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1

Bailey, Matthew R. "Love Animals? Support Animal Research." Lab Animal 47, no. 2 (2018): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/laban.1398.

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2

Watts, J. M. "Animats: computer-simulated animals in behavioral research." Journal of Animal Science 76, no. 10 (1998): 2596. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/1998.76102596x.

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3

Pritchett-Corning, Kathleen R. "Environmental Complexity and Research Outcomes." ILAR Journal 60, no. 2 (2019): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilaa007.

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Abstract Environmental complexity is an experimental paradigm as well as a potential part of animals’ everyday housing experiences. In experimental uses, researchers add complexity to stimulate brain development, delay degenerative brain changes, elicit more naturalistic behaviors, and test learning and memory. Complexity can exacerbate or mitigate behavioral problems, give animals a sense of control, and allow for expression of highly driven, species-typical behaviors that can improve animal welfare. Complex environments should be designed thoughtfully with the animal’s natural behaviors in mind, reported faithfully in the literature, and evaluated carefully for unexpected effects.
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4

Thomas, W. D., Penelope M. Koines, Carlyn Speed, and Michael P. Finerty. "Animals and Research." BioScience 38, no. 5 (1988): 308–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1310728.

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5

Rowan, A. N. "Animals in research." Cardiovascular Research 29, no. 4 (1995): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6363(96)88538-5.

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6

Whittaker, D. "Animals in research." Veterinary Record 133, no. 3 (1993): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.133.3.76-a.

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7

RALSTON, H. J., and DIANE DALY RALSTON. "Animals in research." Nature 353, no. 6347 (1991): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/353788a0.

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8

LOVE, JAMIE. "Animals in research." Nature 353, no. 6347 (1991): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/353788b0.

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9

Burns, R. "Animals in research." Academic Medicine 64, no. 12 (1989): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001888-198912000-00018.

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10

Will, James A. "Animals in research." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 112, no. 5 (2019): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0141076819833905.

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11

Koch, Janna. "Animals in Research." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 14 (1988): 2061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410140073013.

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12

Pratt, Dallas. "Animals in Research." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 14 (1988): 2061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410140073014.

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13

Greenwold, B. "Animals in Research." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 14 (1988): 2061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410140073015.

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14

Ramirez, Colin. "Animals in Research." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 14 (1988): 2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410140073016.

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15

Jackson, David M. "Animals in Research." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 14 (1988): 2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410140073017.

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16

Hatcher, Elizabeth R. "Animals in Research." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 14 (1988): 2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410140073018.

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17

Poulton, Thomas J. "Animals in Research." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 14 (1988): 2063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410140073019.

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18

Barnard, Neal D. "Animals in Research." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 14 (1988): 2063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410140073020.

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19

Harrington, John T. "Animals in Research." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 14 (1988): 2064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410140073021.

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20

Smith, S. J. "Animals in research." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 259, no. 13 (1988): 2007–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.259.13.2007.

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21

Smith, Steven J. "Animals in Research." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 259, no. 13 (1988): 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03720130071033.

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22

Rowan, A. "Animals in research." Cardiovascular Research 29, no. 4 (1995): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6363(96)88538-5.

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23

Kaufman, Stephen R. "Animals in Research." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 262, no. 24 (1989): 3404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1989.03430240038015.

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24

Katz, Sara Katherine. "Animals in Research." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 262, no. 24 (1989): 3404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1989.03430240038016.

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25

Slaney, G. "Animals in research." BMJ 290, no. 6473 (1985): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.290.6473.1007.

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26

Blakemore, Colin, Kenneth Boyd, and Les Ward. "Research involving animals." Nature 374, no. 6524 (1995): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/374670a0.

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27

Antonenko, T. V., S. V. Pysarev, and A. V. Matsyura. "Cluster analysis in ethological research." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 11, no. 2 (2021): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2021_65.

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Big cats are often on display in zoos around the world. The study of their time budget is the basis of ethological research in captivity. The paper considers the features of the behavior of the subfamily Pantherinae, the daily activity of animals in the summer, methods of keeping, the exposition of enclosures, and relationships with keepers. The studies were conducted in the summer of 2012 and 2013 at the Barnaul Zoo. The total observation time for the animals was 120 hours. The behavior of the African lion (Panthera leo leo – male), the Ussuri tiger (Panthera tigris altaica – female), and the Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis – male) has been studied. In the course of the work, the compilation of ethograms, continuous recording, and free observations were used. The clustering method was applied to analyze the patterns of behavior of animals in captivity. Cluster analysis breaks down the behavior of captivities animals into two large blocks. Locomotion in animals should be considered as a separate block. The animal’s growth and development period require a high proportion of physical activity, which is noticeable when observing the Amur tiger. Locomotion occupied 32.8% of the total time budget of this animal. Large cats have never been in a shelter (in wooden structures of the appropriate size). They used the roof of the houses only as a place for rest and observation. The proportion of marking, hunting, eating, exploratory behavior, grooming, and such forms of behavior as freezing, static position, orienting reaction did not differ significantly. Play behavior with elements of hunting and manipulative activity took 5.5% of the Amur tiger’s time budget for the period under review. We associate this primarily with the age of the given animal. Play behavior was observed two times less often in the Far Eastern leopard (2.9%) and African lion (2.6%)..
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28

MATSUMOTO, Naoya. "We Research with Captive Animals for Human and Animal." Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 23, no. 3 (2018): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5686/jjzwm.23.53.

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29

Rafique, Zoheb. "Animal Rights and Use of Animals in Biomedical Research." Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 6, no. 1 (2015): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v6i1.24399.

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Experiments on animals have always been considered as necessary for scientific research, both fundamental and applied. In addition to scientific suitability criteria, this practice also must be justified from a moral point of view. This concern arises from the demand of our civilization that a certain moral value be recognized to animals. In this paper it is discussed in detail that how animals should be handled while doing research and what are animal rights and their uses in biomedical research.Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2015 Vol.6 (1):11-14
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30

Gori, Gio Batta. "Animals and ethical research." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 70, no. 3 (2014): 575–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.10.001.

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31

Ra'anan, A. W. "Finding Animals for Research." Science 328, no. 5976 (2010): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.328.5976.307-a.

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32

Whitfield, L. "Welfare of research animals." Veterinary Record 168, no. 2 (2011): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.d169.

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33

Turino, Gerard M., John H. Bates, Joan G. Clark, et al. "Animals in Medical Research." American Review of Respiratory Disease 144, no. 4 (1991): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/144.4.965.

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34

Ludbrook, John. "ANIMALS IN SURGICAL RESEARCH." ANZ Journal of Surgery 57, no. 11 (1987): 795–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.1987.tb01267.x.

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35

Driscoll, Janis Wiley, and Patrick Bateson. "Animals in behaviural research." Animal Behaviour 36, no. 6 (1988): 1569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(88)80099-x.

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36

Cesarovic, N., M. Lipiski, V. Falk, and M. Y. Emmert. "Animals in cardiovascular research." European Heart Journal 41, no. 2 (2020): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz933.

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37

Connolly, Philip. "Animals need research too." Veterinary Nursing Journal 20, no. 3 (2005): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17415349.2005.11013329.

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38

Smith, Steven J. "Animals in Research-Reply." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 260, no. 14 (1988): 2064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1988.03410140073022.

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39

Hendee, William R. "Animals in Research-Reply." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 262, no. 24 (1989): 3405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1989.03430240038017.

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40

Lunney, Daniel. "Ethics and Australian mammalogy: reflections on 15 years (1991 - 2006) on an Animal Ethics Committee." Australian Mammalogy 34, no. 1 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10010.

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This essay on field mammalogy and research ethics presents my reflections on 15 years as a researcher sitting on an Animal Ethics Committee in New South Wales. It outlines the community debate on animal welfare and the ethics of research on animals, how government has responded, and how wildlife researchers can move forward in this arena. Three schools are identified within the animal protection movement: ‘animal welfare’ holds that it is legitimate to use animals as a resource, so long as that use is ‘necessary’ and the animal’s suffering ‘minimised’; ‘animal liberationists’ are likely to oppose most animal research; the ‘animal rights’ position is firmly abolitionist. The instruments that regulate research involving animals are examined, in particular the New South Wales Animal Research Act 1985, the Australian code of practice for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes, and Animal Ethics Committees. Examples of ethical dilemmas involving both native and non-native animals are discussed. The debate over animals in research will continue, and it is clear that far more can be gained by engaging in the debate than avoiding it. It is in researchers’ interests to publicly defend the essential role of science in conserving our native fauna, and to conduct our work within a well managed welfare framework.
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41

Stokes, WS. "Animals and the 3Rs in toxicology research and testing." Human & Experimental Toxicology 34, no. 12 (2015): 1297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327115598410.

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Despite efforts to eliminate the use of animals in testing and the availability of many accepted alternative methods, animals are still widely used for toxicological research and testing. While research using in vitro and computational models has dramatically increased in recent years, such efforts have not yet measurably impacted animal use for regulatory testing and are not likely to do so for many years or even decades. Until regulatory authorities have accepted test methods that can totally replace animals and these are fully implemented, large numbers of animals will continue to be used and many will continue to experience significant pain and distress. In order to positively impact the welfare of these animals, accepted alternatives must be implemented, and efforts must be directed at eliminating pain and distress and reducing animal numbers. Animal pain and distress can be reduced by earlier predictive humane endpoints, pain-relieving medications, and supportive clinical care, while sequential testing and routine use of integrated testing and decision strategies can reduce animal numbers. Applying advances in science and technology to the development of scientifically sound alternative testing models and strategies can improve animal welfare and further reduce and replace animal use.
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42

Banu, Sarah `., and Jaiganesh Ramamurthy. "ROLE OF ANIMAL MODELS IN PERIODONTAL RESEARCH - A REVIEW." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 7 (2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i7.25780.

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Periodontal diseases require treatment at an early stage to prevent further damage and aggravation of the disease. The most commonly seen periodontal diseases are gingivitis and periodontitis. Animals have contributed a major role in studying the different periodontal diseases and providing a proper treatment. Periodontal diseases are either induced in these experimental animal models or can be seen naturally. Different drugs are tested on the animals induced by the disease to find the most effective treatment for that particular disease. Different animals such as mice, rats, pigs, rabbits, hamsters, and rodents are used for the periodontal research. Different animals show a different reaction while some animals show no reaction. Each animal has its own advantages and disadvantages. The use of large animals brings a limitation in the due to its housing difficulties. Animals for periodontal research are chosen depending on their similarity with that of human anatomy and physiology. The use of these animals will help to replicate the disease seen in humans in a better and more accurate way. This will improve the treatment outcome and the prognosis of the disease. The drugs used can, hence, give a better idea about the effect it would have on the human body depending on the effects it shows on the animal models. Hence, the use of appropriate animals for the periodontal research is important to design a better treatment for these diseases. Hence, animal models play an important role in the periodontal research.
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43

Nurunnabi, Abu Sadat Mohammad, Rokhsana Dil Afroz, and Salman Nur Alam. "Ethical Debate on Animal Research." Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 4, no. 3 (2013): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v4i3.17373.

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Animal research or animal testing is done worldwide, where vertebrate animals, from zebrafish to non-human primates, millions in number are used annually. The practice is regulated to various degrees in different countries. Scientists and science authorities still have their arguments to justify animal testing. However, dialogues and protests are also evident against it. Awareness and campaign in recent years has made scientists and governments make statement that animal testing should cause as little suffering to animals as possible and that animal tests should only be performed where necessary. We should also look into the matter deeply and compassionately. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v4i3.17373 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2013; 4(3):11-18
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44

Jirkof, Paulin, Juliane Rudeck, and Lars Lewejohann. "Assessing Affective State in Laboratory Rodents to Promote Animal Welfare—What Is the Progress in Applied Refinement Research?" Animals 9, no. 12 (2019): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9121026.

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An animal’s capacity to suffer is a prerequisite for any animal welfare concern, and the minimization of suffering is a key aim of refinement research. In contrast to the traditional focus on avoiding or reducing negative welfare states, modern animal welfare concepts highlight the importance of promoting positive welfare states in laboratory animals. Reliable assessments of affective states, as well as the knowledge of how to elicit positive affective states, are central to this concept. Important achievements have been made to assess pain and other negative affective states in animals in the last decades, but it is only recently that the neurobiology of positive emotions in humans and animals has been gaining more interest. Thereby, the need for promotion of positive affective states for laboratory animals is gaining more acceptance, and methods allowing the assessment of affective states in animals have been increasingly introduced. In this overview article, we present common and emerging methods to assess affective states in laboratory rodents. We focus on the implementation of these methods into applied refinement research to identify achieved progress as well as the future potential of these tools to improve animal welfare in animal-based research.
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45

Ng, Zenithson, Laura Morse, Julia Albright, Ann Viera, and Marcy Souza. "Describing the Use of Animals in Animal-Assisted Intervention Research." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 22, no. 4 (2018): 364–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2018.1524765.

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46

Hamilton, Keith, Gounalan Pavade, Filip Claes, Gwenaelle Dauphin, and Peter Daniels. "Animal influenza research needs: protecting humans, animals, food, and economies." Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 7 (August 27, 2013): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irv.12078.

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47

DONTA (Ι. ΔΟΝΤΑ), I. "Experimental biomedical research: achievements and future aims." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 60, no. 3 (2017): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14926.

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An invaluable amount of knowledge and enormous progress in the advancement of human health, longevity and quality of life has been achieved by biomedical research throughout the ages. Most of the achievements were accomplished by research on animals and more recently, on laboratory animals. Progress in the production of drugs, vaccines, sera, antibiotics, surgical techniques and materials, diagnostic and therapeutic methods, and many more, was reached by their safety and efficacy testing on laboratory animals, prior to their application on humans. The achievements resulting from this research are applied both in humans and in animals. Experimental biomedical research is currently conducted in animal models of human diseases, invertebrates and with alternative methods to the use of animals. Its future aims are to solve existing and emerging health threats and to increase gene therapy, with the concomitant application of the three Rs principles of animal use - replacement, reduction and refinement.
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48

Hodgetts, Timothy, and Jamie Lorimer. "Animals’ mobilities." Progress in Human Geography 44, no. 1 (2018): 4–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309132518817829.

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This paper draws together animal and mobility studies to develop the concept of animals’ mobilities. It identifies the parallel intellectual interests in these fields that provide the intellectual foundations for this synthesis, in mobility (over movement), affect, relational space, and ordering practices. It explores what configures an animal’s mobility, knowledge practices for researching and evoking animals’ mobilities, and how animals’ mobilities are governed. The conclusion highlights what these fields gain from this synthesis, and identifies the empirical, political and conceptual contributions that this concept makes to geographical research. The argument is illustrated with examples of large, terrestrial mammals, especially bears.
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49

Asai, T. "Use of Animals in Research." Experimental Biology and Medicine 207, no. 2 (1994): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/00379727-207-43801a.

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50

Alderton, Gemma. "Sex bias in research animals." Science 364, no. 6443 (2019): 846.16–848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.364.6443.846-p.

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