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1
Haneji, Choshin, Van Tu Do, Duc Loi Vu, and Tuan Hung Duong. "Composing biodiversity indicators for the conservation of mangrove ecosystem in Xuan Thuy National Park, Vietnam: Research article." Technische Universität Dresden, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A29077.
Full textAbstract:
Biodiversity indicators for the conservation of mangrove ecosystems of Xuan Thuy National Park were composed, taking into account the environmental, biotic, and anthropological factors, based on suggested indicators provided by the Convention on Biological Diversity. Relevant environmental, biotic, and anthropological factors, identified by bibliographic and field surveys, were ordered by Pressures, State, Benefits, and Responses categories following the guidance of the Biodiversity Indicators Partnership. Furthermore, the linked relationships among the indicators were identified for effective monitoring of biodiversity in Xuan Thuy National Park.<br>Dựa trên các chỉ thị được gợi ý từ Công ước về Đa dạng sinh học, các chỉ thị đa dạng sinh học phục vụ công tác bảo tồn các hệ sinh thái rừng ngập mặn của Vườn Quốc gia Xuân Thủy đã được xây dựng, có tính đến các yếu tố môi trường, sinh học và con người. Các yếu tố môi trường, sinh học và con người có liên quan, được xác định bằng việc tổng hợp và đánh giá các tài liệu và các đợt điều tra ngoài thực địa, dưới trật tự các nhóm Áp lực, Tình trạng, Lợi ích và Đáp ứng theo hướng dẫn của Đối tác chỉ thị đa dạng sinh học. Hơn thế nữa, các mối quan hệ liên kết giữa các chỉ thị đã được xác định nhằm quan trắc hiệu quả đa dạng sinh học ở Vườn Quốc gia Xuân Thủy.
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Nguyen, Thi Thanh Tra, and Van Duy Nguyen. "Biodiversity of major bacterial groups in association with agarwood (Aquilaria crassna) in Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam: Research article." Technische Universität Dresden, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A29083.
Full textAbstract:
Agarwood mainly formed by Aquilaria species is an economically and pharmaceutically important natural product used for the production of incense, perfumes and traditional medicines in Asia. Endophytic bacteria are potentially important in producing pharmaceutical compounds found in the plants. The aim of this research is to isolate, classify and identify major endophytic bacteria groups associated with agarwood of Aquilaria crassna species in Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam. Agarwood samples were collected and surface-sterilized, and total endophytic bacteria were isolated on Tryptic Soy Agar by the spread plate method. Major bacterial groups were classified according to the Bergey’s system. The 16S rRNA gene fragments were amplified using PCR method, and bacterial isolates were identified using this gene sequence similarity based method. The results showed that from 0.121 g of agarwood, total 26 bacterial isolates were purified and divided into 7 separated groups, in which the group II of Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria was the most dominant. Especially, two dominant strains, T14 of group II, and T15 of group VII, were identified as Bacillus pumilus and Alcaligenes faecalis, respectively.!To our knowledge, it is the first time that biodiversity of bacterial endophytes associated with agarwood from Aquilaria crassna in Vietnam has been reported, which requires of further study to understand the relationship of endophytic bacteria to agarwood-producing Aquilaria crassna species as well as explore their potential applications towards the development of valuable bioactive compounds.<br>Trầm hương, chủ yếu được tạo ra từ các loài cây Dó (Aquilaria), là một sản phẩm tự nhiên có giá trị kinh tế và y học đã được sử dụng để sản xuất hương, nước hoa và các dược phẩm truyền thống ở châu Á. Vi khuẩn nội cộng sinh thực vật được cho là một nguồn quan trọng cho các dược phẩm có nguồn gốc thực vật. Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu này là nhằm phân lập, phân loại và định danh các nhóm vi khuẩn chính trên Trầm hương Khánh Hòa, Việt Nam. Các mẫu Trầm hương được thu nhận và vô trùng bề mặt dùng để phân lập vi khuẩn tổng số trên môi trường TSA bằng phương pháp trải đĩa. Các nhóm vi khuẩn chính được phân loại dựa theo hệ thống chuẩn Bergey. Đoạn gen mã hóa 16S rRNA được khuếch đại bằng phương pháp PCR, và các chủng vi khuẩn được định danh bằng phép so sánh độ tương đồng trình tự của đoạn gen này. Kết quả cho thấy từ 0,121 g mẫu trầm hương, chúng tôi đã phân lập được 26 chủng vi khuẩn và phân chúng vào 7 nhóm chính, trong đó nhóm II bao gồm các vi khuẩn Gram dương sinh bào tử là nhóm chiếm ưu thế nhất. Đặc biệt, có 2 chủng ưu thế là chủng T14 thuộc nhóm II và chủng T15 thuộc nhóm VII đã được định danh tương ứng là Bacillus pumilus và Alcaligenes faecalis.!Đây là nghiên cứu đầu tiên về đa dạng sinh học của các nhóm vi khuẩn chính trên Trầm hương Khánh Hòa. Vì vậy, cần có những nghiên cứu tiếp theo nhằm tìm hiểu mối quan hệ giữa các vi khuẩn nội cộng sinh với cây Dó bầu (Aquilaria crassna) tạo trầm cũng như khai thác những ứng dụng tiềm năng của các vi khuẩn này theo hướng phát triển các hoạt chất sinh học có giá trị.
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Ngo, Xuan Nam, Quoc Huy Nguyen, Nguyen Hang Nguyen, et al. "Preliminary data on the aquatic invertebrate fauna of the Ma River, Thanh Hoa province: Research article." Technische Universität Dresden, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A29101.
Full textAbstract:
A field survey for the invertebrate fauna conducted in the Ma River, Thanh Hoa province in 2013. The research applied multivariable analysis performed by the Primer v.6 software, such as CLUSTER, one-way ANOSIM, BEST and DIVERSE. The results showed a list of 138 aquatic invertebrate species. Of these, most were freshwater wide-distributing species coupled with others characterized for brackish and marine waters. The biodiversity status was quite high compared to several other rivers in the North of Vietnam. The list contained many economic-valued species and 2 of these were listed in the Red Data Book of Vietnam. The aquatic invertebrates showed a significant relation to the two different combinations of physiochemical factors for zooplanktons and zoobenthos, respectively. The values of the species number, abundance and Shannon-Weiner index for both of zooplanktons and zoobenthos showed a curved trend from the upper river segments to lower river segments. These figures for zooplanktons peaked in the middle river segments, whereas the numbers for zoobenthos achieved the highest numbers in the estuaries. The species composition of the estuaries differentiated significantly from that of other freshwater habitats.<br>Năm 2013 đã tiến hành một đợt điều tra khu hệ động vật không xương sống sông Mã, tỉnh Thanh Hóa. Nghiên cứu sử các phân tích đa biến thông qua phần mền Primer v.6, bao gồm: CLUSTER, one-way ANOSIM, BEST và DIVERSE. Kết quả phân tích thu được 138 loài với thành phần loài chủ yếu là những loài nước ngọt thường gặp và phân bố rộng, ngoài ra còn có các loài đặc trưng cho nước lợ và mặn. Trong số các loài thu được, nhiều loài có giá trị kinh tế và 2 loài có tên trong Sách Đỏ Việt Nam. Khu hệ động vật không xương sống sông Mã có quan hệ chặt với hai nhóm chỉ số thủy lý hóa học khác nhau, tương ứng cho động vật nổi và động vật đáy. Giá trị các chỉ số sinh học gồm số lượng loài, mật độ và Shannon-Weiner hồi quy theo đường cong phi tuyến từ thượng lưu tới hạ lưu; đạt giá trị cao nhất tại cửa sông đối với động vật đáy và vùng trung lưu với động vật nổi. Thành phần loài cửa sông khác biệt rõ rệt với thành phần loài các sinh cảnh nước ngọt khác.
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Dang, Thi Thu Huong, and Huu Thu Do. "Biomass and carbon stocks of the natural forests at Me Linh biodiversity station, Vinh Phuc province, Vietnam: Research article." Technische Universität Dresden, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A29112.
Full textAbstract:
Biomass and carbon stock of the natural forests in Vietnam are still not clear due to limitation of knowledge and financial. In this paper, the results of estimating biomass and carbon stocks of the natural forests at Me Linh Biodiversity Station are shown. There are two forest types in this study: the forest vegetation restored after shifting cultivation (vegetation type I) and the forest vegetation restored after clear cutting exploitation (vegetation type II). As the results, the estimated biomass of the forest vegetation restored after shifting cultivation is 86.80 ton.ha-1 and the estimated biomass of the forest vegetation restored after clear cutting exploitation is higher, about 131.59 ton.ha-1. The carbon stock in plants was about 43.40 ton.ha-1 of vegetation type I and 65.79 ton.ha-1 of vegetation type II. The carbon storage in soil of vegetation type I is 79.01 ton.ha-1 and vegetation type II is 99.65 ton.ha-1. Hence, the total of carbon stock in forest vegetation I and II are accounted by 122.41ton.ha-1 and 165.44 ton.ha-1, respectively. In general, it can be pointed out that the naturally recovering secondary forest at Me Linh Station is the secondary young forest with the low economic value due to shortly restored process (about 10-20 years), the flora is not rich and abundant, and there are only commonly pioneer and light demanding tree species.<br>Sinh khối và trữ lượng các bon của rừng tự nhiên ở Việt Nam vẫn ít được quan tâm của do hạn chế về kiến thức và tài chính. Trong bài báo này, chúng tôi đưa ra kết quả của việc ước lượng sinh khối và tổng hợp các bon của các thảm thực vật rừng thứ sinh phục hồi tự nhiên tại Trạm Đa dạng Sinh học Mê Linh, tỉnh Vĩnh Phúc- Việt Nam, nơi có loại hình thảm thực vật chính, đó là thảm thực vật phục hồi sau nương rẫy (kiểu thảm thục vật I) và thảm thực vật phục hồi sau khai thác kiệt (kiểu thảm thực vật II) nhằm mục đích đánh giá tiềm năng của rừng thứ sinh tại khu vực nghiên cứu. Sinh khối của thảm thực vật phục hồi sau nương rẫy là 86,80 tấn/ha. Sinh khối của thảm thực vật phục hồi sau khai thác cao hơn, đạt 131.59 tấn/ha. Lượng các bon hấp thu trong đất của thảm thực vật I là 79,01 tấn/ha và thảm thực vật II là 99,65 tấn/ha. Như vậy, tổng lượng các bon được hấp thu trong mỗi loại hình thảm thực vật trên là: 122,41 tấn/ha (thảm thực vật I) và 165,14 tấn/ha. Nhìn chung, rừng thứ sinh phục hồi tự nhiên tại Trạm Đa dạng Mê Linh chủ yếu là rừng non thứ sinh, ít có giá trị kinh tế do quá trình phục hồi diễn ra ngắn (khoảng 10-20 năm) nên thành phần thực vật nghèo nàn, không phong phú, thành phần chính chủ yếu là các cây gỗ tiên phong, ưa sáng.
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Hunston, Susan. "Evaluation in experimental research articles." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1989. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/912/.
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This thesis examines evaluation in experimental research articles in terms of the meanings made and their contribution to the organisation of the articles. After an introduction to the phenomenon of evaluation in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 surveys recent work concerning the process of scientific discovery and the writing of research articles. Chapter 3 returns to evaluation and its place in various theories of discourse, mainly those of Sinclair and of Halliday. The model of evaluation proposed in this thesis is set out in the next three chapters, dealing in turn with the Status, Value and Relevance functions of evaluation. Status is the function of evaluation which bestows entity, assessing along a certain-uncertain parameter. Value bestows quality and assesses along a good-bad parameter. Evaluation of Relevance is meta-discoursal and marks significance. Relevance Markers are identified, which progressively chunk and organise the text. Comparisons between texts analysed for Status, Value and Relevance demonstrate a movement towards the theoretical and an increase in complexity of argument as the sub-discipline under discussion progresses. Chapter 7 investigates the contribution of evaluation towards text structure and notes a number of ways in which discourse units in experimental research articles may be organised. The concluding chapter, Chapter 8, discusses some of the practical and theoretical implications of the work described in the thesis. The Appendix contains the research articles which comprise the corpus.
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Thetela, Puleng. "Evaluation in academic research articles." Thesis, Online version, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.243248.
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Ravasi, Claudio. "Internationalization of managerial careers : three research articles." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100032.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse de doctorat examine la carrière des managers dans un contexteinternational. Plus précisément, elle s’intéresse aux parcours et modèles de carrièredans un contexte en évolution en prenant comme exemple le cas des managersinternationaux. Nous nous focalisons sur la nature évolutive des carrièresmanagériales, les environnements organisationnels et globaux dans lesquels lescarrières se développent, et la relation réciproque qui existe entre des carrières etdes environnements en évolution. Tous ces aspects sont explorés à travers troisarticles qui reposent sur trois terrains empiriques distincts.Le premier article analyse les profils de carrière des top managers européens dansun contexte d’internationalisation accrue. Des données sur le profil et la carrière deplus de 900 top managers dans quatre pays ont été collectées et analysées. Le butest de vérifier l’hypothèse d’une stabilité des modèles nationaux de carrière etd’identifier les éléments nouveaux liés à l’internationalisation.Le deuxième article se focalise sur les profils des dirigeants des plus grandesentreprises suisses. Nous nous sommes intéressés à l’évolution historique sur 30ans (1980–2010) des profils et des carrières d’environ 600 top managers. Cet articlemet en évidence le développement en Suisse d'une communauté internationale detop managers étrangers et analyse les changements dans leurs profils et dans leurscarrières.Le troisième article s’intéresse à l'adaptation interculturelle d'une population de 152employés étrangers (expatriés traditionnels, expatriés volontaires, migrants qualifiés)et 126 conjoints. Cet article étudie différents aspects de l'adaptation, en seconcentrant sur la maîtrise de la langue locale et les pratiques organisationnelles desoutien à l’expatriation<br>This doctoral dissertation examines the career of managers in an international context. Specifically, this research focuses on careers patterns in a changing environment using the case of international managers (i.e. managers with a career that develops globally). More broadly, the research looks at the evolving nature of managerial careers, the organizational and global environments in which careers develop, and the reciprocal relationship between changing careers and changing environments, specifically in the context of those with global careers. All these aspects are explored in this doctoral dissertation with three research articles that use three different sets of empirical data.The first article analyzes the career profiles of top European managers in the context of increased internationalization. Data on profiles and careers of more than 900 top managers in four countries has been collected and analyzed. The purpose is to verify the hypothesis of stability in national career models and identify new elements related to internationalization. The second article focuses on the profiles of top managers at the biggest Swisscompanies. We focused on the evolution of profiles and careers of about 600 topmanagers over a 30-years period (1980–2010). This article highlights the development of an international community of foreign top managers in Switzerland and analyzes the changes in their profiles and careers.The third article focuses on the cross-cultural adjustment of a population of 152foreign employees (traditionally-assigned expatriates, self-initiated expatriates, skilled migrants) and 126 spouses. This article studies different aspects of adjustment, focusing on local language proficiency and relocation support practices
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Davis, Richard Hill. "A genre analysis of medical research articles." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2015. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6724/.
Full textAbstract:
Hospitals and other health institutions around the world have begun to tie staff promotion and careers to publication; accordingly, an increasing number of medical journal articles are being written by non-native English speakers and novice writers. This work aims to analyse medical journal articles as a genre, and follows Swales’ (1990) framework for doing so, by interviewing a sample of the discourse community and finding the Rhetorical Moves that make up the genre, with additional investigation of stance, via selected reporting verbs, and cohesion, through selected discourse markers. I compiled one of the larger corpora of medical research articles (250), as well as one of the most recent (2001-2011). Previous studies reviewed 50 articles at most, drawn from earlier periods of time. As part of the examination of the genre, this study includes discussions with a sample of the discourse community, the users of the genre, with interviews from ten doctors and five editors from around the world who have a wide range of experience in writing, publishing and editing articles. In addition, I identified 17 Rhetorical Moves, with four considered optional, with the idea to identify a sequence that writers and educators can use to see how the medical article may be written. I also examined 13 reporting verbs to determine if it is possible to identify authorial stance regarding the information being reported, and were coded as being factive (the authors agreed with the information), non-factive (the authors conveyed no judgement on the information) and counter-factive (the authors disagreed with the information being reported). Finally, the study looked at how cohesion is maintained through examples of the five types of discourse markers. This study presents the most comprehensive examination of the genre to date, which, through the utilization of corpus analysis techniques, allows a more in-depth analysis than previous studies.
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Safnil and safnil@yahoo com. "Rhetorical Structure Analysis of the Indonesian Research Articles." The Australian National University. Faculty of Arts, 2000. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20020726.095142.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis discusses rhetorical features of Indonesian research articles (RAs) in three disciplinary areas: Economics, Education and Psychology. These were written by Indonesian speakers and published mainly in university-based scientific journals. The main focus of this thesis is on the examination of the patterns of communicative purposes or Moves and their subsequent elements or Steps of the introduction sections of these articles. The analyses include the examination of communicative purposes and persuasive values of the texts, linguistic resources used to materialise the communicative purposes and persuasions, and the cultural factors (ie. norms, beliefs and values) and scientific practices and academic writing conventions underlying the specific rhetorical features.
¶
This study found that the macro rhetorical structure of the Indonesian RAs (ie. the Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion or IMRD pattern) is relatively similar to that of the English RAs except that, unlike in English RAs, the conclusion and suggestion section in the Indonesian RAs have a separate section. However, the communicative purposes and persuasions in the introduction sections in the two groups of the RAs (English and Indonesian) are relatively different. Differences are also found in the way that rhetorical works use the linguistic resources to materialise the communicative purposes and persuasions in the introduction sections of the two groups of RAs. Some of the rhetorical differences are because of the differences in the research practices and scientific writing conventions in Indonesian and in English speaking countries, while others are because of cultural differences reflected in the two languages.
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The pedagogical implication of this study is that the Indonesian RA genre needs to be explicitly taught to Indonesian students, particularly university students in order to give them more access to the content of Indonesian research, and to develop skills needed by Indonesian researchers and research writers. For this purpose, an appropriate approach needs to be developed; that is to teach the generic features of Indonesian RAs such as those in social sciences written in Bahasa Indonesia or Indonesian.
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MORAES, LUCIANA SALLES DE BRAGANCA. "METADISCOURSE IN RESEARCH ARTICLES: INTERCULTURAL, INTERDISCIPLINARY AND RHETORICAL VARIATION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2005. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7260@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO<br>Este trabalho estuda o uso do metadiscurso em artigos
pesquisa em diferentes
culturas, áreas disciplinares e seções do artigo, tendo
como objetivo investigar
como esse recurso retórico varia em contextos lingüísticos
e sócio-culturais
diversos, contribui para a construção de sentido de textos
escritos e reflete a
construção de conhecimento em diferentes áreas
disciplinares. A pesquisa adota
como base teórica a abordagem sociointeracional de
linguagem, a teoria da
construção social do conhecimento e princípios da retórica
contrastiva. O corpus
utilizado compõe-se de 24 artigos científicos, divididos
em duas línguas
(português e inglês), duas áreas disciplinares (Ciências
Biomédicas e Lingüística,
Letras e Artes) e quatro seções (Introdução, Metodologia,
Resultados e
Discussão). O estudo da variação entre os textos escritos
em inglês e português
mostrou que há diferenças quanto ao uso de itens
metadiscursivos que enfocam a
micro ou a macroorganização do artigo de pesquisa. A
variação interdisciplinar
mostrou que o texto pode ser escrito de forma subjetiva ou
objetiva, e que o
conhecimento nas diferentes comunidades disciplinares pode
ser construído com
base em idéias ou fatos. Quanto às seções dos artigos,
verificou-se que o uso do
metadiscurso varia para alcançar objetivos retóricos
diferenciados de acordo com
a seção do artigo. Esta pesquisa reforça a possibilidade e
necessidade de enfocar o
metadiscurso e a linguagem sob uma ótica
sociointeracional, confirmando que a
escrita acadêmica é interativa e mostrando que a
construção de sentidos de textos
e a construção de conhecimento variam em diferentes
culturas e comunidades disciplinares.<br>This research studies the use of metadiscourse in research
articles in different
cultures, disciplinary areas and article sections, aiming
at investigating how this
rhetorical device varies in different linguistic and socio-
cultural contexts,
contributes to the construction of meaning in written
texts and reflects the
construction of knowledge in different disciplinary areas.
This work adopts as
theoretical basis a sociointeractional approach to
language, the theory of social
construction of knowledge and principles of contrastive
rhetoric. The research
corpus is composed of 24 scientific articles, divided into
two languages
(Portuguese and English), two disciplinary areas
(Biomedical Sciences and
Linguistics, Letters and Arts), and four sections
(Introduction, Methodology,
Results and Discussion). The study of variation between
texts written in English
and Portuguese shows that there are differences in the use
of metadiscourse items
which can focus on micro or macroorganization of the
scientific article.
Interdisciplinary variation shows that scientific texts
can be written either in a
subjective or objective manner, and that knowledge
construction in different
disciplinary communities can be based either on ideas or
facts. As to research
article sections, this study shows that the use of
metadiscourse varies according to
writers´ intention to reach rhetorical objectives in each
section. This research
study reinforces both the possibility and necessity to
focus on metadiscourse and
language under a sociointeractional perspective,
confirming that academic writing
is interactive, and showing that the construction of
meaning in texts and the
construction of knowledge vary in different cultures and
disciplinary communities.
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Rahman, Mujib. "A comparative study of native and Pakistani geology research articles." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25106.
Full textAbstract:
Working within the framework of the genre analysis and systemic linguistics, this thesis presents a comparative analysis of published native and Pakistani geology experimental research articles (RAs) with a view to examining differences in the Pakistani geologists' scientific reporting <I>vis-a-vis</I> their native counterparts': differences in discourse organisation (genre), thematic choices (thematic configuration), the method of development, and the use of interpersonal (mood/modality, attitudinal adjuncts, etc.) and textual rhetoric (discourse adjuncts, metalinguistic comments, etc.). Following are the most important findings: (1) The Pakistani geologists did not give as much importance to the crucial Swalesian Move-2 (<I>Establishing the niche</I>) as their native counterparts; (2) the Pakistani geologists used longer introductory Moves in both the introduction and the discussion sections; (3) the Pakistani discussions had a shorter Move 2 (<I>Discussing the findings</I>) and a shorter Move 3 (<I>Generalising the findings</I>); (4) the Pakistani scientists used fewer interpersonal and textual points of departure than their native counterparts; (5) the Pakistani geologist had problems with chaining topical themes, crucial for having a uniform focus and a consistent method of development; (6) the Pakistani writers also used fewer interpersonal prosodies, and fewer First Person pronouns, though they used more modal expressions (hedges). As all the differences were found to be statistically significant, the main conclusion drawn from this study is that the Pakistani writers are more tentative and less assertive in their claims. Another distinctive feature of this study was the use of actual records of native referees' comments on Pakistani manuscripts submitted to international journals. The native referees' comments corroborate all the findings reported in the study. Finally, a series of workshops are proposed to address the problems identified in the course of this study. Directions for further research are also pointed out.
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Iida, Eri. "Hedges in Japanese English and American English medical research articles." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99723.
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The present study analysed the use of hedges in English medical research articles written by Japanese and American researchers. The study also examined the relationship between Japanese medical professionals' employment of hedges and their writing process. Sixteen English medical articles: eight written by Japanese and eight by Americans were examined. Four of the Japanese authors discussed their writing process through questionnaires and telephone interviews.<br>The overall ratio of hedges in articles written by the two groups differed only slightly; however, analyses revealed a number of specific differences in the use of hedges between the groups. For example, Japanese researchers used epistemic adverbs and adjectives less frequently than the American researchers. The results were discussed in relation to the problems of nonnative speakers' grammatical competence, cultural differences in rhetorical features, and the amount of experience in the use of medical English.
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Carvalho, EdnÃsia Pinto de. "hedges in research articles: a contrative studie based in corpora." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6779.
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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico<br>This thesis investigates, from a rhetoric-contrastive perspective, the uses and functions of rhetoric mitigation metadiscursive marks (here hedging devices) in research articles produced by Brazilian and German authors and understood as specialized texts (HOFFMANN, 1998), inserted in the expert-expert communicative context (PEARSON, 1998). To achieve this goal, the present study aims at answering the following questions: (a) how often are hedging strategies employed in the introduction and conclusion sections? (b) what is the relationship between the number of hedges in each subcorpus and the rhetorical characteristics of each analyzed section? (c) how often do the lexico-grammatical items performing the role of hedges appear in each subcorpus? The starting point for the investigation was the assumption that texts belonging to the same genre but written in different languages present striking rhetorical distinctions. Such differences in academic writing can be described by the use of hedges as discourse-pragmatic elements which characterize the "modus dicendi" of a given knowledge area; in the present case, Medicine. A corpus of 120 research articles from national and international medical journals was built, including texts written in German and Portuguese; the articles were collected from the CAPES periodics website. This corpus consists of 60 Medicine articles written in Portuguese and 60 articles written in German, divided into two subcorpora, namely, Corpus 1: Medicine-German and Corpus 2 : Medicine-Portuguese. The former is made of two subcorpora, (i) German Medicine Introduction (MAI) and (ii) German Medicine Discussion (MAD); the latter is also subdivided into two parts, (i) Portuguese Medicine Introduction (MPI) and (ii) Portuguese Medicine Discussion (MPD). The data were analyzed and processed in accordance with the Corpus Linguistics methodological principles, in an instrumental application of its methods. The data were treated with the help of a linguistic analysis software called WordSmith Tools (SCOTT, 1997), version 3.0, especially the Wordlist and Concord tools. In order to investigate and analyze the uses and functions of the hedges, from the Interactional Metadiscourse (HYLAND, 2005) and Intercultural Rhetoric (CONNOR, 2008) perspectives, given the corpora collected, we have proposed a classification model, in accordance with the taxonomies proposed by Hyland (2005), Cabrera (2004) and MartÃn-MartÃn (2008). The results of the analysis have pointed to the occurrence of a largest number of hedges, in both languages, in the discussion section of the articles, followed by the introduction section. Both present a high number of occurrences of indetermination devices (epistemic expressions, such as modal verbs, lexical verbs, semi-auxiliary verbs, and modal adjectives / adverbs) and disagentivization (impersonal expressions, passive voice).We can therefore conclude that the authors of the Medicine research articles, both those in Portuguese and in German, employ the same amount of hedges in order to achieve the communicative purposes of the research paper genre, given the position the authors occupy in the academic community and the interpersonal relationship they wish to establish with the audience. This research contributes to minimize the gap in the studies on hedging under a contrastive perspective, based on corpora of scholarly texts in Portuguese and German in the Medicine area.<br>Esta tese investiga sob uma perspectiva retÃrico-contrastiva, os usos e as funÃÃes das marcas metadiscursivas de atenuaÃÃo retÃrica (hedges), em artigos de pesquisa, considerados, aqui, textos especializados (HOFFMANN, 1998), pertencentes ao contexto comunicativo: especialista-especialista (PEARSON, 1998), produzidos por autores (as) brasileiros (as) e alemÃes (as). Para cumprir tal objetivo, a pesquisa intenciona responder aos seguintes questionamentos: (a) qual a freqÃÃncia das estratÃgias de atenuaÃÃo retÃrica utilizadas nas seÃÃes introduÃÃo e conclusÃo? (b) qual a relaÃÃo existente entre o nÃmero de marcas metadiscursivas de atenuaÃÃo retÃrica em cada subcorpus e as caracterÃsticas retÃricas de cada seÃÃo em anÃlise? (c) qual a freqÃÃncia dos itens lÃxico-gramaticais que realizam as marcas metadiscursivas de atenuaÃÃo retÃrica em cada subcorpus. Para tanto, parte-se do pressuposto de que textos pertencentes a um mesmo gÃnero discursivo, porÃm escritos em lÃnguas distintas apresentam diferenÃas retÃricas marcantes. Tais diferenÃas no discurso acadÃmico escrito podem ser descritas pelo uso das marcas de atenuaÃÃo retÃrica como elemento discursivo-pragmÃtico caracterizador de um âmodus dicendiâ de uma determinada Ãrea do conhecimento, no caso, a Medicina. Para a investigaÃÃo dessas marcas de atenuaÃÃo, selecionamos um corpus composto por 120 artigos de pesquisa em Medicina de periÃdicos nacionais e internacionais, coletados, no site de periÃdicos da CAPES, escritos em lÃngua alemà e em lÃngua portuguesa. O referido corpus de estudo compÃe-se de: 60 artigos em Medicina escritos em portuguÃs e 60 artigos escritos em lÃngua alemÃ, divididos em dois subcorpora, a saber, Corpus 1- Medicina AlemÃo, composto por dois subcorpora: (i) Medicina AlemÃo IntroduÃÃo (MAI) e (ii) Medicina-AlemÃo DiscussÃo (MAD) , Corpus 2- Medicina PortuguÃs, com dois subcorpora: (i) Medicina PortuguÃs IntroduÃÃo (MPI) e (ii) Medicina PortuguÃs DiscussÃo (MPD). Na anÃlise e tratamento dos dados, utilizamos os princÃpios metodolÃgicos da LingÃÃstica de Corpus, aplicando seu carÃter instrumental. Para avaliar os dados dessa pesquisa, utilizamos o programa computacional de anÃlise lingÃÃstica, WordSmith Tools (SCOTT, 1997), versÃo 3.0, as ferramentas Wordlist e o Concord. Para investigar e analisar os usos e as funÃÃes das marcas metadiscursivas de atenuaÃÃo, sob uma perspectiva do Metadiscurso Interacional (HYLAND, 2005) e da RetÃrica Intercultural (CONNOR, 2008), tendo em vista os corpora em anÃlise, propomos um modelo classificatÃrio, em conformidade com as taxonomias propostas por Hyland (2005), Cabrera (2004) e MartÃn-MartÃn (2008). Conforme os resultados, a seÃÃo de discussÃo concentra o maior nÃmero de ocorrÃncias das marcas de atenuaÃÃo retÃrica nas duas lÃnguas, seguida da seÃÃo de introduÃÃo. Ambas apresentam um elevado nÃmero de ocorrÃncias das estratÃgias de indeterminaÃÃo (as expressÃes epistÃmicas, como verbos modais, lexicais, semi-auxiliares) e os adjetivos/advÃrbios modais,) e desagentivaÃÃo (as expressÃes impessoais, voz passiva). A partir desses resultados, conclui-se que os autores tanto em portuguÃs como em alemÃo nos artigos de pesquisa na Medicina fazem uso na mesma proporÃÃo de estratÃgias de atenuaÃÃo para atender aos propÃsitos comunicativos do gÃnero textual-artigo de pesquisa, como tambÃm pela posiÃÃo que ocupam na comunidade acadÃmica e pela relaÃÃo interpessoal que desejam estabelecer com a audiÃncia. Essa pesquisa contribui para minimizar a lacuna existente com relaÃÃo aos estudos sÃcio-retÃricos das marcas metadiscursivas de atenuaÃÃo, sob uma perspectiva contrastiva, em corpora escritos em portuguÃs e alemÃo de artigos acadÃmicos na Medicina.
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Ricart, Vayá Alicia. "An Esp Comparative analysis in medical research articles: spanish-english." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/2541.
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En la actualidad el inglés es el medio de comunicación y difusión de los resultados científicos, sin embargo los autores no necesariamente son nativos. Ante este panorama surge la necesidad de analizar las características de la redacción académica para los artículos científicos.
Para restringir el campo de estudio y poder ofrecer un análisis más exhaustivo la hipótesis de este trabajo se centra en la sección de las "Conclusiones" y en el campo de la medicina.
La hipótesis de partida del presente estudio es analizar las necesidades de los facultativos médicos para alcanzar suficiente destreza a la hora de escribir los artículos científicos en inglés. En este trabajo se asume la falta de dominio del idioma inglés por parte de los médicos españoles.
Con la finalidad de constatar la situación de los médicos españoles y alemanes a la hora de redactar artículos de investigación en inglés el primer paso fue la elaboración de una encuesta dirigida a investigadores españoles y alemanes en el campo de la medicina. Tras observar la evidente necesidad de apoyo lingüístico de los médicos españoles se establecieron como objetivos los siguientes puntos:
- presentar las pautas generales para la redacción científico-técnica en medicina.
- analizar las estructuras más recurrentes en el apartado de "Conclusiones" de los artículos de investigación médicos tanto en inglés como en español.
- llevar a cabo un análisis comparativo a nivel semántico, gramatical y sintáctico de las estructuras de ambos idiomas con la ayuda de la herramienta WordSimth(TM). De este modo se pueden establecer equivalencias en ambos idiomas tanto literales como no literales así como la falta de equivalencia.
- adicionalmente se lleva a cabo un estudio de la intrusión de neologismos en el lenguaje médico en los últimos años.
La literatura sobre redacción académica, retórica contrastiva, lingüística de corpus y traducción técnica se han usado como base para el análisis y procesado del corpus.
Una vez analizado el e<br>Ricart Vayá, A. (2008). An Esp Comparative analysis in medical research articles: spanish-english [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/2541<br>Palancia
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Leung, Hoi Yan Iris. "A genre analysis study of abstracts in journal research articles." HKBU Institutional Repository, 1998. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/101.
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Dutta, Bidyarthi, Krishnapada Majumder, and B. K. Sen. "Classification of Keywords Extracted from Research Articles Published in Science Journals." National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105938.
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This paper is based on an analytical study of 335 keywords extracted from titles and abstracts of 70 research articles, taking ten from each year starting from 2000 to 2006, in decreasing order of relevance, on the subject Fermi Liquid, which is a specific subject under the broad area of Condensed Matter Physics. The research articles have been collected from the bibliographic database of INSPEC. The keywords are indexed to critically examine its physical structure that is composed of three fundamental kernels, viz. keyphrase, modulator and qualifier. The keyphrase reflects the central concept, which is usually post-coordinated by the modulator to amend the central concept in accordance with the relevant context. The qualifier comes after the modulator to describe the particular state of the central concept and/or amended concept. The keywords are further classified in 16 classes on the basis of the four parameters, viz. Associativeness, chronological appearance, frequency of occurrence and category. The taxonomy of keywords will enable to analyze research-trend of a subject and to identify potential research-areas of a subject.
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Costa, Danilo Duarte. "Linking adverbials in applied linguistics research articles: a corpus-based study." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/MGSS-9VKN7F.
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This study aims at investigating the use of linking adverbials (Biber et al., 1999) in research articles written by Brazilian English L2 applied linguists in comparison to those written by English L1 professionals of the same field. Two comparable corpora have been compiled for this study, namely CRAB (Corpus of Research Articles written by Brazilians) and CRAN (Corpus of Research Articles written by Natives), both containing more than 300,000 tokens. The corpora compilation process followed strict methodological procedures based
on Biber (1993) and McEnery et al. (2006).
The data, after undergoing the Log-Likelihood statistical test, were analysed using the software AntConc 3.4.2 for a qualitative examination. Seven different semantic categories of linking adverbials were investigated so as find similarities and differences in the use of those linguistic elements between the two corpora.
The results show that there are significant differences in the use of linking adverbials in Brazilian academic writing in comparison to native speakers. These differences are in both frequency of use (over and underuse of some forms) and the way in which the linking adverbials are employed in texts. In addition, we have found that there are adverbials which are, at times, misused by Brazilian writers.<br>Este estudo se propõe a investigar o uso de linking adverbials (Biber et al., 1999) em artigos científicos de linguística aplica escritos em inglês por brasileiros, em comparação com aqueles escritos por falantes nativos de inglês. Dois corpora comparáveis foram compilados para este estudo, a saber, CRAB (Corpus of Research Articles written by Brazilians) e CRAN (Corpus of Research Articles written by Natives), ambos com mais de 300.000 palavras. O processo de compilação dos corpora seguiu rigorosos procedimentos metodológicos embasados em Biber (1993) e McEnery et al. (2006). Os dados, depois de submetidos ao teste estatístico Log-Likelihood, foram analisados utilizando o software AntConc 3.4.2 para uma análise qualitativa.
Sete diferentes categorias semânticas dos linking adverbials foram
investigados de forma encontrar semelhanças e diferenças na utilização
desses elementos linguísticos nos dois corpora. Os resultados mostram que existem diferenças significativas no uso de linking adverbials na escrita acadêmica dos brasileiros em comparação à dos falantes nativos. Essas diferenças dizem respeito tanto à frequência de uso (sobre e sub-uso de algumas formas), quanto à maneira pela qual tais elementos são empregados em textos. Além disso, foi observado que existem linking adverbials, por vezes, mal utilizados nos textos escritos pelos profissionais brasileiros.
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Biggs, Stephen D. "Two articles focusing on participatory approaches." Olive Organisation Development and Training, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/75076.
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In recent years there has been a growing literature that advocates various forms of participatory development. This is illustrated by the promotion of approaches/tools such as participatory rural appraisal (PRA), participatory technology development (PTD), and participatory process projects 1 These "new" approaches are fast taking on the form of a new generalised orthodoxy for solving development problems. It would seem from the perspective of some of the promoters of this orthodoxy that the problem of development is no longer one of not having the right approaches and methods, but one of getting recalcitrant policy makers, bureaucrats, academics to appreciate and adopt these new methods and techniques. My concerns with this new advocacy are that: i It does not relate to experience; ii It does not address issues of power structure and control over information and other resources in multiple and complex arenas of science and technology (S&T); iii By placing major emphasis on management approaches and tools, the new orthodoxy is cutting itself off from a critical reflective understanding of the deeper determinants of technical and social change. Unfortunately, I suspect that if this new orthodoxy does not develop a more critical reflective view of itself then, like previous dominant orthodoxies, it will soon have to develop a range of "escape hatches" to explain why these participatory approaches are not giving the results that their advocates promise.<br>AVOCADO series; v 06/95
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Kartikasari, Sri Nurani. "Your biodiversity in my backyard : key local stakeholders' perceptions of biodiversity conservation in Gorontalo, Indonesia." Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1188.
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The establishment of protected areas (PAs) has been the key national strategy in biodiversity conservation, through preserving the unique wildlife and ecosystems in Indonesia. As well as their status as sites rich in biodiversity, PAs are also important for socio-economic interactions. Hence the management of PAs has been fraught with technical, social and economic problems. To ensure greater local participation and support in tropical forest conservation initiatives, it is vital to understand how local stakeholders perceive them. This research was undertaken in Gorontalo Province by examining the views of local stakeholders through a combination of qualitative interviews and quantitative ranking exercises. The findings revealed that respondents only understood the concept of biodiversity on a general level. Most respondents defined biodiversity in terms of its elements; only a few were able to describe the interactional attributes, by which biodiversity functions within the ecosystems. Their appreciation of forest biodiversity was primarily due to economic and ecological benefits they derive from local forests. Accordingly, respondents ranked the provision of ecological services from the forests as the strongest reason for protecting it. Using Wood et al. (2000) analytical framework to examine the root causes of biodiversity loss, the findings indicated respondents’ familiarity with human-induced forces resulting in the degradation and loss of natural forests, and they understood how these affect local biodiversity, both within and beyond the forest. Some critical disconnections between national policy in forest conservation and the reality of the local use of forest resource became apparent. At the core of these disconnections was an unequal share of benefits of such policy to local stakeholders. They identified extraction of species and physical alteration of the forest ecosystem as direct drivers of forest loss; these were perceived as rooted in poverty, institutional failures in forest management, ignorance of the wider forest functions, and conflict of development policies at the local level. The main reason for biodiversity loss can be summed up as widespread and persistent failure to properly understand, quantify, or value the goods, services, functions and capital value of the natural forests, at both national and local levels. Overall, most respondents held negative attitudes towards protected forests and their positive attitudes towards conservation activities were linked with tangible benefits they enjoy from the forest. A key finding of this study is that the conservation of biodiversity cannot be considered in isolation from broader patterns of natural resource use and the socio-political context in which people carry out their lives. This study suggests that the implementation of the centrally-controlled and preservationist conservation approach in Gorontalo has been ineffective in achieving conservation goals. This is due to the lack of a clear connection between this policy and the reality of local forest users.
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McGuire, Kathryn Anne. "The utility of spontaneous electroencephalography in research on alcohol dependence and risk for alcohol dependence /." Diss., ON-CAMPUS Access For University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Click on "Connect to Digital Dissertations", 2000. http://www.lib.umn.edu/articles/proquest.phtml.
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Sahlberg, Desiré. "Taking Out Insurance on Statements : Hedging in Women's and Men's Research Articles." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-16974.
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This thesis presents the view that women use hedges more often than men and for different reasons and seeks to determine to what extent and during what circumstances this phenomenon occurs. A quantitative and qualitative design was selected for this study. That is, quantitative in the sense that, hedges were counted in two articles by a male and female writer. The articles were about perceptions of lifestyle habits that put children of Mexican descent at risk for obesity. Qualitative in the sense that only a certain amount of hedges was accounted for. The findings are supported with additional material in the form of books and articles about gender, and hedging in academic writing. The results did not match the initial hypothesis and as a result men use hedges more often than women do. The most plausible explanation for this has to do with hedging in scientific writing as opposed to gender related issues. Perceptions about female and male language use may not correspond to preordained expectations. Larger studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.
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Chang, Ping-Nan. "An exploration of rhetorical structure and interactional metadiscourse in architecture research articles." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2015. https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-exploration-of-rhetorical-structure-and-interactional-metadiscourse-in-architecture-research-articles-edd-tesol(c76affdf-50b4-4d89-83c3-78847b4e700d).html.
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Research articles have long been the centre of EAP/ESP genre research. However, the majority of relevant studies focused on a section of research articles rather than the full text. Furthermore, while research articles in science and technology and social sciences have been extensively investigated, little applied linguistic research attention has been paid to the design filed, including architecture that this research is concerned about. In order to hope to contribute to the understanding of this important genre and to provide some information and implications for teaching ESP, I conducted this exploratory study by analysing fourteen research papers in The Journal of Architecture. Two aspects chosen for the analysis are move structure and interactional metadiscourse based on Swales (1990) and Hyland (2005) respectively. While the identification of relevant features relied on my judgment, the software of UAM Corpus Tool was applied to facilitate the process. To complement the textual analysis, I also consulted two architect lecturers about their discipline by means of an open-ended questionnaire. Some findings, such as the prevalence of nonepistemic introduction, the lack methods-related moves and the salience of engagement markers, seem to set these articles apart from those based on empirical research and to suggest their resemblance to those in arts and humanities.
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Pearson, Pamela Jo. "A corpus-based study of mandative subjunctive triggers in published research articles." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
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Okamura, Akiko. "The roles of culture, sub-culture and language in scientific research articles." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313548.
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Seydel, Bianca. "Probably certain : Translating hedges in academic research articles from Swedish to English." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-98126.
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While it certainly can be argued that translation is a quite demanding discipline in general, some areas within this field are, naturally, more challenging than others. One of these is hedging, which serves a broad variety of purposes both with regard to the author and to the intended readership, and hence must be translated accordingly. This paper investigates hedges in scientific research articles, the types and frequency of hedges in the analysed Swedish sourcetext (ST) compared to the English target text (TT), and the methods used for translating these hedges and their distribution by means of a short study conducted on two Swedish runology articles. The study’s quantitative analysis shows that the Swedish ST has a clear preference for adverbial hedges, and to an extent, also for modal verb hedges, whereas the English TT – while yielding an even higher preference for adverbials and also for lexical verbs – uses modal verbs much less frequently. It becomes evident that adverbials may feature so strongly in translations because they are easier to recall and to use than more complex structures, especially for L2 speakers. This practice does, however, result in a somewhat less flexible translation. The by far most frequently used translation strategy is faithful translation, particularly for content-oriented hedges. However, a fair number of adaptations (both in modal strength and word class change) and omissions – mostly of modal verbs – as well as numerous additions occurred, initiated by influential factors such as cultural differences regarding natural sounding text, L2 speaker perception of equivalence and/or lack of suitable linguistic equivalents. Thereby, the English translation showed a tendency toward adapting weaker modals compared to their Swedish ST equivalents, confirming the greater reader-orientation of English research articles.
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Larsdotter, Maria. "Discursive (dis)orders of Disability Research : A Critical Discourse Analysis of ’participation in research’ in Swedish Disability Research articles and overviews." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-38897.
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In this thesis my aim is to analyse and discuss discourses of Swedish disability research, with focus on participation in research by disabled people. My research question is based on an observation that research overviews and evaluations repeatedly argue for the importance of participation of disabled people. This request has been recurrent and more or less intact in its form for over 20 years. My question is why this request has not been fulfilled or altered in its form. I base my theoretical framework and methodology on Critical Discourse Analysis, and the power of language in a constructed and reconstructed social reality, with a semi-structuralist approach as developed by the British sociolinguist Norman Fairclough. In focus is the discursive construction of research participation and participants. My result after a systemic-functional grammar analysis of governmental research reports and peer-reviewed articles published in English, in international academic journals, by researchers with affiliation to Swedish universities, is that participation is discussed in terms of disabled people primarily as the source of information rather than as actual actors in a research process. The discursive construction of disabled participants rests on identification and representation connected to being disabled / having an impairment. A discourse of knowledge validation is based on a division of roles, tasks and labour, in which researchers and participants are constructed in opposing subject positions. Participant influence is constructed in terms of subjectivity and personal interest, as opposed to the objective expertise of the researchers. Discourses are, however, found to be contested and inconsistent, both in terms of conceptual definitions of disability and disability research, and as manifested in actual use of language. The most fixed discourse seems to be that of requests for increased participation, and the attributing of personal experiences to participants, in contrast to attributing professional expertise to researchers.
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Maswana, Sayako. "A Cross-Disciplinary Genre Analysis of Research Articles: A Focus on Rhetorical Structures." Kyoto University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199406.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(人間・環境学)<br>甲第19082号<br>人博第735号<br>新制||人||176(附属図書館)<br>26||人博||735(吉田南総合図書館)<br>32033<br>京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻<br>(主査)教授 田地野 彰, 教授 西山 教行, 准教授 中森 誉之<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当
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von, Grothusen Beata. "User Engagement Metrics in Story Focused News Articles." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279507.
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Story-focused news articles are a different type of news articles, containing more visual and interactive elements, developed in order to engage a younger audience for online newspapers. User engagement has been defined as the “emotional, cognitive and behavioral connection between a user and a resource”, and different metrics are used to track the user engagement of the readers on these articles. However, there is no prior research on which of these metrics describe user engagement in the most accurate way. This study therefore aims to find out what metrics to use when measuring user engagement on story-focused articles through interviewing readers of three different story-focused articles and compare their engagement levels with actual metric values tracked. The results show that two out of the three articles can be considered engaging according to the definition, and the metrics they both have in common is high values of scroll depth, low values of bounce rate and high values of page views. The study therefore concludes that a combination of these three metrics describes user engagement in the most accurate way possible. Furthermore, both the engaging articles have a large number of images, galleries and videos compared to the non-engaging article, which indicates that visual elements in different forms are a winning concept for story-focused articles.<br>Nyhetsartiklar som fokuserar på berättande är en ny typ av nyhetsartiklar som innehåller fler visuella och interaktiva element, utvecklade för att engagera en yngre publik för digitala nyhetssidor. Användarengagemang har tidigare definierats som det “emotionella, kognitiva och beteendemässiga kontakten mellan användaren och resursen”, och olika mätetal används för att mäta användarengagemanget hos läsarna av nyhetsartiklar som fokuserar på berättande. Däremot finns det ingen tidigare forskning på vilka av dessa mätetal som beskriver användarengagemang på bäst sätt. Den här studien har därför som mål att ta reda på vilka mätetal som borde användas vid mätning av användarengagemang för nyhetsartiklar som fokuserar på berättande, genom att intervjua läsare av tre olika artiklar och jämföra deras engagemangsnivå med uppmätta mätetal. Resultaten visar att 2 av de 3 artiklarna kan anses engagerande enligt definitionen, och mätetalen som de båda har gemensamt är ett högt genomsnittligt scrolldjup, låg nivå av studsar och höga siffror för sidvisningar. Studien drar därför slutsatsen att en kombination av dessa tre mätetal beskriver användarengagemang på bästa möjliga sätt. Dessutom har båda de engagerande artiklarna ett stort antal bilder, gallerier och videor jämfört med den icke engagerande artikeln, vilket indikerar att visuella element av olika slag är ett vinnande koncept för historieberättande artiklar.
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Bezabih, Mintewab. "Essays on land lease markets, productivity, biodiversity, and environmental variability /." Göteborg : Dept. of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/4380.
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Wood, Alistair. "Making a genre relevant to society : popularization of science research articles in news magazines." Thesis, Bangor University, 1998. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/making-a-genre-relevant-to-society--popularization-of-science-research-articles-in-news-magazines(be98e665-b160-410f-8592-2305bf81d156).html.
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The aim of this work is to investigate the popularization of science by looking at the differences in the discourse of research articles (RA's) in the field of cancer research and popularizations in news magazines. A corpus of twenty articles dealing with news in cancer research in 1994 was taken from Newsweek, Time and US News & World Report. Firstly, a genre analysis of the popularization is carried out to produce a new genre analysis model of popular bioscience texts, and new definitions of move and genre are put forward. Following this, a new model of popularization, the narrative of society, is proposed. This suggests that the genre of the popular science article is a completely different type from the RA, since it includes two different types of moves, scientific and social. The differences between the popularization and RA genres are demonstrated further by a detailed comparison of sample popularizations with the source RA's. The model is then contrasted with the standard model of the popularization of science, the diffusion model, and various deficiencies of the current model are highlighted. The current model is shown to be not only incompatible with the model put forward here but also to be dependent on a code model of communication which fails to reflect the way popularization is achieved. A non-coding, more cognitive model of communication, Sperber and Wilson's relevance theory (1986/95), is then discussed. This theory is then used to further support the narrative of society model proposed and various difficulties with the use of relevance theory to analyse genres are discussed. The thesis thus a) proposes a new genre model of popular bioscience texts, b) puts forward a substantive new model of science popularization, and c) demonstrates that different approaches to discourse analysis can be combined to yield a richer theory.
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Hutter, Jo-Anne. "A Corpus Based Analysis of Noun Modification in Empirical Research Articles in Applied Linguistics." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2211.
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Previous research has established the importance of the nouns and noun modification in academic writing because of their commonness and complexity. However, little is known about how noun modification varies across the rhetorical sections of research articles. Such a perspective is important because it reflects the interplay between communicative function and linguistic form.
This study used a corpus of empirical research articles from the fields of applied linguistics and language teaching to explore the connection between article sections (Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion; IMRD) and six types of noun modification: relative clauses, ing-clause postmodifiers, ed-clause postmodifiers, prepositional postmodifiers, premodifying nouns, and attributive adjectives. First the frequency of these six types of noun modification was compared across IMRD sections. Second, the study also used a hand coded analysis of the structure and structural patterns of a sample of noun phrases through IMRD sections.
The results of the analyses showed that noun modification is not uniform across IMRD sections. Significant differences were found in the rates of use for attributive adjectives, premodifying nouns, and prepositional phrase postmodifiers. There were no significant differences between sections for relative clauses, ing-clause postmodifiers, or ed-clause postmodifiers. The differences between sections for attributive adjectives, premodifying nouns, and prepositional phrases illustrate the way the functions of these structures intersects with the functions of IMRD sections. For example, Methods sections describe research methods, which often have premodifying nouns (corpus analysis, conversation analysis, speech sample, etc.); this function of Methods sections results in a higher use of premodifying nouns compared to other sections. Results for structures of noun phrase across IMRD sections showed that the common noun modification patterns, such as premodifying noun only or attributive adjective with prepositional phrase postmodifier, were mostly consistent across sections. Noun phrase structures including pre-/post- or no modification did have differences across sections, with Introduction sections the most frequently modified and Methods sections the least frequently modified. The different functions of IMRD sections call for different rates of usage for noun modification, and the results reflected this.
The results of this research benefit teachers of graduate students of applied linguistics in students' research reading and writing by describing the use of noun modification in the sections of empirical research articles and aiding teachers in the design of materials to clarify the use of noun modification in these IMRD sections.
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Novella, Savelyeva Elena. "Structural and Functional Analysis of Lexical Bundles in Music Research Articles : A Corpus-Based Approach." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och lärande, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-37487.
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Applied linguistics has lately been seen in studies of formulaicity of language operating through recurrent word combinations. The present study deals with one type of word combinations, namely lexical bundles (LBs), which are defined as a sequence of three or more words that frequently co-occur in a particular register (Biber et al., 1999). The present study is a corpus-based analysis of four-word lexical bundles extracted from Music research articles (RAs). The Corpus of Music Research Articles (CMRA) of one million words was created in order to perform structural classification of the retrieved lexical bundles and an analysis of their functions. The CMRA includes 110 articles collected from international music journals from various music subdisciplines. In order to find which lexical bundles were characteristic of music research specifically, the findings were compared to previous research based on other academic disciplines. The list of 218 lexical bundles was compared to the one of three different subject areas (Jalilifar et al., 2016) with the purpose of identification of discipline-specific LBs (n=102) which included 20 topic-specific bundles; and general lexical bundles (n=116) which included 56 core bundles shared among Music and three subject areas (Art and Humanities, Sciences and Social sciences). Structurally and functionally, the analysis of the extracted lexical bundles demonstrated that native English expert writers predominantly used preposition-based phrases (50%), with respect to structure; and research-oriented bundles (74%), with respect to function. The findings have pedagogical applications and could be used in courses in English for Specific Purposes.
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Gledhill, Christopher J. "Scientific innovation and the phraseology of rhetoric: posture, reformulation and collocation in cancer research articles." Thesis, Aston University, 1995. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/11042/.
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Oakey, David James. "The form and function of fixed collocational patterns in research articles in different academic disciplines." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/708/.
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This thesis presents a comparative empirical study of fixed collocational patterns in written academic English. The fixed collocational pattern is a continuous string of words which is found to occur frequently in language data. This study uses lexical analysis software to study an electronic corpus of academic research articles in an attempt to identify and compare the forms and discourse functions of fixed collocational patterns in different disciplines. In comparative studies of the language of different academic disciplines there are two ways of collecting comparable amounts of corpus data, both of which are problematic. One approach is to subdivide existing normative (Sinclair 2005) corpora in order to allow comparisons to be made between different disciplines. The amount of data in each resulting subcorpus is often unequal, however, and results might be biased in favour of the subcorpus with the greatest number of texts or tokens. The other approach is to balance the number of tokens in each subcorpus by using incomplete text samples. This can mean that individual subcorpora do not completely represent all areas of the discourse, and some fixed collocational patterns which perform discourse functions relating to these areas may as a result be missed by the researcher. This study attempts to establish what might be a comparable amount of data by investigating fixed collocational patterns in two different comparative corpora. First it identifies fixed collocational patterns in an equal number of tokens in each discipline, i. e. an isolexical comparison. It then identifies fixed collocational patterns in an equal number of texts in each discipline, i. e. an isotextual comparison. The findings indicate that the same fixed collocational patterns are frequent in both versions of the corpus, and so what is frequent isolexically is also frequent isotextually. This suggests that an isotextual corpus is more suitable for comparative studies of the discourse functions of fixed collocational patterns, since it allows their functions to be investigated across similar numbers of communicative acts rather than across similar amounts of language. The thesis then compares these isotextual fixed collocational patterns with the results from two previous studies of an isolexical collocational pattern, the lexical bundle (Biber et al. 1999), one of which (Biber 2006) used data from a different academic genre, the other (Hyland 2008) data from three academic genres. There then follows a case study of the relationship between the lexical, semantic, and textual environments of the fixed collocational pattern in the case of the and its discourse functions. The thesis concludes by outlining areas of future research into fixed collocational patterns which have been suggested by the results of this study.
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Zhang, Dan. "Communication research in China : a comparison of Mainland China and overseas communication journal articles from 1995 to 2005." Thesis, University of Macau, 2007. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1874189.
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Anderson, Christina. "Exploring the effect of literature circles on reading comprehension and motivation /." Full text available online, 2005. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/home/research/articles/rowan_theses.
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Haines, Geoff. "Peer mentoring: providing a partnership for guidance through school /." Full text available online, 2005. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/home/research/articles/rowan_theses.
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Kleva-Forchic, Melodey A. "A study investigating the comparative effects of an audiation pause in tonal pattern training on fourth and fifth grade children /." Full text available online, 2005. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/home/research/articles/rowan_theses.
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Kirsch, Eleanor E. "The impact on attitudes and achievement of differentiating social studies instruction /." Full text available online, 2005. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/home/research/articles/rowan_theses.
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Kruse-Guth, Anne-Sophie I. "The effectiveness of a multicultural awareness day program /." Full text available online, 2005. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/home/research/articles/rowan_theses.
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Hammond, Jennifer L. "The echo of student voices from the Blue Ridge Mountains /." Full text available online, 2005. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/home/research/articles/rowan_theses.
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Collins, Patricia A. "A study of the services, materials and policies provided for homeschooling families by New Jersey public libraries /." Full text available online, 2005. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/home/research/articles/rowan_theses.
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Lomurno, Maryellen. "Roles and expectations in inclusion /." Full text available online, 2005. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/home/research/articles/rowan_theses.
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(9794549), Sarah Elmeligi. "Grizzly bear habitat management in Canada's Rocky Mountain parks: Balancing visitor expectations with bear habitat requirements." Thesis, 2016. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Grizzly_bear_habitat_management_in_Canada_s_Rocky_Mountain_parks_Balancing_visitor_expectations_with_bear_habitat_requirements/13395818.
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Protected area managers are continually challenged to balance ecological integrity with human recreation needs and expectations. In Banff, Yoho, Kootenay, and Jasper National Parks in Canada’s Rocky Mountains, part of this challenge is centered on providing grizzly bears with adequate access to high quality habitats while ensuring safe and ample recreation opportunities for millions of annual visitors. Using an interdisciplinary approach, I investigated this complexity through biological and social methods to define a series of management recommendations that maintain grizzly bear habitat security and meet trail user expectations. I conducted field work in the spring, summer and fall from August 2013 to August 2015. I used remote cameras on trails of low, medium, and high human use to quantify grizzly bear and human use of randomly selected trails. I used movement and location data generated from GPS collars on 27 grizzly bears to examine habitat use. I employed an intercept survey to assess trail users expectations and support of various management options pertaining to grizzly bears. Remote cameras captured human activity across the study area in all hours of the day and night across the seasons, although human activity was highest during the day and the summer/fall. Grizzly bears were more likely to be detected by camera on trails during the spring; trail human use level was not a significant predictor of grizzly bear presence. Most grizzly bear camera detections occurred at night or before 8 human events occurred on the trail that day. The GPS data showed that grizzly bears consistently selected for high quality habitat across all seasons. Grizzly bears selected habitat closer to roads in the spring, and closer to roads and trails in the summer than in the fall. I used a Step Selection Function (SSF) analysis to examine grizzly bear movement and ii habitat selection in the study area. The results of the SSF showed a high level of individual variation in grizzly bear selected steps in relation to trails of varying levels of human use and roads. Most grizzly bears selected steps close to low human use trails, but only some bears selected steps closer to high human use trails as well. Grizzly bear steps were longer during the day and shorter when in proximity to high use trails during the spring and summer. This suggests that bears were active diurnally and displayed decreased movement rates when near high use trails. The survey showed that trail users were supportive of prioritizing grizzly bear habitat use over their own recreational needs. The most supported management options were to close the trail or put up a warning sign when a bear was in the area; the least supported management options were relocating the bear or applying aversive conditioning. The level of support for management options did differ, however, if it was a lone grizzly bear or a female with cubs in the vicinity of the trail. In the latter scenario, trails users were more support of restrictive management options like closing the trail. Visiting trails users were more supportive of restrictive management options than residents. By integrating biological and social science data, I identified areas of focus in the spring where grizzly bear habitat quality and trail use was high; these areas should have human use restrictions applied during the spring. Resulting management recommendations that combined both biological and social data included: closing the trail when a female grizzly bear with cubs is in the area, implementing trail opening times in high quality grizzly bear habitat during the spring, and improving public education efforts. The interdisciplinary nature of this work helps managers to make decisions founded in biological sciences and to identify when and to what degree those decisions will be supported by trail users.<p></p>
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(9896402), GL Cameron. "Effective communication of biodiversity: The Landcare experience." Thesis, 2001. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Effective_communication_of_biodiversity_The_Landcare_experience/13459964.
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"The purpose of this project was to explore how effectively the term 'biodiversity' was communicated to rural landholders in Tasmania in the last years of the 1990s. More specifically the project was designed to establish whether the principles and meaning of biodiversity were communicated to Landcare groups, as intended by national and state agencies, through Landcare advisory bodies, the media and other sources." -- abstract.
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(9829457), Julian Reid. "An exploration of the characteristics, structures and functions of Australian voluntary coastal conservation groups." Thesis, 2020. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/An_exploration_of_the_characteristics_structures_and_functions_of_Australian_voluntary_coastal_conservation_groups/13416398.
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The place where the land meets the sea, has an iconic status in the Australian culture and way of life with more than 85% of the population living a maximum of one hour away from the sea. Coastal and marine biodiversity underpins human existence, health and prosperity, but is under increasing environmental challenge.This challenge is met formally through government investment in biodiversity conservation, however, the levels of funding are declining. Alongside funded action, civic participation in voluntary work has presented one solution to addressing ecological challenges. The Australian federal, state and local governments have called on citizens to voluntarily participate in natural resource management programs associated with conserving biodiversity.On the other hand, there is a downward trend in participation across all voluntary sectors. It is important that the recruitment, ongoing participation and actions of environmental volunteer groups are better understood so that their contribution can be sustained and enhanced. The purpose of this research was to improve our understanding of the efficacy and sustainability of voluntary coastal conservation groups (CCGs) and to contribute to academic knowledge using approaches that are able to support this understanding. It used a qualitative mixed methods research approach.
A review of the literature showed insufficient academic knowledge about the volunteer experience, and the operations and functions of present-day CCGs. One common approach outlined in the literature is the function’s approach to understanding the motivations, benefits and experience of volunteers in conservation work. This research investigated the functions of CCGs in the contemporary Australian volunteering context. It suggested modifications to these functions based on the findings in the data in the unique coastal context in this nation. However, understanding the functions of volunteers as individuals does not fully explain the ways in which CCGs operate to engage their
i
volunteers. To support an approach through which to understand the way the organisation itself operated, this research used a community of practice framework. This model was shown in the data to support the understanding of the ways in which volunteers drew together in the context of coastal conservation to work as a community in this domain. This focus on the operations of the CCG supported greater understanding of the way in which the social community of volunteers interacted and engaged in conservation work.
The research findings were used to develop a CCG Functions Framework, specific to the coastal conservation volunteering context, which can be used by practitioners to further understand volunteers’ personal characteristics, reasons for volunteering, satisfaction and benefits attained from volunteering. This knowledge can be used to support the recruitment and retention of volunteers. The results of this research supported a CCG Communities of Practice Framework which was used to explain the operation of the CCGs and to make recommendations of community actions that are able to support and enhance the operations of CCGs and through this to improve conservation outcomes.
The unique contribution of this research is the combination of two models that result in simple tools that can be used to audit CCGs. The first is a tool that integrates the motivations, perceived benefits and sources of satisfaction as characteristics of volunteers in coastal conservation work. The second is a tool that can be used to audit the operations of the CCG as a community of practice to better understand ways in which to enhance their function.
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(9895286), S. Milligan. "Sand to Mud to Redevelopment - Trinity Bay 1876 to 2012." Thesis, 2012. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Sand_to_Mud_to_Redevelopment_-_Trinity_Bay_1876_to_2012/13457387.
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The aim of this thesis is to investigate the environmental history of Trinity Bay,
Cairns, specifically on the nature and causes of change to the pristine beaches
and biodiversity of Trinity Bay, from the time of European settlement.
Furthermore, this thesis will explore how those changes are influencing Trinity
Bay today. The study takes a thematic approach, based on types of
environmental change, and is drawn largely from historical archives,
newspapers, local histories, and scientific sources.
Following an Introduction, the first chapter explores the ‘discovery’ of Trinity Bay
by Captain James Cook on the 10 June 1770 and the ensuing growth of Cairns.
The main focus of this chapter is to use photographic and textual evidence to
show that the foreshore of Cairns initially had pristine beaches, and that the
drive to make a commercial port in the Bay by dredging resulted in turning these
beaches into mudflats.
Chapter Two examines the continued need for dredging by the early settlers for
the advancement of shipping and colonisation. The consequential results of
dredging to the mangrove and saltmarsh areas of the Bay and the devastating
occurrence of Acid Sulfate Soils as a result of this are discussed. The hunting of
dugongs and their rapid population decline, along with the depletion of seagrass
beds within Trinity Bay, is the topic of Chapter Three.
Chapter Four focuses on reclamation, and demonstrates that although this
brought some benefits to Cairns, the long term degradation of the environment
was significant. Chapter Five concludes the study by discussing the
redevelopment of the foreshore of Trinity Bay in the past thirty years, as well as
the presently proposed developments. The debate over the environmental
issues from the proposed expansions of the international airport on the edge of
the Bay and the influence of tourism on decisions made for development on
Trinity Bay are also discussed.
This study finds that the effects of European settlement on Trinity Bay and
surrounding Cairns over the past 130 years have been dramatic and
irreversible. Many of the development decisions for Cairns that were made in
the past were for the betterment of Cairns, however little thought was given to
the future effects of those decisions on the environment. The dredging of the
Bay did increase the commercial viability of the Cairns port and the reclamation
did improve public health and drainage of the town, but at a very high future cost
to the environment. Most environmentalists would be appalled by the
degradation of the marine life and mangrove and saltmarsh habitats, while
others would see the ensuring tourism hub of North Queensland as an
economic boom, thereby highlighting the complexities of environment-human
interactions.
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Li, Chun-wei, and 李君偉. "Observing Innovation Trends from Journal Articles: A Case Study of Research Policy Journal Articles." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7prc8q.
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碩士<br>國立高雄大學<br>亞太工商管理學系碩士班<br>102<br>Innovation is crucial in various fields, and continues to grow as well as develop over the past decades. Innovation-related journal articles, especially those in the higher impact factor journals, would show the mainstream of innovation in specific periods, which would then reveal the innovation trend itself. The methods used for studying innovation trends are various, such as content analysis, bibliometrics and scientometrics which are unable to provide an overall trend since they can only focus on one specific topic. The software WordSmith would help make it easier to conduct such kind of quantitative studies. Therefore, the present study aims to uncover the trends of innovation through analyzing the article abstracts in the journal of Research Policy from 1972 to 2013 via a corpus-based approach. Results show that technological innovation shows growth even after the emergence of the Internet, but the trend for industrial innovation has declined slightly. In addition, before the emergence of the Internet, innovation mainly focused on the industrial aspect. However, with the quick spread of the knowledge via the Internet, innovation becomes more diversified and specialized. Moreover, comparing with Taiwan’s policies from 1960 to 2010, it is evident that Taiwan’s policy goes well with the main trends revealed from the articles of Research Policy. It is hoped that the result of the present study can serve as an indicator for forecasting the trend and pattern of innovation.
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Liu, Wei-Feng, and 柳薇芬. "The Use of Passive Voice in Research Articles." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27890686371680663165.
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碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>英語教學研究所<br>94<br>ABSTRACT
Passive voice is considered as a weak structure rhetorically. Many style manuals claim that active sentences are forceful and interesting while passive voice may complicate sentences and impair readability. However, such a perspective on passive voice restricts its functions to the sentence context and neglects its role in discourse.
Therefore, in this study, we propose a functional approach to the use and choice of voice, focusing on the communicative functions and discourse contexts of voice use. We, firstly, analyze and compare the use of passive voice and its by-agents in the Methods Section of 48 research articles in materials science and applied linguistics. Secondly, in a pilot study, we found that students have problems with voice choice in considering the transitivity of verbs. An experiment relating voice use to transitivity of verbs is conducted. The purpose of the experiment aims to find out if transitive/intransitive nature of verbs is the key element contributing to Chinese learners’ misuse in voice use. Finally, a lesson plan based on our analysis results is provided. We propose how to teach voice, with particular focus on voice use at the discourse level, in relation to information and theme systems.
Results show that passive voice is used more often in hard science (58.98%) than in social science (31.07%). In both fields, a majority of passive sentences (73.15% and 86.36%, respectively) do not use by-agents while those with by-agents can be further divided into animate/inanimate groups according to their functions in text. Besides, at the discourse level, we also found that information and theme systems are determining factors in voice choice. As for the experiment, results show that Chinese students may be confused about verbs with both transitive and intransitive natures. Students’ unclear ideas about the relationship between verb and subject also contribute to the misuse in voice use. Then, a lesson plan is provided to show how to teach graduate students voice choice in research articles. Finally, pedagogical implications are discussed and some suggestions for future research are also made.
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Lin, Axson Chien-hung, and 林建宏. "A Genre Analysis on Academic Business Research Articles." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17073644295851970702.
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碩士<br>國立彰化師範大學<br>英語學系<br>100<br>ABSTRACT
Past researches have been pointing out and emphasizing the importance of genre analysis in an English for Academic Purpose (EAP) course to help students acquire the specific genres they need to perform successfully in their disciplines and professional contexts (e.g. Flowerdew, 2005; Hyland, 2006; Peacock, 2002; Salager- Meyer, 2008). In addition, an increasing number of non-English medium doctoral programs are adopting a policy that each doctoral student need to publish in internationally referred journals as a graduation requirement. Nevertheless, few related studies were done focusing on investigating both macrostructures and microstructures of research articles in the same time. Besides, still little attention has been drawn upon the NS/NNS variation views of subject specialists concerning the genre in RAs. Given that the studies and the related theories have a lack of findings in helping EFL business doctoral students in academic writing publishing, a contrastive investigation is needed to establish a systematic analysis of macrostructures and microstructures in the business journals articles.
The aim of the current study was to provide a detailed investigation and NS/ NNS comparison of the macrostructure and microstructure in the business RAs. To achieve this goal, a corpus was compiled from sixty major business journals. The genre- and corpus- based approach was conducted in three parts— a move analysis to examine macrostructures of introduction sections in the selected RAs, a metadiscourse analysis to explore the use of metadiscourse in the selected RAs, and two contrastive analyses to compare and contrast the macrostructure and microstructure in the business RAs written by the NNS and NS.
The results of the move analysis indicated that the most frequent move being used was Move 1 (establishing a territory), followed by Move 3 (presenting the present Study) and Move 2 (establishing a niche). The top three steps that most RA in the corpora include are RT (review literature or present topic generalizations), AP (announcing present research descriptively and/ or purposively), and CC (central claiming) while the top three steps that appeared most frequently were RT (review literature or present topic generalizations), AP (announcing present research descriptively and/ or purposively), and SM (summarizing methods).
In terms of the use of metadiscourse, authors of business RAs used slightly more interactive resources than interactional ones. Specifically speaking, transitions, evidentials, and Frame markers were the top three categories being used in Interactive resources; in addition, self-mentions, boosters, and hedges were the top three categories in interactional resources.
Regarding variation between the two groups of writers, the results of the contrastive analyses indicated that the business RAs written by NS and NNS writers were similar in the use of moves and sub- moves (move steps). Moreover, the results of a contrastive analysis on the two resources of metadiscourse reported that NNS tend to use more interactive resources but fewer interactional resources than NS. The biggest variation in the use of metadiscourse between the two corpora was indeed self-mentions, which were used 662 more times in NS corpus. Specifically, besides self-mentions, all subcategories in both interactive resources and interactional resources appeared more in the NNS articles than in the NS ones.
The finding of the current study should contribute to the understanding of the macrostructure and the microstructures in business research articles. They may provide a clearer guideline for teachers of EAP or advanced writing courses to question and accordingly revise their instructions to assist non-native speakers building up their own schemata on writing academic articles to control their writing practices more effectively to fulfill the convictions and expectations of their discourse communities.