Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Réseaux monétaires'
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Ouvrard, Benjamin. "Les nudges dans la régulation environnementale : alternative ou complément aux instruments monétaires ?" Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAB011/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we propose to mode! individuals' reaction to a nudge, based on the announcement of the socially optimal contribution. We want to compare the efficiency of this incentive, with the efficiency of a tax to improve environmental quality. We test the theoretical predictions we obtained in a laboratory experiment. We show that the reaction to our nudge depends on subjects' environmental sensitivity, contrary to the tax. ln a second experiment, we test the existence of persistent effects of these two instruments in the long term. We also consider a mix tool (tax and nudge), to raise subjects' awareness (with the nudge) that they are taxed because their behaviour is not optimal. ln the last chapter, we extend our analysis considering agents arranged in fixed networks. We analyze how the equilibria are shaped under the implementation of our nudge
Le, Quéré Francoise. "La substitution de l'Ecu aux monnaies nationales : le traité de Maastricht et la monnaie de réglement." Orléans, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ORLE0502.
Full textWe show in the first part how the acceptability of a transactions currency is obtained and self-reinforced. The acceptable existing currencies leads to asking of inertia and limits opportunities of a spontaneous adoption of ecu (euro). We then conditions under which a European currency user’s network can emerge beside existing monetary networks: futures and nice externalities of the new network contribute unfavorably to its expansion. The switch to ecu by the diffusion of a critic transactions is a step that makes its later widespread use credible. We analyze in the second part methods of integrating large-value payment systems characterized by an externe diversity European level. We show first that the creation of an integrated payment system depends on the interconnection of national gross settlement systems. We demonstrate then that a joint abandonment of net settlement systems allows to avoid an unfair competition between interbank payment networks characterized by different degrees of risk exposure. We also analyze the structure of the future integrated payment system and also the implementation of banking supervision and interventions European system of central banks towards the end of the transition. The third part raises the problem of the internationalization of the European currency. Network externalities and economy derived from the use of a currency in international transactions are integrated into the traditional analysis based on t the respective characteristics of international currencies. We show in a theatrical framework that in spite of expected qualities, an inertia prevents ecu from emerging as an international currency. Finally, we underline uses in which the e currency may emerge as an international money
Vivier-Lirimont, Sébastien. "Risques et fragilités dans les réseaux interbancaires." Paris 1, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00136543.
Full textVeselska, Oleksandra. "Études Structurales et Photophysiques de Polymères de Coordination de Thiolates de Métaux Monétaires." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1197/document.
Full textThe coordination polymers (CPs) based on thiolates of coinage metals are well known for their luminescence properties. However, their structures stayed underexplored. In the thesis we present a pioneering study targeting the understanding of the structure formation and the ‘structure-properties’ correlation for neutral homoleptic CPs, [M(SR)]n, M = Cu(I), Ag(I), Au(I). The compounds with thiophenolate derivatives studied in the work, illustrate how the use of some functionalized organic ligands leads to the formation of extended 2D networks or 1D columns by addition of some steric hindrance. The first comparative structural study of amorphous thiolated CPs was performed by PDF analysis. The photophysical studies showed the diversity of luminescent properties of the CPs based on thiolates of coinage metals. Double or multiple emission peaks, high quantum yield of orange-toinfrared emitters, significant lifetime variation with temperature… all of these intrinsic properties reveal the high potential of these compounds for diverse optical applications
Zouhri, Abdelhakim. "Essai sur les indicateurs avancés de risque-pays : application des réseaux de neurones et choix de politiques optimales." Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE0036.
Full textThis study suggests a methodology to measure specific risks in emerging countries. Nowadays this appears even more critical as most investors adopt these risk measures in an international investments selection process while the focus is on profitability of the investisments. The idea behind this model lives on a theoretical frame formulation that provides us with a practical method to obtain and ckeck out these keys points of the probability to a case of country crisis in the main emerging countries. Norals networks gether results which have implications on the sturdiness of results presented by the crisis model of the third generation exchange in terms of efficiency of monetary politic
Godjé, Madi. "Réseaux aériens et structuration des territoires : les effets de la déréglementation du transport aérien en Afrique : le cas de la Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale." Le Havre, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LEHA0051.
Full textComposed of airports and lines that connect the places, air networks need fewer infrastructures on the ground. Since the American Air Deregulation, air transport is in change. This change subjects the African States to a brutal crisis and the considerable consequences. The example of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (EMCCA) is rather clear. Indeed, in the 1960s, states of this part of Africa set up policies favourable to air transport: multiplication of airports and connections under cover of the state-owned air carriers as well as to structure and develop their territories as to post and affirm a national sovereignty newly acquired. With the change in the international air transport, they have no possibility to remain effective actors in the field. They confronted besides with economic and financial crisis such as measurements known as of structural adjustment are imposed to them by the international backers (World Bank, International Monetary Funds) not very inclined to maintain the mechanisms of the public intervention in the sector that they dedicate to market and private interests. The financial bankruptcy of the States leads to the bankruptcy of the state-owned air carriers. That raises some problems for the service road the country. Il is developing an accessibility very differentiated from the places. The example of the EMCCA shows a problem that involves most African countries. How to build effective air connections in order to benefit from an increasing demand of air transport ?
Saroyan, Susanna. "Essays on the European interbank market in times of crisis." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU10070.
Full textThis thesis studies European banks’ terms to access to unsecured interbank funding during the period 2006 to 2012. It contains three empirical essays exploring micro-data on interbank transactions. The first empirical study adopts a bank pair panel approach evidencing that, once counterparty risk and other market imperfections are controlled for, banks with higher funding liquidity risk (liquidity-short banks) pay an interest rate premium. The bank pair level analysis also permits to show that this premium is charged by liquidity-long banks, probably motivated by strategic short-squeezing or prudential hoarding purposes during the crisis. This study emphasizes the imperfection of interbank markets and the importance of theECB’s emergency interventions dedicated to dampening banks’ funding risk concerns. The second essay explores empirically the impact of relationship lending on the interbank debt maturity structure of banks by mean of a two-part fractional response model. The findings show that durable bilateral liquidity partnerships can positively impact the probability of contracting term loans before and during periods of acute stress. The positive effects of the bilateral relationship lending variable measured as asset-side concentration, is however, not straightforward, especially after the Lehman default. The second part of our model shows that the post-Lehman maturity shift is pronounced for partner banks. Finally, we find that our unilateral (lender level) relationship variable impacts negatively long term lending confirming the rollover risk viewpoint of the term interbank market freeze. Finally, the third essay investigates the link between interbank market segmentation and bank–sovereign risk nexus. Using bank and country CDS spread changes it suggests an original partial correlation based measurement of sovereign/bank spillovers providing us with a direction of contagion. Empirical findings from this part of the thesis evidence that bank-sovereign risk correlation is a significant source of fragmentation during the most acute phase of the sovereign debt crisis. Moreover, the study shows that, even if home country/bank ties impact seriously interbank market integration, the risk from other distressed countries is far from negligible
Chitu, Livia. "The architecture of the international monetary and financial system : new perspectives." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E035.
Full textThis dissertation presents new evidence on selected issues relating to the architecture of the international monetary and financial system, which might help shed some light on its potential evolution in the period ahead. The first two chapters of the dissertation provide new evidence in support of the “new view”. They study two different dimensions of international currency use, namely the role of currencies as financing units in the global bond market and their role as means of payment in international transactions in homogenous goods, specifically in the global oil market. The third chapter sheds light on a source of persistence in international currency use besides network externalities and increasing returns which had attracted less attention hitherto, namely sunk costs and endogenous learning effects. The last chapter identifies moral hazard as a channel through which reserve accumulation can have inflationary effects
Vasselin, Françoise. "Essai sur l'adoption et l'usage de la monnaie électronique." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020053.
Full textThis thesis has three chapters. The first chapter describes the means of payment allowingthe transfer of electronic money (e-money), the determinants of their adoption and their usein the world. The following two chapters are articles that analyze the competition between fiat money and e-money from the Lagos-Wright model (2005). In the first article, unlike cash, the holding of e-money is guaranteed against the risk of loss or theft, and merchants must invest to receive e-money. Due to strategic complementarities between buyers andsellers, there is a multiplicity of equilibria where only one money, or both, circulate. We analyze welfare and quantify the model to explain the failure of e-money in Europe and its success in Asia and in the United States. In the second article, cash competes with mobilemoney (M-money). Agents can create partnerships and each transaction is settled with one means of payment only. Agents without a partner use cash, the others use M-money.Buyers with a partner always hold M-money, alone or in addition to cash, while buyers without a partner use either one, or the other, or both, or no money. However, M-money replaces cash only if the number of traditional sellers is very low and inflation not too high.So, partnership is a coordination mechanism that explains the success of mobile payment applications offered by brands to their loyal customers in the United States
Mahdavi, Ardekani Seyed Aref. "Essays on bank network characteristics : implications for bank capital and liquidity regulation and for monetary policy." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0004.
Full textThe aim of this dissertation is to provide an evaluation of the importance of the bank network characteristics in explaining bank decision making under different macroprudential and monetary policy scenarios. This study examines, therefore, the implication of interbank network topology for bank capital and liquidity regulation and for monetary policies. The first chapter investigates how banks set their liquidity ratios depending on their network topology in the interbank market. Our results show that incorporating bank connections within a network adds value to traditional liquidity models. Moreover, we show that banks set lower liquidity ratios when they have easier access to the interbank market. Our findings also highlight that liquidity behavior of banks with different size, or banks that are operating in different banking sectors could vary depending on their local or system-wide interbank positions. The second chapter analyses the reaction of bank stock prices to the announcements of monetary policies depending on their position on the interbank market. Our results show that taking into account the way that banks are linked to each other within a network adds value to explain bank stock prices reaction to the announcement of monetary policies. Our findings suggest that strong system-wide network position increases the positive reactions to such policy announcements while strong local network position reduces them. The third chapter examines how the substitution effect of liquidity on capital are influenced by bank network position on the interbank market. We show that the substitution effect of liquidity on capital is dampened if banks are strongly interconnected in the interbank network. Our findings suggest that during crisis periods, illiquid large banks set higher capital ratio only when they have a weak local or system-wide position on the interbank network while illiquid small banks strengthen their solvency when they have a higher number of direct borrowers in that network
Salakhova, Dilyara. "Essays on liquidity : interconnectedness and interbank contagion." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100026/document.
Full textGiven the extent and importance of financial interconnectedness in recent years that were particularly underlined by the 2007-2009 financial crisis, the adoption of the network paradigm to analyze and improve robustness of a financial system appears to be fully relevant. Financial institutions are viewed as nodes of a network and their short- or long-term loans extended to each other as links or exposures through which a shock may propagate. Moreover, the same crisis accentuated the role of funding shortage as a channel of shock transmission. This dissertation focuses on the interplay of liquidity stress, interbank contagion and a network structure with application to the European interbank market and payment system. The contribution of this research to the literature on financial networks is threefold. The first develops a model that allows analyzing three contagion channels that happened to be at play during the financial crisis: exposures to a common risk factor; exposures to credit and counterparty risk in the interbank market; exposures to short-term liquidity risk. The second contribution is the unique analysis of cross-border contagion in the European banking system from 2008 to 2012 at the bank level using the developed model. Overall, the study finds the importance of the network structure for the extent of contagion propagation and captures the fragmentation of the market observed in 2011-2012. The third contribution consists of analysis of payment delays in the European payment system TARGET2. More specifically, this chapter provides evidence that banks differ in the way they manage their daily liquidity and can be split into two groups in this regard: those which put enough initial liquidity into the system, and those which economize on liquidity and rely on incoming payments to make outgoing transactions. The second group is responsible for the majority of the delayed payments, particularly during the period of low liquidity in the market, which constitutes an early warning indicator of stress
Herlin, Philippe. "La remise en cause du modèle classique de la finance par Benoît Mandelbrot et la nécessité d'intégrer les lois de puissance dans la compréhension des phénomènes économiques." Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00787464.
Full textHerlin, Philippe. "La remise en cause du modèle classique de la finance par Benoît Mandelbrot et la nécessité d’intégrer les lois de puissance dans la compréhension des phénomènes économiques." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CNAM0830/document.
Full textThe classical model of finance (Markowitz, Sharpe, Black, Scholes, Fama) has, from the be-ginning, been challenged by the mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot (1924-2010). It shows that the normal distribution does not match the reality of the market, because it underesti-mates the extreme risks. Instead, we must use the power laws, such as the Pareto law. We show the implications of this fundamental change in the finance, but also in the manage-ment of companies (through the calculation of cost of capital). We try to update the underly-ing reasons for the existence of power laws in economics through the concept of entropy. We present new theoretical tools to understand price formation (the theory of diagonal proportion), bubbles (the notion of reflexivity), crisis (network concept), providing a com-prehensive response to the current crisis (a diversified monetary system). All these ways are very little or not at all exploited. They are mostly for the first time, made consistent around the notion of power law. This is a new way of understanding economic phenomena present-ed here
Loba, Adou Logbochie Magda Christelle. "La modernisation des systèmes de paiement : le projet SEPA (Single Euro Payments Area - Espace unique de paiement en euros)." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40001/document.
Full textThe fragmentation of the retail payments environment between the 25 (or more) differentmember states's national systems constitutes an obstacle to completing the internal market,undermines the European monetary integration and reduces the economic efficiency of theEuropean Union. In response to these problems, the banking industry created the SEPA.SEPA is the area where all economic actors are able to make and receive payments in euros,within Europe, whether between or within national boundaries under the same basicconditions, rights and obligations, regardless of their location.This thesis, which focuses on the SEPA building, is in the field of industrial economics. Itaddresses three questions : Why was it necessary to establish the SEPA ? What does it consistof ? What will its impact on the retail payments environment in euros be ?The first chapter presents the retail payments environment in Europe after the introduction ofthe single currency. By using economic theories on network industries, it describes theunification's steps of this environment.The second chapter provides a detailed vision of the SEPA. It explains its effects through acosts-benefits analysis, then shows the state of its implementation.Finally, the third chapter reveals the unplanned effects of SEPA. By raising the contributionof the literature on two-sided markets, it treats interchange fees and the possibility ofanticompetitive behavior in the card payment industry
Quincey, Sylvio. "La supervision bancaire dans l'Union Européenne : essai de contribution pour une zone de supervision optimale." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30063.
Full textFor the supervisor, an historical approach of banks allows to better assimilate its ways of functioning. She also serves to better understand why her actors, always endowed of the confidence to develop business, sometimes, show an over-optimism leading to their ruin. The mobilization of the law guides the action of the banking control. The 2007-2008 crisis has provoked awareness in Europe: the impossibility for every member state of the Union to exercise individually an effective supervision without a total harmonization. So was born the construction of the MSU. Located in Frankfurt, the “supervision unique” has been working since November 4th, 2014. But the road map assigned to the supervision a new and more diversifiable field. For sure, the MSU is skilled enough, but is there a will to change the European Union into a “zone de supervision optimale”?
Provost, Chloé. "Hells Angels, positionnement stratégique et réussite criminelle : analyse des transactions monétaires d’un réseau illicite de distribution de drogues." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6241.
Full textTraditional work on organized crime indicates that one’s status determines his individual success. Alternative research on criminal organization’s networks and criminal success however, reveal that the rank is less important than generally believed and that the measures of strategic positioning in a network are more likely to influence criminal achievement. This thesis examines income fluctuations within the Hells Angels Nomads, an illegal drug distribution organization in Québec. The purpose of this study is to distinguish the factors contributing to these differences in criminal success according to an offender’s strategic or vulnerable positioning within its network, using self-report account data. The results show that the average amount of money traded is much higher than what is usually identified in the literature and its distribution is largely uneven. The disparity of opportunity related to criminal association is also reflected in the polarization between highly privileged individuals and other individuals who have a poor positioning capacity. The interaction between position and earning inequalities demonstrates that the positioning of an individual in its network is a better predictor of success than rank or any other criminal context variable. Most importantly, and in opposition with the literature, achieving high rank would be detrimental to one’s criminal success. Results demonstrate that this state reduces access to credit, reduces the amount of drug per transaction and increases the price of drugs per unit.