime reproductive success." Parasitology 142, no. 8 (March 24, 2015): 1033–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182015000256.

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SUMMARYThe impact of haematozoan infection on host fitness has received substantial attention since Hamilton and Zuk posited that parasites are important drivers of sexual selection. However, short-term studies testing the assumption that these parasites consistently reduce host fitness in the wild have produced contradictory results. To address this complex issue, we conducted a long-term study examining the relationship between naturally occurring infection withHaemoproteusandPlasmodium, and lifetime reproductive success and survival of Mountain White-crowned Sparrows. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that birds infected with haematozoan parasites have reduced survival (as determined by overwinter return rates) and reproductive success. Contrary to expectation, there was no relationship betweenHaemoproteusandPlasmodiuminfection and reproduction or survival in males, nor was there a relationship betweenPlasmodiuminfection and reproduction in females. Interestingly,Haemoproteus-infected females had significantly higher overwinter return rates and these females fledged more than twice as many chicks during their lifetimes as did uninfected females. We discuss the impact of parasitic infections on host fitness in light of these findings and suggest that, in the case of less virulent pathogens, investment in excessive immune defence may decrease lifetime reproduction.

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Randall, J., J. Cable, I. A. Guschina, J. L. Harwood, and J. Lello. "Endemic infection reduces transmission potential of an epidemic parasite during co-infection." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1769 (October 22, 2013): 20131500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1500.

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Endemic, low-virulence parasitic infections are common in nature. Such infections may deplete host resources, which in turn could affect the reproduction of other parasites during co-infection. We aimed to determine whether the reproduction, and therefore transmission potential, of an epidemic parasite was limited by energy costs imposed on the host by an endemic infection. Total lipids, triacylglycerols (TAG) and polar lipids were measured in cockroaches ( Blattella germanica ) that were fed ad libitum, starved or infected with an endemic parasite, Gregarina blattarum. Reproductive output of an epidemic parasite, Steinernema carpocapsae , was then assessed by counting the number of infective stages emerging from these three host groups. We found both starvation and gregarine infection reduced cockroach lipids, mainly through depletion of TAG. Further, both starvation and G. blattarum infection resulted in reduced emergence of nematode transmission stages. This is, to our knowledge, the first study to demonstrate directly that host resource depletion caused by endemic infection could affect epidemic disease transmission. In view of the ubiquity of endemic infections in nature, future studies of epidemic transmission should take greater account of endemic co-infections.

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Gawande, Kanchan B., Abhay S. Srivastava, and Purushottam Kumar. "Reproductive tract infection and health seeking behaviour: a cross sectional community based study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 4 (March 23, 2018): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20181229.

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Background: Women in India have multitude of health problem, which ultimately affect the economic output. The health of Indian women is intrinsically linked to their status in society. There is significant gap in understanding the reproductive tract infections as well as consequence for women lives. The objective of the study was to study the prevalence of reproductive tract infections and sociodemographic factors responsible among ever married women.Methods: Community based cross sectional study was carried out in the rural area near Mumbai city. List of villages in the study area was obtained from primary health centre (PHC). The prevalence of reproductive tract infections among ever married women was 20.7%. At 95% confidence level and 5% allowable error sample size is 262 (n=4*p*q/l2). So the sample size required to document RTI was 265 ever married women.Results: Prevalence of reproductive tract infections was 143(53.96%). Most common morbidity found was vaginal discharge 59 (22.26%). There was a significant difference between the proportions of study subjects with reproductive tract infection with respect to their educational status & occupation.Conclusions: There was high prevalence of reproductive tract infection among study subjects with only 13.74% visited a qualified medical practitioner for their complaints.

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Althaus, Frances A. "Reproductive Tract Infections and Women's Health." International Family Planning Perspectives 17, no. 4 (December 1991): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2133231.

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McClelland, Scott. "PL02.2 Reproductive tract infections in women." Sexually Transmitted Infections 91, Suppl 2 (September 2015): A2.2—A2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2015-052270.6.

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Neves, A., I. Gordo, V. Sequeira, AR Vieira, E. Silva, F. Silva, AM Duarte, et al. "Negative impact on the reproductive potential of blue jack mackerel Trachurus picturatus by Kudoa infection of the ovary." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 141 (September 17, 2020): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03515.

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Reproduction of Trachurus picturatus off the western Portuguese coast was studied over 1 yr. During histological analyses, the presence of Kudoa sp. was detected in advanced vitellogenic oocytes. Kudoa infections are known to cause economic loss through the induction of post-mortem liquefaction of fish muscles, but ovarian infection as reported in this study will seriously affect the reproductive potential of the species and thus impact fisheries productivity. Only females showed gonad infection which led to total degradation of advanced vitellogenic oocytes. No macroscopic, somatic or condition indices revealed differences between infected and uninfected females, rendering this infection event a concealed suppression of reproduction.

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Gupta, Amit Kumar. "Control of Sexually Transmitted Infections, Reproductive Tract Infections, and HIV/AIDS in India: Current Status and the Way Forward." Epidemiology International 02, no. 03 (December 7, 2017): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2455.7048.201715.

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Nayab, Durr-e. "Reproductive Tract Infections among Women in Pakistan: An Urban Case Study." Pakistan Development Review 44, no. 2 (June 1, 2005): 131–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v44i2pp.131-158.

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Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) among women—despite being common and having grave consequences—are not given much attention by policy-makers and health planners. The asymptomatic nature of most infections makes their detection and diagnosis difficult, making laboratory testing the most accurate method of bio-medical diagnosis. The present paper assesses the magnitude and nature of infections as diagnosed through laboratory testing and looks into the variation in magnitude and the nature of RTIs among women with different socio-economic and demographic characteristics. The aetiological rate of infection among women is found to be 24 percent, with the majority of these women testing positive for endogenous infections. Factors significantly increasing the likelihood of having an infection include intrauterine device use or getting a tubectomy, short inter-pregnancy intervals, and lower economic status of women.

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Narayankhedkar, Anuradha, Anahita Hodiwala, and Arati Mane. "Clinicoetiological Characterization of Infectious Vaginitis amongst Women of Reproductive Age Group from Navi Mumbai, India." Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2015 (August 17, 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/817092.

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Vaginitis is one of the commonest reproductive tract infections in sexually active women. In the present study clinicoetiological characterization of infectious vaginitis amongst 380 women of reproductive age group (18–45 years) was done. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) was detected by Nugent’s scoring, Candida infection by culture, and trichomoniasis (TV) by wet mount. One hundred and ten (28.9%) women presented with symptoms of vaginitis. The presenting symptoms were vaginal discharge 106 (96.4%), vulval itching/irritation 19 (17.3%), malodor 5 (4.5%), pain in abdomen 3 (2.7%), and dysuria 1 (0.9%). The commonest etiology detected was Candida in 33 (30%) cases, of which 18 (54.5%) were C. albicans and 15 (45.5%) non-albicans Candida (NAC) infections. The NAC isolates were C. glabrata (n=10), C. tropicalis (n=3), and C. krusei (n=2). BV and TV were observed in 19 (17.3%) and 2 (1.8%) cases, respectively. A statistically significant association between Candida infection and presence of curdy-white discharge (p=0.001) and vulval itching/irritation (p=0.007) was noted. To conclude, we observed the etiological predominance of Candida infection, with considerable prevalence of NAC, indicating the need for microbiological investigation up to species level in cases of Candida infections, to ensure appropriate management.

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Heffernan, J. M., R. J. Smith, and L. M. Wahl. "Perspectives on the basic reproductive ratio." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 2, no. 4 (June 7, 2005): 281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2005.0042.

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The basic reproductive ratio, R 0 , is defined as the expected number of secondary infections arising from a single individual during his or her entire infectious period, in a population of susceptibles. This concept is fundamental to the study of epidemiology and within-host pathogen dynamics. Most importantly, R 0 often serves as a threshold parameter that predicts whether an infection will spread. Related parameters which share this threshold behaviour, however, may or may not give the true value of R 0 . In this paper we give a brief overview of common methods of formulating R 0 and surrogate threshold parameters from deterministic, non-structured models. We also review common means of estimating R 0 from epidemiological data. Finally, we survey the recent use of R 0 in assessing emerging diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian influenza, a number of recent livestock diseases, and vector-borne diseases malaria, dengue and West Nile virus.

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Romanenko, T. G., O. M. Krotik, and O. L. Mitina. "Reproductive health of married couple with urogenital infections in anamnesis (Literature review)." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 4(140) (May 30, 2019): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2019.140.82.

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This article is devoted to the actual problem of reproductive health of married couple with urogenital infections in anamnesis.The review of modern research summarizes the theoretical and statistical data of recent years. It was considered the contemporary ideas about the etiopathogenesis of male and female infertility, namely the effects of transmitted urogenital infections on the occurrence of disorders in the female and male genitourinary systems. The attention is paid to the analysis of the complications of further planned pregnancy in the couple with the urogenital infections in anamnesis. Key words: reproductive health, urogenital infections, infertility, pregnancy, mixed infection, married couple, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

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JACKSON, J. A., and R. C. TINSLEY. "Protopolystoma xenopodis (Monogenea) primary and secondary infections in Xenopus laevis." Parasitology 123, no. 5 (November 2001): 455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182001008745.

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The reproductive kinetics of Protopolystoma xenopodis primary and secondary infections in Xenopus laevis were monitored in a 3-year study. Thirty-five naïve, lab-raised, full-sib X. laevis from 1 spawning were each exposed to 30 P. xenopodis eggs. The course of infections at 20 °C was monitored by screening isolated hosts for parasite egg production. Ninety-four percent of toads supported the development of gravid parasites. Infections became patent 9–19 weeks p.i., lasted 3–30 months and produced estimated totals of 1–7152 eggs/host. Variation in primary infection characters was discontinuous: a subgrouping of hosts (16%) was characterized by extended infection duration and low reproductive rate. In order to test the effect of long-term infection history on a subsequent challenge, each host was re-exposed to P. xenopodis infective stages (30 eggs/host) 6 months after the loss of its original infection. Establishment of patent infection was significantly lower (15%), and pre-patent period (12–28 weeks) longer, than in primary infections of the same hosts, and than in concurrently exposed naïve controls (contemporary full-sibs of the primary/secondary infection group, maintained in parallel; n = 28). There was no relationship between primary infection characteristics and secondary infection outcome. Overall reproductive output per initial infective stage for the primary exposure exceeded that for the secondary exposure by a ratio of 15[ratio ]1. Results suggest that primary infection with P. xenopodis can elicit strong, long-term protective immunity against re-infection in X. laevis.

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Dahal, Prasanna, Sita Jhendi, Chham Maya Pun, and Laxman Maharjan. "Assessment of Risk Factors and Medication Use for Infectious Vaginitis Among Females of Reproductive Age Visiting Maternity Hospital of Pokhara, Nepal." Open Public Health Journal 10, no. 1 (August 31, 2017): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944501710010140.

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Background:Vaginitis is one of the most common gynecological problems in females especially in their reproductive ages and poses significant clinical consequences if left untreated. The study aims to assess the risk factors and medication used for its management in reproductive-aged females with vaginitis visiting maternity hospital of Pokhara, Nepal.Methods and Materials:A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out on females of age group 15-49 years, diagnosed with infectious vaginitis for the period of two months. Assessment was made based on clinical profile, questionnaire and personnel interview. Descriptive statistics was used for analyzing the results of the study.Results:A total of 130 patients were enrolled in the study. Most patients were literate, married and from rural area. Bacterial and fungal infections were common cause for vaginitis representing 56% and 22% respectively. The study shows that the 70% females with infectious vaginitis had a practice of using plain cloth napkins, during their menstruation period and 35% had previous infection in reproductive organ, also risk factors such as pregnancy, use of oral contraceptive, recent antibiotics/steroid use, sexually transmitted disease (STD) and diabetes were commonly present in females with infectious vaginitis. The most frequently (75%) prescribed drug was topical antibacterial –antifungal agents. Metronidazole, cefpodoxime and ciprofloxacin were mostly prescribed among antibiotics whereas fluconazole and clotrimazole were among antifungals.Conclusion:The study recommends need of awareness and educational programs concerning reproductive health and hygiene for females in these areas. Prescribing trend shows slight discrepancy from standard treatment guidelines for vaginal infections.

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Mulla, SummaiyaA, JK Kosambiya, VikasK Desai, and NimishaD Shethwala. "Sexually transmitted infections and reproductive tract infections in female sex workers." Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology 52, no. 2 (2009): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0377-4929.48916.

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Bhalla, P., D. Rawat, R. Tripathi, R. Kaur, K. Sardana, and S. Bhattar. "Asymptomatic reproductive tract infections/sexually transmitted infections among HIV positive women." Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 33, no. 3 (2015): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.158568.

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Pioz, Maryline, Anne Loison, Philippe Gibert, Jean-Michel Jullien, Marc Artois, and Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont. "Antibodies against Salmonella is associated with reduced reproductive success in female alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 10 (October 2008): 1111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-089.

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Microbial infections that affect reproduction are poorly studied in wildlife because reproductive disorders usually go unnoticed. However, such infections are a major concern in domestic ungulates, which raises the question of their influence on reproductive success and population dynamics of wild ungulates. Three bacterial abortive infections are frequent in domestic ruminants: salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Abortusovis, enzootic abortion caused by Chlamydophila abortus , and Q fever caused by Coxiella burnetii . They induce abortions and neonatal mortality in sheep ( Ovis aries L., 1758), goat ( Capra hircus L., 1758), and cattle ( Bos taurus L., 1758). However, little information is known about these bacteria in wild ungulates, particularly in mountain ungulates that may share alpine pastures with infected domestic ruminants. We investigated the relationship between female serological status against Salmonella, Chlamydophila, and Coxiella and her reproductive success. From 1986 to 2003, the reproductive and serological statuses of 125 female chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra (L., 1758)) aged 2–10 years were available. Reproductive success was the lowest for 2-year-old females and for females born at the highest density. Moreover, we showed for the first time in a wild ungulate population that females with high titer in antibodies against Salmonella experienced a decrease in their reproductive success. Titers in antibodies against Chlamydophila and Coxiella were not related to the reproductive success of female chamois.

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Soares, Larice Bruna Ferreira, Bruno Pajeú e. Silva, Jonas De Melo Borges, Júnior Mário Baltazar de Oliveira, Allison Alves de Macêdo, Breno Bezerra Aragão, Sérgio Alves do Nascimento, and José Wilton Pinheiro Junior. "Occurrence of Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVDV) and Bovine Infectious Rhinotracheitis (IBR) Virus Infections in Buffaloes in Pernambuco state - Brazil." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 45, no. 1 (July 15, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.80181.

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Background: Buffaloes are susceptible to viral infections, often associated with pathologies of importance in cattle breeding. Among the numerous infectious diseases, Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVDV) and Bovine Infectious Rhinotracheitis (IBR) have a negative impact on buffalo creations. This study aimed to detect the occurrence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus infections in buffaloes in Pernambuco state, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: For this purpose, serum samples were obtained from 244 buffaloes on eight properties distributed in six municipalities. The search for anti-BVDV and -bovine herpesvirus type-1 (BoHV-1) antibodies was performed using the virus neutralization technique. To analyze the association between the serological status of BoHV-1 infection and aspects of hygienic-sanitary and reproductive management, an investigative questionnaire with objective questions was used. In total, 97.9% (239/244) of buffaloes had anti-BVDV antibodies and 56.1% (137/244) had anti-BoHV-1 antibodies. Co-infection was observed in 55.3% (135/244) of buffaloes. The distribution of antibody occurrence in buffaloes by properties ranged from 90.5% to 100.0% for BVDV and from 4.8% to 100% for BoHV-1. It was not possible to perform an association analysis for BVDV infection; however, in that for BoHV-1 infection, the following variables exhibited a significant association: an extensive breeding system (P < 0.001), open herd (P = 0.029), lack of reproductive rest (P = 0.029), natural mating in females with reproductive disorders (P < 0.001), exploration type (P = 0.0014), presence of wild animals (P < 0.001), and lack of cleaning facilities (P = 0.008).Discussion: The occurrence of anti-BVDV antibodies in this study was 97.9% this was higher than those reported in other country’s regions. The results of the present study demonstrate a high occurrence of anti-BVDV antibodies in each of the properties in Pernambuco state, demonstrating that the animals have contact with infection sources, due to the large number of positive animals. Indeed, it is likely that there is at least one PI animal in every herd. It was observed that 100% of the properties possessed at least one positive animal. The high number of positive animal properties may be related to the absence of biosecurity measures; a subclinical BVDV infection can occur which the owners cannot identify it, as it is not common the adoption of a reproductive program in the region. The occurrence of the anti-BoHV-1 antibody in this study was 56.1%. In other states, both lower and higher prevalences were reported compared to this study. The high number of properties with positive animals may be related to several factors, including the ability of the virus to remain latent, thus introducing a single animal infected with BoHV-1 sufficient for infection spread and perpetuation in buffaloes. It is believed that the introduction of infected animals and the lack of disease knowledge by the producers may have been responsible for the agent’s introduction and maintenance in the herds. In conclusion, BVDV and IBR virus infections occur in buffaloes in Pernambuco state. Thus, it is suggested that prophylactic measures, including routine diagnosis, reproductive animal control, and strict health care, such as employing cleaning facilities, avoiding contact with neighboring herds, acquiring animals with a negative diagnosis and using an artificial insemination program should be implemented at each property to reduce the reproductive losses caused by these infections.

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Maharlouei, Najmeh, Esmat Barooti, Farkhondeh Sharif, Hamed Hosseini, and Kamran B. Lankarani. "Prevalence and risk factors of reproductive tract infections among a defined population of Iranian women." Sexual Health 10, no. 4 (2013): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh12193.

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Background Reproductive tract infections are among the most prevalent gynaecological health concerns. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of reproductive tract infections among a defined population of Iranian women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in Shiraz, Southern Iran, from 2007 to 2009. The study subjects were 28 484 vulnerable household women who were covered by the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation insurance scheme. All the participants underwent vaginal speculum examinations and swab sampling. Vaginal discharge was collected for Gram staining, potassium hydroxide mount, wet mount and in a transport medium for culture and sensitivity testing. The frequency of reproductive tract infections and their risk factors were determined. Results: The mean age of the 28 484 women who participated in the study was 48.7 ± 10.1 (range: 13–104) years. According to the results, 13 472 (47.3%) subjects had reproductive tract infections. Moreover, vulvovaginal candidiasis was the most common infection in our population, accounting for 4718 subjects (16.6%), followed by trichomoniasis (11.2%) and bacterial vaginosis (10.6%). Furthermore, the number of pregnancies, being married and low educational levels (illiterate and under diploma level) were the risk factors for these infections, whereas the use of oral contraceptives and being employed were the protective factors. Conclusion: Almost half of the vulnerable Iranian women suffer from reproductive tract infections, with candidiasis and trichomoniasis being the most prevalent types. Based on the high prevalence of these infections, appropriate and precise screening programs should be taken into consideration for this specific population.

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Whittaker, Maxine. "Negotiating Care: Reproductive Tract Infections in Vietnam." Women & Health 35, no. 4 (July 9, 2002): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j013v35n04_04.

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Cates, Willard, and Judith N. Wasserheit. "Genital chlamydial infections: Epidemiology and reproductive sequelae." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 164, no. 6 (June 1991): 1771–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(91)90559-a.

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Cates, W., and JN Wasserheit. "Genital chlamydial infections: Epidemiology and reproductive sequelae." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 38, no. 1 (May 1992): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(92)90755-8.

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Sokolova, O. V., E. N. Shilova, I. A. Shkuratova, and M. V. Ryaposova. "Analysis of the linkage between viral, bacterial, and protozoal infections and the level of reproductive losses in dairy herds in the Ural region." E3S Web of Conferences 222 (2020): 02032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022202032.

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The analysis of the linkage between infection of dairy herds in the Ural region with BVDV, BHV-1, C. abortus and N. caninum with indices of reproductive function and reproductive losses was performed. The results of studies of 1453 samples of biological material by Elisa, PCR and Real-Time PCR were taken into account. The level of BVDV infection in animals of various physiological groups in the examined farms ranged from 15.6 to 66.7%, and the seroprevalence of the BHV-1 field strain was 31.8%. The amount of seroprevalent to C. abortus animals in dairy herds was 55.1 %, to N. caninum-43.3%. The lowest rates of fertilization were found in farms with simultaneous circulation of chlamydia and neosporosis pathogens and in mono-chlamydia infection. In these same herds, there was a longer post-partum interval. The highest mean rate of abortions in cows and heifers was in farms with N. caninum circulation, as well as in mixed infections, with increased action of infectious factors. In the analysis of viral infections, it was established that the highest level of perinatal losses was seen in the presence of BVDV.

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Kaminskyy, V. V., M. N. Shalko, I. V. Malysheva, V. V. Chayka, and O. O. Sorokina. "The importance of diagnosis of TORCH-infections before using assisted reproductive technologies programs." HEALTH OF WOMAN, no. 5(131) (June 30, 2018): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15574/hw.2018.131.20.

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The necessity of examining the Ukrainians of reproductive age on TORCH infection by using TORCH-IgG-test-MBA and TORCH-IgM-test-MBA test-kits has been analysed in this article. The study has been conducted to introduce an examination algorithm, which is supposed to increase the frequency of achieving positive results after using ART and reduce the frequency of perinatal and obstetric complications, as well as provide a quick and cost-effective method of infections diagnosis. Key words: infertility, assisted reproductive technologies, TORCH infections, test-kits.

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Thomas, Enid Elizabeth, and Jayasree Anandabhavan Kumaran. "Prevalence of genital infections among women in reproductive age group in a rural area in North Kerala." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 2996. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20192841.

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Background: Genital infections, a major cause of illness among women in reproductive age group, affect their quality of life and social living. Early diagnosis and treatment of STI/RTI is also an important aspect in prevention of HIV transmission. As there are only a handful of studies in Kerala and none in Kannur assessing the prevalence, associated factors of genital infections and health seeking behaviour among women in reproductive age group, this study stands important.Methods: A community based descriptive study was conducted in Kulappuram area of Cheruthazham Panchayat which is the field practice area of Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Kannur, Pariyaram from June, 2017 – July, 2018. A total of 404 women in reproductive a group were studied. A semi-structured, pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect relevant information. Data was analyzed using SPSS-version 19 software.Results: The mean age of the study population was 32.20±10.741years. 52.7% of the study population had genital infection, with 40.6% having symptoms of Reproductive Tract Infections (RTI) and 12.1%, symptoms of Urinary tract Infections (UTI). The presence of these was significantly associated with menstrual disorders, cloth as menstrual pad users, marriage, sexual activity and absence of infertility. Only 39.0% of the women with infections had sought treatment.Conclusions: Although there was high prevalence of genital infections among the study population, treatment seeking behaviour was very low. There is a need for sustained motivation and support to promote women to seek timely medical care than to suffer silently.

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Callan, Torrington, Stephen Woodcock, and Wilhelmina May Huston. "Ascension of Chlamydia is moderated by uterine peristalsis and the neutrophil response to infection." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): e1009365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009365.

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Chlamydia trachomatis is a common sexually transmitted infection that is associated with a range of serious reproductive tract sequelae including in women Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), tubal factor infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Ascension of the pathogen beyond the cervix and into the upper reproductive tract is thought to be necessary for these pathologies. However, Chlamydia trachomatis does not encode a mechanism for movement on its genome, and so the processes that facilitate ascension have not been elucidated. Here, we evaluate the factors that may influence chlamydial ascension in women. We constructed a mathematical model based on a set of stochastic dynamics to elucidate the moderating factors that might influence ascension of infections in the first month of an infection. In the simulations conducted from the stochastic model, 36% of infections ascended, but only 9% had more than 1000 bacteria ascend. The results of the simulations indicated that infectious load and the peristaltic contractions moderate ascension and are inter-related in impact. Smaller initial loads were much more likely to ascend. Ascension was found to be dependent on the neutrophil response. Overall, our results indicate that infectious load, menstrual cycle timing, and the neutrophil response are critical factors in chlamydial ascension in women.

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Birget, Philip L. G., Charlotte Repton, Aidan J. O'Donnell, Petra Schneider, and Sarah E. Reece. "Phenotypic plasticity in reproductive effort: malaria parasites respond to resource availability." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1860 (August 2, 2017): 20171229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1229.

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The trade-off between survival and reproduction is fundamental in the life history of all sexually reproducing organisms. This includes malaria parasites, which rely on asexually replicating stages for within-host survival and on sexually reproducing stages (gametocytes) for between-host transmission. The proportion of asexual stages that form gametocytes (reproductive effort) varies during infections—i.e. is phenotypically plastic—in response to changes in a number of within-host factors, including anaemia. However, how the density and age structure of red blood cell (RBC) resources shape plasticity in reproductive effort and impacts upon parasite fitness is controversial. Here, we examine how and why the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium chabaudi alters its reproductive effort in response to experimental perturbations of the density and age structure of RBCs. We show that all four of the genotypes studied increase reproductive effort when the proportion of RBCs that are immature is elevated during host anaemia, and that the responses of the genotypes differ. We propose that anaemia (counterintuitively) generates a resource-rich environment in which parasites can afford to allocate more energy to reproduction (i.e. transmission) and that anaemia also exposes genetic variation to selection. From an applied perspective, adaptive plasticity in parasite reproductive effort could explain the maintenance of genetic variation for virulence and why anaemia is often observed as a risk factor for transmission in human infections.

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Salmanov, Aidyn G., Lidiya V. Suslikova, Svitlana A. Pandei, Victor O. Rud, Igor V. Kokhanov, Victoria Ye Butska, and Alexander G. Tymchenko. "HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED DEEP PELVIC TISSUE INFECTION AND OTHER INFECTIONS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT IN UKRAINE." Wiadomości Lekarskie 74, no. 3 (2021): 406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202103105.

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The aim: To obtain the first estimates of the current prevalence of healthcare-associated deep pelvic tissue infection and other infections of the female reproductive tract (vagina, ovaries, uterus) including chorioamnionitis, and antimicrobial resistance of causing pathogens in Ukraine. Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective multicenter cohort study was based on surveillance data. The study population included 3,053 women’s who underwent gynecological surgery or other procedures from 2017 to 2019 in 7 women hospitals in Ukraine. Definitions of healthcare-associated reproductive tract infection were used from the CDC/ NHSN. Results: The prevalence of healthcare-associated deep pelvic tissue infection and other infections of the female reproductive tract was 26.3%. Incidence of infection was: 13.3% Pelvic abscess or cellulitis, 14.6% Adnexa utery, 9.5% Salpingitis, 7.1% Oophoritis, 12.2% Parametritis, 4.6% Chorioamnionitis, and 38.8% Bacterial Vaginitis. The predominant pathogens were: Escherichia coli (25.6%), Enterobacter spp. (11.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (8.5%), Enterococcus faecalis (7.2%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.1%). Methicillin-resistance was observed in 14.3% of S. aureus (MRSA). The overall proportion of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) production among Enterobacteriaceae was 20.8%. The prevalence of ESBL production among E. coli isolates was 24.7% and among K. pneumoniae 11.9%. Resistance to thirdgeneration cephalosporins was observed in 12.8% E.coli and 9.2% K. pneumoniae isolates. Carbapenem resistance was identified in 8.5% of P.aeruginosa isolates. Conclusions: Healthcare associated deep pelvic tissue infection and other infections of the female reproductive tract in Ukraine is a common occurrence and many cases are caused by pathogens that are resistant to antibiotics.

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Zélé, F., J. Denoyelle, O. Duron, and A. Rivero. "Can Wolbachia modulate the fecundity costs of Plasmodium in mosquitoes?" Parasitology 145, no. 6 (August 8, 2017): 775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017001330.

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AbstractVertically transmitted parasites (VTPs) such as Wolbachia are expected not only to minimize the damage they inflict on their hosts, but also to protect their hosts against the damaging effects of coinfecting parasites. By modifying the fitness costs of the infection, VTPs can therefore play an important role in the evolution and epidemiology of infectious diseases.Using a natural system, we explore the effects of a Wolbachia–Plasmodium co-infection on mosquito fecundity. While Plasmodium is known to frequently express its virulence by partially castrating its mosquito vectors, the effects of Wolbachia infections on mosquito fecundity are, in contrast, highly variable. Here, we show that Plasmodium drastically decreases the fecundity of mosquitoes by ca. 20%, and we provide the first evidence that this decrease is independent of the parasite's burden. Wolbachia, on the other hand, increases fecundity by roughly 10%, but does not alter the tolerance (fecundity–burden relationship) of mosquitoes to Plasmodium infection.Although Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes fare overall better than uninfected ones, Wolbachia does not confer a sufficiently high reproductive boost to mosquitoes to compensate for the reproductive losses inflicted by Plasmodium. We discuss the potential mechanisms and implications underlying the conflicting effects of these two parasites on mosquito reproduction.

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Whitfield, P. J., R. M. Anderson, and D. A. P. Bundy. "Host-specific components of the reproductive success of Transversotrema patialense (Digenea: Transversotrematidae)." Parasitology 92, no. 3 (June 1986): 683–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000065549.

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SUMMARYUsing a range of infection techniques, the ability of cercariae of the ectoparasitic digenean Transversotrema patialense to infect 24 species of tropical freshwater fish is examined. Of the 24 species (from 11 families) it is possible to infect 21 (from 8 families) under laboratory conditions. Reproductive success (R) for T. patialense from the cercarial infection process to the production of viable eggs by adult flukes is estimated for infections on two fish hosts, the cyprinid Brwhydanio rerio and the characinid Cheirodon sp. in controlled laboratory conditions. To calculate R, separate estimations of parasite infectivity, survival, fecundity and egg viability were made on populations of both host species. The enhanced reproductive success (R) of T. patialense on Cheirodon sp. is the composite resultant of higher infectivity, lower mean expected adult fluke life-span and higher mean fecundity/surviving worm when compared with infections on B. rerio under identical experimental conditions. Different patterns of egg viability of the two hosts do not materially influence differential reproductive success. A variety of formal techniques for handling the interacting components of reproductive success are described. The relationship between these techniques and the concept of basic reproductive rate, R0 (Macdonald, 1957; Anderson, 1982) is assessed.

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Gupta, Anmol K., Anita Thakur, Tripti Chauhan, and Nidhi Chauhan. "A study to determine socio demographic corelates of reproductive tract infection amongst women of reproductive age group." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 8 (July 23, 2020): 3463. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20203342.

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Background: Reproductive tract infection (RTI) is a public health problem, especially in developing country like India. The associated odium with this reproductive morbidity is often a stumbling block in seeking health care. The aim was to study the prevalence of RTI symptoms and its socio-demographic corelates.Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in the rural field practice area of department of community medicine, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India, from July 2018 to September 2018. Total sample size calculated was 410. Random sampling was used to select eligible couple to whom a predesigned, pretested, semi-structured and anonymous interview schedule was administered after taking consent.Results: The prevalence of self-reported reproductive tract infections was found to be 41.2%. The prevalence was more in lower socio-economic classes, and it was statistically significant. Other socio-demographic corelates (age, education, occupation) did not showed any significant association.Conclusions: The reproductive tract infections prevalence is found to be considerably high in the women of reproductive age group. The frequency was higher among multigravida women and those using cloth during menstrual periods. RTIs are usually spurned by women and even the health care providers, so there is a need to give due consideration to this aspect of reproductive health.

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Hu, L., X. Y. Lin, Z. X. Yang, X. P. Yao, G. L. Li, S. Z. Peng, and Y. Wang. "A multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of classical swine fever virus, African swine fever virus, highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and pseudorabies in swines." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjvs-2015-0093.

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Abstract In this assay, we developed and evaluated a multiplex PCR (mPCR) for its ability in detecting multiple infections of swine simultaneously. Four pairs of primers were used to detect five viruses. Specific primers were designed for classical swine fever virus (CSFV), African swine fever virus (ASFV) and pseudorabies (PRV). A pair of primers was designed prudently for two different types of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus that respectively were porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV). The detection limits of the mPCR were 1.09×104, 1.50×103, 2.10×103, 1.30×103 and 8.97×102 copies/reaction for CSFV, ASFV, HP-PRRSV, PRRSV and PRV, respectively. A total of 49 clinical specimens were tested by the mPCR, and the result showed that co-infection by two or three viruses was 51%. In conclusion, the PCR is a useful tool for clinical diagnosis of not only single infections but also mixed infections in swines.

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Rosales, Eduardo Barahona, and Burim N. Ametaj. "Reproductive Tract Infections in Dairy Cows: Can Probiotics Curb Down the Incidence Rate?" Dairy 2, no. 1 (January 18, 2021): 40–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dairy2010004.

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Postpartum uterine diseases are common in dairy cows and are a great concern for the dairy industry as they are associated with various consequences, including lower fertility, lower milk yield, and an overall negative impact on the host health. An infected uterus is a source of bacterial compounds and cytokines that spill into the systemic circulation, spreading inflammation to other organs. In this review article, we discuss a short overview of the anatomy of the reproductive tract of dairy cows and several infectious diseases of the uterus including metritis, endometritis, and pyometra. Additionally, we discuss the microbiome of the reproductive tract in health and during uterine diseases. As well, diagnostic criteria for metritis and endometritis and contributing factors for increased susceptibility to metritis infection are important topics of this review. To better understand how the uterus and reproductive tract respond to bacterial pathogens, a section of this review is dedicated to immunity of the reproductive tract. Both the innate and adaptive immunity systems are also discussed. We conclude the review with a factual discussion about the current treatments of uterine diseases and the new developments in the area of application of probiotics for uterine health. Mechanisms of actions of probiotics are discussed in detail and also some applications to prevent uterine infections in dairy cows are discussed.

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Oguejiofor, Chike F., Carole Thomas, Zhangrui Cheng, and D. Claire Wathes. "Mechanisms linking bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection with infertility in cattle." Animal Health Research Reviews 20, no. 1 (June 2019): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252319000057.

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AbstractBovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important infectious disease agent that causes significant reproductive and economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. Although BVDV infection is known to cause poor fertility in cattle, a greater part of the underlying mechanisms particularly associated with early reproductive losses are not clearly understood. Previous studies reported viral compromise of reproductive function in infected bulls. In females, BVDV infection is thought to be capable of killing the oocyte, embryo or fetus directly, or to induce lesions that result in fetal abortion or malformation. BVDV infections may also induce immune dysfunction, and predispose cattle to other diseases that cause poor health and fertility. Other reports also suggested BVDV-induced disruption of the reproductive endocrine system, and a disruption of leukocyte and cytokine functions in the reproductive organs. More recent studies have provided evidence of viral-induced suppression of endometrial innate immunity that may predispose to uterine disease. Furthermore, there is new evidence that BVDV may potentially disrupt the maternal recognition of pregnancy or the immune protection of the conceptus. This review brings together the previous reports with the more recent findings, and attempts to explain some of the mechanisms linking this important virus to infertility in cattle.

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CLAEYS, PATRICIA, RACHAD ISMAILOV, SUSAN RATHE, AMINA JABBAROVA, GEERT CLAEYS, KAROLINE FONCK, and MARLEEN TEMMERMAN. "Sexually Transmitted Infections and Reproductive Health in Azerbaijan." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 28, no. 7 (July 2001): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200107000-00003.

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Ahmed, Mohsin U., Tanjina Mirza, Parveen A. Khanum, Mehrab A. Khan, Shameem Ahmed, and Mobarak H. Khan. "Management of Reproductive Tract Infections in Rural Bangladesh." International Journal of STD & AIDS 10, no. 4 (April 1999): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462991913916.

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Corbeil, L. B., W. Woodward, A. C. Ward, W. D. Mickelsen, and L. Paisley. "Bacterial interactions in bovine respiratory and reproductive infections." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 21, no. 5 (1985): 803–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.21.5.803-807.1985.

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Wynn, Adriane, Claire C. Bristow, Anthony D. Cristillo, Sara McCurdy Murphy, Nynke van den Broek, Christina Muzny, Suhas Kallapur, et al. "Sexually Transmitted Infections in Pregnancy and Reproductive Health." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 47, no. 1 (January 2020): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/olq.0000000000001075.

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Drevet, JoëlR, Jorge Hallak, ThiagoA Teixeira, YasminC Oliveira, FelipeS Bernardes, EsperG Kallas, AmaroN Duarte-Neto, and SandroC Esteves. "Viral infections and implications for male reproductive health." Asian Journal of Andrology 23, no. 4 (2021): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/aja.aja_82_20.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Reproductive infections'

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