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Journal articles on the topic 'Reproductive parasitism'
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1
Vidal, Luísa Lauren Lima, Leopoldo Ferreira Oliveira Bernardi, and Sonia Aparecida Talamoni. "Host-parasite associations in a population of the nectarivorous bat Anoura geoffroyi (Phyllostomidae) in a cave in a Brazilian ferruginous geosystem." Subterranean Biology 39 (June 9, 2021): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.39.64552.
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Parasitic relationships between Neotropical bats and their ectoparasites are not well known, even though parasitism is one of the factors that can affect the fitness of a host population. This study characterized parasite-host relationships in relation to sex, age, body size and reproductive status in a population of Anoura geoffroyi using the indices of Prevalence, Mean Intensity and Mean Abundance. Total prevalence for 93 sampled bats was 94.6%. Two species of streblid flies that are considered primary parasites of A. geoffroyi, Exastinion clovisi (n = 203) and Anastrebla modestini (n = 152), were the most abundant ectoparasites, followed by Trichobius sp. (n = 7). Two mite species, Periglischrus vargasi (Spinturnicidae) (n = 98) and Spelaeorhynchus praecursor (Spelaeorhynchidae) (n = 11), were also found. We recorded higher mean abundance and intensity of parasitism in pregnant females compared to reproductive males and reproductively inactive females, for different specific associations of ectoparasites. Host age and body condition had no effect on the parasitological indices. Even with high rates of parasitism, parasitic load did not influence host body condition, but infestation rates by mites were higher in reproductive males and higher by flies in reproductive females, showing that ectoparasites can have variable influences between the different stages of the life history of these host bats. Thus, the reproductive activity of the hosts could be an adverse factor for resistance to parasite infestations.
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Medina, Iliana, and Naomi E. Langmore. "Host density predicts the probability of parasitism by avian brood parasites." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1769 (February 11, 2019): 20180204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0204.
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The spatial distribution of hosts can be a determining factor in the reproductive success of parasites. Highly aggregated hosts may offer more opportunities for reproduction but can have better defences than isolated hosts. Here we connect macro- and micro-evolutionary processes to understand the link between host density and parasitism, using avian brood parasites as a model system. We analyse data across more than 200 host species using phylogenetic comparative analyses and quantify parasitism rate and host reproductive success in relation to spatial distribution using field data collected on one host species over 6 years. Our comparative analysis reveals that hosts occurring at intermediate densities are more likely to be parasitized than colonial or widely dispersed hosts. Correspondingly, our intraspecific field data show that individuals living at moderate densities experience higher parasitism rates than individuals at either low or high densities. Moreover, we show for the first time that the effect of host density on host reproductive success varies according to the intensity of parasitism; hosts have greater reproductive success when living at high densities if parasitism rates are high, but fare better at low densities when parasitism rates are low. We provide the first evidence of the trade-off between host density and parasitism at both macro- and micro-evolutionary scales in brood parasites. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.
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Ferrer-Maza, Dolors, Josep Lloret, Marta Muñoz, Elisabeth Faliex, Sílvia Vila, and Pierre Sasal. "Parasitism, condition and reproduction of the European hake (Merluccius merluccius) in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 5 (January 9, 2014): 1088–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst217.
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Abstract It is well known that parameters relating to physical condition and reproduction of fish provide essential data for estimating the productivity of exploited populations, as is the case with the European hake (Merluccius merluccius) in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Although parasitism might affect these parameters, research in this area is very scarce (and in the case of the Mediterranean almost non-existent). This study evaluates for the first time the potential link between parasitism, condition and reproduction of the European hake. Indicators of fish energy reserves (total lipid content in liver and gonads) and reproductive capacity (fecundity, egg quality and atresia) were evaluated, as were the prevalence and intensity of infection by metazoan parasites. The results indicate that the impact of anisakid nematodes is mostly negative and occurs mainly when hake are allocating their energy reserves to gonadal development. Although the results reveal a link between parasitism, condition and reproduction, we concluded that the northwestern Mediterranean hake population is in equilibrium with its metazoan parasites, which are not causing severe impairment to their physical condition or reproductive capacity.
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Rohwer, Frank C., and Scott Freeman. "The distribution of conspecific nest parasitism in birds." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-035.
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Conspecific nest parasitism is much more common in birds that have self-feeding young than in those with parentally fed young. We review evidence for this pattern and suggest that it is produced by a fundamental dichotomy in selection pressure for defense against conspecific parasites. Species that feed their young should experience intense selection pressure for effective defense against parasitism, because their reproductive output is limited by post-hatching parental care. Species that have self-feeding young, however, experience only mild selection for parental defense against parasites, because their reproductive output is constrained chiefly by their ability to produce eggs. For such birds, parental care can be shared with little or no detriment to survival of young. Within both the self-feeders and the birds that feed their young the occurrence and intensity of conspecific nest parasitism is dictated primarily by the ability of parasitic females to find host nests. This pattern is particularly clear among waterfowl, where conspecific nest parasitism is frequent in ducks that nest in cavities, over water, or in high densities on islands. We review evidence that suggests greater conspecific nest parasitism for parentally fed species that nest in colonies than parentally fed species with dispersed nests. We also make predictions about the distribution of conspecific nest parasitism in nonavian groups.
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He, X. Z., Q. Wang, and D. A. J. Teulon. "The effect of parasitism by Aphidius ervi on development and reproduction of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum." New Zealand Plant Protection 58 (August 1, 2005): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2005.58.4273.
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The effect of parasitism by Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera Aphidiidae) on development survival and reproduction of pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera Aphididae) of different ages was studied in the laboratory Aphids parasitised when 1 and 2 days old (1st and 2nd instar) died at the 4th instar However those parasitised when 3 to 6 days old (3rd and 4th instar) could reach the adult stage following parasitism and those that were parasitised after 4 days old (late 3rd instar) were still able to produce progeny In comparison with the unparasitised aphids the parasitised aphids had a significantly shorter reproductive period and produced significantly fewer progeny and thus had significantly lower intrinsic rates of increase net reproductive rates shorter generation time and longer doubling time The potential impact of the parasitoid on host population growth is discussed
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McLaren, C. M., B. E. Woolfenden, H. L. Gibbs, and S. G. Sealy. "Genetic and temporal patterns of multiple parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) on song sparrows (Melospiza melodia)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-002.
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Identifying the factors used by an avian brood parasite to select host nests is important in understanding the determinates of individual reproductive success, yet such factors are poorly known for most parasitic species. Insights into these factors may come from understanding the conditions under which female parasites lay more than one egg per host nest (multiple parasitism). Using genetic techniques we examined patterns of multiple parasitism on a preferred host, the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia), to determine some basic patterns of multiple parasitism. Multiple parasitism involved equal frequencies of the same female parasitizing the same nest again and two or more females parasitizing the same nest. The frequency of multiple parasitism increased as the season progressed. We also documented a high frequency of parasitism that was not synchronized with host laying. These laying patterns may be the result of cowbirds "making the best of a bad situation" or of suboptimal host choice by inexperienced, nonselective females.
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Heins, David C., Britt Ulinski, Jill Johnson, and John A. Baker. "Effect of the cestode macroparasite Schistocephalus pungitii on the reproductive success of ninespine stickleback, Pungitius pungitius." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 1731–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-171.
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We quantified the relationship between reproductive status in the ninespine stickleback, Pungitius pungitius (L., 1758), and parasitism by plerocercoids of the cestode Schistocephalus pungitii Dubinina, 1959 in Airolo Lake, Alaska, using fish specimens from the 1994, 1998, and 2000 reproductive seasons. Infected females were inhibited from producing clutches of eggs and infected males showed much-reduced testicular condition. These deleterious effects on reproduction appear to involve nutrient theft. In addition, there appears to be a greater physical effect of the parasites crushing the gonads of host fish. The results of this study support the theoretical prediction that S. pungitii is a parasitic castrator, as the fitness of the majority of infected female ninespine stickleback was apparently reduced to zero, and there may be a similar effect among the majority of male ninespine stickleback. The symptoms of infection may represent adaptive parasite manipulations resulting in larger, more fecund parasites or an extended parasite-transmission period, although the possibility that the symptoms represent nonadaptive side effects cannot be excluded.
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Pöysä, Hannu. "Low host recognition tendency revealed by experimentally induced parasitic egg laying in the common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 1561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-147.
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Host-parasite relatedness has been suggested to promote the evolution of conspecific brood parasitism, an alternative reproductive tactic pursued by females in several animal taxa. An essential prerequisite for relatedness to promote brood parasitism is accurate kin recognition, including the recognition of related hosts by parasites. I performed a field experiment to address the accuracy of host recognition by parasites in the common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), a cavity-nesting duck. I studied whether parasites discriminate between experimental nests that did not have a host (i.e., new nest boxes that contained chicken eggs dyed to mimic the colour of common goldeneye eggs) and real nests that did have a host (i.e., active nests that progressed to incubation). Parasitic egg laying in the experimental nests was not constrained by the lack of contemporarily available nests that had a host; it was also not constrained by the lack of suitable and empty nest sites. There was no difference in the start of parasitic laying between the experimental and real nests. The experimental nests and real nests were equally parasitized. The findings suggest that host recognition by parasites is not sophisticated in the common goldeneye, questioning the possible function of accurate kin recognition in brood parasitism in this species.
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Wilson, Scott, and Peter Arcese. "Nest Depredation, Brood Parasitism, and Reproductive Variation in Island Populations of Song Sparrows (Melospiza Melodia)." Auk 123, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 784–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.3.784.
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Abstract Theory suggests that the persistence of metapopulations will be influenced by the degree of synchrony in the dynamics of their component populations. Various studies have shown that climate can promote synchrony in the size of adjacent populations linked by dispersal, but fewer studies have examined the effects of climate on underlying demographic rates. We studied annual variation in the timing of breeding and reproductive rates in Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) on islands linked by dispersal to determine whether biotic factors acting at local scales or climatic factors acting at a regional scale were more influential of variation in demography. The onset of egg laying varied markedly among years but was roughly synchronous across islands within years. Despite this synchrony, island populations varied markedly in reproductive rate, mainly from spatial variation in nest depredation and brood parasitism. In general, populations farther from Vancouver Island and with fewer resident predators experienced less nest depredation and brood parasitism, and higher reproductive rates, than populations closer to Vancouver Island. Our results show that even when climate acts regionally to synchronize reproductive timing in adjacent populations, its effects on reproductive rate may be overridden by biotic factors that vary among populations. Depredación de Nidos, Parasitismo de Cría y Variación Reproductiva en Poblaciones Isleñas de Melospiza melodia
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Kabat, Alan R. "Effects of trematode parasitism on reproductive output of the bivalve Transennella tantilla." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-044.
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Transennella tantilla, a small protandric brooding marine bivalve (Veneridae), from San Juan Island, Washington, U.S.A., was studied to determine the effects of parasitic castration on reproductive output. In the population studied, 31% of the brooding females were infected with larvae of the digenetic trematode Telolecithus pugetensis. Usually, such parasites cause host sterility, but here a significant number of parasitized adults continued to produce and brood embryos, although at a lower rate than did nonparasitized adults. Sequential brooding in T. tantilla may allow parasitized females to continue producing small numbers of embryos. Parasitism plays an important role in limiting the total reproductive output of this population of T. tantilla.
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He, X. Z., Q. Wang, and D. A. J. Teulon. "Effect of parasitism by Aphidius eadyi (Hymenoptera Aphidiidae) on reproduction of pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera Aphididae)." New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (August 1, 2003): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6040.
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The effect of parasitism by Aphidius eadyi Stary González and Hall on reproduction of pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) was studied in the laboratory Aphids attacked as 1st and 2nd instars became mummies in the 4th instar; parasitised 3rd instar nymphs became mummies in the adult stage without producing any progeny Parasitised 4th instar nymphs and adults produced progeny but had a shorter reproductive period and produced fewer (Plt;00001) progeny than unparasitised aphids Parasitised 4th instar nymphs and adults had significantly lower intrinsic rates of increase (rm) net reproductive rates (R0) shorter generation time (T) and longer doubling time (DT) than unparasitised aphids The potential impact of the parasitoid on host population growth is discussed
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Forbes, Mark R. L. "Parasitism and Host Reproductive Effort." Oikos 67, no. 3 (September 1993): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3545356.
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Gloag, Ros, and Madeleine Beekman. "The brood parasite's guide to inclusive fitness theory." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1769 (February 11, 2019): 20180198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0198.
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Hamilton's theory of inclusive fitness provides a framework for understanding the evolution of social behaviour between kin, including parental and alloparental care. Brood parasitism is a reproductive tactic in which parasites exploit the care of other individuals of the same species (conspecific parasitism) or different species (interspecific parasitism) to rear their brood. Here, drawing from examples in birds and social insects, we identify two insights into brood parasitism that stem from inclusive fitness theory. First, the kin structure within nests, or between neighbouring nests, can create a niche space favouring the evolution of conspecific parasitism. For example, low average relatedness within social insect nests can increase selection for reproductive cheats. Likewise, high average relatedness between adjacent nests of some birds can increase a female's tolerance of parasitism by her neighbour. Second, intrabrood conflict will be high in parasitized broods, from the perspective of both parasite and host young, relative to unparasitized broods. We also discuss offspring recognition by hosts as an example of discrimination in a kin-selected social behaviour. We conclude that the inclusive fitness framework is instructive for understanding aspects of brood parasite and host evolution. In turn, brood parasites present some unique opportunities to test the predictions of inclusive fitness theory.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.
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Krüger, Oliver. "Cuckoos, cowbirds and hosts: adaptations, trade-offs and constraints." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1486 (June 23, 2006): 1873–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1849.
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The interactions between brood parasitic birds and their host species provide one of the best model systems for coevolution. Despite being intensively studied, the parasite–host system provides ample opportunities to test new predictions from both coevolutionary theory as well as life-history theory in general. I identify four main areas that might be especially fruitful: cuckoo female gentes as alternative reproductive strategies, non-random and nonlinear risks of brood parasitism for host individuals, host parental quality and targeted brood parasitism, and differences and similarities between predation risk and parasitism risk. Rather than being a rare and intriguing system to study coevolutionary processes, I believe that avian brood parasites and their hosts are much more important as extreme cases in the evolution of life-history strategies. They provide unique examples of trade-offs and situations where constraints are either completely removed or particularly severe.
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Saridaki, A., and K. Bourtzis. "Wolbachia-induced reproductive parasitism and applications." ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 18 (June 1, 2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eh.11597.
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Insects have been reported to be associated with a broad variety of microorganisms, affecting the host biology in many different ways. Among them, Wolbachia, an obligatory intracellular and maternally-inherited symbiont, has recently attracted a lot of attention. Beside insects, Wolbachia are found in association with a wide variety of other invertebrate species, including mites, scorpions, spiders, crustaceans, filarial nematodes. Several surveys have indicated that Wolbachia may be symbiont of up to 70% of all insect species, rendering Wolbachia the most ubiquitous intracellular symbiotic organism on Earth. Wolbachia-host interactions range from many forms of reproductive parasitism to mutualistic symbioses. Different Wolbachia strains have been found to induce a number of reproductive alterations such as feminization, parthenogenesis, male-killing or cytoplasmic incompatibility. Despite their common occurrence and major effects on host biology, speciation and ecological diversity, little is known on the molecular mechanisms that mediate Wolbachia-host interactions. Recent studies focus on the potential of Wolbachia-based methods for the biological control of insect pests and disease vectors of agricultural, environmental and medical importance.
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Azevedo, Juliana de Souza, Leonardo Gomes da Silva, Carlos Roberto Silveira Fontenelle Bizerri, Marilvia Alencar Dansa-Petretski, and Neuza Rejane Wille Lima. "Infestation pattern and parasitic castration of the crustacean Riggia paranensis (Crustacea: Cymothoidea) on the fresh water fish Cyphocharax gilbert (Teleostei: Curimatidae)." Neotropical Ichthyology 4, no. 3 (September 2006): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252006000300008.
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Cyphocharax gilbert infested by Riggia paranensis shows parasitic castration. The prevalence of parasitism in C. gilbert varied among different environments, being higher in the middle rio Itabapoana. Fish were collected monthly using two cast nets (thrown 30 times during the day) and gillnets kept in the river during 12 hour, from sunset to sunrise, between September 1997 and August 2000. Infestation pattern was investigated on 1358 specimens. Most of them were infested (57.9%), with one or two parasites; the majority (62.9%) was collected during the rainy season (spring-summer). The parasite did not show preference for sex or size of hosts. A total of 91.5% of the 511 examined parasites had a body size that represented 10.1% to 20% of host standard length. The reproductive condition of 311 specimens of R. paranensis was analyzed checking the presence of oocytes in the ovarian and eggs or embryos in the marsupium. Nearly 73% of them were at reproductive phase, and had a body size that represented 5.1% to 20% of host standard length. The size of the immature parasites varied from 0.1% to 5% of the host size. The results suggest that R. paranensis may adopt a fast growth rate strategy and increase the investment in reproduction when they occupy most of the host's pericardial space.
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Cini, A., R. Branconi, S. Patalano, R. Cervo, and S. Sumner. "Behavioural and neurogenomic responses of host workers to social parasite invasion in a social insect." Insectes Sociaux 67, no. 2 (May 2020): 295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-020-00765-6.
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Abstract The strong coevolutionary arms race between social parasites and their hosts has dramatically shaped the life-history traits of both parties. One of the main strategies exhibited by hosts in response to parasitism is reproduction by host workers. We lack a mechanistic understanding of how these defence strategies unfold and, specifically, whether hosts exhibit more subtle strategies to reduce the costs of parasitism from the outset. Here we test the hypothesis that there are both behavioural and neurogenomic signatures of worker responses to parasitism, prior to overt expression in the form of egg-laying; we test this using the social parasite—social host system of the paper wasps Polistes sulcifer-Polistes dominula. We characterized individual workers’ position within the social interaction network of queenright and host colonies immediately after parasite usurpation, weeks before the workers’ reproductive rebellion is evident. Parasitism influenced network centrality measures, with workers in parasitized colonies showing increased connectedness and centrality compared to those in unparasitized ones. Next, we quantified brain gene expression levels for five genes related to physiological and behavioural phenotypes in Polistes wasps. The gene Imaginal disc growth factor (Idgf4), thought to be responsive to changes in the social environment, was significantly down-regulated in workers from parasitized colonies; this may be an indication that parasitized workers are anticipating a shift toward a less worker-like phenotype in preparation for their reproductive rebellion. Our results provide the first evidence of early behavioural and neurogenomic responses of host workers toward the presence of an inquiline social parasite in a social insect.
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Springer, Andrea, and Peter M. Kappeler. "Intestinal parasite communities of six sympatric lemur species at Kirindy Forest, Madagascar." Primate Biology 3, no. 2 (September 7, 2016): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/pb-3-51-2016.
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Abstract. Intestinal parasites impact host health, survival and reproductive success and therefore exert selective pressures on hosts' ecology and behavior. Thus, characterizing and comparing the parasitic fauna of different wildlife hosts sharing the same habitat can provide insights into the mechanisms underlying variation in parasitism, as well as the role of parasites as possible conservation threats. Several host traits have been proposed to generate differences in parasite diversity among different host species, including phylogeny, host body mass, host longevity, diet, and differences in ranging and social behavior. Here, we provide an overview of intestinal helminths and protozoa detected by fecal microscopy in six sympatric lemur species in Kirindy Forest, western Madagascar. The described patterns indicate that host phylogeny and diet may play an important role in shaping intestinal parasite assemblages in this system, as the closely related, omnivorous cheirogaleids showed the strongest overlap in parasite communities. No indication was found for an effect of body mass or longevity on parasite species richness. Regarding the effect of sociality, the two group-living lemur species, Propithecus verreauxi and Eulemur rufifrons, harbored directly transmitted parasites at higher prevalence than solitary foragers, but not at higher diversity. Effects of season and sex on parasite prevalence confirm the results of previous studies, with higher prevalence in the energetically demanding dry season and a male bias in parasitism. We highlight the opportunities of exploring the parasitic fauna of wildlife from a community ecology and evolutionary perspective, and identify prospects for future research on lemur parasitism.
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FONG, CAITLIN R., and ARMAND M. KURIS. "Predation on transmission stages reduces parasitism: sea anemones consume transmission stages of a barnacle parasite." Parasitology 144, no. 7 (March 8, 2017): 917–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017000026.
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SUMMARYWhile parasites serve as prey, it is unclear how the spatial distribution of parasite predators provides transmission control and influences patterns of parasitism. Because many of its organisms are sessile, the rocky intertidal zone is a valuable but little used system to understand spatial patterns of parasitism and elucidate the underlying mechanisms driving these patterns. Sea anemones and barnacles are important space competitors in the rocky intertidal zone along the Pacific coast of North America. Anemones are voracious, indiscriminate predators; thus, they may intercept infectious stages of parasites before they reach a host. We investigate whether a sea anemone protects an associated barnacle from parasitism by Hemioniscus balani, an isopod parasitic castrator. At Coal Oil Point, Santa Barbara, California USA, 29% of barnacles were within 1 cm from an anemone at the surveyed tidal height. Barnacles associated with anemones had reduced parasite prevalence and higher reproductive productivity than those remote from sea anemones. In the laboratory, anemones readily consumed the transmission stage of the parasite. Hence, anemone consumption of parasite transmission stages may provide a mechanism by which community context regulates parasite prevalence at a local scale. Our results suggest predation may be an important process providing parasite transmission control.
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Norris, Andrea R., Kristina L. Cockle, and Kathy Martin. "Evidence for tolerance of parasitism in a tropical cavity-nesting bird, planalto woodcreeper (Dendrocolaptes platyrostris), in northern Argentina." Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, no. 6 (October 11, 2010): 619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646741000043x.
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Abstract:Avian hosts may either resist the negative effects of nestling ectoparasites by minimizing the number of parasites, or tolerate parasitism by increasing their fecundity via the reproductive compensation hypothesis. Little is known about the interactions between ectoparasites and their avian hosts in the tropics. We (1) examined nestling development rates, and tested whether (2) parasitism by a subcutaneous ectoparasitic botfly (Philornissp.) had negative effects on the condition of nestlings, and (3) these negative effects were minimized in larger broods in a tropical cavity-nesting bird, the planalto woodcreeper (Dendrocolaptes platyrostris), in primary and secondary Atlantic forests in the northern province of Misiones, Argentina. Nestling mass and ectoparasite load per nestling reached maxima when nestlings (n = 50) were between 10 and 14 d old. General linear mixed models predicted that mass at fledging declined with increasing nestling parasite load, suggesting that botflies had a negative influence on fledging condition. Parasite load per nestling declined with increasing brood size indicating that woodcreepers that increase their reproductive output minimize the negative effects of parasitism. Overall we found evidence to support the tolerance via reproductive compensation hypothesis. Future tests of the reproductive compensation hypothesis may help determine the underlying mechanism of the observed negative correlation between parasite load of nestlings and brood size.
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Kant, R., M. A. Minor, S. A. Trewick, and W. R. M. Sandanayaka. "Effects of host and foundress density on reproductive strategy of Diaeretiella rapae." New Zealand Plant Protection 65 (January 8, 2012): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2012.65.5409.
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The reproductive fitness of a parasitoid depends on the oviposition decisions of a female in response to competition The present study investigated the oviposition and sex ratio of offspring produced by the parasitic wasp Diaeretiella rapae while competing with other conspecific females and at different host densities The number of Brevicoryne brassicae nymphs parasitised by female D rapae increased with the number of nymphs offered to them However the proportion of nymphs parasitised by the female decreased when nymph density was high The proportion of fertilised eggs oviposited by females decreased when nymph density increased An increase in the number of foundresses (females ovpositing together) increased the total parasitism but the contribution of each female (the number of nymphs each female parasitised) decreased Smaller proportions of female offspring were produced when females were competing for the same hosts The results of this study suggest that both host and foundress densities asymmetrically affect progeny production and sex allocation in this species
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Louder, Matthew I. M., Wendy M. Schelsky, Amber N. Albores, and Jeffrey P. Hoover. "A generalist brood parasite modifies use of a host in response to reproductive success." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1814 (September 7, 2015): 20151615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1615.
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Avian obligate brood parasites, which rely solely on hosts to raise their young, should choose the highest quality hosts to maximize reproductive output. Brown-headed cowbirds ( Molothrus ater ) are extreme host generalists, yet female cowbirds could use information based on past reproductive outcomes to make egg-laying decisions thus minimizing fitness costs associated with parasitizing low-quality hosts. We use a long-term (21 years) nest-box study of a single host, the prothonotary warbler ( Protonotaria citrea ), to show that local cowbird reproductive success, but not host reproductive success, was positively correlated with the probability of parasitism the following year. Experimental manipulations of cowbird success corroborated that female cowbirds make future decisions about which hosts to use based on information pertaining to past cowbird success, both within and between years. The within-year pattern, in particular, points to local cowbird females selecting hosts based on past reproductive outcomes. This, coupled with high site fidelity of female cowbirds between years, points to information use, rather than cowbird natal returns alone, increasing parasitism rates on highly productive sites between years.
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Pizzatto, Lígia, and Otavio Marques. "Interpopulational variation in sexual dimorphism, reproductive output, and parasitism of Liophis miliaris (Colubridae) in the Atlantic forest of Brazil." Amphibia-Reptilia 27, no. 1 (2006): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853806776052128.
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AbstractSexual maturity, sexual dimorphism, reproductive output, and parasitism of the colubrid snake Liophis miliaris were compared among populations inhabiting four regions of Brazil: (1) northern coastal Atlantic forest, (2) southern coastal Atlantic forest, (3) northern inland Atlantic forest (4) southern inland Atlantic forest. Females delayed maturity and attained larger body sizes than males in all regions. Males and females from northern Atlantic forest were smaller and attained maturity with a smaller body size than males of other regions. The sexual size dimorphism index ranged from 0.19 to 0.23 and was lowest in the northern Atlantic forest. There was no sexual dimorphism in head length in any of the populations studied. Clutch size was similar in all populations and increased with maternal body size. The reproductive frequency was lower in the northern coastal Atlantic forest and in contrast to the other regions, tended to increase with female body size. The nematoda Ophidiascaris sp. and cystacanths of Oligacanthorynchus spira (Acanthocephala) occurred equally in both sexes. Fewer snakes from the northern coastal Atlantic forest were infested by parasites compared to the other regions and parasitism apparently did not influence reproduction.
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Forbes, Mark. "More on Parasitism and Host Reproductive Effort." Oikos 75, no. 2 (March 1996): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3546257.
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OLDROYD, BENJAMIN P., and MADELEINE BEEKMAN. "Intergenerational reproductive parasitism in a stingless bee." Molecular Ecology 18, no. 19 (October 2009): 3958–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04324.x.
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Gillespie, Joseph J., Timothy P. Driscoll, Victoria I. Verhoeve, Mohammed Sayeedur Rahman, Kevin R. Macaluso, and Abdu F. Azad. "A Tangled Web: Origins of Reproductive Parasitism." Genome Biology and Evolution 10, no. 9 (July 27, 2018): 2292–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evy159.
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Gomiero, LM, UP Souza, and FMS Braga. "Condition factor of Astyanax intermedius Eigenmann, 1908 (OSTEICHTHYES, CHARACIDAE) parasitised by Paracymothoa astyanaxi Lemos de Castro, 1955 (CRUSTACEA, CYMOTHOIDAE) in the Grande River, Serra do Mar State Park - Santa Virgínia Unit, São Paulo, Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 72, no. 2 (May 2012): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842012000200020.
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In this work the length-weight relationship and the condition factor of Astyanax intermedius parasitised and not by Paracymothoa astyanaxi were analysed in the Grande River. The length-weight relationship was estimated for females, males and immatures, and seasonally for the fishes and the parasites through the expression W = aLb. The condition factor of non-parasitised specimens differed seasonally and between sexes, contrasting with the results for parasitised fishes which showed no differences between sexes and season. The condition factor of non-parasitised specimens was higher than that of the parasitised fishes. Specimens of Astyanax intermedius parasitised do not have the same biotic conditions compared to non-parasitised individuals, in which the condition factor was similar over the years. In conclusion, parasitism by P. astyanaxi has deleterious effects on this host population which may cause changes in the reproductive and food dynamics of parasitised specimens due to low body conditions.
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Barrero, Adrián, Julia Gómez-Catasús, Daniel Bustillo-de la Rosa, Juan Traba, Julia Zurdo, and Margarita Reverter. "First documented case of Tawny Pipit <em>Anthus campestris</em> nest parasitism by Common Cuckoo <em>Cuculus canorus</em> in Spanish steppes." Rivista Italiana di Ornitologia 92, no. 2 (December 19, 2022): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/rio.2022.634.
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Interspecific brood or nest parasitism is a relatively common breeding behavior in birds. Through this reproductive tactic, brood-parasites avoid the costs associated with raising and maintaining chicks by laying their eggs in the nests of the host species in which they are specialized. The common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) follows this brood parasite strategy. Female cuckoos lay their eggs in the nests of other bird species, mimicking egg shape, size, and color of the host species. In this paper we report the first documented case of parasitism of tawny pipit nests by the common cuckoo in Spanish steppe habitats, where no record of parasitism on this species has been reported to date.
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Green, Jonathan P., Michael A. Cant, and Jeremy Field. "Using social parasitism to test reproductive skew models in a primitively eusocial wasp." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1789 (August 22, 2014): 20141206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1206.
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Remarkable variation exists in the distribution of reproduction (skew) among members of cooperatively breeding groups, both within and between species. Reproductive skew theory has provided an important framework for understanding this variation. In the primitively eusocial Hymenoptera, two models have been routinely tested: concessions models, which assume complete control of reproduction by a dominant individual, and tug-of-war models, which assume on-going competition among group members over reproduction. Current data provide little support for either model, but uncertainty about the ability of individuals to detect genetic relatedness and difficulties in identifying traits conferring competitive ability mean that the relative importance of concessions versus tug-of-war remains unresolved. Here, we suggest that the use of social parasitism to generate meaningful variation in key social variables represents a valuable opportunity to explore the mechanisms underpinning reproductive skew within the social Hymenoptera. We present a direct test of concessions and tug-of-war models in the paper wasp Polistes dominulus by exploiting pronounced changes in relatedness and power structures that occur following replacement of the dominant by a congeneric social parasite. Comparisons of skew in parasitized and unparasitized colonies are consistent with a tug-of-war over reproduction within P. dominulus groups, but provide no evidence for reproductive concessions.
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Hauber, Mark E. "Site selection and repeatability in Brown-Headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasitism of Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe) nests." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 1518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-091.
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The reproductive success of obligate brood parasitic birds depends on their ability to seek out heterospecific nests. Some nests are more suitable for parasitism than others and, for example, parasitic females may benefit from laying eggs preferentially and repeatedly at safer sites. Observations on patterns of Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasitism on Eastern Phoebes (Sayornis phoebe) across 2 years suggested that parasitism occurred at above chance levels during the first rather than the second nesting attempts and at nests located under eaves rather than bridges. Previously parasitized nests were more likely to be parasitized again in the subsequent breeding season. Sites under eaves and bridges did not differ in whether Brown-headed Cowbirds could be detected in the proximity of the nest. However, nests from first nesting attempts and nests under eaves were less likely to be lost as a result of structural failure of the Eastern Phoebe's mud nest. These data suggest that site discrimination by Brown-headed Cowbirds leads to adaptive patterns of parasitism among available Eastern Phoebe nests.
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Okabe, K., and S. Makino. "Life cycle and sexual mode adaptations of the parasitic mite Ensliniella parasitica (Acari: Winterschmidtiidae) to its host, the eumenine wasp Allodynerus delphinalis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 6 (June 2008): 470–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-022.
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We investigated two important life-history traits in parasites, i.e., life cycle and reproductive mode, that should be adapted to specific hosts using the parasitic mite Ensliniella parasitica Vitzthum, 1925 and the host wasp Allodynerus delphinalis (Giraud, 1866) in field- and laboratory-reared nests. The life cycle of E. parasitica was synchronized with that of the wasp; this synchronization facilitated dispersal. Life-cycle plasticity of the mite was low and development was halted on dead hosts. There was no significant difference in wasp juvenile mortality between mite-laden and mite-free individuals under controlled conditions. Therefore, the mites were suggested to be not toxic to the hosts. We confirmed for the first time that virgin female mites ovoviviparously produce arrhenotokous males the size of a protonymph to compensate for the absence of males in a cell. Although no obvious antagonistic behaviour between large (i.e., sexual) and small males was observed, large males mounted females on late prepupal hosts, about 1–2 days before either the egg or the small male was laid. We conclude that the adaptations of the mite to its host involve life-cycle synchronization, low-impact parasitism, and facultative parthenogenesis.
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Minchella, D. J. "Host life-history variation in response to parasitism." Parasitology 90, no. 1 (February 1985): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000049143.
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Over half of all living species of plants and animals are parasitic, which by definition involves intimate association with and unfavourable impact on hosts (Price, 1980). This paper will only consider parasites whose ‘unfavourable impact’ adversely affects the birth and/or mortality rates of their hosts (Anderson, 1978). Most organisms are potential hosts and must deal with the problem of parasitism. The probability of parasitic infection of a host is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Traditionally it was assumed that a host was either resistant or susceptible to a particular parasite and therefore the interaction between a parasite and potential host had only two possible outcomes: either the resistant host rebuffed the parasitic attack and remained uninfected or the parasite successfully invaded and significantly reduced the reproductive success of the susceptible host. This approach, however, ignored the intraspecific genetic variation present within both host and parasite populations (Wakelin, 1978). Since the outcome is determined by the interaction of a finite set of host genes and parasite genes, genetic variation in host susceptibility and parasite infectivity (Richards, 1976; Wakelin, 1978) suggests that more than two outcomes are possible. Variation in host and parasite genomes does not begin and end at the susceptibility/infectivity loci. Other genes may also influence the outcome of host–parasite interactions by altering the life-history patterns of hosts and parasites, and lead to a variety of outcomes.
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Sackmann, Paula, and Juan Carlos Reboreda. "A Comparative Study of Shiny Cowbird Parasitism of Two Large Hosts, the Chalk-Browed Mockingbird and the Rufous-Bellied Thrush." Condor 105, no. 4 (November 1, 2003): 728–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/105.4.728.
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AbstractIt is usually accepted that generalist brood parasites should avoid using hosts larger than themselves because host chicks may outcompete parasite chicks for food. We studied the interactions between the Shiny Cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis) and two common hosts larger than the parasite, the Chalk-browed Mockingbird (Mimus saturninus) and the Rufous-bellied Thrush (Turdus rufiventris). For each host we determined (1) frequency and intensity of parasitism during the breeding season, (2) nesting success, egg survival, hatching success, and chick survival in unparasitized and parasitized nests, and (3) antiparasitic defenses. We also determined Shiny Cowbird egg survival, hatching success, and chick survival in both hosts. Parasitism reached 50% in mockingbirds and 66% in thrushes. In both species the main cost of parasitism was egg destruction through punctures. Hatching success, survival of host chicks, and nest survival did not differ between unparasitized and parasitized nests. Both hosts rejected parasitic white-morph eggs but accepted spotted-morph ones, even though they were significantly smaller than host eggs. The proportion of cowbirds fledged per egg laid in successful mockingbird and thrush nests was 0.4 and 0.6, respectively. Considering nest survival, reproductive success of Shiny Cowbirds was 0.15 in mockingbird nests and 0.17 in thrush nests. These values are similar to or higher than cowbird success with smaller hosts. Our results indicate that host quality is not only determined by host-parasite differences in body size, and that other factors, such as host defenses and nest survivorship, should be considered.Un Estudio Comparado del Parasitismo de Molothrus bonariensis en dos Hospedadores de Gran Tamaño, Mimus saturninus y Turdus rufiventrisResumen. Es aceptado generalmente que los parásitos de cría generalistas deberían evitar utilizar hospedadores de mayor tamaño corporal porque los pichones del hospedador podrían desplazar a sus pichones en la competencia por alimento. Se estudiaron las interacciones entre Molothrus bonariensis y dos hospedadores frecuentes de mayor tamaño que el parásito, Mimus saturninus y Turdus rufiventris. Para cada hospedador se determinó (1) frecuencia e intensidad de parasitismo durante la temporada reproductiva, (2) éxito de nidificación, supervivencia de huevos, éxito de eclosión y supervivencia de pichones en nidos no parasitados y parasitados, y (3) defensas antiparasitarias. También se determinó el éxito reproductivo del parásito en ambos hospedadores. El porcentaje de nidos parasitados fue 50% en Mimus saturninus y 66% en Turdus rufiventris. En ambas especies, el principal costo del parasitismo fue la destrucción de huevos por picaduras. El éxito de eclosión, la supervivencia de pichones y el éxito de nidificación fueron semejantes entre nidos no parasitados y parasitados. Ambos hospedadores rechazaron los huevos parásitos del morfo blanco pero aceptaron los del morfo manchado, si bien éstos fueron de menor tamaño que los del hospedador. La proporción de volantones de Molothrus bonariensis por huevo puesto en nidos exitosos de Mimus saturninus y Turdus rufiventris fue 0.4 y 0.6, respectivamente. Considerando la supervivencia de los nidos, el éxito reproductivo fue 0.15 en Mimus saturninus y 0.17 en Turdus rufiventris. Estos valores son similares o mayores que los reportados para hospedadores de menor tamaño que el parásito. Nuestros resultados indican que la calidad del hospedador no está sólo determinada por las diferencias en tamaño corporal entre el hospedador y el parásito y que otros factores, como defensas del hospedador y supervivencia de los nidos, deberían ser considerados.
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Bandi, Claudio, Alison M. Dunn, Gregory D. D. Hurst, and Thierry Rigaud. "Inherited microorganisms, sex-specific virulence and reproductive parasitism." Trends in Parasitology 17, no. 2 (February 2001): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4922(00)01812-2.
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Corlatti, Luca, Chiara Lorenzetti, and Bruno Bassano. "Parasitism and alternative reproductive tactics in Northern chamois." Ecology and Evolution 9, no. 15 (July 5, 2019): 8749–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5427.
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HINO, AKINA, TERUHISA TANAKA, MAHO TAKAISHI, YUMIKO FUJII, JUAN E. PALOMARES-RIUS, KOICHI HASEGAWA, HARUHIKO MARUYAMA, and TAISEI KIKUCHI. "Karyotype and reproduction mode of the rodent parasite Strongyloides venezuelensis." Parasitology 141, no. 13 (August 4, 2014): 1736–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014001036.
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SUMMARYStrongyloides venezuelensis is a parasitic nematode that infects rodents. Although Strongyloides species described to date are known to exhibit parthenogenetic reproduction in the parasitic stage of their life cycle and sexual reproduction in the free-living stage, we did not observe any free-living males in S. venezuelensis in our strain, suggesting that the nematode is likely to depend on parthenogenetic reproduction. We confirmed by cytological analysis that S. venezuelensis produces eggs by parthenogenesis during the parasitic stage of its life cycle. Phylogenetic analysis using nearly the full length of 18S and D3 region of 28S ribosomal RNA gene suggested that S. venezuelensis is distantly related to another rodent parasite, namely Strongyloides ratti, but more closely related to a ruminant parasite, Strongyloides papillosus. Karyotype analysis revealed S. venezuelensis reproduces with mitotic parthenogenesis, and has the same number of chromosomes as S. papillosus (2n = 4), but differs from S. ratti (2n = 6) in this regard. These results, taken together, suggest that S. venezuelensis evolved its parasitism for rodents independently from S. ratti and, therefore, is likely to have a different reproductive strategy.
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FRADE, D. G., S. NOGUEIRA, M. J. SANTOS, and F. I. CAVALEIRO. "The challenges of asymmetric mating – the influence of male and female size on the reproductive output of Acanthochondria cornuta (Chondracanthidae)." Parasitology 143, no. 14 (September 19, 2016): 1945–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016001578.
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SUMMARYThe reproductive strategy of Acanthochondria cornuta, a parasitic copepod with dwarf, hyperparasitic males, is described in detail. The potential impact of male parasitism on the reproductive output was evaluated by determining the size of each sex and the female's fecundity, egg size and total reproductive effort for each pair/trio throughout the four seasons of the year. Marked seasonal differences were observed in female size and reproductive output, suggesting two distinct generations, but no differences were observed for male size. No statistically significant correlations were observed between male size and any measure of reproductive effort, but females with larger males had lower fecundity. A trade-off between egg number and egg size was recorded. Overall, the reproductive effort in A. cornuta seems to be determined mostly by female size, and larger females do not hold smaller males.
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Murray, T. J., B. I. P. Barratt, and C. M. Ferguson. "Field parasitism of Rhinocyllus conicus Froelich (Coleoptera Curculionidae) by Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Hymenoptera Braconidae) in Otago and South Canterbury." New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (August 1, 2002): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3950.
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Microctonus aethiopoides was first recorded parasitising the weed biocontrol agent Rhinocyllus conicus in 1994 Subsequent studies found parasitism at several sites in Otago and South Canterbury In this study a further 15 sites in Otago and South Canterbury were sampled to determine the extent and level of parasitism of R conicus by M aethiopoides Rhinocyllus conicus adults were collected from nodding thistles and were either reared or dissected to determine parasitism levels For dissected weevils the stages of parasitoid development presence of teratocytes weevil size and female weevil reproductive status were recorded Parasitism was recorded at 12 sites Lucerne the host plant of the weevil Sitona discoideus for which M aethiopoides was originally introduced into New Zealand was absent from most of these sites Levels of parasitism were similar to those recorded in previous studies reaching up to 17 in the Hakataramea Valley Results relating to weevil size and female weevil reproductive state are discussed
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Brown, G. P., C. M. Shilton, and R. Shine. "Do parasites matter? Assessing the fitness consequences of haemogregarine infection in snakes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 5 (May 2006): 668–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-044.
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Although much research in evolutionary ecology is based upon the premise that high levels of parasitism impair the host's functioning, the assumed link between parasitism and fitness has been assessed for relatively few kinds of animals. At our study site in tropical Australia, keelback snakes ( Tropidonophis mairii (Gray, 1841), Colubridae) are heavily infected with haemogregarine blood parasites: 90% of snakes that we tested carried the parasite, with the proportion of erythrocytes containing haemogregarines averaging 15% and ranging up to a remarkable 64%. Prevalence increased with snake body size, but intensity decreased with age. Unlike lizards studied previously, the snakes did not respond to haemogregarine infection by releasing immature erythrocytes into the circulation. In striking contrast to results from a recent study on a sympatric snake species, we did not find any empirical links between parasite numbers and several measures of host fitness (body condition, growth rate, feeding rate, antipredator behaviour, locomotor performance, reproductive status, reproductive output, and recapture rate). The association between this parasite and its host thus appears to be surprisingly benign, suggesting that host–parasite interactions sometimes may have only trivial consequences for host fitness in natural populations. Plausibly, host–parasite coevolution weakens or eliminates fitness costs of parasitism.
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Young, Andrew D., and Rodger D. Titman. "Intraspecific nest parasitism in Red-breasted Mergansers." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 2454–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-363.
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We studied intraspecific nest parasitism in an island nesting population of Red-breasted Mergansers (Mergus serrator) in New Brunswick. Of the nests examined, 64% contained eggs from more than one female. This estimate is probably low because the criteria to detect parasitism were conservative. Parasitized nests were initiated, on average, 3 days earlier than normal nests. Parasitic laying occurred throughout the nesting season. A larger proportion of eggs hatched from normal (89%) than from parasitized (75%) nests because 14% of the eggs in parasitized nests were laid during the host's incubation period and failed to hatch in time. A greater percentage of eggs hatched from parasitized nests during the peak nesting period. Parasitized and normal nests produced the same number of ducklings. There was no difference in the percentage of dead, infertile, and lost eggs from normal compared to parasitized nests. The number of nests containing at least one dead egg increased with clutch size. Most host females accepted parasitic eggs during incubation without deserting. Incubation was prolonged on parasitized nests and on nests with low synchronization of embryo development. Nest parasitism is a common reproductive tactic in at least some female Red-breasted Mergansers.
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Laws, Angela Nardoni. "Density-dependent reductions in grasshopper fecundity in response to nematode parasitism." Canadian Entomologist 141, no. 4 (August 2009): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n09-027.
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AbstractGrasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) are hosts to many internal parasites, including nematodes. However, the effects of nematode parasitism on grasshopper fecundity and how these effects vary with population density are unclear. I report on the fecundity of Melanoplus dawsoni (Scudder) infected and uninfected with mermithid nematodes in northern Wisconsin from 2002 to 2005. Each year grasshoppers were stocked over a range of five densities into field enclosures. Fecundity, body size, and nematode prevalence were measured for female grasshoppers. Nematode prevalence was moderately high, ranging from 15% in 2003 to 37% in 2004. Fecundity was measured by examining grasshopper reproductive tracts. On average, past reproductive activity (number of eggs laid) and current reproductive activity (number of eggs forming) of parasitized grasshoppers were reduced by 40% and 48%, respectively. Interestingly, the reduction in fecundity was less for parasitized females in the low-density treatments (25%-50% of field density) than for those in the moderate- and high-density treatments, suggesting that grasshoppers can compensate somewhat for negative effects of parasites on fecundity when per-capita resources are high. No difference in hind-femur length between parasitized and unparasitized females was observed, indicating that nematode infection did not affect grasshopper body size.
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Pomari, Aline Farhat, Adeney de Freitas Bueno, Regiane Cristina Oliveira de Freitas Bueno, Ayres de Oliveiras Menezes Junior, and Augusto Cesar Prado Fernandes Fonseca. "Releasing number of Telenomus remus (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) against Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in corn, cotton and soybean." Ciência Rural 43, no. 3 (February 19, 2013): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782013005000013.
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Telenomus remus releasing numbers may vary depending on the crop, plant architecture and/or the plant phenological stage. Thus, we examined the number of parasitoids needed for effective pest control of Spodoptera frugiperda on corn, cotton and soybean. In all crops, the parasitism response in relation to increasing numbers of the parasitoids had a quadratic effect. In corn, the maximum parasitism observed was 99.8% and 96.8% at a parasitoid releasing number of 0.231 and 0.264 T. remus females per S. frugiperda egg at phenological stages V4 and V10, respectively. Differently, in cotton and soybean, the highest parasitim were recorded using the highest tested T. remus releasing numbers (0.297 parasitoid per S. frugiperda egg). In cotton, it was 77.8% and 73.1% at the vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively and in soybean, it was 77.3% and 54.4% also at the vegetative and reproductive stages. Thus, the appropriated T. remus releasing number might vary accordingly to the crop and plant phenological stage, being higher for soybean and cotton and lower for corn.
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DOMÍNGUEZ, MARISOL, JUAN CARLOS REBOREDA, and BETTINA MAHLER. "Impact of Shiny Cowbird and botfly parasitism on the reproductive success of the globally endangered Yellow CardinalGubernatrix cristata." Bird Conservation International 25, no. 3 (September 23, 2014): 294–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095927091400015x.
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SummaryThe Yellow CardinalGubernatrix cristatais a globally endangered passerine endemic to southern South America. Although the conservation status of this species is alarming, there is no information about factors that affect its reproductive success. We studied the breeding biology of a Yellow Cardinal population in Corrientes province in north-east Argentina and report reproductive parameters, such as timing of breeding, clutch size, hatching success and chick survival and analyse factors influencing nest survival. The breeding season lasted from October to December with most nesting attempts occurring during the second half of November. Re-nesting after nest failure occurred in approximately 35% of pairs but we did not observe re-nesting after successful attempts. Modal clutch size was three eggs and successful nests fledged on average 1.6 chicks. We observed brood parasitism by Shiny CowbirdsMolothrus bonariensisin 33% of the nests. The main cost of brood parasitism was the puncture of cardinal eggs by cowbird females, which very often resulted in nest abandonment. Another factor reducing reproductive success was parasitism by botfliesPhilornissp., which occurred in 22% of the nests and reduced chick survival. We determined daily nest survival rate with MARK software and found that during the egg stage, it decreased with time of breeding and brood parasitism by Shiny Cowbirds. Our results indicate that Shiny Cowbird and botfly parasitism represent a threat for Yellow Cardinals. Conservation actions to protect the remaining populations of Yellow Cardinals should consider the impact of Shiny Cowbird parasitism.
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Chong, Juang-Horng, and Ronald D. Oetting. "Impacts of Parasitism on the Survivorship and Reproduction of the Madeira Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 43, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-43.2.169.
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This study was conducted to assess the impacts of parasitism by Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope Noyes and Menezes on the reproductive potential and the survivorship of the Madeira mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green. The reproductive responses of P. madeirensis to parasitism were dependent upon the reproductive status of the adult mealybugs. The reproductive period and fecundity of parasitized preovipositing adult mealybugs were significantly lower (4 d and 290 eggs, respectively) than those of the unparasitized individuals (8 d and 380 eggs, respectively). However, the reproductive longevity and fecundity were not different between the parasitized and unparasitized ovipositing mealybugs. Destructive feeding by parasitoid larvae reduced the total longevity of all adult mealybugs by 1–4 d. The parasitoid only host fed on 2.4% of the 1st-instar mealybugs and none in other developmental stages. In the 4 developmental stages examined (1st, 2nd and 3rd nymphal instars, and prereproductive adult), only the survival rate of 1st-instar nymphs was significantly reduced by ovipositor insertion (97% of the unparasitized versus 88% of the parasitized). After accounting for the mortality due to host feeding and ovipositor insertion, the parasitism rate of P. madeirensis by Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope was estimated at 30%.
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Lima, Neuza R. W., Juliana de S. Azevedo, Leonardo G. da Silva, and Marilvia Dansa-Petretski. "Parasitic castration, growth, and sex steroids in the freshwater bonefish Cyphocharax gilbert (Curimatidae) infested by Riggia paranensis (Cymothoidea)." Neotropical Ichthyology 5, no. 4 (December 2007): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252007000400006.
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Cyphocharax gilbert shows parasitic castration when infested by the crustacean Riggia paranensis, being unable to reproduce. Fish were sampled in the middle rio Itabapoana, Brazil, to study the prevalence of parasitism, growth, and sex steroid concentrations, considering the body size, sex, and reproductive condition of specimens. Most of the fish analyzed were infested (56.0%). The presence of two lines on the scales was more frequent among infested fish (22.0%) than among fish without parasites (12.0% for females and 10.0% for males). The occurrence of three lines on the scales was rare (3.5% among infested and 2.0% among females without parasites). These results suggest that growth of the host is faster than that of non infested fish. The serum concentrations of sex steroids from fish without parasites varied at different gonadal development stages (17 beta-estradiol: 60.0 to 976.7 pg/ml; total testosterone: 220.0 to 3,887.7 pg/ml). All infested fish had lower levels of the two sex steroids and undeveloped gonads. Sex steroids levels in infested females were close to those in females at post-spawning stages. Total testosterone concentrations of infested males were below those of males at early gonadal maturation stage. These results suggest that R. paranensis reduces the reproductive capacity of C. gilbert by affecting the host endocrine system.
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Rabuffetti, Fabián L., and Juan C. Reboreda. "Early Infestation by Bot Flies (Philornis Seguyi) Decreases Chick Survival and Nesting Success in Chalk-Browed Mockingbirds (Mimus Saturninus)." Auk 124, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 898–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.3.898.
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AbstractBot flies (Diptera: Muscidae: Philornis spp.) are a group of flies comprising mostly species with a Neotropical distribution. Their larvae parasitize several species of birds, living subcutaneously on altricial chicks. We investigated the effect of parasitism by bot flies (P. seguyi) on the reproductive success of Chalk-browed Mockingbirds (Mimus saturninus) in temperate grasslands near the southern limit of bot fly distributions. We analyzed seasonal variation of bot fly prevalence during three consecutive years and how the timing and intensity of bot fly infestation affected growth and survival of Chalk-browed Mockingbird nestlings. Bot fly prevalence was 58.3%, 30.7%, and 45.5% each year, and in all years, it increased with time of breeding. Most of the infested nests fledged no chicks. In these nests, chicks had a lower tarsus growth rate than in noninfested nests and died 3–4 days after parasitism. The average time from hatching of the first chick until infestation was 4.4 days. The age of the chicks at the time of infestation was associated positively with nesting success and negatively with intensity of parasitism. Bot fly parasitism also reduced the survival of Shiny Cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis) chicks present in Chalk-browed Mockingbird nests, but the presence of Shiny Cowbird chicks did not affect timing of infestation or fledging success of Chalk-browed Mockingbird chicks. Our results show that an intermediate prevalence of bot fly parasitism produces an important decrease in the reproductive success of Chalk-browed Mockingbirds and suggest that bot flies may play an important role as selective agents in the evolution of host life-history strategies.La Infestación Temprana con Larvas de Philornis seguyi Disminuye la Supervivencia de los Pichones y el Éxito de Nidificación de Mimus saturninus
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Bjørn, Tor Harry, and Kjell Einar Erikstad. "Patterns of intraspecific nest parasitism in the High Arctic common eider (Somateria mollissima borealis)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 1027–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-139.
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Intraspecific nest parasitism was studied during two breeding seasons at two common eider (Somateria mollissima borealis) colonies in Kongsfjord, Svalbard (79°55′N, 12°10′E). The density of breeding eiders differed considerably from year to year and also among colonies. Parasitic eggs were identified through deviations from a normal laying pattern. Parasitic eggs (8%) were laid in 16% of the clutches at the dense colony. The corresponding values on the island with low breeding density were 1.6 and 2% in 1989 and 1990, respectively. Parasitic eggs were laid in clutches of all sizes according to their availability. The parasitizing females laid 70% of their eggs during the host's laying period. Parasitic laying occurred despite the constant availability of suitable nest sites. The hosts did not reduce their clutch size in response to egg parasitism. The rate of egg predation was significantly higher in parasitized than in nonparasitized nests. Parasitic eggs were laid late in the breeding period, suggesting that birds which were immature, in poor body condition, or had previously failed are salvaging some reproductive effort.
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Hurst, Gregory D. D., and Crystal L. Frost. "Reproductive Parasitism: Maternally Inherited Symbionts in a Biparental World." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 7, no. 5 (May 2015): a017699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a017699.
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Brown, Charles R., and Mary Bomberger Brown. "A new form of reproductive parasitism in cliff swallows." Nature 331, no. 6151 (January 1988): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/331066a0.
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Holmes, M. J., and M. Beekman. "When does cheating pay? Worker reproductive parasitism in honeybees." Insectes Sociaux 64, no. 1 (October 11, 2016): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-016-0515-x.
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