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1
Berxholli, Arqile, Sejfi Protopapa, and Kristaq Prifti. "The Greek Minority in the Albanian Republic: a Demographic Study." Nationalities Papers 22, no. 2 (1994): 427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999408408337.
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Albania, founded at the Congress of Vlora on November 12, 1912, has a far more homogeneous national population than its neighboring states in the Balkans. The Sixth London Conference of the great powers in 1912–1913 ruthlessly divided the territories inhabited by Albanians. The conference fragmented more than half the territories inhabited by ethnic Albanian regions as follows: in the east and the northeast—Kosova, Dibra, Ohri, Struga and Pollugu up to Shkup (Scoplje); in the north—Tivari, Ulqini, Tuzi, Plava and Gucija; and in the south—Camerija. These lands, with an autochthonous Albanian population, were annexed by Serbia, Montenegro (in 1918 by the new Yugoslav State) and by Greece in 1913. Thus, the borders of Albania were confined to an area of 28,748 square kilometers and a population of a little more than 800,000.
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O'Brien, Roderick. "Legal Education in China: English Language Materials." International Journal of Legal Information 38, no. 1 (2010): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500005552.
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Modern legal education began in China late in the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), and then expanded during the period of the Republic of China from 1912. With the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, legal education entered a new and difficult period. The compilation of English language materials offered here includes a few materials relating to the Qing and Republican periods, but after 1949 only materials relating to the People's Republic of China (mainland China). Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan all have separate legal education systems and structures, and are excluded from this compilation.
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Macleod, David I. "Food Prices, Politics, and Policy in the Progressive Era." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 8, no. 3 (July 2009): 365–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781400001316.
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U.S.food prices surged abruptly higher in 1910–1913, alarming urban consumers, who equated them with the high cost of living, but delighting farmers. Progressive reformers tackled detailed aspects of the food-price problem but had no overarching solution and no effective programs t o please both consumers and farmers. A volatile pattern of economic voting resulted, but unlike conventional models, it had countervailing tendencies, setting consumers against food producers. Food prices cost the Republicans heavily in the 1910 election and helped disrupt the party by 1912, ending the Republican “system of 1896.” In power, Democrats pursued primarily a southern-tinged agrarian agenda and narrowly preserved power through 1914 and 1916 but fell victim to interest-group conflicts in 1918 and economic disasters in 1920.
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Zarrow, Peter. "Chinese press accounts of the 1911 Revolution: Seeing ‘revolution’." China Information 25, no. 3 (November 2011): 233–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x11422767.
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By examining how a particular story of events from October 1911 through to the abdication of the Qing imperial house in February 1912 was constructed, it is possible to suggest the effects of that story both as events unfolded and on subsequent historical consciousness. This article examines the coverage of the revolution in two newspapers, Shenbao, founded in Shanghai in 1872, and Dagongbao, founded in Tianjin in 1902. They were not necessarily representative of the press as a whole, much less public opinion, but they demonstrate different versions of the same essential narrative. The Shenbao story of ‘1911’ told of struggle and triumph, culminating in the election of Sun Yat-sen as provisional president on 1 January 1912, which marked the founding of the republic. Dagongbao lacked triumphalism and was almost tragic in its reading of the revolution. Nonetheless, Dagongbao as much as Shenbao was quick to present a story of the transformation of ‘chaos’ into ‘revolution’ and finally into the republic (with the imperial abdication of 12 February). Both newspapers traced the revolution from the Wuchang Uprising, and the resulting narrative structure divided political time into before and after. That division is probably the essence of ‘revolution’.
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Tahirović, Husref, and Brigitte Fuchs. "Kornelija Rakić: A Woman Doctor for Women and Children in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina." Acta Medica Academica 50, no. 1 (May 26, 2021): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/ama2006-124.338.
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<p>This short biography focuses on the life and medical activities of Kornelija Rakić (1879–1952), a Serbian female pioneer of medicine from the then Hungarian province of Vojvodina, who acquired an MD from the University of Budapest in 1905. Rakić came from a humble background, and a Vojvodina Serbian women’s organization enabled her to become a physician and pursue her social medicine mission. After a futile attempt to open a private practice as a “woman doctor for women” in Novi Sad in 1906, she successfully applied to the Austro-Hungarian provincial government in Sarajevo for the position of an official female physician in occupied Bosnia. Rakić began her career as an Austro-Hungarian (AH) official female physician in Bihać (1908–1912) and was transferred to Banja Luka in 1912 and to Mostar in 1917–1918. Kornelija Rakić stayed in Mostar after the monarchy collapsed in 1918 and continued to work as a public health officer in the service of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, founded in 1918. Subsequently, she served as the head of the “dispensary for mothers and children” at the Public Health Centre in Mostar, founded in 1929, where she practiced until her retirement in 1949. After World War II, Rakić served as Vice President of the Red Cross Society in Mostar. She received numerous awards and medals from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia. Kornelija Rakić died in Mostar in 1952 and was buried at the local Orthodox cemetery of Bjelušine.</p><p><strong> Conclusion</strong>. Kornelija Rakić (1879–1952) was the first Serbian female physician in Novi Sad, Vojvodina, and she was employed as an AH official female physician in Bihać (1908–1912), Banja Luka (1912–1917) and Mostar (1917–1918). After World War I, she participated in the establishment and expansion of public health institutions in Mostar and Herzegovina from 1918–1949 against the backdrop of the devastation of the two World Wars.</p>
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Moreira, Luís Miguel. "A República e a Monarquia em confronto: a Guerra Civil portuguesa na raia galega (1911- 1912) = The Republic and the Monarchy in confrontation: the Portuguese Civil War on the Galician border (1911-1912)." REVISTA DE HISTORIOGRAFÍA (RevHisto) 30 (May 28, 2019): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/revhisto.2019.4745.
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Resumen: La progresiva radicalización ideológica del régimen republicano, instaurado en Portugal en octubre de 1910, provocó una oposición conservadora y monárquica que se organizó en el exilio, sobre todo en el sur de Galicia. Entre octubre de 1911 y junio de 1912, estacionados en varios pueblos y villas gallegas en la raya con Portugal, los monárquicos hicieron dos incursiones en territorio portugués —el primero en Vinhais y el segundo en Chaves— con el fin de fomentar la rebelión contra régimen instaurado. Sin embargo, las tropas republicanas, más numerosas y mejor equipadas, vencieron todos los combates. En la época, este episodio de guerra civil mereció amplia cobertura periodística, particularmente por la prensa afecta al régimen republicano. Los mapas y las fotografías de la frontera fueron ampliamente utilizados para localizar e ilustrar los acontecimientos. En este texto, pretendemos reconstituir estos movimientos, proponiendo una lectura geográfico-histórica de la raya luso-gallega, en el contexto de este episodio.Palabras clave: República portuguesa, incursiones monárquicas, raya galaico-portuguesa, cartografía propaganda.Abstract: The ideological radicalisation of the republican regime, established in Portugal in October 1910, gave rise to the forming of a conservative and monarchical opposition in exile, in the south of the Spanish historic region of Galicia. Between October 1911 and June 1912, from several Galician villages not far from the Portuguese border, the monarchists made two incursions into the north of the country - the first to Vinhais and the second to Chaves - with the aim of fuelling popular uprisings and a military rebellion against the new regime. However, the Republican troops, more numerous and better equipped, won all the battles. At the time, this episode of civil war received extensive journalistic coverage particularly from the newspapers close to the republican regime. Maps and photographs of the border were widely used to locate and illustrate the events. From the historic-geographical perspective of the Portuguese-Galician border, this paper reconstitutes these movements in the broader historical context.Key words: Portuguese Republic, monarchical incursions, Portuguese-Galician border, propaganda maps.
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Gessler, Anne. "“Purifying the Upper Atmosphere”: Women’s Work in Early Radio, 1905-1913." American Studies in Scandinavia 46, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/asca.v46i1.5152.
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This essay argues that between 1905 and 1913, female commercial radio operators deployed a range of complicated and contradictory arguments to establish credibility in the new, male-dominated communications field. Women envisioned early radio as a utopian space that would renegotiate gender roles in the American workforce. Female radio operators also engaged in a larger conversation around women’s citizenship and voting rights. However, while wireless companies initially hired female employees to diffuse tense labor relations, a national conversation around women’s dubious moral character and inferior physical capabilities soon animated the field. The essay explores the political, economic, and cultural events that transformed radio from a potentially transgressive space to an industry that instead reinforced gender and class hierarchies: the RMS Republic-Florida disaster in 1909; the formation of the wireless division of the Commercial Telegraphers Union of America in 1910; the American Marconi Company’s takeover of the United Wireless Company in 1912; and finally, the RMS Titanic disaster in 1912 and the subsequent passing of the Radio Act of 1912. These events pushed female radio operators out of the industry. Not until World War I would the federal government and corporations formally recruit women to serve as professional radio operators.
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KRAVETS, Nataliia. "NATIONAL AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES OF VASYL PROKHODA IN POW CAMPS DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 31 (2018): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2018-31-203-212.
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The article deals with the national-cultural activities of Vasyl Prokhoda in the POW camps in Austria-Hungary during the First World War. First of all, the stages of military service in the Russian army on the eve and during the Great War have been clarified (1912 – beginning of service in the 51st Lithuanian Regiment in Simferopol; 1913 – courses of the reserve ensigns; November 1914 – the rank of ensign; the Austro-Hungarian front of the First World War; winter 1914–1915 – participation in the Carpathian Operation of the Russian Army, captivity). Special attention is paid to his staying in the POW camps (Josefstadt, Liberec, Brux (Most), Theresienstadt (Terezin), stages of his national identity evolution. It stated that the formation of V. Prokhoda's national identity was facilitated by various factors: first of all, acquaintance with K. Kuril, program documents of the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine, creation of Ukrainian libraries, choirs, drama clubs in the camps, reading of works by T. Shevchenko, M. Vovchka, etc. The author also investigates the public activities of V. Prokhoda in the POW camps, his contribution to the organization of Ukrainian life there, highlights living conditions in the camps (according to his observations), as well as specifics of inter-ethnic relations against the backdrop of events of the Russian Revolution 1917. The perception and attitude of nationally conscious Ukrainians (prisoners of war), in particular, V. Prokhody, to the creation of the Ukrainian Central Rada, its I and II Universals, the resolutions of the first military congresses in Ukraine, the Bolshevik coup in Russia in October 1917, compared to the estimates of these events by Russians (prisoners of war). The circumstances that opened the possibility of forming Ukrainian divisions of prisoners of war and sending them to disposal of the Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) in the first half of 1918 were clarified. The last months of V. Prokhoda's staying in the POW camps under conditions of his health deterioration, the circumstances of his returning to Ukraine after the coup of P. Skoropadskyi are presented. Keywords Vasyl Prokhoda, national and cultural activity, POW camps, Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.
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Kuzmin, Sergey L. "Динамика правового статуса Монголии в XX в." Desertum Magnum: studia historica Великая степь: исторические исследования, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2712-8431-2020-9-1-58-67.
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This article is aimed at determining Mongolia’s status based on historical documents and contemporaries’ evaluation. It discusses the change in the legal status of Mongolia from the collapse of Qing Empire till the mid XX century. As it is shown, Mongolia was not part of China but was in vassal — suzerain relationship with the Manchu Dynasty of Qing Empire. Qing ‘new policy’ of Chinese colonization destroyed this relationship which led to national liberation movement of Mongols. Dynasty abdication and the formation of the Republic of China gave new legitimate ground for independence Mongolia. Declaration of independence of Mongolia on December 29, 1911 as the culmination of this movement was legitimate and was not a revolution. The treaty signed in 1912 between Russia and Mongolia may be considered as de jure recognition of the independence but not the autonomy of Mongolia. The rightful recognition of the autonomy was recorded in the agreement of 1915 between Russia, China and Mongolia. Outer Mongolia became the state under the formal suzerainty of China and the protectorate of Russia. The abolishment of autonomy and occupation of Outer Mongolia by China in 1919 was illegal. In 1921 baron R. F. Ungern reinstated the autonomy and in fact the independence of Outer Mongolia. From the take-over of the Mongolian People’s Party until adoption of constitution by the Mongolian People’s Republic in 1924 the country status was undefined. From 1924 until recognition by China in 1946 the Mongolian People’s Republic was de facto independent country with the implied (silent) recognition by the USSR. Reunion of Inner Mongolia and Barga with the Outer Mongolia / Mongolian People’s Republic was the historical choice of their peoples.
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Diacon, Todd. "Bringing the Countryside Back In: A Case Study of Military Intervention as State Building in the Brazilian Old Republic." Journal of Latin American Studies 27, no. 3 (October 1995): 569–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00011615.
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AbstractBrazil's Contestado Rebellion (1912–1916) pitted 20,000 millenarian rebels against two-thirds of the Brazilian army. A major event in the consolidation of the Brazilian Republic, it serves as an important case study of the dynamics of central state intervention in the Brazilian hinterland. Local notables took advantage of a new, unprecedented central state presence to press for advantages in their local struggles. At the same time, officer experiences during the rebellion led them to question the institutional arrangements that they felt produced the conflict. The result was a new officer push for a nationalist, central state intervention during the Republic.
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Pine, Savannah. "Conscription, Citizenship, and French Algeria." Undergraduate Research Journal for the Humanities 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/1808.21406.
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This paper questions why the Third Republic of France imposed conscription on Muslim Algerians in 1912. This action is peculiar because conscription was a tenant of French citizenship, which the French thought that Muslim Algerians were too inferior to have. A politician named Adolphe Messimy, the members of the Third Republic in control of the government in 1912, and a group called the Young Algerians convinced France to contradict its laws and beliefs to impose conscription. They did so because the self-interests of all three groups met at one moment in time and wanted conscription. This paper meticulously explains the motives of Adolphe Messimy, the Third Republic, and the Young Algerians to explain why each agreed to conscription. This research fits into the broader schematic of French Algerian history because it argues that Algeria, in part, gained its independence in 1962 due to the imposition of conscription in 1912.
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Birbudak, Togay Seçkin. "Osmanlı Devlet Adamlarından Hacı Âdil Bey’in II. Meşrutiyet Dönemindeki Faaliyetleri / Activities of Hacı Âdil Bey, who is the Ottoman Statesmen, in the Second Constitutional Period." Journal of History Culture and Art Research 6, no. 6 (December 30, 2017): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v6i6.1227.
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<p><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p>Haci Adil (Arda) Bey, born in Lovech in 1869, was an important politician and jurist who held important positions in government offices both in the Ottoman Empire and in the Republic of Turkey. Throughout his career as a government official, which he started as a customs official in Yemen in 1890, he took several government offices in Yemen, Istanbul, and Thessaloniki for about 20 years and was inducted as the Governor of Edirne a short while after the proclamation of the Second Constitutionalist Period. Taking office as a senior manager within the party of Union and Progress following assume of governor of Edirne office, lasted for about a year, Haci Adil was appointed as Interior minister in 1912. He continued to hold critical offices during the Turco-Italian War, Balkan War and the First World War while the government was having hard times. He became interior minister once again in the government formed after the Sublime Porte Raid in 1913. HE was appointed as the governor of Edirne once again after the city was taken back during the Balkan War II, and held the office of chairperson of the Ottoman Parliament between the years 1915 and 1918. Arrested and exiled to Malta after end of First World War, Haci Adil lived the life of an exile abroad between the years 1919 and 1922. Returning home after his captivity in Malta, Haci Adil held the offices of the Governor of Adana and Bursa, lectured at the Ottoman University Darülfünun, and represented country on international courts. Haci Adil, who also held offices in Istanbul Municipality, died in 1935.</p><p>This study gives information on the political and administrative activities of Haci Adil, who was one of the members of the headquarter of party of Union and Progress, during the Second Constitutional Period based on archive documents. </p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>1869 yılında Lofça’da dünyaya gelen Hacı Âdil (Arda) Bey, hem Osmanlı Devleti hem de Türkiye Cumhuriyeti zamanında mühim devlet görevlerinde bulunmuş önemli bir siyasetçi ve hukuk adamıdır. 1890 yılında Yemen’de gümrük memuru olarak başladığı devlet hizmetinde yaklaşık 20 yıl süre ile Yemen, İstanbul ve Selanik’te çeşitli memuriyetler üstlenmiş, II. Meşrutiyet’in ilanından kısa bir süre sonra Edirne Valisi olarak atanmıştır. Yaklaşık bir yıl süren Edirne Valiliği görevinden sonra İttihat ve Terakki Fırkası içerisinde üst düzey yöneticilik görevi alan Hacı Âdil Bey, 1912 yılında Dâhiliye Nâzırlığı’na getirilmiştir. Trablusgarp Savaşı, Balkan Savaşı ve I. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında devletin zor günlerinde kritik görevler almaya devam eden Hacı Âdil Bey 1913 yılında Bâb-ı Âlî Baskını sonrasında kurulan hükûmette bir kez daha Dâhiliye Nâzırı olmuş, II. Balkan Savaşı sırasında Edirne’nin geri alınmasının ardından bir kez daha bu şehre vali olarak atanmış, 1915-1918 yılları arasında da Meclis-i Mebusan Reisliği görevini yürütmüştür. I. Dünya Savaşı’nın sona ermesinin ardından tutuklanan ve Malta’ya sürgüne gönderilen Hacı Âdil Bey, 1919-1922 yılları arasında yurtdışında sürgün hayatı yaşamıştır. Malta esareti sonrasında yurda dönen Hacı Âdil Bey, Adana ve Bursa valilikleri görevlerinde bulunmuş, Dârülfünûn’da dersler vermiş ve uluslararası mahkemelerde ülkemizi temsil etmiştir. İstanbul Belediyesi’nde de görevler üstlenen Hacı Âdil Bey 1935 yılında vefat etmiştir.</p><p>Söz konusu çalışmada İttihat ve Terakki Fırkası’nın merkez-i umumi azalarından olan Hacı Âdil Bey’in II. Meşrutiyet dönemindeki siyasî-idarî faaliyetleri hakkında arşiv belgeleri ekseninde bilgiler verilmektedir. </p>
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Xu, Xiaoqun. "Law, Custom, and Social Norms: Civil Adjudications in Qing and Republican China." Law and History Review 36, no. 1 (December 10, 2017): 77–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248017000554.
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This study examines how law, custom, and social norm interacted in civil justice in Qing and Republican China by looking into 152 civil cases tried in 1912, right after the founding of the Republic of China, and a body of legal interpretations from the Supreme Court during 1912-1929, and certain provisions in the Civil Code of 1929-30--the very first one in Chinese history. It shows that both law and custom were invoked by judges within their moral universe or social norm. It traces how the Supreme Court allowed local customs to be a legal ground for rulings in certain civil disputes, and which customs in civil matters in the Qing and the early Republic were, and which were not, “hardened” into the Civil Code. The interplay between law and custom, mediated by judges with their normative sense of right and wrong, constituted both continuity and change in civil justice between the Qing era and the Republican period. Ultimately, the issues addressed here speak to a larger question of how Chinese jurists, within their judicial discretions, tried to strike a difficult but necessary balance between “law-on-books” and “law-in-action,” while law on the books was undergoing important revisions.
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Hwang, Tony, and Grant Jarvie. "Sport, Nationalism and the Early Chinese Republic 1912–1927." Sports Historian 21, no. 2 (November 2001): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460260109447879.
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CONSTANT, JEROME. "Revision of the Afrotropical genus Scolopsomorpha Melichar (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Tropiduchidae)." Zootaxa 2219, no. 1 (September 3, 2009): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2219.1.4.
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The genus Scolopsomorpha Melichar, 1912 is moved from the Dictyopharidae to the Tropiduchidae and 2 new species are added to the genus: S. debakkeri (Congo) and S. boulardi (Central African Republic). The genus is provisionally placed in the subtribe Eutropistina Fennah, 1982 of the Eutropistini Kirkaldy, 1906. A lectotype is designated for Scolopsomorpha africana Melichar, 1912. Habitus, male and female genitalia are illustrated and a distribution map is provided.
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WAICHERT, CECILIA, JUANITA RODRIGUEZ, CAROL D. VON DOHLEN, and JAMES P. PITTS. "Spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Dominican Republic." Zootaxa 3353, no. 1 (June 21, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3353.1.1.
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We recorded 33 species in 19 genera of spider wasps from the Dominican Republic, of which four species are newlydescribed here: Auplopus charlesi Waichert & Pitts, sp. nov., Dipogon (Deuteragenia) marlowei Waichert & Pitts, sp.nov., Notocyphus anacaona Rodriguez & Pitts, sp. nov., and Priocnessus vancei Waichert & Pitts, sp. nov. Eight generaare reported from the Dominican Republic for the first time: Aporinellus Banks, 1912, Caliadurgus Pate, 1946, DipogonFox, 1897, Drepanaporus Bradley, 1944, Epipompilus Kohl, 1884, Notocyphus Smith, 1855, Priocnemis Schiødte, 1837,and Priocnessus Banks, 1925. Nine species are new records for the country: Ageniella (Ageniella) bruesi (Banks, 1928),Ageniella (Ageniella) violaceipes (Cresson, 1865), Aporinellus medianus Banks, 1917, Auplopus bellus (Cresson, 1865),Caliadurgus maestris Alayo, 1969, Drepanaporus antillarum (Bradley, 1944), Drepanaporus collaris (Cresson, 1865),Epipompilus pulcherrimus (Evans, 1955), and Priocnemis cornica (Say, 1836). Pompilus flavopictus Smith, 1862 is ajunior synonym of Poecilopompilus mixtus (Fabricius, 1794), syn. nov. and Odontaporus simulatrix (Bradley, 1944) isjunior synonym of Drepanaporus collaris (Cresson, 1865), syn. nov. New combination is proposed for Aporus (Aporus)antillarum (Bradley, 1944) which is transferred to Drepanaporus. Hitherto unknown males of Ageniella (Ageniella)domingensis (Banks, 1944) and Drepanaporus antillarum (Bradley, 1944) are described and illustrated. Ilustrated keys for subfamilies and species of the Dominican Republic pompilids are provided.Keywords:Pepsinae, Pompilinae, Ctenocerinae, Ceropalinae, key, new record, new species, Caribbean
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Qi, Yan, Xue Rong Fan, and Rong Rong Cui. "Qipao in a University Museum Collection of China, 1912-1949." Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (September 2013): 713–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.713.
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The purpose was to demonstrate a process to characterize a segment of a university collection from an object base using an existing aesthetic framework. A collection consisting of 40 Chinese Qipaos in the Republic Period were analyzed for their repetitive and defining features. Qipaos were selected as examples of defining features and analyzed using the concept of structuring within Delongs framework of visual analysis. This process demonstrated how aesthetics could be applied to raise awareness of artifacts within the collection. The result was a characterization of the collection in the Republic Period in terms of defining features that included structuring and the visual result of an intergration of layout and surface.
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Albisetti, James C. "Introduction." History of Education Quarterly 45, no. 4 (2005): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2005.tb00055.x.
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All historians must grapple with the complexities of continuity and change. Yet those who study twentieth-century German history face greater difficulties than most, given the variety of political regimes Germany experienced in that era and their major differences in ideology, degree of stability, and relations with their neighbors. Some Germans, such as former West German Chancellor Willy Brandt, born in 1913, and former East German leader Erich Honecker, born in 1912, experienced all the changes, from childhood under the Kaiser through World War I, the Weimar Republic, the Nazis' “Twelve-Year Reich” (in exile and prison, respectively), the occupation regimes, forty years of what Brandt called “two states in one nation,” and the (re)unification of 1990.
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Cahill, Cathleen D. "“Our Sisters in China Are Free”: Visual Representations of Chinese and Chinese American Suffragists." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 19, no. 4 (August 7, 2020): 634–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781420000365.
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AbstractBoth white and Chinese American suffragists in the United States closely watched and discussed the events of the Chinese Revolution of 1911 and the establishment of the Chinese Republic (1912–1949). They were aware of the republican revolutionaries’ support for women's rights, which conflicted with American stereotypes of China as a backward nation, especially in its treatment of women. Chinese suffragists, real and imagined, became a major talking point in debates over women's voting rights in the United States as white suffragists and national newspapers championed their stories. This led to prominent visual depictions of Chinese suffragists in the press, but also their participation in public events such as suffrage parades. For a brief time, the transnational nature of suffrage conversations was highly visible as was the suffrage activism of women in U.S. Chinese communities. However, because Chinese immigrants were barred from citizenship by U.S. immigration law, white activists tended to depict Chinese suffragists as foreign, resulting in the erasure of their memory in the U.S. suffrage movement.
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BOROWIEC, LECH, and JOLANTA ŚWIĘTOJAŃSKA. "A monograph of the Afrotropical Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Part 4. Revision of the genus Chiridopsis Spaeth." Zootaxa 4316, no. 1 (August 31, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4316.1.1.
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African members of the genus Chiridopsis Spaeth, 1922 are revised and 32 species are recognized in this area. Three species are described as new: Chiridopsis klapperichi n.sp. (Republic of South Africa), Chiridopsis tanzaniensis n.sp. (Tanzania) and Chiridopsis zambiana n.sp. (Zambia). The following new synonyms are proposed: Chiridopsis aequinoctialis (Olivier, 1808) = Coptocycla kraatzi Wagener, 1880 syn. nov.; Chiridopsis aubei (Boheman, 1855) = Chiridopsis weisei Spaeth, 1924 syn. nov.; Chiridopsis boutareli (Spaeth, 1917) = Chirida subgibbosa Spaeth, 1917 syn. nov.; Chiridopsis flavipennis (Spaeth, 1902) = Chiridopsis rothschildi Spaeth, 1922 syn. nov.; Chiridopsis nigrosepta (Fairmaire, 1891) = Coptocycla vernicata Fairmaire, 1891 syn. nov. = Cassida circumcincta Weise, 1919 syn. nov.; Chiridopsis observabilis (Spaeth, 1916) = Chiridopsis athinia Spaeth, 1924 syn. nov. Lectotypes are designated for Chirida ariadne Weise, 1896, Chirida circe Weise, 1896, Chirida observabilis Spaeth, 1916 and Chirida tessellata Spaeth, 1917. Colour photos of species, including intraspecific variablity, key to species and maps of distribution are given.
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Ren, Bamboo Yunzhu, Chen Liang, and James Z. Lee. "Meritocracy and the Making of the Chinese Academe, 1912–1952." China Quarterly 244 (December 2020): 942–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741020001289.
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AbstractThis article takes advantage of three new big historical datasets to identify four salient features of the Chinese academe during the Republic of China. First, it was highly international in terms of training. Second, the proportion of female students was unexpectedly large. Third, there was a heavy emphasis on STEM subjects. Finally, the social and spatial origins of China's university students and university faculty members changed from a national population of civil servant families to business and professional families largely from Jiangnan and the Pearl River Delta. The datasets are the China University Student Dataset – Republic of China, which includes almost half of all students to graduate from a Chinese university during the first half of the 20th century; the China University Student Dataset – Overseas, which includes the vast majority of all Chinese students to graduate from a North American, European or Japanese university during this same period; and the China University Employee Dataset, which includes almost all university faculty members in China, 1941–1950.
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Öztan, Ramazan Hakkı. "POINT OF NO RETURN? PROSPECTS OF EMPIRE AFTER THE OTTOMAN DEFEAT IN THE BALKAN WARS (1912–13)." International Journal of Middle East Studies 50, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743817000940.
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AbstractIn late 1912, the Ottoman imperial armies suffered a series of quick defeats at the hands of the Balkan League, comprising Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro, resulting in significant territorial losses. The Ottoman defeat in the Balkan Wars (1912–13) often stands at the center of teleological accounts of a neat and linear transition from Ottoman Empire to Turkish Republic. These teleological readings see the Ottoman defeat as a historical turning point when Ottoman elites turned nationalist, discovered Anatolia, and embraced the Turkish core. This article contends that such approaches frame late Ottoman history in anticipation of the later reality of nation-states, and overlook the messy and historically complex nature of the collapse of empire and the emergence of the nation-state. Although the defeat was certainly shocking for the Ottoman ruling elite, I argue that it initiated an era of debate rather than one of broad consensus. Similarly, the defeat neither marked the end of the Ottoman Empire nor heralded the coming of the Turkish Republic, but rather reinvigorated the Ottoman imperialist project.
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Kroča, Jiří, and Petr Komzák. "Trichoptera (Insecta) of the Javorníky Mts. (Czech Republic)." Acta Musei Silesiae, Scientiae Naturales 69, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cszma-2020-0010.
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Abstract A total of 79 Trichoptera species (43 genera, 16 families) were found in the Javorníky Mts. (Czech Republic), including two Carpathian species, Chaetopteryx polonica Dziedzielewicz, 1889 and Potamophylax carpathicus (Dziedzielewicz, 1912). Two further species, Rhyacophila mocsaryi Klapálek, 1898 and Rhyacophila philopotamoides McLachlan, 1879, have, until recently, only been found in the Carpathian Mts. In addition, eight species that occur infrequently or only locally in the Czech Republic were found, Synagapetus moselyi (Ulmer, 1938), Hydroptila angulata Mosely, 1922, Wormaldia pulla (McLachlan, 1878), Plectrocnemia brevis McLachlan, 1871, Tinodes unicolor (Pictet, 1834), Hydropsyche fulvipes (Curtis, 1834), Beraeamyia hrabei Mayer, 1937 and Ernodes vicinus (McLachlan, 1879). Several of these species are listed in the Red List of threatened invertebrates of the Czech Republic (one as endangered, one vulnerable and seven near threatened).
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Wei, Shuge. "CIRCUITS OF POWER: CHINA'S QUEST FOR CABLE TELEGRAPH RIGHTS 1912–1945." Journal of Chinese History 3, no. 1 (November 8, 2018): 113–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jch.2018.26.
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ABSTRACTThis article examines China’s efforts to restore cable telegraph rights from the establishment of the Republic of China to the end of World War II. Challenging the conventional dichotomy of “Chinese” and “Western” actors in rights recovery issues, this article explores the intricate power relations between foreign cable companies, international interests groups and various political factions in China. It analyses China’s reclaim of cable sovereignty in three phases, each characterised by a particular controversy—the intra-clique struggle of the Communications Clique during the early Republic and the warlord era; the rivalry between the Nationalist Party, military and the state during the Nanjing decade; and the direct Sino-Japanese conflict during wartime. The article presents the argument that for the various interest groups, ideologies such as imperialism and nationalism served as rhetoric in their respective pursuits. It was the daily political tensions that played a crucial role in shaping how cable policies were devised.
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Yap, C. T. "EDXRF Analysis of Straits Chinese Porcelains for Zirconium and Niobium Using a Cadmium-109 Source." Applied Spectroscopy 40, no. 6 (August 1986): 839–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702864508313.
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An annular Cd-109 source was used to induce fluorescent X-rays from 37 pieces of Straits Chinese porcelain of which four were modern pieces and the rest were produced from the nineteenth century up to the Republic period (1912–1939). Experimental data show that for zirconium and niobium infinite thickness is reached for a thickness of about 1.5 mm. A plot of the intensity of the Kα1 line of Zr against that of Nb shows that all Ch'ing and Republic pieces cluster together and are quite distinct from the modern pieces, allowing easy nondestructive identification of modern fakes.
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Yi, Boyoun. "Art Policy and Corresponding Development of Art Schools during the Early Republic of China (1912-1928)." Art History Forum 42 (June 30, 2016): 225–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14380/ahf.2016.42.225.
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Iofis, Boris R., and Qui Xiaona. "The Formation of the Methodical System of Teaching Classical Harmony in the People’s Republic of China." Musical Art and Education 8, no. 2 (2020): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862//2309-1428-2020-8-2-87-108.
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The article discusses the stages of the formation of the methodological system of teaching classical harmony in the People’s Republic of China. Analysis of the historical reveals the peculiarities and problems of teaching this section of the corresponding academic discipline, established in the national system of musical and musical-pedagogical education. The internal logic of this process is determined by the following parameters: the nature of the correlation of foreign experience with national characteristics and the presence (or opportunity) of other modules in the structure of the training course. On this basis, seven periods of the history of the teaching of classical harmony in China’s music education were identified and analyzed: 1842–1911 (formation of prerequisites); 1912–1926 (accumulation of primary empirical experience); 1927–1951 (methodic model of the Shanghai Conservatory); 1952–1965 (introduction of the Soviet pedagogical paradigm); 1966–1976 (crowding out foreign artistic influences and values from the cultural space); 1977–1997 (restoration of the Soviet methodic model against the backdrop of the adoption in art practice of modern forms of “Western” music and the national style based on pentatonic; 1998 - up to now (reforming the system of teaching harmony).
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Komarytsia, Mariana. "A bridge over Zbruch: Great Unity in the press of Ukrainian People’s Republic." Proceedings of Research and Scientific Institute for Periodicals, no. 10(28) (January 2020): 126–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37222/2524-0331-2020-10(28)-9.
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In the article we analyze the press publications that covered the process of realizing the idea of consolidation and its theoretical reasoning in the journals of 1918—1919 in UNR and Ukrainian State. The subject of the research is newspaper materials of such press editions as «Nova Rada» (Kyiv, 1917—1919), «Kozatska Dumka» (Berdychiv, 1917), «Vidrodzennia» (Kiev, 1918), «Vistnyk Ukrainskoi Narodnoi Respubliky » (Kyiv, Vinnytsia, Kamianets-Podilsky, 1918—1919), «Respublikanski Visty» (Vinnytsia, 1918—1919), «Respublikanski Visty» (Kharkiv, 1918), «Zhyttia Podillia» (Kamianets-Podilsky, 1918—1919), «Kievskii Kommunist» (1918—1919) and others. Analysis of publications about consolidation reveals a wide range of factors that influenced the Act of Union on January 22, 1919 — historical, mental, ideological, political and informational. At the same time it reveals the inconsistency policy of the leaders of the Ukrainian Central Rada, in particular Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, of promoting the idea of the federation (which was de facto in opposition to the idea of consolidation). We have made comparative parallels of understanding the process of unification among Galician and Dnieper Ukrainians, taking into account the fact of the presence of Ukrainian lands within different empires — Russian and Austro-Hungarian, related to this fact internal contradictions among the Ukrainian political elite, open armed aggression against Ukraine. The repressions of the Russian authorities led to the destruction of the nationally-oriented Ukrainian political elite, whose numerous representatives did not know their native language. Additionally, the influence of socialist ideology caused the priority of social demands against national ones. Representatives of the Galicians, released after the revolution from the Siberian camps, have joined the government, administrative and educational institutions of Ukraine. The opponents of consolidation were the Bolsheviks, who saw the prospects of unification only under the red flag. In the journals were published texts of documents, described the process of the celebration on January 22, 1919, abstracts of V. Vynnychenko`s, S. Petliura`s, L. Tsehelsky`s and V. Olesnitsky`s speeches, published mottos for the necessity of the unity of the nation. Keywords: consolidation, Act of Union, federation, UNR, ZUNR, ukrainian press of 1918—1919.
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Pociecha, Józef. "Statistics of Poland – the First Yearbook of Polish Lands: Authors and Content." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 5, no. 338 (September 28, 2018): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.338.14.
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The beginning of the twentieth century is a time of the development of official statistics in European countries. Due to the lack of its own independent state, it was not possible to publish a Yearbook of Poland at the time. In this context, the Polish Statistical Association (PSA) was founded in Cracow in 1912. One of its main tasks was to merge statistical information on Polish lands dispersed among statistical offices of Russia, Germany and Austria and to issue its own statistical yearbooks for Polish lands and their population. Before the beginning of World War I, the PSA was able to prepare the publication Statistics of Poland, printed in 1915, whose main authors were: A. Krzyżanowski and K. W. Kumaniecki. Many people from the intellectual elite of the country were involved in the project. The territorial scope of Statistics of Poland is interesting. It covers the territory of the first Polish Republic and the area of Upper Silesia and the southern Masuria, where Poles were the majority. Statistical data contained in Statistics of Poland amaze by their abundance even today. The importance of Statistics of Poland is that it gave arguments for the Polish delegation in the conduct of the discussions on the shape of the territory of reborn Poland in 1918 carried out at the peace conference in Versailles.
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Erős, Ferenc. "Sándor Ferenczi, Géza Róheim and the University of Budapest, 1918–19." Psychoanalysis and History 21, no. 1 (April 2019): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/pah.2019.0279.
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The article deals with the prehistory and the circumstances of Sándor Ferenczi's university career, and also discusses the university affairs of another prominent Hungarian psychoanalyst, Géza Róheim. Ferenczi's application for lectureship at the Medical Faculty was refused by the conservative professors in 1913. However, after the revolution in 1918 the university students themselves demanded Ferenczi's invitation to teach at the university. The Faculty resisted again, but finally, in April 1919 Ferenczi was appointed as professor Chair of Psychoanalytic Studies and Psychoanalytic Clinic of the Medical Faculty of the Budapest University. His appointment was confirmed by the Communist government, which came to power in March 1919. Róheim's application for lectureship was also refused, by the Philosophical Faculty, in 1917. In contrast to various legends, Róheim was not rewarded with a university chair in 1919, although he gave lectures on anthropology for different audiences and supported the cultural politics of the Councils' Republic.
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Vrančić, Frano, and Helga Ptiček. "MARXISME ET CHRISTIANISME SELON DAMAS, CÉSAIRE ET SENGHOR / MARKSIZAM I KRŠĆANSTVO PREMA DAMASU, CÉSAIREU I SENGHORU." Journal of the Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo / Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu, ISSN 2303-6990 on-line, no. 23 (November 10, 2020): 181–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.46352/23036990.2020.181.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationships of Marxism and Christianity in the literary work of the three Baobabs of Negritude – the Guyanase Léon-Gontran Damas (1912-1978), the Martiniquais Aimé Césaire (1913-2008) and the Senegalese Léopold Sédar Senghor (1906-2001). Starting from the first cries of black revolt against “the civilizing mission” and the disproportionate exploitation of the human and natural wealth of the formerly colonized countries, we will try to describe how the Marxist vision of the colonial world of young angry writers influences the virulence of their attitudes against the assimilationist policies of the French Third Republic and the colonial clergy. Finally, we will explain how Senghoraian Negritude differs from that expressed in Césaireʼs and Damasʼ work and how his catholicism and the experience of peaceful cohabitation between Senegalese Christians and Muslims inspire him to preach the civilization of the Universal, that is to say to the mixing of men and women of different races and cultures.
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Judge, Joan. "Science for the Chinese Common Reader? Myriad Treasures and New Knowledge at the Turn of the Twentieth Century." Science in Context 30, no. 3 (September 2017): 359–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889717000187.
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ArgumentThis article argues that in order to discern the place of science in the epistemology of Chinese common readers, it is critical to look beyond the coastal enclaves where foreign missionaries and experts interacted with Chinese scholars and officials, beyond the translated treatises they produced, and even beyond the various forms of new media that attempted to more widely disseminate the principles of Western science. Instead, it asserts the need to engage a different register of materials that were less directly tied to foreign expertise, more directly in line with pre-existing lineages of printed materials, and at the same time, integral to early-twentieth-century Chinese circuits of information. The article focuses explicitly on one print phenomena that has been completely overlooked in the scholarship to date, the expansion and revitalization of the genre of texts known aswanbao quanshu萬寶全書 (comprehensive compendia of myriad treasures) in the late Qing (1890-1911) and early Republic (1912-1930).
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Gong, Nian, and Dong-hun Lee. "A Study on the Animation Education in Jinling University during the Republic of China (1912-1949)." Journal of Communication Design 62 (January 31, 2018): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.25111/jcd.2018.62.08.
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Omelchuk, Olesia. "Writers and figures of theater between ‘Ukrainian People’s Republic’ and ‘Directory’." Слово і Час, no. 4 (August 2, 2020): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33608/0236-1477.2020.04.19-31.
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Studying the artistic heritage and creative life in 1917—1919 significantly complements the biographies of many Ukrainian writers and influences the usual perceptions of the Ukrainian literary process overall. Against the backdrop of this period, the proletarian cultural conception no longer seems to be all-inclusive. After all, a great number of ideas, themes, and creative pursuits of 1917—1919 became a prologue to the cultural dialogue of the following years, being at the same time rooted in pre-revolutionary artistic development. For the Soviet political and cultural memory the establishment of Ukrainian statehood in 1917—1919 becomes a traumatic memory for a long time. As the present paper shows, the process over the Union of Liberation of Ukraine (SVU) in 1929—1930 was a perversion of the solemn action in honor of the short-lived triumph of the Directory of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in 1918, and in general became the quintessence of the political and symbolic delegitimization of the ‘Petliurian’ and ‘Hetmanian’ history. Despite the difficult political situation, 1918 was marked not only by vibrant creative life, but also by the daily attempts to normalize the course of artistic activity in accordance with legal laws and commercial logic. As an example, the author of the paper reconstructs some aspects of the theatrical and literary life of 1918, which were covered on the pages of the Kyiv daily newspaper “Vidrodzhennia” and also such periodicals as “Robitnycha Hazeta”, “Nova Rada”, “Narodna Volia”, etc. The paper focuses on the publications by Yakiv Savchenko, Les Kurbas, Mykhail Semenko and public polemics between representatives of “Molodyi Teatr”, “Teatralna Rada”, and the Military Society “Batkivshchyna”.
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Barysheva, Ekaterina A. "Programs for Preservation of the National Book Heritage in the Library Policy of the People’s Republic of China." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 69, no. 1 (March 11, 2020): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2020-69-1-73-84.
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The purpose of the article is to summarize the information on the state of collections of ancient and rare books in the library institutions of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) by the beginning of the 21st century, to consider the content and the course of implementation of the state programs of the PRC in the field of registration, cataloguing, conservation, restoration, preservation and promotion of the national book heritage monuments. The author presents definitions of the terms “Ancient books” and “Rare books” used in China. All manuscript books and printed publications created before 1912 are considered Ancient books. Rare books include all books dated back to the period before 1795 and editions published in 1796—1912 that have outstanding historical, cultural, art and aesthetic value, as well as publishing products and documents from the period of the Republic of China (1912—1949). Chinese publications often use the term “Rare ancient books”, which refers to all manuscript books and printed publications before 1795. There are about 27 million 175 thousand copies of ancient books in the country’s libraries, including 2,5 million books created before 1795; and about 45 thousand ancient books have been preserved in a single copy.The article focuses on the programs developed with the participation of the National Library of China (NLC) and approved by the PRC Government in 2007—2018. The author reveals the main provisions of the “National Plan for Preservation of Ancient Books” (2007), as well as the powers and tasks of the National Centre for Conservation and Preservation of Ancient Chinese Books (NC), which has become the lead agency responsible for the implementation of the Plan. The paper considers the system of regional and local centres for the conservation and restoration of ancient and rare books, headed by the NC, that has developed in the PRC at present, shows the role of these centres in the field of identification, registration and cataloguing of book heritage monuments, in the creation and maintenance of a normative storage regime in old library buildings, ensuring the activities of restoration workshops, digitization of documents, preparation and online publication of full-text databases of ancient and rare books. The article emphasizes the importance of the National Museum of Classical Books, opened in July 2014 at the NLC, for promoting the national book heritage.The author notes that the priority task for the coming years is the construction of three new buildings of the National Book Depository in Beijing and Chéngdé (Hebei Province). The article concludes that over the past ten years, owing to the government support and targeted funding, China has managed to organize systematic activities in the field of conservation, preservation and promotion of the national book heritage.
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Zappia, Natale A. "These People Have Always Been a Republic: Indigenous Electorates in the US-Mexico Borderlands, 1598–1912." Hispanic American Historical Review 100, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 691–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-8646966.
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Osburn, Katherine M. B. "These People Have Always Been a Republic: Indigenous Electorates in the US-Mexico Borderlands, 1598–1912." Ethnohistory 68, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00141801-8702558.
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Petr, Pavel. "Superficiary Right of Building: Origin and Development in Central Europe." DANUBE: Law and Economics Review 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/danb-2016-0008.
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Abstract The Czech Republic has been dealing for the last four years with a legal revolution in the field of private law. A new Civil Code was adopted in 2012 and many new and forgotten legal figures were restored in the text of the code. An interesting example of forgotten legal figures is the superficiary right of building, which has again entered the legal order of the Czech Republic after a long one hundred years. Unlike the Act on the Superficiary Right of Building of 1912, the new Civil Code extends the scope of persons that may create the superficiary right of building to their land. This should eliminate the obstacle that has substantially limited its wider use. The superficiary right of building is not likely to become a legal concept very frequently seen in public registers. The aim of this paper is, therefore, a reflection on divided ownership and the purpose and genesis of the superficiary right of building in relation to its origins, as well as a prediction of future developments of this legal concept in the real estate market. To analyse the concept, the paper employs formal and legal methods (logical, grammatical and historical method). A comparative study is conducted in the spirit of the comparative method. The superficiary right of building is a suitable complement to the range of options of property rights offered by the new Civil Code. The author concludes that the use of the superficiary right of building, although not limited in comparison with the 1912 Act, will likely be less frequent and focused on longer-term projects.
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Ustjuzhanin, P. Ya, and V. N. Kovtunovich. "Many-plumed moths of the republic of South Africa (Lepidoptera, Alucitidae)." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 7, no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 640–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2017_173.
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The present study provides a review of 26 Alucitidae species of the Republic of South Africa. 5 species are reported for the first time for the fauna of RSA. New synonymies are established for 3 species: Alucita brachyzona (Meyrick, 1920) is synonymized under Alucita tesserata (Meyrick, 1918), and Alucita megaphimus (Hering, 1917) and Alucita loxoschista (Meyrick, 1931) are synonymized under Alucita seychellensis (T.B. Fletcher, 1910). The type localities, general distribution in RSA and in its provinces are given.
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Olgun, Kenan. "By-elections in the 1908-1912 Ottoman Assembly of Deputies." Journal of Human Sciences 16, no. 2 (April 21, 2019): 505–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v16i2.5702.
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The 1908 Assembly of Deputies (Meclis-i Mebusan), which opened on December 17th 1908 after the proclamation of the second Constitutional Monarchy, witnessed a colorful parliamentary life. While the things happened in this assembly created the first examples in terms of the democracy adventure of Turkey, the applications to be performed or the ongoing ones later served as a model for the Turkish Republic. Particularly the things that happened in the assembly after 1910 have the characteristics of setting an example for the following periods. The Assembly of Deputies in the Ottoman State, which opened in 1908 after a long period of thirty years, had a solemn opening ceremony on December 17th. The opening ceremony was prepared days before by considering even the smallest details, and the ones who would attend the ceremony, the places where the invitees would stand and the marches to be sung were all determined. Many domestic and foreign viewers came to the opening ceremony to which Sultan Abdulhamid II also attended and due to the crowd, there were no vacancies left in the hotels and inns in Istanbul. Therefore, many mosques and schools were assigned to the visitors as places to stay. 230 deputies were present at the opening ceremony of the 1908 Assembly of Deputies, where 281 deputies were elected. 281 deputies were elected as members of the 1908-1912 Assembly of Deputies and about 324 different deputies took part in the Assembly during the four working periods. In this study, within the scope of the statistical information, we will lay emphasis on the 43 deputies that differed. Before proceeding to the by-elections, it would be beneficial to emphasize the election system in the Ottoman State and the working period of the Assembly of Deputies in this period in order to better understand the subject matter.
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Abrosimova, M. Yu, I. Yu Artemyeva, and E. Yu Pospelova. "The history of kazan medical scientific societies and their role in solving crucial questions of medicine and healthcare." Kazan medical journal 95, no. 2 (April 15, 2014): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2052.
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The second half of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century is rightly named «The Golden Age of Russian science». At this time, scientific schools in Russia, including Kazan Emperor’s University and its medical faculty, established at May 14, 1814, were uprising. On the eve of 200-year jubilee of Kazan State Medical University the study of cooperation between Kazan medical scientific schools with medical scientific societies is of major importance. Their shared impact in public healthcare development is the subject of the article. The first medical scientific society established in 1868 was the society of Kazan doctors. Its history can be divided to 3 periods. The first period - 1868 to 1875 - is the establishment of the society as an independent scientific institution. The second - 1877 to 1917 - is the activity affiliated with Kazan University. The third - 1917 to 1931 - activities during the Soviet era, associated with establishment of a novel healthcare system. After the first Russian revolution (1905-1907) the process of creating specialized medical scientific societies, intimately connected to the appropriate medical scientific schools, has started. In 1931, the society of Kazan doctors was reorganized into the Regional association of medical scientific societies. Together with the society of Kazan doctors, there were: a society of natural scientists in Kazan University (1869), Kazan society of military medicine and sanitation (1886), Kazan branch of the Russian society of the healthcare (1880), Kazan society for fighting with children’s mortality and infective diseases (1909), League for fighting tuberculosis (1912) and sexually transmitted diseases (1918), also making an impact in developing medicine and healthcare. Independent medical scientific societies are created in the thirties of the XX century. Kazan medical scientific societies had a great impact in healthcare development in the XIX-XX centuries and promoted the development of Kazan medical scientific schools. Medical faculty of Kazan Emperor’s University, Kazan State Medical Institute and Kazan State Medical University played a great role in foundation and development of medical scientific societies in the Republic of Tatarstan.
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Górnicki, Leonard. "Pogranicza systemów prawnych, w szczególności pozaborowych, w pracach nad kodyfikacjami prawa cywilnego i handlowego w II RP." Prawo 324 (December 31, 2017): 129–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.324.7.
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Mixed legal systems, especially those of Poland’s former partitioners, and the work on the codification of civil and commercial law in the Second Polish RepublicThe author explores the question of codification of civil and commercial law in the Second Polish Republic in conditions of mixed legal systems, especially those of Poland’s former partitioners. The co-existence in independent Poland of several legal systems prompted the country’s codifiers to conduct extensive comparative studies, as a result of which in the codification process they drew also on other legislative systems from Europe and even other continents.The author argues that the common denominator, developed by Poland’s Codification Commission, of the intermingled legislations encompassed primarily the legislations of the partitioning states, complemented by other legal systems, and what bound them together was the Polish, original legal thought. A model, not always enactable, consisted in creating a synthesis of the legislations of the former partitioners and more recent developments in law. In particular, the codifiers wanted to avoid radical solutions highlighting one system or model of law in order to avoid too great upheavals in the various provinces of the state. A model example of putting the idea of “mixed systems” into practice is the Code of Obligations of 1933, which combined elements of the Romanesque and the German systems. Both these systems were also in evidence — in varying mutual relations and scope of use — in other acts of parliament and draft codifications of civil law. In the Commercial Code, on the other hand, pragmatic considerations prevailed over the idea of a synthesis, hence the predominance of German and Austrian solutions. In the laws concerning industrial property, the provisions dealing with the fundamental question of obtaining patents were based on the Romanesque system, while the Act on Combatting Unfair Competition was closer to the French rather than the German system. The Polish bill of exchange law, taking into account convention-based solutions the bill of exchange rules of 1910 and 1912, was similar to the German regulations; similarly, the Polish cheque law was based on the provisions of the Hague Convention of 1912, the Austrian and the German cheque laws as well as the later cheque rules of 1931.Die Grenzgebiete der Rechtssysteme, insbesondere der Nachteilungszeit, in den Kodifizierungsarbeiten betreffend das Zivil- und Handelsrecht der Zweiten Polnischen RepublikDer Verfasser behandelt die Probleme der Kodifizierung des Zivil- und Handelsrechts in der Zweiten Polnischen Republik vor dem Hintergrund der Berücksichtigung der Grenzgebiete von Rechtssystemen, insbesondere der Nachteilungszeit. Die Koexistenz von einigen Rechtssystemen im unabhängigen Polen veranlasste unsere Kodifikatoren, umfangreiche vergleichende Rechtsanalysen durchzuführen. Infolge dessen hat man bei der Kodifikation des Rechts zu anderen europäischen und sogar weltweiten Gesetzgebungsverfahren gegriffen.Der Autor beweist, dass vor allem das Recht der Nachteilungszeit und ergänzend auch andere Rechtssysteme den gemeinsamen, durch die Kodifikationskommission der Republik Polen ausgearbeiteten Nenner für die sich durchdringenden Einflüsse verschiedener Rechtsvorschriften bildeten, und die polnische, originelle Rechtsidee diente als verbindendes Element. Ein gewisses Modell, das nicht immer realisierbar war, stellte eine Synthese des Rechts der Nachteilungszeit und der neuen Strömungen im Recht dar. Man wollte insbesondere radikale Lösungen vermeiden, die ein gewisses System bzw. ein Rechtsmodell einseitig bevorzugen, damit zu den zu weit gehenden Erschütterungen in den einzelnen Staatsteilen nicht kommt.Die Idee des „Grenzlandes“ realisierte fast modellartig das Schuldrechtsbuch von 1933, das in sich die Elemente des romanischen und germanischen Systems vereinigte. Diese beiden Systeme, im diversen gegenseitigen Verhältnis und verschieden angewandt, waren auch in anderen Gesetzen und Kodifikationsentwürfen aus dem Bereich des Zivilrechts sichtbar.Beim Handelsgesetzbuch wiederum waren pragmatische Gründe stärker als die Idee der Synthese, so dominierten hier die deutschen und österreichischen Lösungen. Die Vorschriften betreffend gewerbliche Schutzrechte, bezogen auf die fundamentale Frage zur Erlangung eines Patents, wurde auf dem romanischen System gestützt, das Gesetz über die Bekämpfung des unlauteren Wettbewerbs stand dagegen dem französischen System näher. Das polnische Wechselrecht, unter Berücksichtigung der konventionalen Lösungen Wechselreglement aus den Jahren 1910 und 1912 platzierte sich im Bereich der germanischen Rechtsvorschriften. Auch das Scheckrecht basierte auf den Bestimmungen der Hager Konferenz von 1912, auf dem österreichischen und deutschem Scheckgesetz und auch dem späteren einheitlichen Scheckreglement aus dem Jahre 1931.
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BUŞMACHIU, GALINA, LOUIS DEHARVENG, and WANDA MARIA WEINER. "A new species of the genus Lathriopyga Caroli, 1912 (Collembola, Neanuridae, Neanurinae) from the Republic of Moldova." Zootaxa 2639, no. 1 (October 7, 2010): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2639.1.5.
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A new species of the genus Lathriopyga Caroli, from the Republic of Moldova is described and figured. It differs from its closest relative, Lathriopyga bulgarica Smolis, Skarżyński & Pomorski, by the presence of 3+3 chaetae Di on Abd. V, Di1 as a long macrochaeta, Di2, Di3 as short macrochaetae, presence of three chaetae Oc on head and the form of mandible (with 6–7 denticles appearing as a fringe between apical and basal teeth).
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Hanzalová, A., V. Dumalasová, T. Sumí kova, and P. Bartoš. "Rust resistance of the French wheat cultivar Renan." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 43, No. 2 (January 7, 2008): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1912-cjgpb.
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Our field experiments confirmed the leaf rust resistance of cv. Renan in the Czech Republic. Whereas the leaf rust resistance gene <i>Lr37</i> possessed by Renan is generally effective as late as at the adult plant stage, we found one leaf rust isolate that caused resistant to moderately resistant reactions on NIL <i>Lr37</i> as well as on the cv. Renan already at the seedling stage. This isolate was used in the study of genetics of the leaf rust resistance of cv. Renan in greenhouse experiments. The presence of translocation from <i>Aegilops ventricosa</i> carrying the cluster of rust resistance genes <i>Lr37</i>, <i>Sr38</i> and <i>Yr17</i> was also determined by a PCR molecular marker. All experiments confirmed the presence of <i>Lr37</i> gene in cv. Renan. The presence of <i>Lr14a</i>, postulated earlier, could not be verified. The resistance of cv. Renan in the field was slightly higher than that of the line Tc/8//VPM1 possessing <i>Lr37</i>, which may indicate a more complex genetic base of leaf rust resistance in the cv. Renan. In the progeny of the cross Boka/Renan leaf rust resistance gene <i>Lr37</i> behaved as a recessive or partially dominant gene, stem rust resistance gene <i>Sr38</i> as a dominant gene.
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Brázdil, Rudolf, Pavel Zahradníček, Petr Dobrovolný, Oldřich Kotyza, and Hubert Valášek. "Historical and recent viticulture as a source of climatological knowledge in the Czech Republic." Geografie 113, no. 4 (2008): 351–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2008113040351.
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The cultivation of the vine (Vinis vinifera) that yields grapes for wine manufacture is strongly influenced by the weather. This relationship enables the use of historical viticultural data (e.g., the start date of the grape harvest, notes on wine quality and quantity) for the reconstruction of temperatures and weather extremes in past times. This paper summarises the basics of the relationship between viticulture and climate in the Czech Lands. We compile historical observations before AD 1500 and for the 16th-18th centuries from various types of documentary evidence. The starting dates of the grape harvest in Znojmo for 1800-1890 are used for the reconstruction of April-August temperatures in Brno. The quality of the wine from Bzenec (1800-1890), Znojmo (1802-1845) and Bohutice (1861-1912) is analysed with respect to temperatures corresponding to excellent, good, average and bad wine. Times of flowering and grape harvest are compared with temperatures at the Velké Pavlovice station for the period 1956-2007 and 1984-2007, for various grape varieties.
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Xu, Xinjian. "Official Tradition and Intellectual Narations—“Folklore Movement” in the Era of the “Republic of China” (1912-1949)." Comparative Literature: East & West 4, no. 1 (March 2002): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/25723618.2002.12015314.
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Deák, George. "Ervin Sinkó's Search for Community: The Early Years, 1898-1919." Hungarian Cultural Studies 12 (August 1, 2019): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2019.348.
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Before the political shift that occurred in1989, the biographies of early communists who had participated in the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919 could not be the subjects of critical histories. Later, such historical actors were either vilified or simply neglected. This article contributes to the reversal of this neglect by examining the youth of the novelist Ervin Sinkó (1898-1967), who both participated in the rule of the Soviet Republic and authored Optimisták, Történelmi regény 1918-1919-ből [‘The Optimists, a Historical Novel About 1918-1919’]. This article describes how the experience of anti-Semitism and traumas caused by the First World War led Sinkó through a number of fluid, intermediary stages that culminated in his support of communism; eventually, however, Sinkó’s experiences within the Soviet Republic’s regime prompted him to abandon communism in favor of an idiosyncratic form of Christianity. From another perspective, this work also traces the concurrent development of Sinkó's personality, from that of an aggressive adolescent to a compassionate adult.
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Zhao, Xiang Wu, and Won Jun Chung. "A Study on the Design of Record Packaging in Shanghai during the Period of the People's Republic of China (1912-1949)." Treatise on The Plastic Media 22, no. 4 (November 30, 2019): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35280/kotpm.2019.22.4.9.
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Zaharijević, Adriana, Kristen Ghodsee, Efi Kanner, Árpád von Klimó, Matthew Stibbe, Tatiana Zhurzhenko, Žarka Svirčev, et al. "Book Reviews." Aspasia 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 188–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/asp.2019.130118.
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Athena Athanasiou, Agonistic Mourning: Political Dissidence and the Women in Black, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017, xii + 348 pp., £19.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-4744-2015-0.Maria Bucur and Mihaela Miroiu, Birth of Democratic Citizenship: Women and Power in Modern Romania, Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 2018, 189 pp., $35.00 (рaperback), ISBN 978-0-25302-564-7.Katherina Dalakoura and Sidiroula Ziogou-Karastergiou, Hē ekpaideusē tôn gynaikôn, gynaikes stēn ekpaideusē: Koinônikoi, ideologikoi, ekpaideutikoi metaschēmatismoi kai gynaikeia paremvasē (18os–20os ai.) (Women’s education, women in education: Social, ideological, educational transformations, and women’s interventions [18th–20th centuries]), Athens: Greek Academic Electronic Manuals/Kallipos Repository, 2015, 346 pp., e-book: http://hdl.handle.net/11419/2585, ISBN: 978-960-603-290-5. Provided free of charge by the Association of Greek Academic Libraries.Melissa Feinberg, Curtain of Lies: The Battle over Truth in Stalinist Eastern Europe, New York: Oxford University Press, 2017, 232 pp., $74.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-19-064461-1.Christa Hämmerle, Oswald Überegger, and Birgitta Bader Zaar, eds., Gender and the First World War, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, 276 pp., £69.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-349-45379-5.Oksana Kis, Ukrayinky v Hulahu: Vyzhyty znachyt’ peremohty (Ukrainian women in the Gulag: Survival means victory), Lvіv: Institute of Ethnology, 2017, 288 pp., price not listed (paperback), ISBN: 978-966-02-8268-1.Ana Kolarić, Rod, modernost i emancipacij a: Uredničke politike u časopisima “Žena” (1911–1914) i “The Freewoman” (1911–1912) (Gender, modernity, and emancipation: Editorial politics in the journals “Žena” [The woman] [1911–1914] and “The Freewoman” [1911–1912]), Belgrade: Fabrika knjiga, 2017, 253 pp., €14 (paperback), ISBN 978-86-7718-168-0.Agnieszka Kościańska, Zobaczyć łosia: Historia polskiej edukacji seksualnej od pierwszej lekcji do internetu (To see a moose: The history of Polish sex education from the first lesson to the internet), Wołowiec: Czarne, 2017, 424 pp., PLN 44.90 (hardback), ISBN 978-83-8049-545-6.Irina Livezeanu and Árpád von Klimó, eds., The Routledge History of East Central Europe since 1700, New York: Routledge, 2017, 522 pp., GBP 175 (hardback), ISBN 978-0-415-58433-3.Zsófia Lóránd, The Feminist Challenge to the Socialist State in Yugoslavia, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan 2018, 270 pp., €88.39 (hardback), €71.39 (e-book), ISBN 978-3-319-78222-5.Marina Matešić and Svetlana Slapšak, Rod i Balkan (Gender and the Balkans), Zagreb: Durieux, 2017, 333 pp., KN 168 (hardback), ISBN 978-953-188-425-9.Ana Miškovska Kajevska, Feminist Activism at War: Belgrade and Zagreb Feminists in the 1990s, London: Routledge, 2017, 186 pp., £105.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-138-69768-3.Ivana Pantelić, Uspon i pad “prve drugarice” Jugoslavij e: Jovanka broz i srpska javnost, 1952–2013 (The rise and fall of the “first lady comrade” of Yugoslavia: Jovanka Broz and Serbian public, 1952–2013), Belgrade: Službeni glasnik, 2018, 336 pp., RSD 880 (paperback), ISBN 978-86-519-2251-3.Fatbardha Mulleti Saraçi, Kalvari i grave në burgjet e komunizmit (The cavalry of women in communist prisons), Tirana: Instituti i Studimit të Krimeve dhe Pasojave të Komunizmit; Tiranë: Kristalina-KH, 2017, 594 pp., 12000 AL Lek (paperback), ISBN 978-9928-168-71-9.Žarka Svirčev, Avangardistkinje: Ogledi o srpskoj (ženskoj) avangardnoj književnosti (Women of the avant-garde: Essays on Serbian (female) avant-garde literature), Belgrade, Šabac: Institut za književnost i umetnost, Fondacij a “Stanislava Vinaver,” 2018, 306 pp., RSD 800 (paperback), ISBN 978-86-7095259-1.Şirin Tekeli, Feminizmi düşünmek (Thinking feminism), İstanbul: Bilgi University, 2017, 503 pp., including bibliography, appendices, and index, TRY 30 (paperback), ISBN: 978-605-399-473-2.Zafer Toprak, Türkiye’de yeni hayat: Inkılap ve travma 1908–1928 (New life in Turkey: Revolution and trauma 1908–1928), Istanbul: Doğan Kitap, 2017, 472 pp., TRY 40 (paperback), ISBN 978-605-09-4721-2.Wang Zheng, Finding Women in the State: A Socialist Feminist Revolution in the People’s Republic of China, 1949–1964, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2016, 380 pp., 31.45 USD (paperback), ISBN 978-0-520-29229-1.
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MITTER, RANA. "MODERNITY, INTERNATIONALIZATION, AND WAR IN THE HISTORY OF MODERN CHINA." Historical Journal 48, no. 2 (May 27, 2005): 523–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x05004498.
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Twenty years ago, the study of modern China in the west was heavily focused on rural China. It used the rise to power of the Chinese Communist Party as its overarching narrative, and treated the communist victory of 1949 as a watershed. This review surveys several recent trends in the writing of Chinese history in the west which have challenged these models. Among the changes of emphasis in the field that are noted are: a new interest in China's place in global history, urban history, and the history of consumption; a rethinking of the significance of nationalism and imperialism; warfare as a vehicle of sociocultural change; and a reinterpretation of Chinese modernity that stresses the similarities, as well as the differences, between the Chinese Communist Party and its predecessors, the Nationalists, and also stresses continuities as well as changes across the ‘barrier’ date of 1949. The review highlights areas of interest to non-specialists in Chinese history, and concentrates on studies of the Republican period (1912–49) published since the 1990s, although it also covers work covering topics in the late imperial and early People's Republic periods.