Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Republic of uganda'

Background: Despite the acknowledged importance of economic assessments for public health interventions at the human-animal-ecosystem interface, there are currently limited economic methodologies for doing so. In this thesis studies were undertaken to ascertain the economic impact of interventions to control trypanosomiasis and taeniasis/cysticercosis in south-east Uganda and northern Lao PDR respectively. Also, in Uganda studies were done to find out if demand of draft cattle would be an important economic driver for spreading trypanosomiasis due to inter-district trade. Method: In Uganda, a one year recall cross-sectional baseline survey and an 18 month longitudinal survey of 660 households was conducted; to determine the benefits and changes due to restricted application of deltamethrin insecticide to only the legs, belly and ears of cattle. During the 18 month study, the households participating in the study were divided into six regimes depending on the type of intervention done in their cattle and these were; diminazine injection only, deworming only, no treatment and those had 25%, 50% and 75% of the total village cattle sprayed. Thus, the first three regimes were those households that had their cattle not sprayed with insecticide at all as opposed to the last three. Additionally, cattle trade data was collected for network and value chain analysis in all markets in Tororo and Namutamba districts from 199 cattle traders. In northern Lao PDR, stochastic modelling was done to determine the burden of neurocysticercosis associated epilepsy and soil transmitted helminthes. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 49 households, focusing on the prevalence of cysticercosis and soil transmitted helminths before and after a twelve month intervention to control a hyperendemic focus of Taenia solium. The village data was then extrapolated to the wider northern Lao PDR population. Results: The Uganda study indicated that the restricted application of deltamethrin in cattle induced change of USD 31 per head of adult bovine per year; this was the change in income that directly occurred due to restricted spraying of cattle with deltamethrin. During the intervention period, the annual difference in income between those households that had their cattle sprayed using restricted application protocol and those that did not was USD 123; and this was significant (t= 7.18, p= < 0.001). Analysis of variance using households that had their cattle receive no treatment as control showed that restricted application of deltamethrin significantly increased household income compared to diminazine aceturate injection and deworming of cattle only. The incremental benefit cost ratio of spraying 0% to 25% of the cattle was found to be the highest (16:1) compared to spraying 25% to 50% (3:1) and 50% to 75% (1:1) of the cattle. Cattle trade network and value chain analysis revealed that the key cattle markets from which trypanosomiasis is likely to spread into Tororo District are Molo, Namutumba and Soroti. Also, it was found that the risk of spread of human African trypanosomiasis from south-east to north-west Uganda is high due to the increased demand for male cattle for draft work. In northern Lao PDR, 5,094 (95% CI: 25.6-28,940) DALYs were estimated to be imposed annually due to Taenia solium associated epilepsy, with 446.4 (95% CI: 2.2- 2,536) DALY imposed per 100,000 person-years. Due to the high benefits to pig production, the net monetary cost per DALY averted for simultaneously controlling T. solium, soil transmitted helminthes and classical swine fever was only USD 14, which fell to USD 11 if the separable cost method were applied. If the intervention did not target pigs, then the cost per DALY averted was USD 44; well below the current standard for ’very cost effective ‘of the 1 year’s per capita GDP. Conclusion: This study provided empirical evidence for evaluating the impact of quantifying the benefits of controlling zoonotic diseases in the livestock sector (Uganda case study) and in both livestock and human health populations (Lao PDR case study); this economic assessment approach can be used for planning future integrated health interventions. The results of this study support the policy of preventing the spread of infection by spraying at least 25% of the cattle using RAP, as well as injecting all cattle in key livestock markets in south east Uganda with diminazine aceturate to prevent HAT. In northern Lao PDR, simultaneous control of T. solium, soil transmitted helminths and classical swine fever is the most cost-effective approach. There are still difficulties in incorporating human and animal parameters into a single analytical framework; consequently there is a need to adapt the approaches undertaken in this study to the analysis of other zoonotic diseases in different settings to improve on their robustness.

Diese Ausgabe präsentiert 6 Artikel, die sich mit der linguistischen und kulturellen Diversität in der Republik Uganda befassen. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt der Frage, wie sich Sprache, Sprachvielfalt und Multilingualismus in öffentlichen und kulturellen Bereichen des täglichen Lebens widerspiegeln. Die Artikel basieren auf Daten und Erfahrungen, die im März 2003 in Uganda gesammelt wurden.

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This thesis analyzes the dilemmas that both democratic and democratizing states face while dealing with terrorism-related problems. This problem has been equally pressing to a country like Uganda because it has been experiencing the problem of terrorism while undergoing the process of democratization. Much of the discussion boils down to whether and at what point forceful measures against terrorism protect or imperil the democracy. The challenge is how to balance counterterrorism measures and uphold democratic principles. The thesis discusses various approaches and experiences used by democratic states, using the United States and the United Kingdom as examples in tackling the problem of terrorism. From a policy perspective, immediately after 9/11, leaders from the United States and the United Kingdom introduced broad new authorities and legal measures in such laws as the U.S. Patriot Act and The Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act of 2001 of the UK. Using the experiences of these countries, Uganda adopted similar approaches by introducing the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2002, through which counterterrorism efforts have been handled. This study concludes by identifying some of the contradictions brought about by the new policies and examining their impact on both developed democracies and democratizing states like Uganda.

Anaemia is a worldwide public health concern. Anaemia is multifactorial and its related factors are classified according to their position in the pathophysiological process. Socioeconomic and demographic factors such as poor education, cultural norms such as food taboos can predispose children and women to anaemia through immediate causes such as physiological, biological, diet and infections. However, socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with anaemia are not widely reported and it is difficult to find published literature on this subject, which could be due to the lack of data. The objective of this research is to provide an understanding of socioeconomic and demographic factors related with anaemia among children and women and the links between anaemia during childhood and child nutritional status which can be used as a basis for policy formulation, planning and implementation. Almost three quarters of children and half of women in DRC (2007), Uganda (2006) and Malawi (2004) are anaemic. Multilevel ordinal regression models were fitted for anaemia among children and multilevel logistic regression models for anaemia among women. The models showed variations in anaemia prevalence within the countries at the community level. However, country level interactions indicate that there are no significant differences in the risk of anaemia in children and women between these countries. Endogenous switching regression models were fitted to the data to explore the link between anaemia and child’s health outcomes. Anaemia is endogenous to children’s nutritional status (weight-for-age z-scores) which should be accounted for. The prevalence of anaemia is high in DRC (71%), Uganda (74%) and Malawi (73%) and anaemia is a severe public health problem in the three countries. Although it will take considerable time for the three countries to control anaemia, it is not an impossible task. By improving nutrition and iron status, and treating helminth and malaria infections, the prevalence of anaemia can decrease as observed in Malawi in 2010. More effort is needed to identify the pathways through which anaemia within each country may be addressed.

Uganda currently hosts 1.4 million refugees and conflict-affected people. Known as the “best place” in Africa to be a refugee, Uganda’s policies encourage self-sufficiency and local integration. However, many refugees, particularly women and girls, face persistent challenges. Understanding the reproductive health needs of this population and exploring the accessibility of services for conflict-affected populations in this low-income host country is a priority. This multi-methods study aimed to assess the reproductive health needs of displaced Congolese women in camp- and urban-based settings in Uganda. We interviewed key informants, facilitated focus group discussions with refugee women, and conducted in-depth interviews with Congolese women of reproductive age to better understand knowledge, attitudes, practices, and services. Our results suggest that Congolese refugees have significant unmet reproductive health needs. Maternal health and delivery care is characterized by insufficient human resources, inconsistent medication availability, discrimination, bribery, and communications challenges. The availability of contraceptive products, including emergency contraception, is limited in camp-based settings due to supply-chain management challenges and theft by staff; lack of contraceptive knowledge among Congolese refugees shapes use. Finally, the legal restrictions on abortion lead to unsafe practices among refugees and pose a barrier to the provision of post-abortion care. This study provides insight for opportunities to improve the delivery of sexual and reproductive health services to refugees in Uganda to ensure that the infrastructure and processes align with national policies and international guidelines.

Twenty years has passed since the adopted of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, which aims to strengthen the gender perspective in conflict settings as well as address inequalities related to sexually gender-based violence. Still, the concrete impact it has had on sexual violence in armed conflict, is questioned. Additionally, it is questioned if it reaches the grassroot level in armed conflict settings. Thus, this study has examined what factors that may have hindered a successful implementation on a grassroot level in the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda. Furthermore, it has examined the concrete impact on the efforts against sexual violence in these areas. This was done by firstly, conducting a policy analysis using the “What’s the Problem Represented to be?” approach to identify underlying problematics within the resolution. Additionally, semi-structed interviews were conducted with respondents having experience in working with the resolution and/or sexual violence in armed conflict. The results showed, among other things, that the complex construction of the resolution have been a hindering factor for a successful implementation. Additionally, the concrete change for the efforts against sexual violence in conflict settings is lacking. However, the empowerment that the resolution has provided to those working with these issues, is still an important impact.

"The problem of displacement remains formidable, especially in Africa. It is exacerbated by Afirca's continuous conflicts and bad policies that are taken and effected in the name of development. Women and children remain the worst victims of internal displacement. This is so because in real life, women and children are vulnerable. Thus adding on internal displacement is too much for them. There is still no international enforceable mechanism by which the protection of the rights of internally displaced persons (IDPs), and in particular women and children, can be ensured. This leaves such rights at the mercy of the states within which the internal displacement occurs. ... Chapter 2 will comprise of analysis of who an IDP is and the magnitude of the problem of internal displacement in Uganda and the DRC. This will also entail identification of the causes of internal displacement in both countries. Chapter 3 will identify and critically analyse the rights of women and children as IDPs. This analysis will focus on the conditions prevailing in Uganda and the DRC. Chapter 4 will come up with detailed and comprehensive recommendations as to what can be done to attain the acknowledgement, protection and enforcement of the rights of women and children that arise out of internal displacement. Chapter 5 will have a suitable conclusion to the study. It will show whether the findings of the study prove its hypotheses." -- Introduction.
Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004.
Prepared under the supervision of Prof. Jean-Didier Boukongu and Dr. Atangcho Ndji Akonumbo at the Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaounde, Cameroon
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Y chromosome DNA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation were examined in Ugandans, Zambians, Biaka Pygmies and non-Pygmies from the Central African Republic. Y chromosome DNA variation was also examined in populations from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Data generated in this study were analysed together with published data to (1) clarify the understanding of the overall patterns of haploid genetic variation in Africa; (2) examine genetic affinities among central African and other African populations; (3) assess the concordance of haploid markers with different mutation rates in assessing population affinities; (4) compare male and female migration rates in African populations; and (5) refine theories regarding the prehistory of central Africa populations based on linguistics and archaeology. Sixteen biallelic and eight microsatellite Y-specific markers were examined in 369 central African individuals. Eleven Y chromosome haplogroups (HGs A, B*, B-M150, B-Ml 12, B- M211, E-M191, E-M2, E-M35, E-M40, FJ and R) and 174 compound haplotypes were identified. The mtDNA 9-bp deletion, 3592 Hpal and 10397 Alul restriction polymorphisms, and two hypervariable regions (HVRs) were examined in 397 individuals. A total of 246 mtDNA types were identified and classified into 19 mtDNA subhaplogroups. Using Y chromosome data, central African populations shared close genetic affinities with each other and with populations from west and southern Africa. Extensive unidirectional Y chromosome gene flow from non-Pygmy populations to Biaka Pygmies was observed. Using mtDNA data, central African non-Pygmy populations shared close genetic affinities with each other and with populations from west, east and southern Africa. MtDNA studies indicated almost complete maternal genetic isolation of Biaka. Overall, using both mtDNA and Y chromosome data, pan-African populations were best grouped by geographic rather than by linguistic criteria. Different mtDNA and Y chromosome data types revealed similar genetic relationships among African populations. Female migration rates appear to have exceeded male migration rates in non-Pygmy central African populations in this study, whilst the opposite was found in Biaka Pygmies. Data types at different levels of resolution suggested that male and female migration rates in Africa may have differed over time, and may not have been significantly different. This research has provided new insights into the complex demographic history that shaped the present-day genetic landscape of central African populations.
WHSLYP2016

This thesis seeks to analyze the international humanitarian laws and human right laws governing the involvement of children in armed conflicts. As the international law prohibiting the involvement of children in armed conflict progress on paper, progress within the states falls behind, thus creating a gap between progress in law and the enforcement of this law on the ground. The international community needs to take steps to bridge this gap so the practice on the ground is adequate with the international law. This thesis will examine the efficiency of the international legal instruments and examine what factors are preventing the implementation of the international law within the different states. Three different case-studies will be conducted of three African countries: the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Uganda and Sierra Leone in order to examine what the states, the society, local actors and the international community are doing to prevent the involvement of children in armed conflict.

The African continent has been beset with violent conflicts, civil wars and extended periods of instability. The continent’s future depends on the capacity to prevent, manage and resolve conflict. Reacting to conflict has proven highly expensive for the international community and has strengthened the case for a greater focus on conflict prevention. This study will examine the role, relevance and success of preventive diplomacy in responding to and preventing violent and protracted conflicts in Africa, in particular recent international efforts to seek a concrete, comprehensive and all-inclusive peace settlement to the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo had resulted in what many analysts considered to be ‘Africa’s First World War’. The aim and objective of this study will be to assess the role of preventive diplomacy, in particular efforts by the international community to resolve the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The study of the success of preventive diplomacy in responding to the conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo will cover three distinct phases. The first phase will assess the historical development of the crisis in the former Zaïre dating back from 1997 to 1998 and initial steps that were taken to address the conflict. The next phase will cover the period dating from 1999-2000 following the signing of the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement, while the final phase will assess developments and efforts to secure peace by the international community from 2001 until 2004, while providing for a brief discussion on possible future developments. The research will commence by examining various theoretical contributions and insights produced on conflict prevention and the concept of preventive diplomacy. The examination of conflict prevention and preventive diplomacy will be rooted in theoretical insights produced by Michael Lund (1996) and other influential contributions on preventive diplomacy. The theoretical framework for this study will be based on Michael Lund’s model of preventive diplomacy. Although Lund’s conceptual framework provides a valuable insight into the theory of preventive diplomacy an additional theoretical consideration may be included into his assessment. Lund’s theoretical framework fails to address the impact of psychological variables and the extent to which prevailing conflict attitudes may exert a negative influence on a conflict situation. This may render the effectiveness of preventive diplomacy at the level of unstable peace obsolete if it fails to take prevailing conflict attitudes into account. This dissertation will also propose the inclusion of social-psychological approaches to augment the strategy of preventive diplomacy as developed by Lund. Very little conclusive and in-depth research has been conducted on how psychological variables, particularly conflict attitudes such as negative images, attitudes, perceptions and conflict behaviour can fuel and exacerbate a conflict situation, especially conflicts in Africa and how this may derail the success of preventive diplomacy in resolving such severe conflicts. In the numerous efforts to secure peace in the embattled Democratic Republic of the Congo scant consideration, evaluation and analysis has been produced on the way in which conflict attitudes such as misperception, fear, distrust, hostility and suspicion, became not only a major stumbling block to the peace process, but also negatively affected the outcome of the various peace agreements that were negotiated. One of the core arguments this dissertation will posit is that preventive diplomacy has not been successfully applied in resolving conflicts in Africa, and will continue to fail, unless greater emphasis is placed on structural prevention, that includes an assessment and strategy for responding to conflict attitudes, such as misperception, hostility, suspicion, fear and distrust. It could be argued that preventive diplomacy initiatives when taken alone and independently of a broader strategy of conflict prevention are likely to fail unless they are linked to measures and actions that tackle the deeper or structural causes of conflict. Greater emphasis should be placed on timely and adequate preventive action, through the vigorous promotion of preventive diplomacy, particularly structural prevention. The conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is intermittently erupting and will continue to do so, unless the structural causes of the crisis and the various conflict attitudes are effectively dealt with. The study will commence with the theoretical and conceptual framework of the study, consisting of a discussion of conflict, preventive diplomacy, and conflict prevention. The conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo will be discussed as well as the underlying factors that contributed towards the brutal and excessively violent nature the conflict came to assume. The study will also examine the international response to the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo as well as the immediate diplomatic efforts initiated to resolve the crisis from 1998-1999, which culminated in the signing of the Lusaka Cease-Fire Agreement on 10 July 1999. An assessment of the intervention efforts initiated by the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and other key African states, in particular South Africa will also be undertaken. The impact of psychological variables and the importance of assessing the crucial contribution of social-psychological approaches towards understanding and resolving conflict will be briefly considered with particular reference to the protracted tensions which persisted between Rwanda and the DRC, despite the conclusion of numerous peace agreements between both countries. The final chapter will form an evaluation of the prospects for peace in the DRC beyond 2004 and will conclude the study with particular reference to the extent to which the research questions have been adequately addressed with final recommendations on the role of preventive diplomacy in addressing conflict.
Dissertation (MA (International Relations))--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Political Sciences
unrestricted

The present research is the result of the need of evaluation of perceptions of justice of crimes against humanity survivors, in places were accountability was achieved through international tribunals. The opinion of the survivors is a way to achieve conclusions regarding main aspects about the decision on the need of accountability, especially in what concerns the mechanism that should be used. The effectiveness of any mechanism, taking in account the needs of the population will have positive effects, such as reconciliation, peace, the achievement of social rights, truth, emotional healing (both individual and of the community). The method of the investigation is the analysis of empirical datasets that were obtained in regions were international trials took place, such as Sierra Leone and Cambodia (hybrid courts), Rwanda (ad hoc tribunal), Congo and Uganda (International Criminal Court). The data was select by applying and conceptual model that gather the most relevant data (although the data was insufficient) regarding the need of evaluation the perceptions of justice, such as exposure to violence, individual priorities, the need of accountability and the perceptions about the international tribunals. The results reveal the high level of exposure to violence, that socioeconomic priorities are more important than justice, the need of accountability of perpetrators trough criminal procedures, but also a positive awareness of the work of the tribunals regarding effectiveness, justice values and equity. The conclusion demonstrates the need of a holistic approach and complementarity between mechanisms that could respond do victim’s needs (concerning both retributive and restorative justice). There is a general acceptance of international justice, but the lack of legitimacy can affect the results, that can be conditioned by externalization of the tribunals and insufficient knowledge. The social and economic context is an issue that affects the acceptance of the tribunals, but the construction of a legacy and the correct management of victim’s expectations can create guarantees of non-repetition. The accomplishment of transitional justice purposes, such as truth, justice and guarantees of non-repetition have a great role regarding reconciliation, emotional and social healing, but also the creation of social rights and the implementation of democratic processes.
A presente investigação resulta da necessidade de avaliar a perceção de justiça dos sobreviventes de crimes contra a humanidade em regiões em que uma das soluções para a respetiva responsabilização foi a justiça internacional. A opinião da população sobrevivente permite alcançar conclusões sobre os principais aspetos a ter em conta na decisão de responsabilizar, nomeadamente quanto ao método de execução. A efetividade de qualquer mecanismo, que vá ao encontro das necessidades reais da população, terá um efeito positivo em aspetos como a reconciliação, a restauração da paz, a implementação de direitos sociais, a necessidade de apuramento da verdade e na cura emocional, tanto dos indivíduos como da sociedade. A análise partiu do recurso a dados empíricos já existentes em regiões onde foram utilizados tribunais internacionais: na Serra Leoa e no Camboja (tribunais híbridos), no Ruanda (tribunal ad hoc) e no Congo e no Uganda (pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional). Ao conjunto de dados obtidos foi aplicado um método conceptual que agrupou respostas que responderam (ainda que parcialmente, atendendo à escassez de dados) à necessidade de avaliar o sentimento de justiça, partindo da exposição à violência das vítimas, as suas prioridades individuais, a responsabilização dos agressores e as perceções sobre os tribunais. Os resultados permitiram delinear conclusões, como os elevados níveis de violência sofrida, a prevalência das prioridades socioeconómicas em detrimento da justiça, a necessidade de responsabilização dos agressores através do processo criminal, o reconhecimento de uma prestação positiva aos tribunais internacionais relativamente à sua efetividade, justiça e equidade. Em conclusão, existe a necessidade de uma abordagem holística e de complementaridade entre mecanismos que respondam às necessidades de justiça retributiva e restaurativa da população. O recurso à justiça internacional é aceite, mas a legitimidade é um aspeto condicionador de resultados, afetados pela externalização e o desconhecimento. O contexto socioeconómico da região influencia a aceitação dos tribunais, mas a construção de um legado e uma correta gestão de expectativas pode criar condições para que os crimes não se repitam. O cumprimento de objetivos da justiça de transição, como a verdade, a justiça e as garantias de não-repetição constituem metas a alcançar com vista à reconciliação, à cura emocional e social, à criação de direitos sociais e à implementação de um processo democrático.

Background: Alcohol addiction is a widespread social problem worldwide. Countries with high prevalence of alcohol consumption try to react on this situation. Addiction treatment is closely determined by public health and the health care system of each country, which define its role. Aims: The main aim of this study is a description of comparison focused on alcohol abuse treatment in the Czech Republic, Belgium and Uganda. Secondary aim is to understand basic principles of treatment in chosen countries through qualitative research methods and the insight into advantages and disadvantages of treatment programs. Methods: The concept of the study is based on a qualitative research methodology. The starting point of this research was an analysis of interviews conducted by David Kalema with patients treated in medical facilities in Belgium and Uganda. Also semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients of two mental hospitals in the Czech Republic. The selection method used in this study was a purposeful sampling method. Research was carried out with 12 respondents from the Czech Republic, 10 from Belgium and 10 from Uganda. The final data was analyzed according to the procedures of grounded theory. Results: One of the major factors identified was the function of case management approach in...

- Zusammenfassung – nichtamtliche Leitsätze - I. Sachverhalt - II. Verfahren vor dem Internationalen Gerichtshof - III. Vorbringen der Parteien - IV. Zulässigkeit der Klage - V. Begründetheit der Klage - VI. Ergebnis zur Hauptklage - VII. Entscheidung zu den Widerklagen von Uganda - VIII. Anmerkung

The study goes beyond knowledge existing in the literature study of the philosophy and theory of knowledge, knowledge management, African knowledge and the management of knowledge by African institutions, including the peace and security architecture of Africa, to reveal a coherent conceptual framework and themes to guide the field research. During the field studies of specific cases in the Great Lakes region of Africa, principles and practices emerged that formed a framework for a constructed Trans-dimensional Knowledge Management Model (TDKM-M) to develop a theoretical model for the management of knowledge for conflict resolution as the first step towards the revival of Africa. The study proposes practical solutions for the management of knowledge that would empower decisionmakers to intervene successfully in conflict situations. Furthermore, the study serves to expand the knowledge base in the field of trans-disciplinary African studies, transcending the boundary between political science and epistemology to navigate the middle ground between disciplines and the space that lies beyond all disciplines and dichotomised thinking towards a new holistic understanding. A systems approach using MIT (multi-disciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and trans-disciplinarity) and qualitative research methodology on a transnational level was followed. The study consists of a literature study and a field study consisting of a pilot study, semi-structured interviews and participation in communities of practice to access the worldviews of diverse cultures. An observable knowledge dimension, consisting of a normative foundation, empirical knowledge domain and analytical knowledge domain, is identified. Furthermore, a tacit metaphysical knowledge dimension is identified that is informed by the observable dimension. The two dimensions transacts with each other to attain a higher level of trans-dimensional knowledge. The TDKM-M proposes principles and practices of how trans-dimensional knowledge, including indigenous African knowledge and external knowledge, can be managed in a collective middle ground to produce holistic understanding. This higher level of understanding can activate intervention into the causes and consequences of conflict. Innovation of African society could follow, achieving desired outcomes such as peace, justice, human rights, self-empowerment and innovation towards transformative growth, competitiveness and negotiate equilibrium with the global community, and ultimately the revival of Africa.
Political Sciences
D. Litt. et Phil. (Politics)