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1
Pennycook, Gordon, and David G. Rand. "Cognitive Reflection and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 45, no. 2 (2018): 224–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218783192.
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We present a large exploratory study ( N = 15,001) investigating the relationship between cognitive reflection and political affiliation, ideology, and voting in the 2016 Presidential Election. We find that Trump voters are less reflective than Clinton voters or third-party voters. However, much (although not all) of this difference was driven by Democrats who chose Trump. Among Republicans, conversely, Clinton and Trump voters were similar, whereas third-party voters were more reflective. Furthermore, although Democrats/liberals were somewhat more reflective than Republicans/conservatives overall, political moderates and nonvoters were least reflective, whereas libertarians were most reflective. Thus, beyond the previously theorized correlation between analytic thinking and liberalism, these data suggest three additional consequences of reflectiveness (or lack thereof) for political cognition: (a) facilitating political apathy versus engagement, (b) supporting the adoption of orthodoxy versus heterodoxy, and (c) drawing individuals toward candidates who share their cognitive style and toward policy proposals that are intuitively compelling.
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Der-Karabetian, Aghop, and Jack Metzer. "The Cross-Cultural World-Mindedness Scale and Political Party Affiliation." Psychological Reports 72, no. 3_suppl (1993): 1069–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.3c.1069.
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Supporters of the Democratic, Republican, and neither parties from Southern California ( n = 178) and Texas ( n = 136) were administered the Cross-cultural World-mindedness scale. The former sample scored higher than the latter. Supporters of the different parties did not score differently within the Texas sample; however, supporters of the Republican party in the Southern California sample scored lower than the other two groups who were not different from each other, providing partial evidence of criterion validity.
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Clarke, Edward J. R., Anna Klas, Morgana Lizzio-Wilson, and Emily J. Kothe. "Partisan bias in responses to sexual misconduct allegations against male politicians." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 10, no. 2 (2022): 706–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.6371.
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Across two studies, we tested whether evaluations of sexual misconduct allegations against male politicians are made in a partisan biased manner. First, we investigated the likelihood a sexual misconduct allegation made by a female staffer was perceived as legitimate by Democratic and Republican participants when the accused politician’s party affiliation was aligned (versus unaligned) with the participant’s own affiliation (Study 1). We also tested whether partisan bias was conditional on the strength of the participant’s expressive partisanship (Study 2). In Study 1, 182 Democratic and 159 Republican affiliates (N = 341), recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk, were randomly allocated to one of three conditions (Democratic, Republican, or unaffiliated accused politician). Findings indicated that Republican participants were less likely than Democrats to perceive a sexual misconduct allegation as legitimate, irrespective of the politician’s party affiliation. Nonetheless, participants were not more likely to perceive a sexual misconduct allegation against an unaligned politician as more legitimate than against a politician of their own party. However, in a replication of Study 1 with a larger sample (301 Democratic and 301 Republican affiliates), Republicans (but not Democrats) demonstrated partisan bias in judgements of the legitimacy of misconduct allegations. Expressive partisanship did not moderate this partisan effect.
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Espinosa, Gastón. "Latinos Shifting Republican?" Pneuma 44, no. 3-4 (2022): 380–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700747-bja10079.
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Abstract This article utilizes the Latino Religions and Politics National Survey (n = 1,292) to provide a preliminary investigation into Latino religious and political identity and voting results in the 2020 Election. It provides important new data on the Latino vote lean by religion (Catholic, Protestant, Evangelical, Pentecostal, Catholic Charismatic), with special attention to the critical role that religion in general and Evangelicals and Pentecostals/Charismatics in particular may have played in helping to increase Latino Republican support for President Trump across the nation from 28 percent in 2016 to 32 percent in 2020 and increase his levels of support in Florida and Texas. While religion is just one of many important variables and factors that may help explain the recent if subtle Latino shift towards the Republican Party, it is nonetheless important.
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Pink, Sophia L., James Chu, James N. Druckman, David G. Rand, and Robb Willer. "Elite party cues increase vaccination intentions among Republicans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 32 (2021): e2106559118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106559118.
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Overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic requires motivating the vast majority of Americans to get vaccinated. However, vaccination rates have become politically polarized, and a substantial proportion of Republicans have remained vaccine hesitant for months. Here, we explore how endorsements by party elites affect Republicans’ COVID-19 vaccination intentions and attitudes. In a preregistered survey experiment (n = 1,480), we varied whether self-identified Republicans saw endorsements of the vaccine from prominent Republicans (including video of a speech by former President Donald Trump), from the Democratic Party (including video of a speech by President Joseph Biden), or a neutral control condition including no endorsements. Unvaccinated Republicans who were exposed to the Republican elite endorsement reported 7.0% higher vaccination intentions than those who viewed the Democratic elite endorsement and 5.7% higher than those in the neutral control condition. These effects were statistically mediated by participants’ reports of how much they thought Republican politicians would want them to get vaccinated. We also found evidence of backlash effects against Democratic elites: Republicans who viewed the Democratic elite endorsement reported they would be significantly less likely to encourage others to vaccinate and had more negative attitudes toward the vaccine, compared with those who viewed the Republican elite endorsement or the neutral control. These results demonstrate the relative advantage of cues from Republican elites—and the risks of messaging from Democrats currently in power—for promoting vaccination among the largest vaccine-hesitant subgroup in the United States.
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Weiss, Matthew. "Book Review: Walter C. Clemens, Jr., The Republican War on America: Dangers of Trump and Trumpism, Washington, DC: Westphalia Press, 2023." Netsol: New Trends in Social and Liberal Sciences 8, no. 2 (2023): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24819/netsol2023.10.
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Walter C. Clemens Jr.’s The Republican War on America: Dangers of Trump and Trumpism provides a timely, rich, and insightful contribution to our understanding of the components, causes, and consequences of Trumpism against the backdrop of a towering political figure, the 45th U.S. President, Donald J. Trump, who refuses to go quietly into the night, as so many other former presidents have. Facing three unprecedented felony indictments at the federal and state levels and having thrown his hat into the ring once again as a Republican presidential contender in 2024, Trump and the ideology he spawned, Trumpism, will continue to cast a huge shadow over American politics for the foreseeable future. That few other Republican presidential aspirants have dared call Trump out for the illegal conduct that is at the center of the indictments is a testament to the iron grip Trump and his acolytes continue to exercise on the Republican Party.
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Clayton, Katherine, and Robb Willer. "Endorsements from Republican politicians can increase confidence in U.S. elections." Research & Politics 10, no. 1 (2023): 205316802211489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20531680221148967.
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Since the 2020 U.S. presidential election, perceptions of the validity of the outcome and broader trust in the American electoral process have reached historically low levels among Republicans. While this trend has potentially harmful consequences for democratic stability, there is little research on how beliefs that an election was fair—and trust in the electoral process more generally—can be restored. In a preregistered survey experiment ( n = 2101), we find that viewing real messages from Republican politicians defending the legitimacy of the 2020 election increased faith in the election’s outcome and in the broader electoral process among Republican voters, compared to either a neutral control condition or to comparable messages from Democratic politicians. These effects are statistically mediated by shifts in voters’ perceptions of elite Republican opinion about the 2020 election, highlighting a potentially useful intervention for efforts to restore faith in elections going forward. Notably, exposure to messages from Republican politicians affirming the election’s legitimacy did not significantly decrease support for the Republican Party, suggesting that Republican politicians who endorse the 2020 election results might not face backlash from voters.
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Adorf, Philipp. "Die Republikanische Partei nach den Wahlen 2020: Nach oder inmitten der Trump-Ära?" Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen 52, no. 2 (2021): 289–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0340-1758-2021-2-289.
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Donald Trump’s loss in conjunction with the outcome of congressional elections has left the Republican Party entirely removed from the political levers of power in Washington, D .C . - a mere four years after they had obtained unified control of government at the federal level. What are the lessons Republicans can draw from these results? How can a President who engaged in open efforts to overturn a democratic election result continue to elicit a degree of support among the party’s rank-and-file that has made him the current favorite to win the Republican Party’s presidential nomination in 2024? Explanations are found both in the 45th President’s governing record as well as in the composition of today’s Republican electorate, which largely subscribes to Donald Trump’s nativist populist worldview. The attitudes present among Republican voters were one of the key reasons why most Republican officials in Washington ultimately decided to at least tacitly support Trump’s anti-democratic lie of a “stolen election”. This may only have been a harbinger of the future threat Republicans pose to US democracy.
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T. Gresh, James, Michiko Iwasaki, Diana Betz, Jeffrey M. Lating, and Raiannamei Elad. "Online Dating in The U.S. During This Politically Divided Time: Association Among Political Affiliation, Gender Role Beliefs, And Partner Preferences." International Journal of Arts, Humanities & Social Science 05, no. 07 (2024): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.56734/ijahss.v5n7a3.
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While there has been a surge in popularity of online dating, the current polarized political climate in the U.S. may influence how online daters select a desired partner. The present study examined the relation between political affiliation, partner preferences, and gender beliefs with a sample of 373 online dating users. Democrats (n = 196) showed stronger preference for an intimate partner of the same party compared to Republicans (n = 90). Democrats (particularly women) also identified that having a different political affiliation as a deal-breaker more so than Republicans. Regarding gender role beliefs, Republicans (particularly men) showed significantly higher traditional gender role beliefs than Democrats. However, gender-based differences were not observed among Democrats; both Democratic men and women showed equally less traditional gender role beliefs compared to Republican women and men. Implications for dating prospects, particularly for Republican men, are discussed.
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Balliet, Daniel, Joshua M. Tybur, Junhui Wu, Christian Antonellis, and Paul A. M. Van Lange. "Political Ideology, Trust, and Cooperation." Journal of Conflict Resolution 62, no. 4 (2016): 797–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002716658694.
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Theories suggest that political ideology relates to cooperation, with conservatives being more likely to pursue selfish outcomes, and liberals more likely to pursue egalitarian outcomes. In study 1, we examine how political ideology and political party affiliation (Republican vs. Democrat) predict cooperation with a partner who self-identifies as Republican or Democrat in two samples before ( n = 362) and after ( n = 366) the 2012 US presidential election. Liberals show slightly more concern for their partners’ outcomes compared to conservatives (study 1), and in study 2 this relation is supported by a meta-analysis ( r = .15). However, in study 1, political ideology did not relate to cooperation in general. Both Republicans and Democrats extend more cooperation to their in-group relative to the out-group, and this is explained by expectations of cooperation from in-group versus out-group members. We discuss the relation between political ideology and cooperation within and between groups.
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Hicks, Brian M., Catherine Vitro, Elizabeth Johnson, et al. "Who bought a gun during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States?: Associations with QAnon beliefs, right-wing political attitudes, intimate partner violence, antisocial behavior, suicidality, and mental health and substance use problems." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (2023): e0290770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290770.
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There was a large spike in gun purchases and gun violence during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. We used an online U.S. national survey (N = 1036) to examine the characteristics of people who purchased a gun between March 2020 and October 2021 (n = 103) and compared them to non-gun owners (n = 763) and people who own a gun but did not purchase a gun during the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 170). Compared to non-gun owners, pandemic gun buyers were younger and more likely to be male, White race, and to affiliate with the Republican party. Compared to non-gun owners and pre-pandemic gun owners, pandemic gun buyers exhibited extreme elevations on a constellation of political (QAnon beliefs, pro-gun attitudes, Christian Nationalism, approval of former President Donald Trump, anti-vax beliefs, COVID-19 skepticism; mean Cohen’s d = 1.15), behavioral (intimate partner violence, antisocial behavior; mean d = 1.38), mental health (suicidality, depression, anxiety, substance use; mean d = 1.21), and personality (desire for power, belief in a dangerous world, low agreeableness, low conscientiousness; mean d = 0.95) characteristics. In contrast, pre-pandemic gun owners only endorsed more pro-gun attitudes (d = 0.67), lower approval of President Joe Biden (d = -0.41) and were more likely to be male and affiliate with the Republican party relative to non-gun owners. Pandemic gun buyers represent an extreme group in terms of political and psychological characteristics including several risk-factors for violence and self-harm.
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Kenski, Kate, Christine R. Filer, and Bethany A. Conway-Silva. "Lying, Liars, and Lies: Incivility in 2016 Presidential Candidate and Campaign Tweets During the Invisible Primary." American Behavioral Scientist 62, no. 3 (2018): 286–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764217724840.
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Incivility is a growing concern among Americans and a burgeoning topic of scholarly research. The current study investigates the extent to which incivility via lying accusations was present in major party candidate and campaign expressions on Twitter during the invisible primary season preceding the 2016 presidential election. All tweets on verified major party candidate and campaign Twitter feeds were collected from March 5, 2015 through December 31, 2015 ( N = 66,463). The collection of candidate tweets included 6 Democrats and 18 Republicans. While lying accusations were infrequent, they occurred 109 times over the preprimary period. The Republican candidates were more likely to make lying accusations than were the Democratic candidates. This was driven in large part by the candidacy of Donald Trump.
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Lezhenina, S., N. Shuvalova, A. Lammert, and E. Guryanova. "AB0955 FEATURES OF THE PAIN SYNDROME IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA)." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (2020): 1775.3–1775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.6704.
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Background:The neuropathic component is present in the mechanism of pain in RA in 36% of cases. The presence of anxiety-depressive disorders and a decrease in the quality of life in patients with RA are shown.Objectives:The study of the clinical features of pain in RA in men and women.Methods:The group consisted of 134 patients with RA (94 women and 40 men), aged 36 to 60 years (average age 48.6 ± 7.1 years) and disease duration from 1 year to 10 years (4.03 ± 1.6 years) hospitalized in the rheumatology department of the Republican Clinical Hospital (Cheboksary). At the time of inclusion in the study, all patients were in the active stage of the disease.An assessment of rheumatological and neurological status was carried out. Pain assessment was performed using: Visual Analog Scale (VAS); Ritchie articular index (RAI). The severity of neuropathic pain was determined using the diagnostic neuropathic pain questionnaire DN4 and PainDetect (sensitivity - 82.9%; specificity - 89.9%). To determine the psycho-emotional deviations used: general health questionnaire (anxiety and depression) - General Health Questionnaire (form GHQ – 28); HADS; Spilberger-Hanin situational and personal anxiety scale. Patient mobility limitations were assessed using the Rivermead mobility index score scale, and quality of life was quantified using the EQ-5D visual analogue scale.To assess the activity of the disease, the level of C-reactive protein (CRP), the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and the DAS index - 28-CRP were used. To assess mental and physical functioning, a standardized questionnaire The Short Form-36 was used.To visualize the stage, survey radiographs were used in the direct projection of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, wrist joints, proximal interphalangeal joints of the hands; distal parts of the feet.Results:An analysis of chronic pain syndrome in 36% of patients revealed a neuropathic component of pain (DN4: 5.7 ± 1.1 points, PainDetect: 16.3 ± 4.2).In the group of patients with neuropathic pain (n = 78) aged 55.1 ± 7.9 years, the duration of the disease was 3.4 ± 0.9 years, the more advanced and late clinical stages of the disease, III – IV radiological stages of RA were more common, were present neurological disorders and complaints characteristic of peripheral polyneuropathy. Rivermead mobility index in patients with neuropathic disorders, (n = 78) was 9.1 ± 0.8 points, in the absence of neuropathic disorders (n = 56), 11.2 ± 1.1 points. There were no significant differences in process activity (DAS index - 28 - CRP) and quality of life.According to the questionnaire of situational and personal anxiety, Spilberger-Khanin revealed moderate anxiety and mild - depressive disorders. Quality of life was reduced in all patients with RA.Pain syndrome in patients with neuropathic pain with symptomatic (NSAIDs, GC) and basic cytostatic therapy (methotrexate) showed that, despite the decrease in the severity of the inflammatory process, the positive dynamics was partial (VAS before therapy 6.4 ± 0, 7; VAS in the presence of therapy 4.3 ± 0.5 (p> 0.05); PainDetect = 14.9 ± 4.4; DN4 = 4.3 ± 1.5).In men, statistically significant factors associated with pain were clinical parameters that accounted for 37% and 18% of pain variation (Ritchie articular index (CIR): Fsmc = 4.107, p <0.001; SF-36: Fsmc = 2.107, p <0.001) In women, the main significant factors associated with pain were the subjective feeling of pain and psychological characteristics that accounted for 12% of the pain variation (SF-36: Fsmc = 11.118, p <0.001).Conclusion:A dynamic study of patients with RA in accordance with gender and age will further develop additional criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of complex therapy used to treat chronic pain, and will also increase the overall effectiveness of treatment.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Woodard, David. "Chaffin, Pathfinder - John Charles Fremont And Course Of American Empire." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 30, no. 1 (2005): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.30.1.50-51.
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In American history, some individuals become celebrated for the wrong reasons. There are a number of people who are defined by an event that might not be representative of the totality of their historical contribution. This dynamic probably applies to John C. Fremont. Fremont is known primarily for two events. First, he was the Republican Party candidate for president in 1856. Second, as a Union major general in Missouri during the Civil War, he issued an ill-advised emancipation order that clashed with the policies of the Lincoln administration. Lincoln relieved Fremont of his command and his reputation has suffered since.
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von Bothmer, Bernard. "Tuesday Night Massacre: Four Senate Elections and the Radicalization of the Republican Party by Marc C. Johnson." Middle West Review 9, no. 1 (2022): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mwr.2022.0027.
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Compton, James Robert. "Tuesday Night Massacre: Four Senate Elections and the Radicalization of the Republican Party by Marc C. Johnson (review)." Montana: The Magazine for Western History 72, no. 3 (2022): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mnt.2022.a914406.
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Карпова, И. С., О. А. Суджаева, О. В. Кошлатая, et al. "Features of Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease after COVID-19: Preliminary Results." Кардиология в Беларуси, no. 4 (September 26, 2022): 373–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2022.14.4.001.
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Цель. Изучить особенности течения хронической ишемической болезни сердца (ХИБС) у лиц с постинфарктным кардиосклерозом после COVID-19.Материалы и методы. В исследование включено 45 пациентов с ХИБС и постинфарктным кардиосклерозом из числа лиц, находившихся под динамическим наблюдением в лаборатории ХИБС Республиканского научно-практического центра «Кардиология». Все включенные в исследование пациенты были разделены на 2 группы: I группа (31 человек) – лица, перенесшие инфекцию COVID-19, II группа (14 человек) – пациенты с ХИБС, не переносившие инфекцию COVID. I тест проводился в доковидный период, II тест – в течение 1–3 месяцев после документированного COVID-19. Комплексное обследование включало выполнение эхокардиографии (ЭхоКГ), компьютерной томографической ангиографии (КТА) коронарных артерий (КА), магнитно-резонансную томографию (МРТ) сердца, суточное мониторирование электрокардиограммы (СМЭКГ), общий и биохимический анализы крови.Результаты. Факторами, влияющими на прогрессирование ХИБС у лиц с постинфарктным кардиосклерозом после COVID-19, являлись: сохраняющиеся повышенными более одного месяца уровни С-реактивного белка (СРБ), сердечного тропонина, скорость оседания эритроцитов (СОЭ), Д-димера, что в совокупности способствовало прогрессированию атеросклероза КА. Перенесенная коронавирусная инфекция повлияла на увеличение левого желудочка и правых отделов сердца, ухудшение систоло-диастолической функции обоих желудочков, включая повышение давления в легочной артерии. Следствием этих изменений явилось прогрессирование признаков сердечной недостаточности по данным ЭхоКГ и н-концевого фрагмента натрийуретического пептида (NT-proBN), увеличение зон ишемии миокарда по сравнению с доковидным периодом и более значимая желудочковая аритмия. Purpose. To establish the factors influencing the progression of chronic coronary heart disease (CCHD) in patients with postinfarction cardiosclerosis after COVID-19 infection.Materials and methods. Included 45 patients with CCHD and postinfarction cardiosclerosis from among those who were under dynamic observation in the CCHD laboratory of the Republican Scientific and Practical Centre "Cardiology". All included in the study were divided into 2 groups: group I (31 patients) – after COVID-19, group II – patients with CCHD who did not have a COVID infection – 14. The I test was carried out in the pre-Covid period, the II test – within 1-3 months after documented COVID-19. Examination included echocardiography (EchoCG), computed tomographic angiography (CTA) of the coronary arteries (CA), magnetic resonance imaging.Results. Risk factors influenced on the progression of CCHD in patients after COVID-19 are: increased for more than 1 month levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), cardiac troponin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), D-dimer. All mentioned factors contributed to the progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. The coronavirus infection affected the enlargement of the left ventricle and the right parts of the heart, the deterioration of the systolic-diastolic function of both ventricles, including an increase in pressure in the pulmonary artery. The consequence of these changes was the progression of signs of heart failure according to echocardiography and the n-terminal fragment of the natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), an increase in the zones of myocardial ischemia compared with the pre-COVID period, and more frequent and significant ventricular arrhythmia.
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Tappin, Ben M., and Ryan T. McKay. "Moral polarization and out-party hostility in the US political context." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 7, no. 1 (2019): 213–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v7i1.1090.
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Affective polarization describes the phenomenon whereby people identifying as Republican or Democrat tend to view opposing partisans negatively and co-partisans positively. Though extensively studied, there remain important gaps in scholarly understanding of affective polarization. In particular, (a) how it relates to the distinct behavioural phenomena of in-party “love” vs. out-party hostility; and (b) to what extent it reflects a generalized evaluative disparity between partisans vs. a domain-specific disparity in evaluation. We report the results of an investigation that bears on both of these questions. Specifically, drawing on recent trends in political science and psychology, we hypothesize that moral polarization—the tendency to view opposing partisans’ moral character negatively, and co-partisans’ moral character positively—will be associated with behavioural hostility towards the out-party. We test this hypothesis in two preregistered studies comprising behavioural measures and large convenience samples of US partisans (combined N = 1354). Our results strike an optimistic chord: Taken together, they suggest that this association is probably small and somewhat tenuous. Though moral polarization itself was large—perhaps exceeding prior estimates of trait affective polarization—even the most morally polarized partisans appeared reluctant to engage in a mild form of out-party hostility. These findings converge with recent evidence that polarization—moral or otherwise—has yet to translate into the average US partisan wanting to express hostile and directly discriminatory behaviour toward their out-party counterparts.
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Arli, Denni, and Gunaro Setiawan. "Who is more religious and ethical, Republicans, Democrats or others?" International Journal of Religion 4, no. 1 (2023): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ijor.v4i1.2205.
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Reports show most religious groups in the United States, especially Christian evangelicals, are showing more affiliation to the Republican political party. Nonetheless, members of the Democratic political party are also weaving faith into their rhetoric. A citizen’s affiliation with a political party can change over time, and political affiliation might influence behavior. This study compares and contrasts individuals affiliated with political parties and those who are not on their: (1) decision-making process purchasing everyday products, (2) relationship with God, (3) and ethical and sustainable behaviors. Using Pew Research data (n=3,278), this study compares and contrasts individuals affiliated with political parties and those who are not on their decision-making process in purchasing everyday products, relationship with God, and ethical and sustainable behaviors. Despite significant differences between political parties, most of them have thanked God for something and almost half of them have asked God for help and guidance. The results show people in the U.S. with various party affiliations are somewhat religious and spiritual. The notion that only Republicans will be guided by religious beliefs is misguided. Almost half of Democrats in this study show strong religious values. The paper makes several contributions to this area of study. First, similarities and differences between individuals affiliated with political parties are determined. Second, myths about stigma toward a particular political party are debunked, and finally, insights for religious and political leaders on their followers’ behavior are provided.
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Owens, Michael Leo. "A Discussion of Ismail K. White and Chryl N. Laird’s Steadfast Democrats: How Social Forces Shape Black Political Behavior." Perspectives on Politics 19, no. 1 (2021): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592720004466.
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Charge: As Ismail K. White and Chryl N. Laird note, collectively more than 80% of African Americans self-identify as Democrats according to surveys, and no Republican presidential candidate has won more than 13% of the Black vote since 1968. This is true despite the fact that at the individual level many African Americans are increasingly politically moderate and even conservative. Against this backdrop, what explains the enduring nature of African American support for the Democratic Party? In Steadfast Democrats: How Social Forces Shape Black Political Behavior, White and Laird answer this question by developing the concept of “racialized social constraint,” a unifying behavioral norm meant to empower African Americans as a group and developed through a shared history of struggle against oppression and for freedom and equality. White and Laird consider the historical development of this norm, how it is enforced, and its efficacy both in creating party loyalty and as a path to Black political power in the United States. On the cusp of perhaps the most consequential presidential election in American history, one for which African American turnout was crucial, we asked a range of leading political scientists to assess the relative strengths, weaknesses, and ramifications of this argument.
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Mayer, Monica, Melissa Looney, Rob Eicher, et al. "Pandemic politics: Exploring the intersection of state political affiliation and public universities’ COVID-19 policies and messaging." Journal of Emergency Management 21, no. 5 (2023): 439–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.0790.
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As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread within the United States, the challenge of responding to a large-scale health crisis was compounded as the federal government struggled to deliver a unified response. Decision-making powers for pandemic protocols were passed to individual states, whose responses were heavily influenced by their administrations’ partisan political leanings. This study explores differences in the transparency of COVID-19 information on university websites and the restrictiveness of the measures they implemented by examining university messaging in all-Republican and all-Democrat controlled states. This study employs a quantitative content analysis of a census of websites (N = 265) from public universities located in states with government trifectas. The data reveal that masking, vaccination, and testing measures were significantly more restrictive among universities located in Democratic trifectas than in Republican trifectas. Additionally, universities in Democratic trifectas communicated more transparently, such that they were more likely to have a direct link to COVID-19 information on their homepages. The results indicate that universities in states where a single political party holds power implemented COVID-19 protocols that reflected the political viewpoints on the health and economic responses to the pandemic. This finding offers important evidence that both governments and public universities based their public health decisions on political factors.
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Małecki, Witold. "Problemy kodyfikacji prawa administracyjnego w ujęciu nauki radzieckiej w latach 1956–1967." Prawo 327 (June 11, 2019): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.327.18.
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Problems of codification of administrative law in Soviet science in the years 1956–1967Conceptual work on the codification of administrative law was carried out in Soviet science in the years 1956–1967. The borders of this period are marked by: 1956, when during the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the necessity of intensifying research on the structure of the Soviet law system was emphasized, and 1967, when the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR decided on the direction of codification works by ordering a draft of the principles of the USSR and Soviet Republics legislation in the field of administrative responsibility. In the discussion on the codification of administrative law, Soviet science focused on problems such as: the desirability of codification at the all-Union or republican level, the limits of administrative law subject to codification and the legitimacy of preparing a general administrative code or separate legal acts regarding specifi c institutions and areas of administrative law.
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Polozova, E. I., N. N. Sorokina, E. V. Puzanova, and A. A. Seskina. "The role of metabolic disorders in the progression of renal dysfunction in patients with metabolic syndrome and arterial hypertension." Medical Council, no. 6 (April 28, 2019): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2019-6-170-175.
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The clinical study enrolled 120 patients, who were hospitalized to the Therapeutic Department of Republican Clinical Hospital No. 5 of Saransk. The patients were divided into 2 groups: Group I (n = 60) included patients with metabolic syndrome; Group II (n = 60) included patients with arterial hypertension. The paper presents data on the assessment of the functional state of kidneys in the analysed groups, defines the role of metabolic disorders in the progression of renal dysfunction in patients with metabolic syndrome and arterial hypertension. It is noted that more pronounced functional changes in the kidneys (microalbuminuria, increased cystatin C levels, decreased glomerular filtration rate) are detected in patients with arterial hypertension and metabolic syndrome, as compared with patients without metabolic disorders. Cystatin C and microalbuminuria have been shown to be one of the earliest markers of kidney damage in hypertension, especially in combination with metabolic disorders. Cystatin C and microalbuminuria level is significantly higher in patients with arterial hypertension and metabolic syndrome, as compared with patients with arterial hypertension, who have no metabolic disorders. Significant correlations were found between cystatin C, microalbuminuria levels and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in patients with arterial hypertension in combination with metabolic disorders.
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Beaudoin, Christopher E., and Traci Hong. "Predictors of COVID-19 Preventive Perceptions and Behaviors Among Millennials: Two Cross-sectional Survey Studies." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 8 (2021): e30612. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/30612.
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Background COVID-19 preventive perceptions and behaviors, especially among US millennials, are an important means by which the pandemic can be slowed and negative health outcomes can be averted. Objective This manuscript aims to advance knowledge on COVID-19 preventive perceptions and behaviors and their main predictors, including digital health information–seeking behavior (HISB), political party identification, and COVID-19 testing status. Methods Two cross-sectional online surveys of US millennials were conducted from April 10 to 14, 2020 (N=274) (ie, Study 1), and from April 27 to May 7, 2020 (N=1037) (ie, Study 2). In the regression models, dependent variables included preventive behaviors (eg, wearing a face mask and social distancing) as well as four preventive perceptions: severity (ie, a person’s conception of the seriousness of COVID-19), susceptibility (ie, a person’s conception of the likelihood of being infected with COVID-19), self-efficacy (ie, a person’s perception that he or she can wear a face mask and perform social distancing to prevent COVID-19 infection), and response efficacy (ie, a person’s perception of whether wearing a face mask and social distancing can prevent COVID-19 infection). Key independent variables included digital HISB for self, digital HISB for another person, political party identification, and COVID-19 testing status. Results Millennials reported lower levels of perceived susceptibility than the other three preventive perceptions (ie, severity, self-efficacy, and response efficacy), as well as fairly high levels of preventive behaviors. Unlike HISB for another person, digital HISB for self was positively associated with preventive perceptions and behaviors. In Study 1, respondents with higher levels of digital HISB for self had significantly higher perceptions of severity (β=.22, P<.001), self-efficacy (β=.15, P=.02), and response efficacy (β=.25, P<.001) as well as, at nearing significance, higher perceptions of susceptibility (β=.11, P=.07). In Study 2, respondents with higher levels of digital HISB for self had significantly higher perceptions of severity (β=.25, P<.001), susceptibility (β=.14, P<.001), and preventive behaviors (β=.24, P<.001). Preventive behaviors did not vary significantly according to political party identification, but preventive perceptions did. In Study 1, respondents who identified as being more Republican had significantly lower perceptions of self-efficacy (β=−.14, P=.02) and response efficacy (β=−.13, P=.03) and, at nearing significance, lower perceptions of severity (β=−.10, P=.08) and susceptibility (β=−.12, P=.06). In Study 2, respondents who identified as being more Republican had significantly lower perceptions of severity (β=−.08, P=.009). There were mixed effects of COVID-19 testing status on preventive perceptions, with respondents who had tested positive for COVID-19 having significantly higher perceptions of susceptibility in Study 1 (β=.17, P=.006) and significantly lower perceptions of severity in Study 2 (β=−.012, P<.001). Conclusions As the largest and most digitally savvy generation, US millennials saw COVID-19 as a severe threat, but one that they were less susceptible to. For millennials, digital HISB for self, but not for another person, was critical to the development of preventive perceptions and behaviors.
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Tucci, Pier Luigi. "A funerary monument on the Capitoline: architecture and painting in mid-Republican Rome, between Etruria and Greece." Journal of Roman Archaeology 31 (2018): 30–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104775941800123x.
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The debate on the relationships between Rome, Italy, and the Mediterranean world in the Archaic and mid-Republican periods remains very lively. Complementing the most recent discoveries and interpretations, I present two unknown mid-Republican documents from the Arx, the N summit of the Capitoline hill (fig. 1). Excavations for the Monument to Victor Emmanuel II brought to light after 1887 many walls and artifacts, which have been studied almost exclusively to produce archaeological maps or catalogues of objects, but the structures sealed beneath the basilica of Santa Maria in Aracoeli toward the end of the 13th c., rediscovered in the 1980s and surveyed by the present author since 2001, shed new light on a number of religious, historical, topographical, architectural and art-historical issues.The new archaeological evidence may be summarized as follows. In the 1st c. B.C., an aristocratic domus set on three levels occupied the NW sector of the Arx; it was remodeled in the Flavian and Severan periods (figs. 2-3). Apparently a location of the temple of Juno Moneta on the site of the Aracoeli must be ruled out. Among the structures still preserved beneath the basilica, which include an Imperial-era wall with huge curvilinear spurs that can be associated with the Iseum Capitolinum, we may mention an ashlar wall in blocks of Grotta Oscura tuff (a stone available after the defeat of Veii in 397 B.C.) that constituted the façade of a monument with a false arch dating from the 4th c. B.C. (fig. 2).
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Eyler, Amy A., Elizabeth Budd, Gabriela J. Camberos, Yan Yan, and Ross C. Brownson. "State Legislation Related to Increasing Physical Activity: 2006–2012." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, no. 2 (2016): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0010.
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Background:Strategies to improve physical activity prevalence often include policy and environmental changes. State-level policies can be influential in supporting access and opportunities for physical activity in schools and communities. The purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence of state legislation related to physical activity and identify the correlates of enactment of this legislation.Methods:An online legislative database was used to collect bills from 50 states in the U.S. from 2006 to 2012 for 1010 topics related to physical activity. Bills were coded for content and compiled into a database with state-level variables (eg, obesity prevalence). With enactment status as the outcome, bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted.Results:Of the 1,542 bills related to physical activity introduced, 30% (N = 460) were enacted. Bills on public transportation and trails were more likely to be enacted than those without these topics. Primary sponsorship by the Republican Party, bipartisan sponsorship, and mention of specific funding amounts were also correlates of enactment.Conclusion:Policy surveillance of bills and correlates of enactment are important for understanding patterns in legislative support for physical activity. This information can be used to prioritize advocacy efforts and identify ways for research to better inform policy.
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Silkin, Alexander. "Stjepan Radić and Nikola Pašić as Heralds of Liberal Democracy in Croatia and Serbia: Historiographical Myths and Reality." Hungarian Historical Review 12, no. 1 (2023): 87–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.38145/2023.1.87.
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Historians from the former Yugoslav republics traditionally participate in ongoing political discussions about the ways in which their homelands should progress. Referring to their knowledge of the past, scholars indicate certain historic phenomena and time periods that should serve as ideal models that should be “reproduced” by modern societies in the near future. With regard to the Serbian historiography, the late Belgrade professor Miroslav Jovanović detected several “restoration ideas,” the implementation of which, according to their adherents, would allow modern society to “revise the mistakes of history.” In today’s Serbia and Croatia, certain historical figures, with real and imaginary virtues, are presented as role models and heralds of everything progressive in the field of politics and state building. In particular, in the works of many authors, Nikola Pašić, the head of the Serbian People’s Radical Party (PRP), and Stjepan Radić, the chairman of the Croatian (Republican) Peasant Party (C(R)PP), appear as the “founding fathers” of liberal democratic traditions in the late nineteenth century and the first three decades of the twentieth. The “golden era of Serbian parliamentarism” (1903–1914), which was characterized by the dominance of the PRP and the virtual “Croatian Neutral Peasant Republic,” a program that allowed the C(R)PP to consolidate the Croatian people in the 1920s, are worthy candidates of “restoration.” In this article, I consider whether there is any substantial historical truth to these images. I conclude that neither the PRP nor the C(R)PP (and neither Pašić nor Radić) espoused liberalist tendencies, which would have favored individualist ethics and respect for the rights of minorities. Both leaders and their parties adhered to the principle of majority dominance and were intolerant of anyone who did not belong to this majority, whether for ethnic, social, or other reasons. The PRP and C(R)PP could be described as the patterns of the same socio-political phenomenon, separated by several decades. They shared and made use of common ideological roots, social bases, organizational structures, self-perceptions among the leadership, slogans, and other strategies and tools of mass manipulation. These factors and also the influence of the nineteenth-century Russian narodnik movement on both parties during their formative periods make them typologically more related to the Russian Bolsheviks than they ever were to Western liberal trends.
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Mualem, Elinor, and Abraham Zaks. "Fair split of profit generated by n parties." Insurance Markets and Companies 9, no. 1 (2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ins.09(1).2018.01.
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The authors studied the process of merging insured groups, and the splitting of the profit that arises in the process due to the fact that the risk for the merged group is essentially reduced. There emerges a profit and there are various ways of splitting this profit between the combined groups. Techniques from game theory, in particular cooperative game theory turn out to be useful in splitting of the profit. The authors proceed in this paper to apply techniques of utility theory to study the possibility of a fair split of that profit. In this research, the authors consider a group of n parties 1,...,n such that each of them has a corresponding utility function u1(x),...,un(x) . Given a positive amount of money C, a fair split of C is a vector (c1,...,cn) in Rn, such that c1 +...cn = C and u1(c1) = u2(c2) = ... = un(cn). The authors presume the utility functions to be normalized, that is ui(c) = 1 for each party i, i = 1, ... ,n. The authors show that a fair split exists and is unique for any given set of utility functions u1(x), ..., un(x), and for any given amount of money C. The existence theorem follows from observing simplexes. The uniqueness follows from the utility functions being strictly increasing. An example is given of normalizing some utility functions, and evaluating the fair split in special cases. In this article, the authors study the case of merging two groups (or more) of insured members, they provide an evaluation of the emerging benefit in the process, and the splitting of the benefit between the groups.
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Краснова, И. А. "Transformation of Images of Perception of Socio-Political Changes in Florence in the Last Quarter of the XIV- Early XV Centuries." Диалог со временем, no. 80(80) (December 5, 2022): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.80.80.019.
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В статье идет речь об особенностях восприятия социально-политических перемен флорентийскими гражданами в последней четверти XIV – начале XV в., когда была свергнута диктатура партии гвельфов, поставлен предел режиму младших цехов, и городское общество вернулось к республиканским порядкам, достигнув относительного равновесия участвующих в управлении структур – старших и младших цехов, а также вернувшихся в город архигвельфов. Это отразилось в восприятии граждан, как достижение социумом относительной гармонии в процветающем, добившемся значимых внешнеполитических успехов городе. Далее исследуется «цена победы»: ограничение норм флорентийской демократии в пользу формирующегося олигархического строя. The article deals with the peculiarities of the perception of socio-political changes by Florentine citizens in the last quarter of the XIV- early XV c., when the dictatorship of the Guelph Party was overthrown, a limit was set to the regime of junior workshops, and urban society returned to republican order, reaching a relative balance of structures involved in the management – senior and junior workshops, as well as those who returned to the city of the arch-elves. This was reflected in the perception of citizens as the achievement of relative harmony by society in a rich, prosperous city that has achieved significant foreign policy successes (inclusion in the sphere of the Florentine dominion of Arezzo and Pisa). Next, the "price of victory" is investigated: the restriction of the norms of Florentine democracy in favor of the emerging oligarchic system.
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Scott, J. "Regspraak: Delictual liability resulting from the incompetence of artisans and misplaced trust." Tydskrif vir die Suid-Afrikaanse Reg 2022, no. 3 (2022): 551–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/tsar/2022/i3a9.
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Die eiseres, moeder en voog van ’n 11-jarige seun, het skadevergoeding gevorder van ’n persoon (N) wat herstelwerk aan ’n beskadigde elektriese leiding in ’n meenthuis verrig het, die eienaar van die betrokke meenthuis (D) en die beheerliggaam van die deeltitelkompleks (BC). Die eienaar (C) van ’n onderneming wat kombuiskaste installeer, is as derde party tot die geding gevoeg. Een middag, terwyl die seun aan ’n kraan in die kompleks geraak het toe hy sy moeder se motor wou was, is hy ernstig beseer as gevolg van ’n enorme elektriese skok wat hy ontvang het. Dit was te wyte aan die feit dat C se werkers die elektrisiteitsleiding tydens werk in die meenthuis van die eiseres se buurvrou (R) beskadig het toe hulle besig was om kombuiskaste te installeer. Omdat R self daarna ook geskok is toe sy aan krane geraak het, het sy die elektrisiteitstoevoer afgeskakel. C se werkers was daarvan bewus. R het dadelik D se verteenwoordiger (M), wat gewoonlik as skakel tussen haar en D opgetree het, van die gevaartoestand verwittig en hy het onderneem om dadelik vir D daarvan in kennis te stel sodat hy spoedig reëlings vir herstelwerk aan die elektriese leiding kon tref. M het egter versuim om die berig aan D deur te gee. Die volgende oggend het C se werkers die elektrisiteit weer aangeskakel om aan te gaan met hul werk en derhalwe die gevaartoestand laat herleef, wat uiteindelik die tragedie as afloop gehad het. Die hof het tot die volgende beslissings geraak: Wat N (die eerste verweerder) betref, is bevind dat ofskoon sy brouwerk (die feit dat hy die elektriese leiding van die aardlekkasiestelsel ontkoppel het) die grondoorsaak vir die elektrifisering van die kraan was, dit nie vir ’n redelike persoon in sy skoene voorsienbaar sou wees dat die werkers wat van die gevaartoestand bewus was, so onverstandig sou wees om die elektrisiteit weer aan te skakel nie en dat ’n voldoende juridiese kousale verband derhalwe tussen N se handeling en die kind se beserings ontbreek het. Die werkers se handeling is dus as ’n novus actus interveniens beskou. Hierdie beslissing word gekritiseer as strydig met die regspraak betreffende juridiese kousaliteit. In BC (die derde verweerder) se geval was die omstandighede van sodanige aard dat daar nie redelikerwys van BC wat geen kennis van die gevaartoestand gehad het, verwag kon word om voorkomende stappe te doen nie en in hierdie geval is die eiser se vordering verwerp. Met hierdie bevinding word daar akkoord gegaan. Wat D (die tweede verweerder) betref, is bevind dat hy aanspreeklik is vir die eiser se nadeel. Oor die juridiese grondslag waarop die hof sy beslissing gevestig het, bestaan daar onsekerheid. In breë trekke is daar tot ’n bevinding van middellike aanspreeklikheid gekom, maar die hof het gewik en geweeg tussen werkgewersaanspreeklikheid en dié van ’n verteenwoordiger, ofskoon daar ter aanvang duidelik afwysend teenoor laasgenoemde grondslag gestaan is. Die ratio decidendi is in hierdie opsig uitermate verwarrend. Daar word aan die hand gedoen dat D se aanspreeklikheid dié van ’n werkgewer is vir handelinge van sy werknemer in diensbestek gepleeg. Ten einde laaste het die hof die posisie van C (die derde party) onder die loep geneem en hom eerstens as ’n onafhanklike kontrakteur bestempel, kennelik (en tereg) om aan te dui dat D nie ook vir sy optrede, of dié van sy werkers, aanspreeklik is nie. Daarna het die ratio decidendi in ’n staat van verwarring verval waar die hof C se aanspreeklikheid vir die handelinge van sy werkers beoordeel het. Die moontlikheid bestaan dat C enersyds as ’n werkgewer, of andersyds as ’n opdraggewer van ’n onafhanklike aannemer wat as uitsondering aanspreeklik sou kon wees in ooreenstemming met die toonaangewende uitspraak in Langley Fox Building Partnership (Pty) Ltd v De Valence (1991 1 SA 1 (A)) benader sou kon word. In hierdie opsig is daar los en vas verwys na die aanspreeklikheid van ’n onafhanklike aannemer en ’n verteenwoordiger, maar die regspraak waarna ter stawing van laasgenoemde verwys is, het in werklikheid geen steun vir die bevinding van C se aanspreeklikheid verskaf nie. Die hof het ten slotte ’n bevel uitgereik waarin hy C gelas het om D vir 50% van die skadevergoedingsbedrag wat D in die toekoms aan die eiseres sou moet betaal, skadeloos te stel. Ofskoon C kennelik ’n derde party was wat as gedingsparty (nie verweerder nie) ingevolge reël 13(1) van die Eenvormige Hofreëls gevoeg is, het regter Millar geen verwysing hierna gemaak nie en dit is aan die leser oorgelaat om uit te maak wat die aard van die proses ten opsigte van C was. Daarbenewens het die hof, onverklaarbaar, versuim om ’n enkele rede te verskaf vir sy besluit rakende die verdelingsverhouding waarop hy besluit het – ’n uiters ongewone praktyk. Daar word voorgestel dat artikel 2(8) van die Wet op Verdeling van Skadevergoeding 34 van 1956 wat die verhouding tussen die aanspreeklikheidsgrade van mededaders ten grondslag lê, hier toepassing moes vind. Enkele voorbeelde word verskaf van hoe daar tot ’n verdeling geraak kon word met verwysing na South British Insurance Co Ltd v Smit (1962 3 SA 826 (A)) en Jones NO v SANTAM Bpk (1965 2 SA 542 (A)).
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Abrams, Matthew P., Arthur P. Pelullo, Zachary F. Meisel, Raina M. Merchant, Jonathan Purtle, and Anish K. Agarwal. "State and Federal Legislators’ Responses on Social Media to the Mental Health and Burnout of Health Care Workers Throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic: Natural Language Processing and Sentiment Analysis." JMIR Infodemiology 3 (February 24, 2023): e38676. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/38676.
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Background Burnout and the mental health burden of the COVID-19 pandemic have disproportionately impacted health care workers. The links between state policies, federal regulations, COVID-19 case counts, strains on health care systems, and the mental health of health care workers continue to evolve. The language used by state and federal legislators in public-facing venues such as social media is important, as it impacts public opinion and behavior, and it also reflects current policy-leader opinions and planned legislation. Objective The objective of this study was to examine legislators’ social media content on Twitter and Facebook throughout the COVID-19 pandemic to thematically characterize policy makers’ attitudes and perspectives related to mental health and burnout in the health care workforce. Methods Legislators’ social media posts about mental health and burnout in the health care workforce were collected from January 2020 to November 2021 using Quorum, a digital database of policy-related documents. The total number of relevant social media posts per state legislator per calendar month was calculated and compared with COVID-19 case volume. Differences between themes expressed in Democratic and Republican posts were estimated using the Pearson chi-square test. Words within social media posts most associated with each political party were determined. Machine-learning was used to evaluate naturally occurring themes in the burnout- and mental health–related social media posts. Results A total of 4165 social media posts (1400 tweets and 2765 Facebook posts) were generated by 2047 unique state and federal legislators and 38 government entities. The majority of posts (n=2319, 55.68%) were generated by Democrats, followed by Republicans (n=1600, 40.34%). Among both parties, the volume of burnout-related posts was greatest during the initial COVID-19 surge. However, there was significant variation in the themes expressed by the 2 major political parties. Themes most correlated with Democratic posts were (1) frontline care and burnout, (2) vaccines, (3) COVID-19 outbreaks, and (4) mental health services. Themes most correlated with Republican social media posts were (1) legislation, (2) call for local action, (3) government support, and (4) health care worker testing and mental health. Conclusions State and federal legislators use social media to share opinions and thoughts on key topics, including burnout and mental health strain among health care workers. Variations in the volume of posts indicated that a focus on burnout and the mental health of the health care workforce existed early in the pandemic but has waned. Significant differences emerged in the content posted by the 2 major US political parties, underscoring how each prioritized different aspects of the crisis.
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Akram, Muhammad, Maria Shabir, Ahmad N. Al-Kenani, and José Carlos R. Alcantud. "Hybrid Decision-Making Frameworks under Complex Spherical Fuzzy N -Soft Sets." Journal of Mathematics 2021 (March 23, 2021): 1–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5563215.
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This paper presents the novel concept of complex spherical fuzzy N -soft set ( C S F N S f S ) which is capable of handling two-dimensional vague information with parameterized ranking systems. First, we propose the basic notions for a theoretical development of C S F N S f S s , including ranking functions, comparison rule, and fundamental operations (complement, union, intersection, sum, and product). Furthermore, we look into some properties of C S F N S f S s . We then produce three algorithms for multiattribute decision-making that take advantage of these elements. We demonstrate their applicability with the assistance of a numerical problem (selection of best third-party app of the year). A comparison with the performance of Pythagorean N -soft sets speaks for the superiority of our approach. Moreover, with an aim to expand the range of techniques for multiattribute group decision-making problems, we design a C S F N S f -TOPSIS method. We use a complex spherical fuzzy N -soft weighted average operator in order to aggregate the decisions of all experts according to the power of the attributes and features of alternatives. We present normalized-Euclidean distances (from the alternatives to both the C S F N S f positive and negative ideal solutions, respectively) and revised closeness index in order to produce a best feasible alternative. As an illustration, we design a mathematical model for the selection of the best physiotherapist doctor of Mayo hospital, Lahore. We conduct a comparison with the existing complex spherical fuzzy TOPSIS method that confirms the stability of the proposed model and the reliability of its results.
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Yasunami, Yohichi, Shinichiroh Ryu, Masao Ueki, et al. "Donor-Specific Unresponsiveness Induced by Intraportal Grafting and FK506 in Rat Islet Allografts: Importance of Low Temperature Culture and Transplant Site on Induction and Maintenance." Cell Transplantation 3, no. 1 (1994): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096368979400300111.
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Previously we demonstrated prolongation of islet allograft survival in rat by administration of FK506 to the recipients. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether specific immune unresponsiveness had been induced and to determine the effects of low temperature culture of donor islets as well as the transplant site on the induction of immune unresponsiveness. At 90 days after transplantation, normoglycemic recipients bearing functional intrahepatic grafts were made diabetic again with streptozotocin (STZ) and donor specific or third party islets were transplanted either into the liver or beneath the kidney capsule. When fresh islets were used as donors in initial transplantation in conjunction with FK506, intrahepatic re-transplants of fresh islets from the donor-specific strain in the absence of FK506 maintained normoglycemia for more than 60 days, while third party transplants (n = 3) were rejected within 1 wk. In contrast to intrahepatic regrafts, all the renal subcapsular regrafts from the donor-specific strain (n = 3) were rejected with mean survival time of 12.7 ± 6.4 days. When cultured (24°C, 7 days) islets were used for initial transplantation in conjunction with FKS06, re-transplants of fresh or cultured islets from the donor specific strain beneath the kidney capsule maintained normoglycemic in 3 out of 6 or all (n = 4) of the recipients, respectively. Cultured third party regrafts beneath the kidney capsule (n = 2) were rejected at 9 days. These findings clearly demonstrate that immune unresponsiveness induced by intraportal grafting of islets in conjunction with FK506 was donor specific and indicate that cultured islets appear more tolerogenic when used at the initial transplant and less immunogenic when used as regrafts. The present study also indicates the importance of transplant site in induction and maintenance of donor specific unresponsiveness.
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Tsalikis, John, Todd Haderlie, and Sphurti Sewak. "Evaluating Consumer Perceptions of Businesses Pre- and Post-Midterm Elections Using Business Ethics Index (BEI)." Business Ethics and Leadership 7, no. 1 (2023): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/bel.7(1).96-104.2023.
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In the United States, the political landscape is characterized by biannual changes in power between the two major political parties, the Democratic and Republican parties. The shift in power can lead to significant changes in the regulatory environment for businesses, with each party having different policies and priorities when it comes to business regulation. Our research investigates the impact of political power shifts on consumer perceptions of business ethics. We collected two sample datasets through telephone interviews, the first conducted before the November 2018 mid-term elections (N=1,003) and the second after the elections (N=1,009). Our findings were surprising. Despite the mid-term elections being a significant political event and a change in power, we found that they did not immediately impact consumer perceptions of business ethics. This study offers new insights into the relationship between political power shifts and consumer perceptions of business ethics in the United States and is the first to examine this issue. The results suggest that consumer perceptions of business ethics may be relatively stable despite changes in political power. The leniency or stringency of regulations imposed on businesses by political parties may not significantly alter consumers’ perceptions of ethical behavior. It is an important finding for businesses as it highlights the importance of maintaining ethical practices and behavior, regardless of political circumstances. Our research sheds light on the complex relationship between political power shifts and consumer attitudes toward business ethics. It provides a starting point for future investigations into this topic, which is especially relevant in today’s political climate. The findings have significant implications for businesses, as they underscore the importance of maintaining a strong ethical foundation and reputation, regardless of changes in the regulatory environment. By doing so, businesses can build trust and maintain consumer loyalty in the long run.
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Zhu, Nan, Skyler T. Hawk, and Judith G. Smetana. "The Influence of Power on U.S. and Chinese Individuals’ Judgments and Reasoning About Intrasocietal Conflicts." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 51, no. 1 (2019): 77–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022119893109.
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This study used a social domain theory framework to investigate Chinese and U.S. individuals’ evaluations of intrasocietal conflicts (defined as situations where some individuals’ rights clash with collective interests), and how those evaluations might be influenced by concepts of high versus low power. Undergraduate students in both the United States ( n = 92) and China ( n = 98) received either a high-power or a low-power prime and then evaluated (a) the acceptability of actions taken by different parties in hypothetical scenarios about intrasocietal conflicts, (b) moral and societal justifications for these actions, and (c) the appropriateness of actions by outside, third parties aimed at affirming individual rights. Results showed that moral justifications for individual actions were positively associated with pro-individual-rights judgments in both societies, regardless of power condition. In addition, U.S. individuals primed with high power and Chinese participants primed with low power showed lower support for third-party actions, based on societal concerns from the collective perspective. Chinese participants primed with high power also accepted collective actions based on moral and societal concerns. These results extend social domain theory by demonstrating how different power concepts affect the relative importance of moral versus societal concerns in individuals’ judgments, especially when evaluating third-party actions.
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Albrecht, Julia, Kristina Doser, Reinhard Andreesen, Joerg Ermann, Matthias Edinger, and Petra Hoffmann. "Only MHC-Identical Donor CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells Convey Full Protection from Lethal Graft-Versus-Host Disease." Blood 112, no. 11 (2008): 3516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.3516.3516.
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Abstract Natural CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) contribute to tolerance induction after transplantation. We previously showed that the adoptive transfer of donor-derived Treg cells prevents lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in murine disease models. In contrast, host-type Treg cells failed to protect when co-transplanted under identical conditions. We now examined whether MHC compatibility between Treg cells and conventional CD25−CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Tconv) is required for the suppression of alloresponses, or whether elimination of host-type Treg by allo-aggressive donor Tconv cells occurred. To address this issue, mixed lymphocyte reactions were performed in which CFSE-labelled responder T cells (Tresp), Treg cells and antigen presenting cells (APC) were systematically varied with regard to their MHC haplotype. When BALB/c (H-2d) Tresp cells were stimulated with mixed BALB/c and C57BL/6 (H-2b) APC, cultures contained 26.0 ± 3.1% and 86.2 ± 2.2% proliferating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, respectively, on 6 d. In the presence of syngeneic BALB/c Treg cells, proliferation was decreased to 9.1 ± 4.7% and 25.1 ± 4.9% for CD4+ and CD8+ Tresp cells, respectively. In contrast, in cultures with allogeneic C57BL/6 Treg cells, proliferation remained at 22.1 ± 1.8% for CD4+ and 89.6 ± 0.4% for CD8+ Tresp cells. Comparable results were obtained with C57BL/6 Tresp cells after stimulation with F1 (C57BL/6 × BALB/c; H-2b/d) or 3rd party (DBA/1; H-2q) APC. Lack of suppression in co-cultures of MHC-mismatched Tresp and Treg cells was not caused by an early elimination of allogeneic Treg cells, as those were still detectable after 6 d of allostimulation. In corresponding in vivo studies, CB6F1 or DBA/1 recipients were protected from lethal GVHD only when Tconv and Treg cells were derived from MHC-identical donors, but not when they were from two MHC-disparate strains. Transplantation of 1 × 106 C57BL/6 Tconv cells resulted in 100% lethality of CB6F1 recipients by d56. When co-transplanted with 1 × 106 C57BL/6 Treg cells, all recipients survived for 100d, whereas only 40% survived after co-transfer of the same number of BALB/c Treg (n = 15; p = 0.004). Similarly, when 1 × 106 BALB/c Tconv cells were transplanted into CB6F1 recipients, all animals died from GVHD by d46. In contrast, all recipients of BALB/c Tconv and Treg cells (ratio1:1) survived for 100d, but only 10% of recipient mice survived after co-transfer of C57BL/6 Treg (n = 10; p < 0.001). Similar results were obtained after BALB/c and C57BL/6 T cell transfer into DBA/1 (3rd party) recipients. In conclusion, these data indicate that MHC-identity between Tconv and Treg cells is required for maximum suppression of an alloresponse and that Treg cells isolated from a 3rd party donor might not be suited for the prevention of GVHD after allogeneic BMT.
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Schneidawind, Dominik, Jeanette Baker, Corina Buechele, Everett H. Meyer, and Robert S. Negrin. "Third Party Invariant Natural Killer T Cells Protect from Graft-Versus-Host Disease Lethality through Expansion of Donor CD4+FoxP3+ Regulatory T Cells." Blood 124, no. 21 (2014): 3825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.3825.3825.
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Abstract Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is driven by extensive activation and proliferation of alloreactive donor T cells causing significant morbidity and mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are potent regulators of immune responses in both humans (TCRα Vα24-Jα18) and mice (TCRα Vα14-Jα18). As the iNKT cell receptor and the glycolipid-presenting molecule CD1d interaction is highly conserved, we explored the role of adoptively transferred third party CD4+ iNKT cells in a murine model of allogeneic HCT. BALB/c (H-2Kd) recipient mice were irradiated with 8 Gy and transplanted with T cell-depleted bone marrow together with 1x106 CD4+/CD8+ T cells (Tcon) from C57BL/6 (H-2Kb) donor mice. Adoptive transfer of purified (>95%) 5x104 CD4+ iNKT cells from FVB/N (H-2Kq) third party mice resulted in a significant survival benefit (p<0.001) while retaining Tcon mediated graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effects against A20 lymphoma cells (p=0.002). Consistently, weight and GVHD scores improved in mice that received a single injection of third party CD4+ iNKT cells as compared to animals that received Tcon alone. Notably, CD4+ iNKT cells from third party mice were as protective as CD4+ iNKT cells from donor mice (p=0.50). Signal intensity deriving from expanding luciferase expressing alloreactive Tcon was significantly lower in animals treated with third party CD4+ iNKT cells (p=0.003). Interestingly, inhibition of Tcon proliferation was similar to animals that received CD4+ iNKT cells from donor mice (p=0.90). In addition, adoptive transfer of third party CD4+ iNKT cells promoted a Th2-biased cytokine response of alloreactive donor T cells. Although we found that third party CD4+ iNKT cells were rejected by day +10 after allogeneic HCT, adoptive transfer of these cells resulted in a robust expansion of luciferase expressing donor CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) as measured by bioluminescence imaging (p=0.006). Using FoxP3DTR C57BL/6 donor mice, depletion of Treg from the graft abrogated both donor Treg expansion and protection from GVHD lethality through third party CD4+ iNKT cells. We conclude that low numbers of highly purified and adoptively transferred third party CD4+ iNKT cells protect from lethal GVHD through activation and expansion of donor Treg with retained GVT effects. Despite the fact that iNKT cells are a rare cell population, the in vivo activity of small numbers of cells and feasibility of in vitro expansion provide the basis for clinical translation. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Mokrov, K. S., A. V. Smirnov та M. Zeng. "Упрощение рациональных функций для редукции с использованием соотношений интегрирования по частям и не только". Numerical Methods and Programming (Vychislitel'nye Metody i Programmirovanie) 24, № 4 (2023): 352–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26089/nummet.v24r425.
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We present FUEL (Fractional Universal Evaluation Library), a C++ library for performingrational function arithmetic with a flexible choice of third-party computer algebra systems as simplifiers. FUEL is an outgrowth of a C++ interface to Fermat which was originally part of the FIRE code for integration-by-parts (IBP) reduction for Feynman integrals, now promoted to be a standalone library with access to simplifiers other than Fermat. We compare the performance of various simplifiers for standalone benchmark problems as well as IBP reduction runs with FIRE. A speedup of more than 10 times is achieved for an example IBP problem related to calculation of the off-shell three-particle form factors in N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. Мы представляем C++ библиотеку FUEL (Fractional Universal Evaluation Library), предназначенную для выполнения арифметики рациональных функций с гибким выбором сторонних систем компьютерной алгебры в качестве упростителей. FUEL является развитием интерфейса C++ для Fermat, который изначально был частью кода FIRE для редукции соотношений интегрирования по частям (IBP) для интегралов Фейнмана, а теперь стал отдельной библиотекой с доступом к упростителям, отличным от Fermat. Мы сравниваем производительность различных упростителей для отдельных задач тестирования, а также для редукции IBP с помощью FIRE. Достигнуто ускорение более чем в 10 раз для примера редукции, связанной с вычислением трехпетлевых формфакторов вне оболочки светового конуса в N = 4 суперсимметричной теории Янга-Миллса.
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Sharma, Manoj, Robert E. Davis, and Amanda H. Wilkerson. "COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among College Students: A Theory-Based Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (2021): 4617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094617.
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The severity and pervasiveness of the COVID-19 pandemic have necessitated the emergency use of COVID-19 vaccines. Three vaccines have been approved in the United States (USA). However, there is still some hesitancy in COVID-19 vaccine acceptability among some subgroups, including college students. While research is limited on vaccine acceptability behavior among college students, preliminary data suggests hesitancy as being high. This study aimed to explain the correlates of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among college students who reported hesitancy toward the COVID-19 vaccine and those who did not using the initiation component of the multi-theory model (MTM) of health behavior change. Using a cross-sectional study design, data were collected from a Southern USA University (n = 282) utilizing a valid and reliable 27-item questionnaire in February and March 2021. Almost half (47.5%) of participants reported hesitancy to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. The three constructs of MTM’s initiation model, behavioral confidence (b = 0.089, p < 0.001), participatory dialogue (b = 0.056, p < 0.001), and changes in the physical environment (b = 0.066, p = 0.001) were significantly associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among those who were not hesitant to take the vaccine and accounted for 54.8% of the variance. Among those who were hesitant to take the COVID-19 vaccine, the MTM construct of behavioral confidence (b = 0.022, p < 0.001) was significant along with Republican Party political affiliation (b = −0.464, p = 0.004), which was negatively associated with vaccine acceptance. The model accounted for 60.6% of the variance in intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine. This study provides evidence for the utility of MTM as a timely intervention to design messages for college students to enhance COVID-19 vaccine acceptability.
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Borowicka, Monika. "OCHRONA INTERESU POKRZYWDZONEGO W POLSKIM PRAWIE KARNYM." Zeszyty Prawnicze 3, no. 1 (2017): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2003.3.1.08.
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PROTECTION OF VICTIM’S RIGHTS IN THE POLISH PENAL LAWSummary The World Victimology Society was formed in 1979. That event greatly influenced the development of a study o f a victim and also initiated the movement for the wronged. Victim surveys conducted on the basis of self reporting enabled to define the concepts o f primary and secondary victimization. The surveys confirmed the fact that the implementation of an injured party protection is still inadequate.That subject matter was taken up by the VI Congress of the United Nations in 1985. The U N proclaimed the Declaration of Basic Laws for Victims of Crime and Abuse o f Authorities. In the part devoted to victims of crimes it lists four fundamental rights:a) a right of access to an administration of justice;b) a right to restoration;c) a right to compensation;d) a right to aid.The document also indicates the possibility to use mediation, arbitration, or conciliation and also the Polish legislator perceives the new trends o f punishment policy expressed in progressive regulations. As distinct from the hitherto role o f an injured party as a witness in his own case these regulations aim at securing an effective influence of an injured party on the course o f proceedings and a possibility to satisfy his claim.Currently, one o f the aims o f the Penal Code is an obligation to compensate for damages and to redress an injury sustained by an injured party. It is on the list of means of punishment together with a sanction imposing a payment to an injured or to the public purse and a pecuniary performance (article 39, point 5 of the Penal Code). It may not only complement a punishment, but also be its alternative.An obligation o f a perpetrator of an offence to redress an inflicted damage should also serve the appeasement of conflicts resulting from an unlawful conduct. It also allows a release on probation and an extraordinary mitigation of penalty. Therefore it serves a number of penal functions: o f compensation, resocialization, and education.
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Soloveitchik, E. Yu, Ildar I. Lutfarakhmanov, A. R. Shakirov, P. I. Mironov, and D. A. Valishin. "Personalized corticosteroid treatment of patients with severe new coronavirus infection complicated by pneumonia: a prospective comparative study." Annals of Critical Care, no. 1 (January 27, 2024): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21320/1818-474x-2024-1-148-157.
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INTRODUCTION: A new coronavirus infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and the associated disease COVID-19 is accompanied by a high incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pneumonia with respiratory failure. Corticosteroids are a therapeutic treatment option. OBJECTIVE: To determine the advantage of personalized corticosteroid dosing to reduce inflammation in pneumonia in patients with comorbid diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective comparative study was conducted among adult patients in the Republican Clinical Infectious Hospital and the Clinical Emergency Hospital (Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan) from May 2020 to May 2021. Patients were divided into two groups: personalized corticosteroid administration in accordance with the level of the inflammation biomarker C-reactive protein (CRP) (n = 30) compared with conventional therapy (n = 28). Measurements of CRP levels in blood samples were carried out at the time of hospitalization and then daily during the first 5 days of treatment. RESULTS: The intervention group had fewer days of respiratory support (9.4 [6.2–15.6] vs. 14.3 [7.1–21.4]; p = 0.003) and no differences in cumulative outcome (persistent dependence of respiratory support or death) and the incidence of nosocomial infection compared with the control group. Daily distribution of the biomarker CRP showed significantly lower levels on 2–4 days of treatment in the intervention group compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: In critically ill patients with pneumonia caused by COVID-19, and comorbid diseases, a personalized approach to the corticosteroids prescribing slightly reduced the frequency of treatment ineffectiveness and statistically significantly reduced the duration of respiratory support.
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Isobe, M., J. Suzuki, H. Yagita, et al. "Immunosuppression to cardiac allografts and soluble antigens by anti-vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 and anti-very late antigen-4 monoclonal antibodies." Journal of Immunology 153, no. 12 (1994): 5810–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.153.12.5810.
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Abstract Effective activation of T cells in immune responses depends on two signals, one from the CD3/TCR complex and another from accessory cell surface proteins. Very late Ag-4 (VLA-4) can exert a costimulatory function upon binding with vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). We investigated the effects of mAbs against VCAM-1 and VLA-4 on cardiac allograft survival and humoral response to soluble Ags. BALB/c hearts were transplanted into C3H/He recipients. mAbs (100 micrograms/day) were administered i.p. for the first 6 days. Graft survival in mice treated with M/K-2 (anti-VCAM-1; median survival: 20 days, n = 6) and those treated with PS/2 (anti-VLA-4; 30 days, n = 6) was greater than that in control mice (8 days, n = 7). Eight of 18 mice treated with both M/K-2 and PS/2 accepted the grafts over 65 days, and five of them accepted the grafts over 100 days. Allografts treated with the two mAbs showed scattered infiltration of leukocytes without evidence of active rejection at 65 days. Mice with long-surviving cardiac grafts were challenged with skin grafts from donor and third-party (C57BL/6) strains. Survival of the donor-type skin was significantly greater than that of the third-party skin. One mouse specifically accepted the donor-type skin indefinitely (&gt; 150 days). FACS analysis of splenocytes at 55 days after transplantation showed complete recovery of VLA-4 expression from a down-regulation observed at day 7. In addition, mice immunized with heat-aggregated human gamma-globulin did not produce specific Ab, even after boost immunization, if PS/2 was administered at the time of the first immunization. This unresponsiveness to xenogeneic protein lasted for more than 50 days. These results indicate that in vivo administration of anti-VCAM-1 and anti-VLA-4 mAbs induces specific immunosuppression to cardiac allografts and soluble Ags.
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Stevens, Hannah, and Nicholas A. Palomares. "Constituents’ Inferences of Local Governments’ Goals and the Relationship Between Political Party and Belief in COVID-19 Misinformation: Cross-sectional Survey of Twitter Followers of State Public Health Departments." JMIR Infodemiology 2, no. 1 (2022): e29246. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/29246.
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Background Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, social media have influenced the circulation of health information. Public health agencies often use Twitter to disseminate and amplify the propagation of such information. Still, exposure to local government–endorsed COVID-19 public health information does not make one immune to believing misinformation. Moreover, not all health information on Twitter is accurate, and some users may believe misinformation and disinformation just as much as those who endorse more accurate information. This situation is complicated, given that elected officials may pursue a political agenda of re-election by downplaying the need for COVID-19 restrictions. The politically polarized nature of information and misinformation on social media in the United States has fueled a COVID-19 infodemic. Because pre-existing political beliefs can both facilitate and hinder persuasion, Twitter users’ belief in COVID-19 misinformation is likely a function of their goal inferences about their local government agencies’ motives for addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective We shed light on the cognitive processes of goal understanding that underlie the relationship between partisanship and belief in health misinformation. We investigate how the valence of Twitter users’ goal inferences of local governments’ COVID-19 efforts predicts their belief in COVID-19 misinformation as a function of their political party affiliation. Methods We conducted a web-based cross-sectional survey of US Twitter users who followed their state’s official Department of Public Health Twitter account (n=258) between August 10 and December 23, 2020. Inferences about local governments’ goals, demographics, and belief in COVID-19 misinformation were measured. State political affiliation was controlled. Results Participants from all 50 states were included in the sample. An interaction emerged between political party affiliation and goal inference valence for belief in COVID-19 misinformation (∆R2=0.04; F8,249=4.78; P<.001); positive goal inference valence predicted increased belief in COVID-19 misinformation among Republicans (β=.47; t249=2.59; P=.01) but not among Democrats (β=.07; t249=0.84; P=.40). Conclusions Our results reveal that favorable inferences about local governments’ COVID-19 efforts can accelerate belief in misinformation among Republican-identifying constituents. In other words, accurate COVID-19 transmission knowledge is a function of constituents' sentiment toward politicians rather than science, which has significant implications on public health efforts for minimizing the spread of the disease, as convincing misinformed constituents to practice safety measures might be a political issue just as much as it is a health one. Our work suggests that goal understanding processes matter for misinformation about COVID-19 among Republicans. Those responsible for future COVID-19 public health messaging aimed at increasing belief in valid information about COVID-19 should recognize the need to test persuasive appeals that address partisans’ pre-existing political views in order to prevent individuals’ goal inferences from interfering with public health messaging.
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Mottram, Patricia L., Anne Räisänen-Sokolowski, Troels Glysing-Jensen, Alicia N. Stein-Oakley, and Mary E. Russell2. "Cardiac Allografts from IL-4 Knockout Recipients: Assessment of Transplant Arteriosclerosis and Peripheral Tolerance." Journal of Immunology 161, no. 2 (1998): 602–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.161.2.602.
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Abstract To study the role of IL-4 in tolerance induction and transplant arteriosclerosis, BALB/c hearts were transplanted into C57BL/6J wild-type or IL-4 knockout (IL-4−/−) recipients. A 30-day course of anti-CD4/8 mAb was used to induce long term graft survival. Primary graft survival was 50% (5 of 10) in IL-4−/− recipients comparable to 63% (5 of 8) in wild-type recipients. Mice with allografts surviving &gt;80 days were tested for tolerance by challenge with a second donor or third party (CBA) heart. Secondary donor-strain heart grafts survived &gt;30 days, but showed histologic evidence of ongoing alloimmune response. Third party hearts rejected rapidly. Although immunostaining and 32P RT-PCR assays showed no differences in the mononuclear cell infiltration and T cell activation between IL-4−/− and wild-type tolerant recipients, some monokines (IL-12, TNF-α, and allograft inflammatory factor-1) were up-regulated in grafts from IL-4−/− recipients. Computer-assisted analysis of elastin-stained vessels revealed that the severity of vascular thickening (percentage of luminal occlusion, mean ± SD, n = 329) was similar in grafts from IL-4−/− (63.7 ± 16.9%) and wild-type (69.5 ± 17.6%) recipients. Thus, IL-4 deficiency did not alter primary or secondary graft survival, infiltration, or vascular thickening. The selective alterations in monokine expression suggests that alternative pathways are activated and may compensate in IL-4−/− mice.
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Gottlieb, Marcus, Mark Eys, James Hardy, and Alex J. Benson. "Valued Insight or Act of Insubordination? How Context Shapes Coaches’ Perceptions of Challenge-Oriented Followership." Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 43, no. 6 (2021): 488–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2021-0122.
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Effective leadership is a collaborative effort, requiring a degree of complementarity in how people enact roles of leadership and followership. Using a novel online vignette methodology, we experimentally tested how three contextual factors influenced coaches’ responses to challenge-oriented acts of followership, as well as investigated two potential mechanisms. Coaches (N = 232) watched videos of an athlete provided unsolicited challenge-oriented feedback to a coach. Videos varied by the (a) athlete’s status, (b) presence of third-party observers, and (c) stage of the decision-making process. Following the video, we assessed coaches’ evaluations of the athlete. Challenge-oriented followership was perceived more favorably when enacted by an athlete in one-on-one (vs. in a group) and before a decision has been reached (vs. after a decision is reached). Coaches may appreciate proactivity from athletes in positions of followership, but challenge-oriented followership behaviors enacted at the wrong time and place can elicit negative reactions.
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Introna, Martino, Ettore Biagi, Chiara Capelli, et al. "Human Mesenchymal Stroma Cells (hMSCs) Expanded with Human Platelets Lysate Are Safe and Effective For the Treatment of Graft Versus Host Disease." Blood 112, no. 11 (2008): 1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.1171.1171.
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Abstract Background Very recently, encouraging results indicate that third party human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) are a rapidly available therapeutic tool for the treatment of severe (grade III–IV), steroid resistant, acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD). In the clinical experience published so far, hMSCs have been expanded in Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), which may constitute a problem for its antigenicity and as a possible vehicle of animal pathogens. We have established a highly efficient protocol for the in vitro expansion, under strict GMP compliance, of bone marrow derived hMSCs using human platelets lysate (PL) in place of FBS (Capelli C. et al.: BMT, 2007). In this study, upon Ethical Committee approval and patient’s informed consent, hMSCs were administered on a compassionate basis for the treatment of refractory GVHD. Methods hMSCs were prepared from washouts of bags and filters, left over at the end of the standard filtration procedures of the bone marrow harvests from third party HLA mismatched healthy donors. Cells were grown in the presence of DMEM with 5% PL obtained from the Blood Bank of our Hospitals. In a short period of time (10–33 days), low density seeding of unmanipulated cells (100–200/cm2), obtained from 7 bone marrow harvests allowed to prepare large quantities of hMSCs (median 115×106, range: 67–375), with only one in vitro passage. Twenty-three frozen bags of hMSCs (each containing approximately 1×106/kg of recipient body weight) have been quarantined until the completion of quality tests, including viability, phenotype, absence of detectable bacteria, fungi, mycoplasma or endotoxin, according to European Pharmacopea guidelines. Differentiation to osteogenic and chondrogenic cells as well as the immunosuppressive potential of these cells was confirmed when tested in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Q banding and clonogenic assays were performed for each batch and never showed abnormalities of karyotype or autonomous growth in vitro. Results Two adult and 4 pediatric patients were treated for aGVHD (grade II–IV) and 2 adults for extensive chronic GVHD (cGVHD) between January and July 2008, using 12 hMSCs bags that had completed quarantine. Before hMSCs, second or third line treatments had been given to patients with aGVHD, including Etanercept (n= 5), Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF, n= 4) and Extracorporeal Photopheresis (ECP, n= 3), Rituximab (1 patient). Patients with cGVHD were previously treated with ECP and MMF (n= 2), Imatinib (n= 1) and Etanercept (n= 1). Each infusion contained a median dose of 1×106/kg (range, 0.7–1.2×106) hMSCs. For patients with aGVHD, a single infusion was performed in 4 pediatric patients while 1 and 3 infusions were performed in 2 adult patients. The 2 patients with cGVHD received 1 and 4 infusions, respectively. All infusions were very well tolerated with no immediate or late adverse events according to WHO common criteria. Among pediatric patients with aGVHD, 3 complete and 1 partial responses were registered and all patients are alive and in complete hematologic remission. A complete response was observed in 1 adult with grade III cutaneous aGVHD although the patient rapidly relapsed and died of leukemia progression. No response was observed in the other adult patient who died of progressive grade IV gut and liver aGVHD. The 2 adult patients with cGVHD had both a partial response and are alive. Conclusions These data show that large numbers of third party hMSCs can be expanded in vitro with PL containing medium and stored for immediate use in patients with GVHD. Moreover, the clinical results and the toxicity profile confirm those reported with hMSCs expanded in FBS containing media.
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Singh, Aloukick Kumar, Elias Schetzen, Esther BACHAR Lustig, et al. "Proof of Concept for Repair of Sickle Cell Disease By Non-Myeloablative MHC Disparate T Cell Depleted HSCT Combined with Donor-Derived Veto Cells." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (2019): 1919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-124594.
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Although life extending medical treatments are available for sickle cell disease (SCD), allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is considered a treatment of choice (Ozdogu et al., Bone Marrow Transplant 2018; 53(7): 880-890). However, HSCT is associated with several limitations, including conditioning-related toxicity and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), especially when using MHC disparate transplants. Thus, the development of safe transplantation protocols for MHC disparate HSCT in sickle cell disease is vital. While the risk of GvHD and conditioning toxicity can be effectively reduced by the use of T-cell-depleted HSCT (TD-HSCT) under reduced intensity conditioning (RIC), rejection of TD-HSCT remains a challenge. We previously demonstrated in wild type mice that this barrier can be overcome using donor-derived veto cells. Here, we demonstrate the safety and efficacy of this approach in a well-defined murine model for sickle cells disease. Veto activity is based on the ability of certain cells to attack host CTL-precursors (CTLp) which are directed against antigens expressed on the veto cells themselves, sparing cells that are not targeted against the veto cells including T cells needed for defense against pathogens. Central memory CD8 T cells exhibit the most robust veto activity upon transplantation; however, these cells are also endowed with marked GvH activity. We overcame this issue by expanding naïve or memory CD8 T cells against 3rd party MHC or viral antigens, respectively, under culture conditions favoring expression of central memory phenotype. Such anti-3rd party central memoryCD8 T cells (Tcm), which are endowed with marked veto activity, also exhibit reduced risk for GvHD in fully mis-matched recipients (Reviewed in Reisner Y, Or-Geva N. Semin Hematol. 2019; 56(3): 173-182.) To generate Tcm veto cells, splenocytes obtained from Balb/c donors (H2d) were cultured against irradiated third-party splenocytes (FVB; H2q) under cytokine deprivation. The selective expansion of CD8 mouse T cells against 3rd party stimulators leads to selective 'death by neglect' of bystander anti-host T cell clones potentialy mediating GvHD, and these are further diluted out by subsequent expansion of anti-3rd party T clones during continued culture in the presence of IL-15. Apart from selective loss of GvH reactive T cells, these culture conditions induce a central memory phenotype shown to be important for attaining robust veto activity in vivo (Ophir et al., Blood. 2013; 121(7): 1220-8). We first calibrated the optimal irradiation dose for sickle mice (Berkeley model, H2b), comparing 4.5 Gy versus 5 Gy TBI in a conditioning protocol also including short term rapmycin treatment (Scheme 1). Higher levels of engraftment and chimerism were found in the group receiving 5Gy TBI (Fig. 1). All mice of both treatment groups survived >140 days with no evidence of GvHD. To further evaluate this treatment approach, 8 week old sickle mice (N=7) were given bone marrow transplants using the protocol described in Scheme 1, including conditioning with 5 Gy TBI (day -1), rapamycin treatment (day -1 to day 4), and transplantation of NuBM (day 0) plus veto cells (day 7; Scheme 1). Notably, at 44 days post-transplant, 6 out of 7 mice receiving NuBM + TCM + Rapa (85.7%) showed donor chimerism in the peripheral blood, ranging between 77-94% (Fig.2A-B), while no chimerism was detected in mice receiving conditioning alone, or conditioning and transplantation with only NuBM or only veto cells . All mice in all groups survived (N=26) , and no GvHD was detected with a follow up of 77 days, even in the transplanted group which exhibited high donor-derived chimerism. Furthermore, reversal of sickle disease symptoms was observed, including reticulocyte levels (p=0.001;Fig.2C) and expression of wild type hemoglobin ( Fig.2D) in all engrafted mice. Our results offer a proof of concept for the treatment of sickle disease by MHC disparate non-myeloablative T cell depleted HSCT in conjunction with anti-3rd party central memory veto CD8 T cells. A clinical trial testing the safety and efficacy of anti-3rd party veto cells in the context of low toxicity non-myeloablative TD-HSCT in hematological malignancies is currently ongoing at MD Anderson Cancer Center. If successful, our present results support further evaluation of this platform for sickle cell disease. Disclosures Lustig: Yeda Ltd.: Patents & Royalties. Reisner:Cell Source, Inc.: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Patents & Royalties.
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Ravindran, Gopalan. "Rhetorical Bodies and Movement-Images in the 1949 Tamil Film Velaikari (House Maid)." Deleuze and Guattari Studies 12, no. 1 (2018): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/dlgs.2018.0295.
Full textAbstract:
The notion of ‘rhetorical bodies’ argues the cause of the rhetorical elements in the material and the material elements in the rhetorical in ways that can be seen as analogous to the bi-partite modes of Deleuzian film philosophy, ‘movement-image’ and ‘time-image’. Tamil films of the 1940s and 1950s bear the strong imprints of the rhetorical elements of the Self-Respect Movement and Dravidian Movement, which took root in different versions during the 1920s–60s. The narrative locations of the bodies (both male and female) in the Tamil films of the 1940s and 1950s provide interesting theoretical and analytical challenges if one seeks to combine the Deleuzian notions of ‘movement-image’ with the notions of material rhetorics. The coming together of these notions provides new pointers to the understanding of an important phase in the history of Tamil cinema for its implications on the long-running nexus between politics and films in the state of Tamil Nadu. The Deleuzian trajectory in film philosophy provides more than enough pointers to examine early Tamil cinema's attempts to construct ‘movement-images’ through rhetorical bodies. This paper seeks to examine the contexts of ‘movement-images’ and the role of ‘rhetorical bodies’ in constructing the same in Velaikari (1949), scripted by C. N. Annadurai. Popularly known as Aringnar Anna, C. N. Annadurai was the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and the Founder of DMK (Dravida Munnetra Kazhakam), the party which unseated Congress from power in Tamil Nadu in 1967, and the state remains out of reach of the national parties ever since.
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Ruggeri, Annalisa, Carlheinz Mueller, Liesbeth C. de Wreede, et al. "Association of Donor-Recipient HLA Matching with Outcome of Unrelated Donor Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Study from the Cellular Therapy and Immunobiology Working Party (CTIWP) of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT)." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (2019): 3281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-125369.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Optimal HLA matching is associated with clinical outcome of unrelated donor (UD) hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT)(Pidala, Blood2014, Morishima, Blood2015, Fürst, Blood2013), but a comprehensive analysis addressing this question in European transplant centers has not yet been performed. Within the CTIWP of EBMT, we have addressed this issue in adultsreceiving an UD-HCT from 2000 to 2015. Methods: All consecutive cases of UC-HCT with available 6-loci high resolution (2nd field) HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, -DQB1, -DPB1 typing for both patient and donor and ARD-level matching for at least 7/8 HLA-A,B,C,DRB1 alleles reported to the EBMT were selected. Further inclusion criteria were first allogeneic HCT for hematological malignancies, patient age >=18 years, availability of donor age and use of either bone marrow or peripheral blood (PB) as stem cell source. Overall, 9575 patient-donor pairs were included from 29 countries and 198 transplant centers. Median follow-up was of 28.3 months, main diagnosis was acute leukemia (AL)(51.5%), disease stage was early in 44.1% of cases. UD-HCT were performed with PB in 84.7%, in vivo T cell depletion (TCD) in 64.4% and reduced intensity conditioning regimen in 57.3% of cases, and mostly standard graft-versus-host-disease (GvHD) prophylaxis with calcineurin inhibitors. HLA data were validated using the HLAcore library and a haplotype based probability check from the German Donor Registry. Pairs were stratified by: 1) In the overall cohort, according to HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 matching status (8/8 N=7724 and 7/8 N=1851) and 2) in informative 8/8 matched pairs (N=7480), according to HLA-DPB1 matching status as identical (23.7%), permissive (26.6%) or non-permissive (32.9%) by the 3-group T Cell Epitope (TCE3) model, or by the 4-group TCE4 model (Fleischhauer, Blood2017). Primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), secondary endpoints were non-relapse mortality (NRM), relapse and acute GvHD grade II-IV, and relapse free survival (RFS). Results: At 5 years, OS and RFS in the entire cohort were 47% and 40.5%. The cumulative incidence of 5-y NRM, relapse and 1-y grade II-IV aGvHD was 28.1%, 31.4% and 19.4%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, a single mismatch at HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 (7/8) was associated with a significantly higher risk of death compared to full match (8/8; HR 1.16, p<0.001). Other variables significantly associated with OS were patient (HR 1.14, p<0.001) and donor age (HR 1.08, p<0.001) per decade, CMV serostatus (HR 1.10, p=0.007), diagnosis of AL (HR 1.14, p<0.001), disease status (HR 1.22, p<0.001) and year of HCT (HR 0.98, p<0.001). The hazards of NRM, grade II-IV aGvHD and RFS were also significantly higher in 7/8 compared to 8/8 group (HR 1.34, p<0.001, HR 1.18, p<0.001 and HR 1.13, p<0.001, respectively) but not with lower risks of relapse (HR 0.96, p=0.51). In 8/8 matched HCT, when comparing with the HLA-DPB1 TCE3 permissive group, NRM were significantly higher in the non-permissive but not in the allele matched group (HR 1.17, p<0.001 and HR 0.90, p=0.15). Permissive HLA-DPB1 mismatches were associated with significantly lower relapse risks compared to allele matches but not compared to non-permissive mismatches (HR 0.85, p<0.01 and HR 0.96, p=0.433, respectively). OS was not significantly different between permissively HLA-DPB1 mismatched and allele matched pairs (HR 0.98, p=0.678.) or non-permissively mismatched pairs (HR 1.07, p=0.08). RFS was similar between the 3 groups. Stratification according to the TCE4 group model resulted in similar outcome associations. Conclusion: In this large independent cohort of UD-HCT from EBMT performed mostly from PB with in vivo TCD, a single allele mismatch at HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 was independently associated with lower OS, and RFS, higher risk of NRM and aGvHD and no difference in relapse. The latter outcome was improved by permissive HLA-DPB1 mismatches in the 8/8 setting, which carried a significantly lower risk of NRM compared to non-permissive mismatches. The results from this new dataset validate current paradigms in donor selection and provide an important new platform for donor selection and HCT immunobiology. Figure: OS and RI relapse in UD-HCT. Pairs were stratified according to A) 8/8 (N=7724) and 7/8 (N=1851) HLA-A,B,C,DRB1 allele mismatches, or B) HLA-DPB1 allele matches (N=2045), TCE3 permissive mismatches (N=3743) and TCE3 non-permissive mismatches (N=2838) in the 8/8. Figure Disclosures Vago: Moderna Therapeutics: Research Funding; GenDx: Research Funding. Socie:Alexion: Consultancy. Kröger:Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; DKMS: Research Funding; JAZZ: Honoraria; Medac: Honoraria; Neovii: Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Riemser: Research Funding; Sanofi-Aventis: Research Funding. Leleu:Takeda: Honoraria; Oncopeptide: Honoraria; Karyopharm: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria; Carsgen: Honoraria; Incyte: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria; BMS: Honoraria; Merck: Honoraria; Sanofi: Honoraria. Bonini:Novartis: Consultancy; -: Patents & Royalties: Adoptive T cell therapy field; Intellia Therapeutics: Research Funding; Molmed: Consultancy; Intellia Therapeutics: Consultancy; TxCell: Consultancy; GSK: Consultancy; Allogene: Consultancy; Kite/Gilead: Consultancy. Chabannon:EBMT: Other: Working Party Chair, Board member; Fresenius Kabi: Other: research support; Miltenyi Biotech: Other: research support; Terumo BCT: Other: speaker's fees; Celgene: Other: speaker's fees; Novartis: Other: speaker's fees; Gilead: Other: speaker's fees, hospitalities; Sanofi SA: Other: research support, speaker's fees, hospitalities.
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Muskatel, Rakefet Sidlik, Bar Nathansohn-Levi, Esther BACHAR Lustig, and Yair Reisner. "Towards Safer Allogeneic HSCT in Autoimmunity: Proof of Concept in Diabetes-Prone Mice." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (2019): 3212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-124905.
Full textAbstract:
R.S.K and B.N.L contributed equally to this study. The induction of tolerance towards pancreas autoantigens is a promising approach in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This goal can be partially attained by immuno-ablation followed by autologous HSCT which mitigates the immune reaction leading to diabetes, at least temporarily, if performed soon after diagnosis. However, most T1DM patients transplanted with autologous HSCT eventually relapse (E Snarski et al., Bone marrow Transplantation; 2016; 51, 398-402). Thus, developing methodologies for allogeneic HSCT, to provide a durable non-autoimmune TCR repertoire, could be a promising treatment approach provided that such protocols can safely achieve donor type chimerism. Accordingly, transplantation of T cell-depleted allogeneic HSCT (TD-HSCT) under mild conditioning, associated with minimal toxicity and reduced risk of GVHD, offers an attractive therapeutic option. However, overcoming rejection after reduced conditioning in T1DM represents a major challenge. We previously demonstrated in wild type mice that rejection of TD-HSCT can be prevented using donor-derived veto cells. Here, we show proof of concept of the safety and efficacy of veto cell mediated non-myeloablative mismatched allogeneic TD-HSCT, in the established NOD mouse T1DM model. Veto activity, first defined by Miller (Miller, R. G; Nature; 1980; 287; 544-54), is based on the ability of specific cell populations to attack host CTL-precursors (CTLp) that are directed against the antigens presented by the veto cells themselves. This response spares cells that are not targeted against the veto cells, including those recognizing pathogens. Among different veto cell populations described in the literature, central memory CD8 T cells exhibit the most robust veto activity upon transplantation, but are also endowed with marked GvH activity. We overcame GvH reactivity by expanding naïve or memory CD8 T cells against 3rd party MHC or viral antigens, under culture conditions favoring expression of the central memory phenotype. Such anti-3rd party central memory CD8 T cells (Tcm) are endowed with marked veto activity, while effectively depleted of GVH reactivity in fully mis-matched recipients (Reviewed in Reisner Y, Or-Geva N. Semin. Hematol. 2019; 56(3): 173-182). In this study, Tcm veto cells were generated from splenocytes obtained from Balb/c donors (H2d) cultured against irradiated third-party splenocytes (FVB; H2q), under cytokine deprivation. The selective expansion of CD8 mouse T cells against 3rd party stimulators under these conditions leads to selective 'death by neglect' of bystander anti-host T cell clones that could mediate GvHD; such cells are further diluted out by subsequent expansion of anti-3rd party T clones during further culture in the presence of IL15. In addition to causing selective loss of GvH reactive T cells, these culture conditions induce a central memory phenotype shown to be crucial for robust veto activity in vivo. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of such a transplant for diabetes therapy, 8 week old NOD mice (before diabetes onset) were treated with 4.5 Gy TBI conditioning at day -1, anti-3rd party veto Tcm and megadose nude bone marrow (NuBM) on day 0, and Rapamycin treatment from day -1 to day +4 (Scheme 1). Controls were untreated or received conditioning with no transplant. In four independent experiments (n= 35 NOD mice in the transplanted group), high chimerism from 83.5% to 99.6 % was found in all transplanted mice at 6 months post-transplant. Notably, with a follow-up of 200 days, 72.4% mice in the untreated group, and 96% in the conditioned group died of diabetes, while only 8.5% diabetes-associated mortality (Fig.1A) and no GvHD or other transplant-related mortality was observed in the transplanted mice (Fig.1B). Our results demonstrate a proof of concept for the safety and efficacy of non-myeloablative allogeneic TD-HSCT in type 1 diabetes. A clinical protocol testing the safety and efficacy of anti-3rd party veto cells in the context of low toxicity non-myeloablative TD-HSCT in hematological malignancies is commencing at MD Anderson Cancer Center. If successful, our results support further extension of this platform to autoimmune diabetes and other autoimmune diseases. Disclosures Lustig: Yeda Ltd.: Patents & Royalties. Reisner:Cell Source, Inc.: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Patents & Royalties.