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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Research Design Sample Size

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Academic literature on the topic 'Research Design Sample Size'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Research Design Sample Size"

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Majid, Umair. "Research Fundamentals: Study Design, Population, and Sample Size." Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal 2, no. 1 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26685/urncst.16.

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Boddy, Clive Roland. "Sample size for qualitative research." Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 19, no. 4 (2016): 426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qmr-06-2016-0053.

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Purpose Qualitative researchers have been criticised for not justifying sample size decisions in their research. This short paper addresses the issue of which sample sizes are appropriate and valid within different approaches to qualitative research. Design/methodology/approach The sparse literature on sample sizes in qualitative research is reviewed and discussed. This examination is informed by the personal experience of the author in terms of assessing, as an editor, reviewer comments as they relate to sample size in qualitative research. Also, the discussion is informed by the author’s own experience of undertaking commercial and academic qualitative research over the last 31 years. Findings In qualitative research, the determination of sample size is contextual and partially dependent upon the scientific paradigm under which investigation is taking place. For example, qualitative research which is oriented towards positivism, will require larger samples than in-depth qualitative research does, so that a representative picture of the whole population under review can be gained. Nonetheless, the paper also concludes that sample sizes involving one single case can be highly informative and meaningful as demonstrated in examples from management and medical research. Unique examples of research using a single sample or case but involving new areas or findings that are potentially highly relevant, can be worthy of publication. Theoretical saturation can also be useful as a guide in designing qualitative research, with practical research illustrating that samples of 12 may be cases where data saturation occurs among a relatively homogeneous population. Practical implications Sample sizes as low as one can be justified. Researchers and reviewers may find the discussion in this paper to be a useful guide to determining and critiquing sample size in qualitative research. Originality/value Sample size in qualitative research is always mentioned by reviewers of qualitative papers but discussion tends to be simplistic and relatively uninformed. The current paper draws attention to how sample sizes, at both ends of the size continuum, can be justified by researchers. This will also aid reviewers in their making of comments about the appropriateness of sample sizes in qualitative research.

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Habib, Arif, Ayman johargy, Khalid Mahmood, and Humma Humma. "Design And Determination Of The Sample Size In Medical Research." IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 13, no. 5 (2014): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0853-13562131.

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Goneppanavar, Umesh, Sabyasachi Das, PradeepA Dongare, Rakesh Garg, and SBala Bhaskar. "Study design, errors and sample size calculation in medical research." Airway 3, no. 2 (2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/arwy.arwy_29_20.

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Zhu, Hong, Song Zhang, and Chul Ahn. "Sample size considerations for split-mouth design." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 26, no. 6 (2015): 2543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280215601137.

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Split-mouth designs are frequently used in dental clinical research, where a mouth is divided into two or more experimental segments that are randomly assigned to different treatments. It has the distinct advantage of removing a lot of inter-subject variability from the estimated treatment effect. Methods of statistical analyses for split-mouth design have been well developed. However, little work is available on sample size consideration at the design phase of a split-mouth trial, although many researchers pointed out that the split-mouth design can only be more efficient than a parallel-group design when within-subject correlation coefficient is substantial. In this paper, we propose to use the generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach to assess treatment effect in split-mouth trials, accounting for correlations among observations. Closed-form sample size formulas are introduced for the split-mouth design with continuous and binary outcomes, assuming exchangeable and “nested exchangeable” correlation structures for outcomes from the same subject. The statistical inference is based on the large sample approximation under the GEE approach. Simulation studies are conducted to investigate the finite-sample performance of the GEE sample size formulas. A dental clinical trial example is presented for illustration.

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Trotter, Robert T. "Qualitative research sample design and sample size: Resolving and unresolved issues and inferential imperatives." Preventive Medicine 55, no. 5 (2012): 398–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.07.003.

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Lerman, Jerrold. "Study design in clinical research: sample size estimation and power analysis." Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 43, no. 2 (1996): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03011261.

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McNamara, James F. "Research Designs and Sample Size Requirements in School Improvement Research." International Journal of Educational Reform 1, no. 4 (1992): 433–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105678799200100413.

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Heidel, R. Eric. "Causality in Statistical Power: Isomorphic Properties of Measurement, Research Design, Effect Size, and Sample Size." Scientifica 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8920418.

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Statistical power is the ability to detect a significant effect, given that the effect actually exists in a population. Like most statistical concepts, statistical power tends to induce cognitive dissonance in hepatology researchers. However, planning for statistical power by ana priorisample size calculation is of paramount importance when designing a research study. There are five specific empirical components that make up ana priorisample size calculation: the scale of measurement of the outcome, the research design, the magnitude of the effect size, the variance of the effect size, and the sample size. A framework grounded in the phenomenon of isomorphism, or interdependencies amongst different constructs with similar forms, will be presented to understand the isomorphic effects of decisions made on each of the five aforementioned components of statistical power.

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Sturm, Roland, Jürgen Unützer, and Wayne Katon. "Effectiveness research and implications for study design: sample size and statistical power." General Hospital Psychiatry 21, no. 4 (1999): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-8343(99)00024-9.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Research Design Sample Size"

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You, Zhiying. "Power and sample size of cluster randomized trials." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009r/you.pdf.

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Sawrie, David Franklin. "Preemptive power analysis for the consulting statistician novel applications of internal pilot design and information based monitoring systems /." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009r/sawrie.pdf.

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Hagen, Clinton Ernest. "Comparing the performance of four calculation methods for estimating the sample size in repeated measures clinical trials where difference in treatment groups means is of interest." Oklahoma City : [s.n.], 2008.

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Cudjoe, Samuel. "How do Companies Reward their Employees." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Avd.), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102749.

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This study is unique considering the location (Africa) and the industrial setting (Gold Mining) from which the research was studied as reward systems had mostly been studied in the North-American and European settings. Thus, the study considered rewards from the perspective of the African and its natural resource industries such as the gold mining industry. The methodology employed in the study was based on a case study approach at Golden Star (Bogoso/Prestea) Limited (GSB/PL) with a population size of 1029 employees combining both qualitative and quantitative data obtained through a questionnaire survey of a 278 sample size and structured interview with the Human Resources and Administration Manager. Thus, the method of data collection represents methodological triangulation and the data obtained from the study represents a primary source of data. The study revealed that all the three generational groups (Baby Boomers, GEN Xers and GEN Yers) places higher emphasis or priority on financial incentives (high salary and bonuses) over any other incentives when respondents were asked to indicate the reward they prefer most. But when rewards were considered as a total package profile, greater number of the baby boomers placed more emphasis or priority on packages with highly flexible pension benefits, long term job security and high internal promotions eventhough the salary and bonus components of the packages (profile) were not that attract. The GEN X and GEN Y groups still maintained their reward package profile preferences based on high financial incentives, training and learning opportunities, personal growth and career advancement. The study revealed that aside the high preferences for financial incentives such as high salary and bonuses by all the generational groups, few of the GEN X and GEN Y also exhibited other preferences such as high personal growth, flexible work schedule, attractive company policy and administration, career advancement, working environment, job security and praises and recognition of which the baby boomers did not indicate any preferences or interest. The study revealed that all the three generational groups (Baby Boomers, GEN X and GEN Y) consider high salary and bonuses as factor which causes employee dissatisfaction when not satisfied or available but when they are satisfied or available also do not motivate or cause satisfaction and thus confirming Herzberg Two-Factor theory that factors such as salary or remuneration, job security, working conditions and company policies only prevent employee dissatisfaction. The study revealed that all generational groups (baby boomers, GEN X and GEN Y) consider high salaries and bonuses as factor which could lead to lack of satisfaction and motivation of the employee in his current role or position when not available or satisfied and thus this finding confirm the traditional belief that pay is prime, or in some cases the only source of motivation but contradict Herzberg claim that pay (high salaries and bonuses) is only an extrinsic factor and that when is available or satisfied, pay does not bring satisfaction and motivation but rather prevents dissatisfaction. The study revealed that GSB/PL rewards systems basically comprises of extrinsic rewards such as high salary levels (pay increases), a bonus scheme, training and learning opportunities, job security, Stock options, Retirement/Pension benefits such as social security and provident fund, promotions, attractive company policies and administration, praises and recognition, good working environment, flexible work schedule, Long service awards and benefits such as housing, Health insurance, Vacation/Annual leave benefits, transportation/bussing service, messing (provision of meals to employees only when at work), and educational benefits (for employees dependants). The study also revealed that the design and implementation of GSB/PL reward systems involves four distinct phases: assessment, design, execution and evaluation phases. In the end, a suitable conclusion was drawn and a number of recommendations proposed to be implemented by the mining company in safeguarding the interest of both employees and the employer.

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Campbell, Marion K. "Cluster randomised trials in implementation research : intracluster correlation coefficients, sample size and reporting considerations." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2003. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU176474.

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This thesis examines aspects of the application of the cluster randomised trial design in implementation research. In particular, it focuses on three main themes: a) the intracluster correlation coefficient (ICC) in cluster randomised trials of implementation research and factors affecting its magnitude; b) the impact of the ICC on sample size calculations; and c) reporting considerations for cluster randomised trials generally, and for ICCs in particular. The results show that empirical estimates of ICCs vary in size and certain factors - particularly the type of variable and the study setting - influence the magnitude of the ICC. When reporting an ICC, three aspects were found to be important: a) a description of the dataset, b) information on how the ICC was calculated; and c) information on the accuracy of the ICC. General reporting considerations for cluster randomised trials were also considered and found to require explanations for: a) the rationale for adopting a cluster design; b) how the effects of clustering were incorporated into the sample size calculations; c) how the effects of clustering were incorporated into the analysis; and d) the flow of both clusters and individuals through the trial, from assignment to analysis. A revised CONSORT statement accommodating the specific features of a cluster randomised trial was presented. The work outlined in this thesis shows that the adoption of a cluster randomised trial in implementation research has a number of important implications that researchers should consider when planning future trials.

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Koetting, Lauren. "Effect size guidelines for single-subject research designs." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10134004.

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<p> Current research uses effect size guidelines to determine if there is a small, medium, or large effect for group design interventions. A best practice methodology and guidelines for determining the effect size of an intensive intervention in a single-subject design have not been established. The present study identifies cut score guidelines for single-subject research designs to determine if the intervention had a small, medium, or large effect. This study examines the distribution of effect size, using the Percentage of Non-Overlapping Data (PNOD) and Cohen’s d, for a large sample of intensive academic interventions. In addition, differences in distribution for varying environmental settings (e.g., clinic-based and school-based) and targeted skill areas (e.g., math, reading, and writing) are examined. This information will assist interventionists in selecting interventions, determining if an intervention is working, and if changes to an intervention should be considered.</p>

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Wang, Xiangrong. "Effect of Sample Size on Irt Equating of Uni-Dimensional Tests in Common Item Non-Equivalent Group Design: a Monte Carlo Simulation Study." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37555.

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Test equating is important to large-scale testing programs because of the following two reasons: strict test security is a key concern for high-stakes tests and fairness of test equating is important for test takers. The question of adequacy of sample size often arises in test equating. However, most recommendations in the existing literature are based on classical test equating. Very few research studies systematically investigated the minimal sample size which leads to reasonably accurate equating results based on item response theory (IRT). The main purpose of this study was to examine the minimal sample size for desired IRT equating accuracy for the common-item nonequivalent groups design under various conditions. Accuracy was determined by examining the relative magnitude of six accuracy statistics. Two IRT equating methods were carried out on simulated tests with combinations of test length, test format, group ability difference, similarity of the form difficulty, and parameter estimation methods for 14 sample sizes using Monte Carlo simulations with 1,000 replications per cell. Observed score equating and true score equating were compared to the criterion equating to obtain the accuracy statistics. The results suggest that different sample size requirements exist for different test lengths, test formats and parameter estimation methods. Additionally, the results show the following: first, the results for true score equating and observed score equating are very similar. Second, the longer test has less accurate equating than the shorter one at the same sample size level and as the sample size decreases, the gap is greater. Third, concurrent parameter estimation method produced less equating error than separate estimation at the same sample size level and as the sample size reduces, the difference increases. Fourth, the cases with different group ability have larger and less stable error comparing to the base case and the cases with different test difficulty, especially when using separate parameter estimation method with sample size less than 750. Last, the mixed formatted test is more accurate than the single formatted one at the same sample size level.<br>Ph. D.

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Takazawa, Akira. "Optimal decision criteria for the study design and sample size of a biomarker-driven phase III trial." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253492.

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Meijer, Helmut. "Research into and design of a digital sound sample library for acoustic drums." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16388.

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Thesis (M.Phil.)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sound sample libraries represent the format in which huge collections of sampled sounds are made available for use within digital samplers and/or other digital audio workstations (DAW’s). Although in use for many years, little or no academic research has been done on the methodology of compiling a commercial sound sample library. In this endeavour, the factors influencing the design, recording and publishing of a sound sample library are investigated through the actual design of a drum sample library. The rationale behind the sampling of a drum kit is carefully depicted in the light of various other factors influencing the instrument, as well as being influenced by the instrument itself. A professional drummer was engaged to play a state-of-the art Gretsch acoustic drum kit. Samples of the kit, consisting of various individual instrument parts, were recorded in three locations within the Konservatorium of Stellenbosch University, for reasons carefully explained in the text. These numerous drum hits were mixed and cut into individual drum samples. The samples were mapped into a digital software sampler, GigaStudio, creating five distinct collections of drum samples that faithfully represent the quality of the drum kit, the recording rooms as well as the equipment used in the process. The outcome of the study is a professional product in the form of a Gretsch drum sample collection, prepared for commercial release. Many of the drum samples have already been used successfully in commercial music releases over the past 12 months. Whilst the drum sample library is currently being published, the product and documentation clearly depict the viability of the study in terms of the artistic and academic expectations that have been met. The study anticipates future research on the subject.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Klankbiblioteke heet die formaat waarin versamelings van klankmonsters beskikbaar gestel word vir gebruik in digitale samplers1 en/of ander digitale klankprogrammatuur. Nieteenstaande die feit dat klankbiblioteke reeds jare in gebruik is, is geen studie waarin die ontwerp en saamstel van so ‘n biblioteek beskryf word, bekend nie. In hierdie navorsingsprojek word die faktore wat die ontwerp, opneem en vrystelling van ‘n klankbiblioteek beïnvloed bestudeer deur die skep van so ‘n biblioteek. Die oorwegings vir die keuse van ‘n tromstel is noukeurig uiteengesit in die lig van die faktore wat betrekking het tot, en wederkerig beïnvloed is deur die instrument en opname-omgewing. ‘n Professionele tromspeler is vir die projekdoeleindes gekontrakteer om ‘n Gretsch akoestiese tromstel te speel. Klankmonsters van die tromstel se individuele komponente is in drie lokale binne die Konservatorium van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch opgeneem, met redes soos uiteengestip in die teks. Klankopnames van die talle tromslae is gemeng en opgesny in individuele klankmonsters. Laasgenoemde is in GigaStudio, ‘n digitale sagteware sampler, gekarteer sodat vyf duidelik-onderskeibare klankveramelings geskep is. Hierdie versamelings lig die kwaliteit van die tromstel asook die verskeie opnamelokale en toerusting wat gebruik is duidelik uit. Die resultaat van die studie is ‘n professionele produk in die vorm van ‘n Gretsch kommersiële klankbiblioteek, waarvan verskeie klankmonsters reeds oor die afgelope 12 maande in plaaslike musiekvrystellings gebruik is. Hoewel die klankbiblioteek huidiglik vrygestel word, toon die produk en dokumentasie duidelik die artistiese en tegniese waardigheid van die studie. Die studie antisipeer toekomstige navorsings-moontlikhede wat uit die onderwerp mag voortspruit.

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Dhaliwal, Lesley. "Research design and effect size : a meta-analysis of mood disorder experimental trials." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54731.

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The design of experimental studies can have a significant influence on effect size; however, this influence is rarely given enough consideration during the interpretation and comparison of research results. This paper examines whether there is a significant difference between the effect sizes from placebo-controlled versus treatment-controlled trials. This issue was studied by conducting a meta-analysis of approximately 37 RCTs of mood disorder therapies. The results of this methodological investigation confirmed that there is a statistically significant difference between the weighted effect sizes from the two groups of studies that were compared. These results support the claim that the type of control group is an important factor to consider in the design and interpretation of experimental studies. This analysis is a methodological contribution as it addresses how the type of control group in a RCT impacts the outcome of a study, and more specifically the effect size. The outcome of this research also challenges the effectiveness of treatments that have been tested against only one type of control in experimental studies.<br>Education, Faculty of<br>Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of<br>Graduate

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Books on the topic "Research Design Sample Size"

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Handbook of sample size guidelines for clinical trials. CRC Press, 1989.

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Shuster, Jonathan J. Practical handbook of sample size guidelines for clinical trials. CRC Press, 1992.

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Shuster, Jonathan J. Practical handbook of sample size guidelines for clinical trials. CRC Press, 1993.

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Odeh, Robert E. Sample size choice: Charts for experiments with linear models. 2nd ed. M. Dekker, 1991.

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Vinoth, Jagaroo, and Maxwell David L, eds. Handbook of statistical methods: Single subject design. Plural Pub., 2008.

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Waksberg, Joseph. Integration of sample design for the National Survey of Family Growth, Cycle IV with the National Health Interview Survey. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Statistics, 1985.

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Chow, Shein-Chung. Sample size calculations in clinical research. 2nd ed. Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2007.

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1938-, Herrendörfer Günter, ed. Experimental design: Sample size determination and block designs. D. Reidel Pub. Co., 1986.

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Chow, Shein-Chung, Jun Shao, Hansheng Wang, and Yuliya Lokhnygina. Sample Size Calculations in Clinical Research: Third Edition. Edited by Shein-Chung Chow, Jun Shao, Hansheng Wang, and Yuliya Lokhnygina. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315183084.

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Verma, J. P., and Priyam Verma. Determining Sample Size and Power in Research Studies. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5204-5.

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Book chapters on the topic "Research Design Sample Size"

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Chow, Shein-Chung, Jun Shao, Hansheng Wang, and Yuliya Lokhnygina. "Sample Size Calculation for Two-Stage Adaptive Trial Design." In Sample Size Calculations in Clinical Research: Third Edition. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315183084-18.

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Malterud, Kirsti, Volkert Siersma, and Ann Dorrit Guassora. "Information power: Sample content and size in qualitative studies." In Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000252-004.

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Patten, Mildred L., and Melisa C. Galvan. "Sample Size." In Proposing Empirical Research. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429463013-38.

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Stock, Eileen M., and Kousick Biswas. "Sample Size Calculation." In Clinical Trials Design in Operative and Non Operative Invasive Procedures. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53877-8_16.

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Indrayan, Abhaya. "Sampling and Sample Size." In Research Methods for Medical Graduates. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429435034-8.

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Kelley, Ken, and Scott E. Maxwell. "Sample size planning." In APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol 1: Foundations, planning, measures, and psychometrics. American Psychological Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/13619-012.

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Patten, Mildred L., and Michelle Newhart. "Sample Size in Quantitative Studies." In Understanding Research Methods. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315213033-36.

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Lyman, Stephen. "Power and Sample Size." In Basic Methods Handbook for Clinical Orthopaedic Research. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58254-1_20.

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Chow, Shein-Chung, Jun Shao, Hansheng Wang, and Yuliya Lokhnygina. "Bayesian Sample Size Calculation." In Sample Size Calculations in Clinical Research: Third Edition. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315183084-13.

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Shih, Weichung Joe, and Joseph Aisner. "Sample Size and Power Calculations." In Statistical Design, Monitoring, and Analysis of Clinical Trials, 2nd ed. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003176527-4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Research Design Sample Size"

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Ma Shi-xiao, Dong Wen-yan, Wang Tong, and Xi Qiu-hong. "Sample size design and empirical research based on PPS and stratified sample survey." In 2010 2nd International Conference on Information Science and Engineering (ICISE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icise.2010.5691614.

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Sudarsanam, Nandan, Ramya Chandran, and Daniel D. Frey. "Conducting Non-Adaptive Experiments in a Live Setting: A Bayesian Approach to Determining Optimal Sample Size." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98335.

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Abstract This research studies the use of predetermined experimental plans in a live setting with a finite implementation horizon. In this context, we seek to determine the optimal experimental budget in different environments using a Bayesian framework. We derive theoretical results on the optimal allocation of resources to treatments with the objective of minimizing cumulative regret, a metric commonly used in online statistical learning. Our base case studies a setting with two treatments assuming Gaussian priors for the treatment means and noise distributions. We extend our study through analytical and semi-analytical techniques which explore worst-case bounds and the generalization to k treatments. We determine theoretical limits for the experimental budget across all possible scenarios. The optimal level of experimentation that is recommended by this study varies extensively and depends on the experimental environment as well as the number of available units. This highlights the importance of such an approach which incorporates these factors to determine the budget.

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Nagata, Shigeyoshi, and Tsutomu Komori. "A Research on Bevel Gear Hobbing." In ASME 1992 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1992-0027.

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Abstract At present, hob cutters have mainly been used for the tooth cutting of gears. The each blades of the hob cutter have generally been designed with the same module size, therefore, it is not possible to cut gears of another module size using the aforementioned hob cutter. In our research, from the above viewpoint we have through theoretical analysis of a new hob cutter, tried to design a module hob cutter which is able to cut gears of several module sizes during rough cutting. Hereinafter, we are to call this new hob cutter “Variable Module Hob Cutter (= VMHC)”. This “VMHC” is not uniform in the whole length of hob cutter. It is designed so that the module size is made to vary in accordance with axial direction. With this “VMHC”, not only is it possible for us to cut the tooth profile of gear in any variety of module sizes, but also it is expected to be very suitable for cutting bevel gears by using general type hobbing machine. Most of bevel gears are manufactured by a unipurpose machine tool. Bevel gears, however, are able to be manufactured easily even by using the general type hobbing machine by applying the conventional method of tooth cutting and this hob cutter. The bevel gears have been difficult to manufacture by the conventional hob cutter. However, we will be able to expect to get “VMHC” easily through use of CNC technology.

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Turek, Steven, and Sam Anand. "A Comparison of Virtual Condition Cylinder Evaluation Methods in Coordinate Metrology." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49798.

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When a cylindrical datum feature is specified at maximum material condition (MMC) or least material condition (LMC) a unique circumstance arises: a virtual condition (VC) cylindrical boundary must be defined [1]. The geometric relationship between a cylindrical point cloud obtained from inspection equipment and a VC cylinder has not been specifically addressed in previous research. In this research, novel approaches to this geometric analysis are presented, analyzed, and validated. Two of the proposed methods are new interpretations of established methods applied to this unique geometric circumstance: least squares and the maximum inscribing cylinder (MIC) or minimum circumscribing cylinder (MCC). The third method, the Hull Normal method, is a novel approach specifically developed to address the VC cylinder problem. Each of the proposed methods utilizes a different amount of sampled data, leading to various levels of sensitivity to sample size and error. The three methods were applied to different cylindrical forms, utilizing various sampling techniques and sample sizes. Trends across sample size were analyzed to assess the variation in axial orientation when compared to the true geometric form, and a relevant case study explores the applicability of these methods in real world applications.

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Zhao, Dong, and Deyi Xue. "Performance Comparison of Metamodeling Methods From the Perspective of Sample Quality Merits." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86270.

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Although many metamodeling methods have been developed in the past decades to model the relationships between input and output parameters, selection of an appropriate or the optimal metamodel for solving a certain engineering problem is not a trivial task. Various performance measures of different metamodels are strongly influenced by the characteristics of sample data. This research focuses on the study of the relationships between sample data characteristics and metamodel performance measures considering different types of metamodeling methods. In this research, sample quality merits are introduced to quantitatively model the characteristics of sample data. In this work, four types of metamodeling methods, including multivariate polynomial model, radial basis function model, kriging model and Bayesian neural network model, three sample quality merits, including sample size, uniformity and noise, and four performance evaluation measures, including accuracy, confidence, robustness and efficiency, are considered to study the relationships between the sample quality merits and the performance measures of the metamodeling methods.

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Petrov, Dmitry, Konstantin Rumyantsev, and Arkadiy Eremin. "Research of the influence of the analyzed and support sample size on the effectiveness of detection in case of normal law of intensity distribution aberration of the image elements." In 2017 IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ewdts.2017.8110159.

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Wei, Zhigang, Limin Luo, Fulun Yang, and Robert Rebandt. "A Bayesian Statistics Based Design Curve Construction Method for Test Data With Extremely Small Sample Sizes." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45909.

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Fatigue design curve construction is commonly used for durability and reliability assessment of engineering components subjected to cyclic loading. A wide variety of design curve construction methods have been developed over the last decades. Some of the methods have been adopted by engineering codes and widely used in industry. However, the traditional design curve construction methods usually require significant amounts of test data in order for the constructed design curves to be consistently and reliably used in product design and validation. In order to reduce the test sample size and associated testing time and cost, several Bayesian statistics based design curve construction methods have been recently successfully developed by several research groups. Among all of these methods, an efficient Monte Carlo simulation based resampling method developed by the authors of this paper is of particular importance. The method is based on a large amount of reliable historical fatigue test data, the associated probabilistic distributions of the mean and standard deviation of the failure cycles, and an advanced acceptance-rejection resampling algorithm. However, finite element analysis (FEA) methods and a special stress recovery technique are required to process the test data, which is usually a time-consuming process. A more straightforward approach that does not require these intermediate processes is strongly preferred. This study presents such an approach, in which the only historical information needed is the distribution of the standard deviation of the cycles to failure. The distribution of the mean is directly calculated from the current tested data and the Central Limit Theorem. Neither FEA nor stress recovery technique is required for this approach, and the effort put into design curve construction can be significantly reduced. This method can be used to complement the previously developed Bayesian methods.

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Zhu, Zhifu, and Xiaoping Du. "A System Reliability Method With Dependent Kriging Predictions." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59030.

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When limit-state functions are highly nonlinear, traditional reliability methods, such as the first order and second order reliability methods, are not accurate. Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), on the other hand, is accurate if a sufficient sample size is used, but is computationally intensive. This research proposes a new system reliability method that combines MCS and the Kriging method with improved accuracy and efficiency. Cheaper surrogate models are created for limit-state functions with the minimal variance in the estimate of the system reliability, thereby producing high accuracy for the system reliability prediction. Instead of employing global optimization, this method uses MCS samples from which training points for the surrogate models are selected. By considering the dependence between responses from a surrogate model, this method captures the true contribution of each MCS sample to the uncertainty in the estimate of the system reliability and therefore chooses training points efficiently. Good accuracy and efficiency are demonstrated by three examples.

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Turek, Steven, and Sam Anand. "A Hull Normal Approach for Determining the Size of Cylindrical Features." In ASME 2007 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2007-31206.

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In coordinate metrology, discrete data is sampled from a continuous form to assess the manufactured feature’s deviation from its design specifications. Although coordinate measuring machines have a high degree of accuracy, the unsampled portion of the manufactured object cannot be completely described. The definition of cylindrical size for an external feature as specified by ASME Y14.5.1M-1994 [1,2] matches the analytical definition of a minimum circumscribing cylinder (MCC) when Rule #1 is applied. Even though the MCC is a logical analysis technique for size determination, it is highly sensitive to the sampling method and any uncertainties encountered in that process. Determining the least-sum-of-squares solution is an alternative method commonly utilized in size determination. However, the least-squares formulation seeks an optimal solution not based on the cylindrical size definition [1,2], and hence has been shown to be biased [6,7]. This research presents a novel Hull Normal method for size determination of cylindrical bosses. The goal of the proposed method is to recreate the sampled surface using computational geometry methods and determine the cylinder’s axis and radius based upon the reconstructed surface. Through varying the random sample size of data from an actual measured part, repetitive analyses resulted in the Hull Normal method having a lower bias and distributions that were skewed towards the true value of the radius.

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Plessis, Guillaume, Andrei Muradov, Richard Griffin, Jeremy Dugas, Justin Orlando, and Devin Delcambre. "Fit for Purpose Connection Design for Drilling Operations in Size Constrained Tubular." In IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/201014-ms.

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Abstract Drilling out or working within small sizes of casing and liners requires the use of a drill string with small outside diameter tool joints to fit inside the casing/liner bore and, at the same time, a large enough connection internal diameter to pump actuating balls inside the drill string when needed. These requirements significantly limit the available options that can be used. Historically, a drill pipe double shoulder connection with a 3⅛-in. outside diameter (OD) has been used for such operations, as it allows for multiple makeups and breakouts before it needs to be repaired. This is a great improvement compared to using small tubing premium connections that are somewhat limited on the number of makeups. However, the geometry constraints are such that the thin material envelope leads to torsional weakness in the connection, resulting in a higher than expected recut rate as connections can be overtorqued downhole in operation. A research and development (R&D) project was commissioned to improve the connection performance significantly to mitigate the downhole overtorque. Exploring the acceptable connection envelope limits allowed for a slightly reduced internal diameter (ID) when compared to the previously used connection. The team considered different thread designs and decided to use the one that would provide the highest torque. The design process was then followed to develop and qualify a well-balanced connection. The design validation was performed at an engineering technology center in Houston, Texas, where samples were destructively tested to compare the actual capacity of the new connection against the calculated values. It was confirmed that the torsional strength of the new design meets and exceeds the theoretical value, an improvement of at least 85% over the previously used connection, and a first string was built. It was subsequently deployed in the field and the recut rate was monitored to establish that the objective of delivering a connection capable of higher torque was indeed met to resist the downhole overtorque.

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Reports on the topic "Research Design Sample Size"

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Bargelski, C. J., and D. E. Berrett. Chemical and Metallurgy Research (CMR) Sample Tracking System Design Document. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5081.

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Schreuder, Hans T., Jin-Mann S. Lin, and John Teply. Annual design-based estimation for the annualized inventories of forest inventory and analysis: sample size determination. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-66.

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Policht, Veronica. Research and Design of a Sample Heater for Beam Line 6-2c Transmission X-ray Microscope. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1049739.

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Dempsey, Terri L. Handling the Qualitative Side of Mixed Methods Research: A Multisite, Team-Based High School Education Evaluation Study. RTI Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.mr.0039.1809.

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Attention to mixed methods studies research has increased in recent years, particularly among funding agencies that increasingly require a mixed methods approach for program evaluation. At the same time, researchers operating within large-scale, rapid-turnaround research projects are faced with the reality that collection and analysis of large amounts of qualitative data typically require an intense amount of project resources and time. However, practical examples of efficiently collecting and handling high-quality qualitative data within these studies are limited. More examples are also needed of procedures for integrating the qualitative and quantitative strands of a study from design to interpretation in ways that can facilitate efficiencies. This paper provides a detailed description of the strategies used to collect and analyze qualitative data in what the research team believed to be an efficient, high-quality way within a team-based mixed methods evaluation study of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) high-school education. The research team employed an iterative approach to qualitative data analysis that combined matrix analyses with Microsoft Excel and the qualitative data analysis software program ATLAS.ti. This approach yielded a number of practical benefits. Selected preliminary results illustrate how this approach can simplify analysis and facilitate data integration.

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McDonagh, Marian, Andrea C. Skelly, Amy Hermesch, et al. Cervical Ripening in the Outpatient Setting. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer238.

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Objectives. To assess the comparative effectiveness and potential harms of cervical ripening in the outpatient setting (vs. inpatient, vs. other outpatient intervention) and of fetal surveillance when a prostaglandin is used for cervical ripening. Data sources. Electronic databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, Embase®, CINAHL®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) to July 2020; reference lists; and a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies of cervical ripening comparing prostaglandins and mechanical methods in outpatient versus inpatient settings; one outpatient method versus another (including placebo or expectant management); and different methods/protocols for fetal surveillance in cervical ripening using prostaglandins. When data from similar study designs, populations, and outcomes were available, random effects using profile likelihood meta-analyses were conducted. Inconsistency (using I2) and small sample size bias (publication bias, if ≥10 studies) were assessed. Strength of evidence (SOE) was assessed. All review methods followed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center methods guidance. Results. We included 30 RCTs and 10 cohort studies (73% fair quality) involving 9,618 women. The evidence is most applicable to women aged 25 to 30 years with singleton, vertex presentation and low-risk pregnancies. No studies on fetal surveillance were found. The frequency of cesarean delivery (2 RCTs, 4 cohort studies) or suspected neonatal sepsis (2 RCTs) was not significantly different using outpatient versus inpatient dinoprostone for cervical ripening (SOE: low). In comparisons of outpatient versus inpatient single-balloon catheters (3 RCTs, 2 cohort studies), differences between groups on cesarean delivery, birth trauma (e.g., cephalohematoma), and uterine infection were small and not statistically significant (SOE: low), and while shoulder dystocia occurred less frequently in the outpatient group (1 RCT; 3% vs. 11%), the difference was not statistically significant (SOE: low). In comparing outpatient catheters and inpatient dinoprostone (1 double-balloon and 1 single-balloon RCT), the difference between groups for both cesarean delivery and postpartum hemorrhage was small and not statistically significant (SOE: low). Evidence on other outcomes in these comparisons and for misoprostol, double-balloon catheters, and hygroscopic dilators was insufficient to draw conclusions. In head to head comparisons in the outpatient setting, the frequency of cesarean delivery was not significantly different between 2.5 mg and 5 mg dinoprostone gel, or latex and silicone single-balloon catheters (1 RCT each, SOE: low). Differences between prostaglandins and placebo for cervical ripening were small and not significantly different for cesarean delivery (12 RCTs), shoulder dystocia (3 RCTs), or uterine infection (7 RCTs) (SOE: low). These findings did not change according to the specific prostaglandin, route of administration, study quality, or gestational age. Small, nonsignificant differences in the frequency of cesarean delivery (6 RCTs) and uterine infection (3 RCTs) were also found between dinoprostone and either membrane sweeping or expectant management (SOE: low). These findings did not change according to the specific prostaglandin or study quality. Evidence on other comparisons (e.g., single-balloon catheter vs. dinoprostone) or other outcomes was insufficient. For all comparisons, there was insufficient evidence on other important outcomes such as perinatal mortality and time from admission to vaginal birth. Limitations of the evidence include the quantity, quality, and sample sizes of trials for specific interventions, particularly rare harm outcomes. Conclusions. In women with low-risk pregnancies, the risk of cesarean delivery and fetal, neonatal, or maternal harms using either dinoprostone or single-balloon catheters was not significantly different for cervical ripening in the outpatient versus inpatient setting, and similar when compared with placebo, expectant management, or membrane sweeping in the outpatient setting. This evidence is low strength, and future studies are needed to confirm these findings.

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Bobashev, Georgiy, R. Joey Morris, Elizabeth Costenbader, and Kyle Vincent. Assessing network structure with practical sampling methods. RTI Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.op.0049.1805.

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Using data from an enumerated network of worldwide flight connections between airports, we examine how sampling designs and sample size influence network metrics. Specifically, we apply three types of sampling designs: simple random sampling, nonrandom strategic sampling (i.e., selection of the largest airports), and a variation of snowball sampling. For the latter sampling method, we design what we refer to as a controlled snowball sampling design, which selects nodes in a manner analogous to a respondent-driven sampling design. For each design, we evaluate five commonly used measures of network structure and examine the percentage of total air traffic accounted for by each design. The empirical application shows that (1) the random and controlled snowball sampling designs give rise to more efficient estimates of the true underlying structure, and (2) the strategic sampling method can account for a greater proportion of the total number of passenger movements occurring in the network.

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Evenson, Kelly R., Ty A. Ridenour, Jacqueline Bagwell, and Robert D. Furberg. Sustaining Physical Activity Following Cardiac Rehabilitation Discharge. RTI Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.rr.0043.2102.

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Because many patients reduce exercise following outpatient cardiac rehabilitation (CR), we developed an intervention to assist with the transition and evaluated its feasibility and preliminary efficacy using a one-group pretest–posttest design. Five CR patients were enrolled ~1 month prior to CR discharge and provided an activity tracker. Each week during CR they received a summary of their physical activity and steps. Following CR discharge, participants received an individualized report that included their physical activity and step history, information on specific features of the activity tracker, and encouraging messages from former CR patients for each of the next 6 weeks. Mixed model trajectory analyses were used to test the intervention effect separately for active minutes and steps modeling three study phases: pre-intervention (day activity tracking began to CR discharge), intervention (day following CR discharge to day when final report sent), and maintenance (day following the final report to ~1 month later). Activity tracking was successfully deployed and, with weekly reports following CR, may offset the usual decline in physical activity. When weekly reports ceased, a decline in steps/day occurred. A scaled-up intervention with a more rigorous study design with sufficient sample size can evaluate this approach further.

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Liberman, Babe, and Viki Young. Equity in the Driver’s Seat: A Practice-Driven, Equity-Centered Approach for Setting R&D Agendas in Education. Digital Promise, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51388/20.500.12265/100.

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Education research is too often based on gaps in published research or the niche interests of researchers, rather than the priority challenges faced by schools and districts. As a result, the education studies that researchers design and publish are often not applicable to schools’ most pressing needs. To spur future research to address the specific equity goals of schools and districts, Digital Promise set out to define and test a collaborative process for developing practice-driven, equity-centered R&D agendas. Our process centered on convening a range of education stakeholders to listen to and prioritize the equity-related challenges that on-the-ground staff are facing, while considering prominent gaps in existing research and solutions. We selected two challenge topics around which to pilot this approach and create sample agendas (adolescent literacy and computational thinking).

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Tucker-Blackmon, Angelicque. Engagement in Engineering Pathways “E-PATH” An Initiative to Retain Non-Traditional Students in Engineering Year Three Summative External Evaluation Report. Innovative Learning Center, LLC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.52012/tyob9090.

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The summative external evaluation report described the program's impact on faculty and students participating in recitation sessions and active teaching professional development sessions over two years. Student persistence and retention in engineering courses continue to be a challenge in undergraduate education, especially for students underrepresented in engineering disciplines. The program's goal was to use peer-facilitated instruction in core engineering courses known to have high attrition rates to retain underrepresented students, especially women, in engineering to diversify and broaden engineering participation. Knowledge generated around using peer-facilitated instruction at two-year colleges can improve underrepresented students' success and participation in engineering across a broad range of institutions. Students in the program participated in peer-facilitated recitation sessions linked to fundamental engineering courses, such as engineering analysis, statics, and dynamics. These courses have the highest failure rate among women and underrepresented minority students. As a mixed-methods evaluation study, student engagement was measured as students' comfort with asking questions, collaboration with peers, and applying mathematics concepts. SPSS was used to analyze pre-and post-surveys for statistical significance. Qualitative data were collected through classroom observations and focus group sessions with recitation leaders. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with faculty members and students to understand their experiences in the program. Findings revealed that women students had marginalization and intimidation perceptions primarily from courses with significantly more men than women. However, they shared numerous strategies that could support them towards success through the engineering pathway. Women and underrepresented students perceived that they did not have a network of peers and faculty as role models to identify within engineering disciplines. The recitation sessions had a positive social impact on Hispanic women. As opportunities to collaborate increased, Hispanic womens' social engagement was expected to increase. This social engagement level has already been predicted to increase women students' persistence and retention in engineering and result in them not leaving the engineering pathway. An analysis of quantitative survey data from students in the three engineering courses revealed a significant effect of race and ethnicity for comfort in asking questions in class, collaborating with peers outside the classroom, and applying mathematical concepts. Further examination of this effect for comfort with asking questions in class revealed that comfort asking questions was driven by one or two extreme post-test scores of Asian students. A follow-up ANOVA for this item revealed that Asian women reported feeling excluded in the classroom. However, it was difficult to determine whether these differences are stable given the small sample size for students identifying as Asian. Furthermore, gender differences were significant for comfort in communicating with professors and peers. Overall, women reported less comfort communicating with their professors than men. Results from student metrics will inform faculty professional development efforts to increase faculty support and maximize student engagement, persistence, and retention in engineering courses at community colleges. Summative results from this project could inform the national STEM community about recitation support to further improve undergraduate engineering learning and educational research.

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Paynter, Robin A., Celia Fiordalisi, Elizabeth Stoeger, et al. A Prospective Comparison of Evidence Synthesis Search Strategies Developed With and Without Text-Mining Tools. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodsprospectivecomparison.

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Background: In an era of explosive growth in biomedical evidence, improving systematic review (SR) search processes is increasingly critical. Text-mining tools (TMTs) are a potentially powerful resource to improve and streamline search strategy development. Two types of TMTs are especially of interest to searchers: word frequency (useful for identifying most used keyword terms, e.g., PubReminer) and clustering (visualizing common themes, e.g., Carrot2). Objectives: The objectives of this study were to compare the benefits and trade-offs of searches with and without the use of TMTs for evidence synthesis products in real world settings. Specific questions included: (1) Do TMTs decrease the time spent developing search strategies? (2) How do TMTs affect the sensitivity and yield of searches? (3) Do TMTs identify groups of records that can be safely excluded in the search evaluation step? (4) Does the complexity of a systematic review topic affect TMT performance? In addition to quantitative data, we collected librarians' comments on their experiences using TMTs to explore when and how these new tools may be useful in systematic review search¬¬ creation. Methods: In this prospective comparative study, we included seven SR projects, and classified them into simple or complex topics. The project librarian used conventional “usual practice” (UP) methods to create the MEDLINE search strategy, while a paired TMT librarian simultaneously and independently created a search strategy using a variety of TMTs. TMT librarians could choose one or more freely available TMTs per category from a pre-selected list in each of three categories: (1) keyword/phrase tools: AntConc, PubReMiner; (2) subject term tools: MeSH on Demand, PubReMiner, Yale MeSH Analyzer; and (3) strategy evaluation tools: Carrot2, VOSviewer. We collected results from both MEDLINE searches (with and without TMTs), coded every citation’s origin (UP or TMT respectively), deduplicated them, and then sent the citation library to the review team for screening. When the draft report was submitted, we used the final list of included citations to calculate the sensitivity, precision, and number-needed-to-read for each search (with and without TMTs). Separately, we tracked the time spent on various aspects of search creation by each librarian. Simple and complex topics were analyzed separately to provide insight into whether TMTs could be more useful for one type of topic or another. Results: Across all reviews, UP searches seemed to perform better than TMT, but because of the small sample size, none of these differences was statistically significant. UP searches were slightly more sensitive (92% [95% confidence intervals (CI) 85–99%]) than TMT searches (84.9% [95% CI 74.4–95.4%]). The mean number-needed-to-read was 83 (SD 34) for UP and 90 (SD 68) for TMT. Keyword and subject term development using TMTs generally took less time than those developed using UP alone. The average total time was 12 hours (SD 8) to create a complete search strategy by UP librarians, and 5 hours (SD 2) for the TMT librarians. TMTs neither affected search evaluation time nor improved identification of exclusion concepts (irrelevant records) that can be safely removed from the search set. Conclusion: Across all reviews but one, TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches. For simple SR topics (i.e., single indication–single drug), TMT searches were slightly less sensitive, but reduced time spent in search design. For complex SR topics (e.g., multicomponent interventions), TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches; nevertheless, in complex reviews, they identified unique eligible citations not found by the UP searches. TMT searches also reduced time spent in search strategy development. For all evidence synthesis types, TMT searches may be more efficient in reviews where comprehensiveness is not paramount, or as an adjunct to UP for evidence syntheses, because they can identify unique includable citations. If TMTs were easier to learn and use, their utility would be increased.

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