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Journal articles on the topic 'Reserve Mining Company'
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Jayaputra, Harsalim Aimunandar. "Laterite Nickel Mine Sequence Modeling Based on Total Reserve at Block 5A, “Bonus” Pit by Surpac 6.3.2 at PT Bintang Delapan Mineral in Bahodopi District, Morowali Regency, Central Sulawesi." Journal of Earth and Marine Technology (JEMT) 1, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31284/j.jemt.2021.v2i1.1725.
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PT. Bintang Delapan Mineral is an active nickel mine company that produces 300,000 tons of nickel per month by open pit method. During the mine operation, the company needs to calculate the reserves periodically due to decreasing nickel reserves in the long time period. Mineral reserves estimation is a process to determine and define the grade and boundary of a mineral deposit. Reserves estimation can be done manually using several methods. One method is called block modeling which presents the estimation process in block model type by applying a mining software, called Surpac 6.3.2. It was able to present the progress of mine site activity (pushback). The result of nickel reserves estimation by Surpac 6.3.2 block modeling is 48730 m3 or equal to 73096 tons. The nickel reserves have an average grade of 1.64%. By this reserve estimation, mine sequences could be created into 7 sequences in considering bench height. Bench model specifications are bench high 4 m, berm 2 m, and 60º slope.
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Brown, Arnold L. "Prediction in the face of uncertainty: The United States versus reserve mining company." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 6, no. 2 (June 1986): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-2300(86)90023-1.
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Siahaan, Antonius. "ANALYSING THE RELATION OF OPERATIONAL AND ECONOMIC PARAMETERS TO TOTAL SHAREHOLDER VALUE OF LISTED GOLD MINING COMPANIES IN INDONESIA AND FIVE OTHER COUNTRIES." Ultima Management : Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen 12, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/manajemen.v12i2.1772.
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Even though Indonesia was famous due to its mineral resources, only few gold mining companies is listed in the Indonesia stock exchange. In the other hand, there is a need to increase investment in the mining sector from stock market as reserve has been stagnant while production keeps going. To understand the nature of published gold mining companies, this study is conducted to analyze the effect of published operational parameter: ore processed, gold production, mining grade, process recovery, as well as external factors such as gross-domestic product and gold price to the share return of public listed gold mining companies. From panel data regression of quarter reports of eighteen (18) world mining companies in the period 2012 to 2017, it shows that process recovery and gold price is significant to the change of share price. Furthermore, the study finds that when operational parameter of existing mines can be good and positively increase, mining companies still need to look at their reserve to ensure sustainability of the business in the long run.
Key Words: Public Listed Gold Company, Share Return, Panel Data Regression, Operational Parameters, External Factors
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Kiselev, G. P., Evgeniy Yakovlev, Irina Kiseleva, Sergey Druzhinin, Alexander Bazhenov, and Vladimir Bykov. "Assessment of radioactivity of environmental components in the Kostomuksha State Nature Reserve." Arctic Environmental Research 18, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn2541-8416.2018.18.1.3.
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The radiological state of the land and water areas constantly attracts public interest. Specially protected natural reservations deserve special attention when it comes to studying radiological conditions. This study presents findings of radioecological investigations conducted in the Kostomuksha State Nature Reserve in 2012 – 2015. The Kostomuksha Mining Company, which is developing the Kostomuksha iron ore deposit was identified as a potentially hazardous facility that might affect the radioecological situation in the naturel reserve, since production of iron ores at the deposit involves extraction to the ground surface of acid rocks characterised by a naturally high content of radioactive elements (granitic gneiss). Furthermore, several sources of radioactive radon gas have been identified within the reserve boundaries. The study included investigation of natural and anthropogenic radioactivity in the environmental components of the nature reserve and adjacent territories, including soil, plants, bottom sediments, ambient air and natural waters. It was found that development of the Kostomuksha iron ore deposit and operations of the mining and processing plant do not exert any considerable impact on the radiological situation in the nature reserve. Data obtained during the study indicate that the overall radiological situation in the reserve is acceptable and meets the relevant radiation safety standards. High levels of radiocesium were found in the moss and bottom sediments of the nature reserve, which requires additional research to determine a wider pattern of distribution of anthropogenic radioactivity across the adjacent territories and to study the processes of buildup and migration of radionuclides in aquatic organisms of Kamennoye Lake.
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Ono, Fábio Benedito, Luiz Roberto Guimarães Guilherme, Leandro Antunes Mendes, and Geila Santos Carvalho. "Replication of an ivg protocol to estimate bioaccessible arsenic in materials from a gold mining area in Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 36, no. 4 (August 2012): 1355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832012000400029.
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Tests for bioaccessibility are useful in human health risk assessment. No research data with the objective of determining bioaccessible arsenic (As) in areas affected by gold mining and smelting activities have been published so far in Brazil. Samples were collected from four areas: a private natural land reserve of Cerrado; mine tailings; overburden; and refuse from gold smelting of a mining company in Paracatu, Minas Gerais. The total, bioaccessible and Mehlich-1-extractable As levels were determined. Based on the reproducibility and the accuracy/precision of the in vitro gastrointestinal (IVG) determination method of bioaccessible As in the reference material NIST 2710, it was concluded that this procedure is adequate to determine bioaccessible As in soil and tailing samples from gold mining areas in Brazil. All samples from the studied mining area contained low percentages of bioaccessible As.
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Pamungkas, Darmadi Prapto. "EFEKTIVITAS PENYIDIKAN TINDAK PIDANA PENAMBANGAN EMAS TANPA IZIN DI KABUPATEN SOLOK SELATAN (Studi pada Direktorat Reserse Kriminal Khusus Kepolisian Daerah Sumatera Barat)." UNES Law Review 1, no. 2 (December 26, 2018): 134–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31933/law.v1i2.22.
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Indonesia is the rich country of mine, such as gold, silver, petroleum, mine, etc. Management of mine should be done by government or private. Every mining company obligated to get license as regulated in the Regulation Number 4 Year 2009 about Mineral Mining Juncto the Government Regulation Number 23 Year 2010 about the Implementation of Mineral Mining. In fact, not all companies have license. There are so many companies operate illegal. One of them is gold mining without license (PETI). The specification of the research is descriptive analytic. The methods used are normative as primary approach and juridical empiric method as secondary approach. The sources of data are secondary and primary. The techniques of collecting data uses field study by interviewing for the primary data and library study for the secondary data. Then, the data analyzed qualitatively in descriptive qualitative form. From the research results obtained several conclusions: First, the effective of investigation gold mining without license by Directory of Reserve Special Criminal of West Sumatera Police based on the data got can be seen clearly effective because from 3 (three) cases all has been investigation and submitted to Court. Second, the obstacles faced by Directory of Reserve Special Criminal of West Sumatera Police in executing of gold mining without license (PETI) in South Solok Regency consist of: (a) no synergy in supporting the law enforcement together between instances and other because the agents of gold mining without license (PETI) are backed up by law enforcer, government until traditional viewers; and (b) limited tool such as no double garden cars or boat to reach field and no communication satellite which can be operated in the unreached location by phone signal.
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Aji, Iskak. "UPAYA KONSERVASI MINERAL DAN PROYEKSI MASA DEPAN PERTAMBANGAN TIMAH DI INDONESIA." Prosiding Temu Profesi Tahunan PERHAPI 1, no. 1 (March 29, 2020): 863–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36986/ptptp.v1i1.127.
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ABSTRAKKonservasi mineral dan batubara merupakan salah satu aspek yang diamanatkan oleh Undang-Undang Minerba untuk mewujudkan kaidah teknik pertambangan yang baik (Good Mining Practice). Konservasi minerba adalah upaya dalam rangka optimalisasi pengelolaan atau pemanfaatan sumber daya mineral dan batubara secara terukur, efisien, bertanggung jawab, dan berkelanjutan. Objek-objek yang menjadi target pengelolaan pelaksanaan konservasi mineral dan batubara sesuai Lampiran VII Kepmen ESDM No. 1827 K/30/MEM/2018 meliputi recovery penambangan, recovery pengolahan, batubara kualitas rendah, mineral kadar rendah, mineral Ikutan, sisa hasil pengolahan dan pemurnian, serta cadangan marginal. Kegiatan pertambangan timah di Indonesia berada di wilayah Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung dan Kepulauan Riau. Kegiatan ini dimulai sejak era kolonial Belanda yang ditandai dengan berdirinya "Banka Tin Winning Bedrijf" (BTW) di Belitung dan Singkep. Penambangan dilakukan oleh perusahaan swasta Belanda yaitu “Gemeeenschappelijke Mijnbouw Maatschappij Biliton” (GMB) dan “NV Singkep Tin Exploitatie Maatschappij” (NV SITEM). Kedua perusahaan ini berubah nama menjadi PT Timah, Tbk. Kegiatan pertambangan timah nasional mengalami pasang surut seiring dengan menipisnya cadangan timah karena eksploitasi yang sudah berlangsung lama dan perubahan terhadap kebutuhan saat ini maupun masa depan timah di dunia perindustrian. Untuk menjaga keberlanjutan kegiatan penambangannya, PT Timah, Tbk melakukan berbagai inisiatif diantaranya pelaksanaan konservasi dengan mengoptimalkan cadangan marginal, pemanfaatan sisa hasil pengolahan, penambangan mineral kadar rendah dan mineral ikutan. Saat ini PT Timah, Tbk mulai melakukan inventarisasi kembali cadangan timah yang sebelumnya ditinggalkan dan melakukan estimasi ulang untuk dikategorikan sebagai cadangan marginal. Potensi tambahan cadangan timah ini berasal dari bekas penambangan yang tidak tuntas maupun dari bekas penambangan tanpa ijin. Selain itu, PT. Timah, Tbk juga melakukan pendataan, inisiatif pengelolaan, dan rencana pemanfaatan untuk sisa hasil pengolahan, mineral kadar rendah dan mineral ikutan dengan aplikasi ketersedian teknologi saat ini. Beberapa upaya yang terus dikembangkan untuk tetap menjaga keberlanjutan industri pertambangan timah dan pengembangan timah primer adalah dengan pengembangan metode penambangan baru seperti borehole mining (BHM) dan inovasi metode penambangan yang sudah ada seperti cutter section dredges (CSD). Pelaksanaan hal-hal tersebut diatas adalah upaya nyata yang dilakukan oleh PT Timah, Tbk untuk melaksanakan konservasi mineral dan mendorong terwujudnya kaidah teknik pertambangan yang baik. Dengan pelaksanaan konservasi mineral dan dukungan dari seluruh stackholder, baik Pemerintah Daerah Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung dan PT. Timah, Tbk maka diproyeksikan kegiatan pertambangan timah nasional dapat terus bertahan dan berkelanjutan untuk menunjang industri timah nasional.Kata Kunci: konservasi minerba, timah, cadangan marginal, sisa hasil pengolahan, mineral kadar rendah, mineral ikutan, pengelolaanABSTRACTMineral and coal conservation is one of the aspects mandated by the Minerba Regulation to embodies the principles of Good Mining Practice. Mineral and coal conservation is an effort to optimize the management or utilization of mineral and coal resources in a measured, efficient, responsible and sustainable. Objects that are targeted for mineral and coal conservation in accordance with Attachment VII of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Decree No. 1827 K / 30 / MEM / 2018 comprise of restoration mining recovery, processing recovery, low quality coal, low grade minerals, gangue minerals, residues from processing and refining, and marginal reserves. Tin mining activities in Indonesia are mainly in the provinces of the Bangka Belitung Islands and Riau Islands. This activity began in the Dutch colonial era marked by the establishment of "Banka Tin Winning Bedrijf" (BTW) in Belitung and Singkep. Mining is carried out by a Dutch private company, "Gemeeenschappelijke Mijnbouw Maatschappij Biliton" (GMB) and "NV Singkep Tin Exploitatie Maatschappij" (NV SITEM). These two companies then merged into PT Timah, Tbk. Tin mining activities in Indonesia experienced the ups and downs through the depletion of tin reserve due to lifelong exploitation and changes in the current needs and the future of tin in the industrial world. To ensure the sustainability of its mining activities, PT Timah, Tbk has conducted a variety of initiatives such as conserving by optimizing marginal reserve, utilizing the residue of processed products, mining low grade minerals and accompanying gangue minerals. Currently PT Timah, Tbk starts to carry out an inventory of the previously abandoned reserves and re-estimates to be categorized as marginal reserves. This potential additional on tin reserves are comes from mines that are incomplete or from ex-mining activity without permits. In addition, PT. Timah, Tbk also conducts data collection, management innitative, and utilization plans for processing residues, low grade minerals and gangue minerals with current technology applications available. Some efforts that are continually being developed for the sustainable development of the tin mining industry and primary tin development are by developing new mining methods such as borehole mining (BHM) and innovate in existing mining methods such as cutter section dredges (CSD). The implementation of the above is a real effort made by PT Timah, Tbk to carry out mineral conservation and encourage the realization of good mining practice. With mineral conservation and the support from the stockholders, the Bangka Belitung Islands Provincial Government and PT. Timah, Tbk, it is projected that tin mining activities in Indonesia can be maintained and sustainable to support the national tin industry.Key Word: Coal and mineral Conservation minerba, tin, marginal reserve, residual of processing and refining, Low grade mineral, gangue mineral,management
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Chernov, A. I., Т. A. Korkina, and Yu M. Oveshnikov. "Assessment of reserves of raising effectiveness of using excavator and automobile complex on a coal mine." Russian Journal of Industrial Economics 14, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2072-1633-2021-1-89-96.
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Maintaining high productivity of mining equipment is one of the key tasks in achieving the necessary competitiveness level at a coal mining company. As the coal stocks are becoming more and more complicated, the requirements for the quality of coal are raising and global price volatility is increasing, mining enterprises should operate more effectively than ever. The purpose of the study is to reveal and analyze reserves for raising effectiveness of exploiting the potential of excavator and automobile complex on a coal mine, and to develop organizational measures on their implementation. On order to achieve this goal the authors applied the following methods: chronometric observations to determine rational parameters of the cycles of loading and transportation of rock mass, the production experiment method to compare performance of excavator and automobile complex under different organizational conditions, working day photography to study the structure of the working day of the staff, graphic modelling of the working routine of excavator and automobile complex to reveal the opportunities for improving the consistency and rhythm of excavation and transportation. As a result, the study revealed unproductive work time of excavator and automobile complex which can be reserve for raising effectiveness of exploiting the equipment by 15–40%. In order to reduce loss of work time and to increase productivity of excavator and automobile complex the authors point out two directions: 1) higher quality of work conditions including improvement and maintenance of working platforms and roads; establishing appropriate traffi c routes; further training of excavator and truck drivers; 2) effi cient management of excavation and transportation in operation during a shift by means of controlling the rhythm of production.
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Banerjee, Sumit. "Performance evaluation of continuous miner based underground mine operation system: An OEE based approach." New Trends in Production Engineering 2, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 596–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2019-0065.
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Abstract CM is a globally renowned machine, designed to work as a mass production technology for underground coal. Different major coal producers across the globe are using this technology for decades to produce underground coal efficiently. India is also one of the major players globally in the arena of coal production and adopted this cutting edge technology since last decade by implementing at. few of the selective underground coal mining projects. Performance of CM technology is influenced by the geo-mining condition, fleets of other ancillary units and reliability of subsystems while implementation of this system depends largely on the extent of reserve. These aspects generate a scope of large scale research and development in this field. Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is the parameter to benchmark the equipment performance globally. OEE is the product of equipment availability, performance and product quality. This mining machine based paper focuses on the Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) of the complete CM based operation to identify the vulnerable systems, which helps to design proper preventive maintenance programme. The CM based system is divided into few subsystems, such as; electrical, cutter, gathering arrangement, traction, hydraulic, chassis, feeder breaker, shuttle car, CM conveyor and out-bye conveyor. The downtime data used for this analysis is collected from an underground coal mine situated in the central part of India, belongs to one leading coal producing company of the country. From analysis it was found that, electrical systems and conveyors are among most vulnerable systems and deserves more care during maintenance. On the basis of these results recommendations are made to redesign the Preventive Maintenance Programme, in order to avoid the lower availability as well as lower OEE.
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Bonoli, Alessandra, Werter Boninsegni, and Eleonora Foschi. "VALORIZATION OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS FROM END-OF-LIFE FLUORESCENT LAMPS: A CONTRIBUTION TO URBAN MINING." Detritus, no. 15 (June 6, 2021): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.14089.
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In last decades, Rare Earth Elements (REEs) have assumed a fundamental importance in the electrical and electronic (EE) industry because of the increasing interest in low-carbon and smart technologies. The availability in limited areas of the globe, the complexity in extraction processes and the high costs affecting their valorization negatively influence the supply chain at such a point to jeopardize the future EE equipment offer. This issue is particularly acute in Europe, that imports all REEs, especially from China, the current leader of the market. In order to contrast that dependence and ensure a stable future demand, industrial stakeholders have started an innovative path aimed to recover REEs from EEE waste. The promotion of policies and measures or circular economy has also boosted the application of urban mining concept. Cities are conceived as reserve of minerals but applied research s still in its infancy. Only 1% of REEs is actually recovered. The contribution of the fluorescent lamps is the most challenging lower because of the presence of hazardous substances, however, it can deliver the highest pure rare-earth oxides. This work represents a preliminary multi-criteria analysis aimed to assess the feasibility of launching an urban mining project based on the valorization of REEs from fluorescent lamps. The article summarizes the activity done by the Italian WEEE company DISMECO in collaboration with the University of Bologna to test the valorization of fluorescent lamps powders and provide recommendations to a more profitable after-use economy in this field.
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Gudsanov, Billy Emkel, and Tekad Sitepu. "Kajian Performansi Pompa Slurry pada Bucket Wheel Dredger dengan Variasi Sudut Gali 45°, 50° dan 55°." Talenta Conference Series: Energy and Engineering (EE) 1, no. 1 (October 16, 2018): 001–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/ee.v1i1.100.
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PT.Timah (Persero) Tbk. merupakan perusahaan tambang timah dengan cadangan timah terbesar di dunia yang menggunakan kapal keruk tipe Bucket Wheel Dredger sebagai salah satu metode penambangan lepas pantai. Proses penambangan ini membutuhkan biaya yang besar, tetapi akibat kondisi operasi yang tidak optimal, dibutuhkan waktu dan biaya lebih dalam proses penambangannya. Oleh karena itu diperlukan kajian yang lebih mendalam untuk mengetahui kondisi operasi optimal. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti melakukan perhitungan head secara teoritis dimana prosedur dimulai dengan pengumpulan data data pendukung, kemudian melakukan perhitungan untuk mendapatkan hasil. Untuk mendapatkan nilai head, digunakan persamaan Bernoulli. Untuk kerugian head major dan head minor digunakan persamaan Darcy-Weisbach. Kapasitas aliran adalah tetap sebesar 7747.2 m3/h padatan dengan variasi sudut gali 45°, 50°, dan 55° pada luas penampang pemakaian baru, satu bulan, dua bulan, dan tiga bulan. Setelah didapat besar head, didapat putaran optimum pompa untuk sudut operasi 45°, 50°, dan 55° secara berurutan adalah 522.470 rpm, 523.569 rpm, dan 524.550 rpm untuk pemakaian baru, 522.614 rpm, 523.706 rpm, dan 525.690 rpm untuk pemakaian satu bulan, 521.829 rpm, 522.931 rpm, dan 523.917 rpm untuk pemkaian dua bulan, 521.030 rpm, 522.122 rpm dan 523.142 rpm untuk pemakaian tiga bulan.
PT. Timah (Persero) Tbk. is a tin mining company with the largest tin reserve in the world which operates Bucket Wheel Dredger as an offshore mining method. This mining process requires a large amount of cost. It needs more time and cost in mining process due to non-optimal operating conditions. Therefore, a more in-depth study is needed to determine the optimal operating conditions. In this study, the researcher performed theoretical head calculations where the procedure began by collecting supporting data, then performing calculations to obtain the results. Bernoulli equation was used to get the head value, whereas, Darcy-Weisbach equation was used for the loss of major head and minor head. The flow capacity was fixed at 7747.2 m3/h solid with the variations of digging angles of 45°, 50°, and 55° on the cross-sectional area for new, one month, two months, and three months usages. After obtaining a head value, the optimum pump rotations obtained for operating angles of 45 °, 50 °, and 55 ° respectively are 522,470 rpm, 523,569 rpm, and 524,550 rpm for new usage, 522,614 rpm, 523,706 rpm and 525,690 rpm for one month usage, 521,829 rpm, 522,931 rpm, and 523,917 rpm for two months usage, 521,030 rpm, 522.122 rpm and 523,142 rpm for three months usage.
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Honová, Kristýna, and Jiří Mališ. "Surface Mines of Mining Area Žacléř – Creating and Using of Financial Reserves for Remediation and Reclamation." GeoScience Engineering 64, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gse-2018-0007.
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Abstract Companies engaged in mining are legally obliged to ensure remediation and reclamation of land affected by mining. Creation and use of financial reserves are subject to approval and control of the Mining Authorities. However, the methodology of creating financial reserves is decided by the mining company itself. In the paper, we describe the methods of creating financial reserves of a specific mining company GEMEC Union for remediation and reclamation after coal surface mining. The paper provides chronological comparisons of coal mining in two open pit mines, including the principles for creating and using financial reserves for remediation and reclamation.
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Pratama, Yogie Reza, Abdul Kahar, and Arif Ridwan. "OPTIMASI BATUBARA TIPIS (THIN COAL SEAM) DI PIT A SITE SENAKIN PT ARUTMIN INDONESIA." Prosiding Temu Profesi Tahunan PERHAPI 1, no. 1 (March 29, 2020): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36986/ptptp.v1i1.52.
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ABSTRAK Konservasi cadangan batubara adalah upaya dalam rangka optimalisasi pengelolaan, pemanfaatan, dan pendataan batubara secara terukur, efisien, bertanggung jawab, dan berkelanjutan. Pengelolaan ini dilaksanakan dengan cara melakukan proses penambangan sesuai dengan perencanaan untuk memperoleh recovery penambangan yang optimal serta mengendalikan dilusi dan kehilangan (losses) batubara. Di dalam KEPMEN ESDM No. 1827 K/30/MM/2018 lampiran VII disebutkan bahwa cut off thickness minimum batubara adalah 30 cm. Batas minimum ini diterapkan dalam rangka mengoptimalkan recovery penambangan dan meminimalisir adanya dilusi yang diperoleh selama proses penambangan. Risiko dari penggalian batubara dengan ketebalan kecil dari 30 cm adalah semakin besarnya potensi terjadinya dilusi. Hal ini dikarenakan semakin banyak luasan permukaan batubara yang bersentuhan langsung dengan material pengotor di bagian roof dan floor dibandingkan dengan penggalian batubara. Kondisi tersebut diperparah dengan adanya losses saat menggunakan alat gali yang berukuran besar. Dilusi dan losses ini akan berdampak kepada menurunnya kuantitas, kualitas dan recovery pengolahan batubara. Dalam paper ini akan dibahas mengenai upaya konservasi batubara dari PT. Arutmin Indonesia Site Senakin di Pit A dengan melakukan kajian tentang optimasi penambangan lapisan batubara tipis (thin coal seam) dengan tebal minimum 20 cm. Batas ketebalan minimum ini merupakan batas optimal dari kemampuan peralatan yang digunakan di Senakin. Karakteristik Pit A yang memiliki beberapa sisipan di dalam batubara juga menjadi faktor kunci apakah batubara tipis tersebut layak untuk ditambang. Semakin tebal material sisipan maka kadar abu akan semakin tinggi dan ini akan menjadi acuan terkait keekonomisan batubara tersebut. Secara operasional penentuan ketebalan batubara ini dilakukan oleh Geologist secara aktual di lapangan. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisa sampel batubara tersebut dan jika secara kualitas layak untuk ditambang maka akan dilanjutkan ke dalam tahap operasional penambangan dengan menggunakan alat kelas 20 ton dan 30 ton serta dengan pengawasan khusus selama proses pembersihan, pengumpulan, pemuatan sampai dengan pengangkutan. Batubara tipis tersebut kemudian diolah oleh Washplant yang ada di Senakin dengan recovery pengolahan sekitar 79,3%. Dengan optimasi ini maka akan didapatkan tambahan batubara dengan range 20 – 30 cm sekitar 1,49% dari jumlah cadangan sebelumnya. Berdasarkan hasil dari metode penambangan dan pengolahan tersebut, batubara tipis di Pit A dapat dioptimalkan dalam rangka memenuhi konservasi batubara serta meningkatkan revenue perusahaan dan pemerintah. Kata Kunci : Batubara tipis, Recovery penambangan, Recovery pengolahan, Konservasi batubara, Kadar Abu ABSTRACT Coal reserve conservation is an effort to optimize the management, utilization and data collection of coal in a measured, efficient, responsible and sustainable manner. This Management is applied by carrying out the mining process in accordance with the plan to obtain optimal mining recovery with controlled coal dilution and losses.According to Ministerial Decree No. 1827 K / 30 / MM / 2018 in appendix VII stated that the minimum coal cut-off thickness is 30 cm. Coal thickness minimum limit is applied in order to optimize mining recovery and minimize dilution during the mining process. The risk of coal extraction with thickness less than 30 cm has extra potency for dilution because more of coal surface area directly contact with impurity materials on the roof and floor rather than coal excavation. That condition is exacerbated by the lost when using a large digging tool. Dilution and loss will have an impact to the decline of the quantity, quality and recovery of coal processing. This paper will discussed about coal conservation efforts from PT. Arutmin Indonesia Site Senakin at Pit A. PT. Arutmin Indonesia conducting a study on optimizing thin coal seam mining with a minimum thickness of 20 cm. Regarding to the coal thickness minimum limit is the optimal limit of the equipment capabilities used at Senakin. The characteristic of Pit A which has several parting material in coal is also a key factor whether the thin coal is feasible to be mined or not. Parting material thickness will be impacted to the ash content and related to the coal economical. Coal thickness is measured by geologist in the field. Furthermore, the coal sample is analyzed and if it is qualified to be mined it will be proceed to the mining operation stage using 20 tons and 30 tons grade tools also with special supervision during the cleaning, collecting loading and hauling processes. Thin coal is processed using Washplant in Senakin with processing recovery around 79.3%. This optimization method will be resulted an additional coal with a range about 20-30cm around 1.49% of the amount of reserves. The result is thin coal in Pit A can be optimized in order to achieve coal conservation and increase company and government revenue. Keywords: Thin coal, mining recovery, recovery processing, coal conservation, ash content
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Scholz, R. W., and F. W. Wellmer. "Comment on: "Recent revisions of phosphate rock reserves and resources: a critique" by Edixhoven et al. (2014) – clarifying comments and thoughts on key conceptions, conclusions and interpretation to allow for sustainable action." Earth System Dynamics 7, no. 1 (February 11, 2016): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-103-2016.
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Abstract. Several recent papers deal with concerns about the longevity of the supply of the mineral phosphorus. The paper by Edixhoven et al. (2014), for instance, expresses doubts about whether the upward estimate of reserves by the IFDC (2006, 2010) and the USGS (2010) provides an accurate, reliable, and comparable picture, as it is based on reports that do not clearly differentiate between phosphate ore and phosphate products (i.e., marketable phosphate rock concentrate). Further, the indistinct use of the terms reserves and resources is criticized. Edixhoven et al. (2014) call for a differentiated inventory of world phosphate reserves including "guidelines which determine the appropriate drill hole distances and a detailed granularity". The claim that "humanity is on the safe side" with respect to future phosphate supply is doubted, as the validity of the IFDC's upgrading of the Moroccan data to 50 Gt phosphate is questioned. The main achievement of Edixhoven et al. (2014) is to elaborate that in the literature frequently used data on phosphate rock ore and phosphate concentrate are not properly distinguished, resulting in incorrect summary figures. In addition, it is commendable to raise the question how transparency concerning reserve and resources data and information on the geopotential of phosphate can be achieved because phosphorus is a special element. As fertilizer, it cannot be substituted and there are no unlimited resources as for the other main nutrients potassium in sea water and nitrogen in the air. However, the paper by Edixhoven et al. (2014) contains in the opinion of the authors some incorrect statements. Our comment elaborates first that several statements, such as that the upgrading of the Moroccan data is "solely based" on one scientific paper, are incorrect. Secondly, the paper comments on and illuminates a set of, in our opinion, misleading statements. These include the fact that the dynamic nature of reserves (which depend on price, technology, innovation for exploiting low-grade deposits, etc.) is acknowledged, but the right conclusions are not drawn, including the mixing of finiteness and staticness, and the way in which the critique of the USGS upgrading of the Moroccan reserves has been linked to Peak P. In particular, we clarify that reserves are primarily company data that serve mining companies for their strategic planning and may, by no means, be used as proxy data for providing global Peak P estimates. Likewise, we elaborate that drilling plans for assessing reserves have to be adjusted to site characteristics, in particular, in the case of four plateaus in Morocco and the Western Sahara comprising an area greater than 10 000 km2. We reconstruct the IFDC and USGS estimates and conclude that there is no evidence for considering the somewhat surprising increase to 50 Gt phosphate concentrate to be an unreasonable estimate for Moroccan reserves. However, the partial mixing of different units (e.g., phosphate ore and phosphate concentrate or marketable product) in the USGS data may be avoided by improving the database and using proper conversion factors. When applying these factors and assessing all reserves of marketable Gt of phosphate rock (PR-M), which is a common scale for measuring annual consumption, the magnitude of the 2014 USGS estimates of 67 Gt PR reserves does not change essentially but decreases from 64 (IFDC assessment) to 57.5 Gt PR-M (a worst-case calculation). We agree that a better harmonization of the (national) classification systems is meaningful. The discussion includes several ideas and thoughts that go beyond the paper by Edixhoven et al. (2014). We suggest that the discrepancies in the resource estimates are often caused by missing system understandings, different conceptions of sciences, and diverging world views. Finally, we suggest the establishment of a solidly funded, international standing committee that regularly analyzes global geopotential for assuring long-term supply security.
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Ahmadov, Elvin Hajiqulu oglu, and Rasim Veli oglu Veliyev. "Methods of minimization of uncertainties and geological risks based on Umid gas‑condensate field." Georesursy 21, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2019.1.92-98.
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Geological mining data resulted from exploration-prospecting and testing operations at Umid gas condensate field as one of important projects of the State Oil Company of the Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR) have been systemized and analyzed in the article. There conducted uncertainty analyses of the obtained geophysical and mining data and hydrocarbon reserves on horizons have been estimated. Impact of uncertainties to hydrocarbon reserves of the field have been studied through modern approaches and geological risks have been assessed by usage of new risk matrix. Also, strategy of actions has been proposed in order to mitigate geological risks.
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Klerck, W. G., and G. M. S. Turner. "The application of linear programming to a coal-mining problem: A case study." South African Journal of Business Management 16, no. 1 (March 31, 1985): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v16i1.1072.
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This article describes the application of linear programming to a problem faced by a small coal-mining company. The company owns two operating collieries, one supplies the general inland trade market while the other supplies a power station under a 30-year-tied contract. The company was awarded an export allocation for a 30-year period and as a result was trying to establish how to supply the coal for the various markets. Only the colliery that supplied the power station had sufficient reserves to base an export contract on. It was underlain by two economically recoverable seams of coal. The quality of the coal reserves is, however, low compared to international standards and is therefore unacceptable in its raw state. It is, however, possible to upgrade the coal by washing it. The grade of the final product (float) can be adjusted by altering the density of washing. However the yield, as a percentage of the raw coal feed, falls off rapidly as the grade is increased. Furthermore the sinks can likewise be upgraded by washing. The company wondered how they should optimize the flowsheet. How much coal should they mine from each of the two seams, how much from each source should go to the power station, how much should they produce for export, how should the upgrading be done, and to what extent. A linear programming model was formulated to solve the problem facing the company.
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Skipochka, Serhii, Viktor Serhiienko, Volodymyr Amelin, Oleh Sytnichenko, and Thibault Faucher. "Technological solutions for mining of off-balance gypsum reserves in difficult geological conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 168 (2020): 00064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016800064.
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Mining technological solutions for underground mining of offbalance gypsum reserves in difficult mining and geological conditions were justified. An analysis of typical geological disturbances of gypsum seams is carried out using the Artemivsk deposit (Ukraine) as an example. Physical and mechanical properties of rocks in disturbed zones are determined. A quantitative assessment of strength characteristics of rocks during their moistening is carried out. The minimum permissible values of the width of the tape pillar and the power of the protective stack above the camera in the presence of a violation in the roof are calculated. The use of selective mining of the lower part of the seam by combines of the “Roadheader” type is recommended. The maximum width and height of the chamber are determined by the type of combine. The technology has been tested and realized at the gypsum mine of the Additional Liability Company “Siniat”.
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Caixao, J. J. Z. "Mining industry in Mozambique." Gornye nauki i tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia) 6, no. 2 (July 14, 2021): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2021-2-114-120.
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At present time,Mozambiqueis called the “Rising Star of South Africa” mainly due to the rapid development of its mining industry. Mineral resources sector ofMozambiqueis one of the most dynamically developing sectors of the country’s economy.China,BrazilandIndiahave recently become the main partners forMozambique. Recently, a number of projects is being implemented in the country, for example, Auroch Minerals Manica Gold in gold production. Increasing coal production is connected with commissioning of the Moatize open pit, which is being developed by Brazilian Vale Company, as well as Benga mining company owned by Indian ICVL consortium. The analysis of the extraction of certain mineral types inMozambiquepresented in the paper demonstrates general picture of mining industry development in the country. The analysis findings allow identifying the causes of negative phenomena in the industry, manifesting themselves in decreasing production of certain types of minerals. For instance, the main reasons for the decline in coal production were dropping labor productivity, deterioration of mining conditions, and depletion of the most accessible coal reserves, extractable by open pit mining. In this regard, development of underground mining methods providing for opening of deep deposits by vertical shaft sets is highly relevant. The experience of the neighboringRepublicofSouth Africashows that, in the mining and geological conditions of the south of the African continent, highspeed shaft sinking methods accelerating deposit development can be successfully applied.
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Agafonov, V. V., V. Yu Zalyadinov, M. E. Yusupov, and N. S. Bikteeva. "Management and engineering solutions to improve processing stock quality and reduce resource-intensity of mining." Mining informational and analytical bulletin, S64 (October 20, 2018): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25018/0236-1493-2018-12-64-56-68.
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Sustainability of mining companies is of of high concern. The problem is specifically acute at companies that are monotownor monosettlement-forming. Sustainability of a mine depends in many ways on product quality and production resource-intensity. This article discusses formation of mineral quality indexes in terms of an open pit chrysotile mine. The studies took into account specific features of operation procedures implemented by each structural division of the mine. The analysis has found managerial and technological inconsistencies which affect quality and marketable product output, as well as efficiency of the mine in whole. The background for efficiency enhancement at a company is, by the authors’ opinion, consolidation of personnel subject to the single development strategy, namely: improvement of production and control efficiency, as well as use of available reserves and resources by means of better setup for production. The proposed approaches to planning mining operations and forming mineral quality allow higher quality of processing stock. In addition, a new model proposed for interaction between structural divisions of a mining company ensures improvement of general production indexes.
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Haryono, Ahmad Fauzan. "FINAL PIT PLANNING COAL MINING IN 16 PHASE 2 SEAMS IN PT. KTC COAL MINING & ENERGY, KECAMATAN. PALARAN, SAMARINDA, EAST KALIMANTAN." Al-Fiziya: Journal of Materials Science, Geophysics, Instrumentation and Theoretical Physics 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/fiziya.v2i2.12775.
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Mining stage design which is a complex problem in terms of three-dimensional geometry that is always changing, then in this thesis the pit limit, mine sequence design or mining stages are in accordance with the tolerance stripping ratio recommended by the company and the production equipment to be used in order to obtain production targets the optimal. The research was conducted using software to design the final pit and block model method to calculate the volume. The results of the research that have been carried out obtained 752,930 MT of mined reserves and Over Burden (OB) volumes of 4,439,394 BCM and Stripping Ratio (SR).
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Zhu, Bo, and Hui Li. "Key Parts Structure Optimum Design of Plow." Advanced Materials Research 619 (December 2012): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.619.115.
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Our country has abundant coal resources, thin seam can reserves 20% of all can be occupied. But , with adverse circumstances, thin coal seam mining has not yet been fully realized automation. Plough is a kind of mining equipment with shallow-frustum, Low mining height, multi circulation.Its simple structure in thin coal seam mining is a unique advantage. Along with the plough development to high-powered, high speed to dig, automation direction, and with its reliable performance problems appear more prominent, it is badly in need of further research and discussion. In order to improve the reliability of plough, expand the scope of use plough, this paper applied the method of virtual prototype of the plough structure strength analysis. Taking a coal company designed BT plough as project object, the joint simulation environment is been established by Pro/E,ANSYS and ADAMS.by using corresponding modal interface technology. At last rigid-flexible coupled model has been formed in ADAM.
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Shashenko, Olexander, Nataliia Khoziaikina, Vladyslava Cherednyk, and Maryna Pashkevych. "Energy-Saving Technologies of the Coal Seams Development." Advanced Engineering Forum 25 (November 2017): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.25.11.
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In the production cost structure of a coal, which is extracted underground, more than 30 percent is the electricity cost. This is the consumption of electricity by the main fans of mine ventilation, mining and mechanisms that are used in the construction of underground excavations.The geomechanical problem of estimating the permissible width of the safety structure (pillar) in a longwall during the mining of a horizontal laying coal seam is given and solved and taking into account the economic expediency of reused a haulage drift. The mining-geological and mining-technical conditions of coal reserves mining in the Western Donbass at the mine "Samarskaya" are considered, which is accepted as a characteristic object of research.The task was solved in a complex way on the basis of a generalization of in situ and numerical experiments on digital models using the RS2 software complex of the Canadian company Rocscience.Dependencies of a residual sectional area of the re-used excavation on the width and the constructive flexibility of the protective structure are obtained.A technological clearance between the safety structure and the roof rock negatively effects on excavation stability reducing the residual sectional area and should be minimized.
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Fatmasari, Endah, and Bambang Sugeng Dwiyanto. "Analisis Kinerja Keuangan dengan Metode Economic Value-Added pada Studi Kasus Perusahaan Subsektor Pertambangan Minyak dan Gas Bumi yang Terdaftar di Indeks Saham Syariah Indonesia (ISSI)." Jurnal Maksipreneur: Manajemen, Koperasi, dan Entrepreneurship 9, no. 1 (November 7, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30588/jmp.v9i1.435.
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<em>Oil and gas are non-renewable natural resources, whick means they can be exhausted within a certain periode of time, if no new reserves of oil and natural gas resources are found. Energy, especially oil and gas, is very limited amount, but the world’s needs for oil and gas are currently increasing, so making investments in the oil and gas mining subsector will be an attractive choice for investors. World demand of oil and gas increases, while the limited its availability in each country has caused fluctuations in its exports and imports. They face a difficult assessment of the company performance in this subsector. Therefore, we need an analysis of the financial performance in oil and gas mining subsector companies as a tool to assess how the performance of the in this area. Economic value-added (EVA) method is one of the right measurement tools to assess the performance of companies in the mining sector. The aim of this study is to determine the financial performance of companies by using the EVA (economic value-added) method in the oil and gas subsector companies listed on the ISSI (Indonesian Sharia Stock Index) in period 2013-2017. The calculation of EVA value of a company is preceded by determining the value of Net Operating Profit After Tax (NOPAT), Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC), capital charges (CC), and invested capital (IC) from data that has been collected in the secondary sources. Four companies in oil and gas mining subsector listed on the Indonesia Sharia Stock Index (ISSI) were analyzed in this research. The results showed that two companies have positive EVA, while rest of two companies have positive and negatif EVA in certain years. A positive EVA means that there is an economic added-value to the company.</em>
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Anis, Mohamad, Arifudin Idrus, Hendra Amijaya, and Subagyo Subagyo. "Utilizing coal remaining resources and post-mining land use planning based on GIS-based optimization method : study case at PT Adaro coal mine in South Kalimantan." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.24273/jgeet.2017.2.2.307.
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Coal mining activities may cause a series of environmental and socio-economic issues in communities around the mining area. Mining can become an obstacle to environmental sustainability and a major hidden danger to the security of the local ecology. Therefore, the coal mining industry should follow some specific principles and factors in achieving sustainable development. These factors include geological conditions, land use, mining technology, environmental sustainability policies and government regulations, socio-economic factors, as well as sustainability optimization for post-mining land use. Resources of the remains of the coal which is defined as the last remaining condition of the resources and reserves of coal when the coal companies have already completed the life of the mine or the expiration of the licensing contract (in accordance with government permission). This research uses approch of knowledge-driven GIS based methods mainly Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy logic for utilizing coal remaining resources and post-mining land use planning. The mining area selected for this study belongs to a PKP2B (Work Agreement for Coal Mining) company named Adaro Indonesia (PT Adaro). The result shows that geologically the existing formation is dominated by Coal Bearing Formation (Warukin Formation) which allows the presence of remains coal resource potential after the lifetime of mine, and the suitability of rubber plantation for the optimization of land use in all mining sites and also in some disposal places in conservation areas and protected forests.
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Cherep, A., O. Cherep, I. Kisilyova, and Yu Shvets. "MODELLING OF INSURANCE COVERAGE CONTINUITY PROVIDING IN MINING INDUSTRY IN CRISIS." Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice 2, no. 37 (April 30, 2021): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v2i37.230263.
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BANKRUPTCY PROBABILITY MODELLING OF INSURANCE COMPANIES IN CRISIS Abstract. To develop scientific and methodological foundations, for creating an dynamic mathematical model of insurance company solvency (bankruptcy probability) considering interest rate and inflation ratio. The study used the general scientific and special methods such as: the method of critical analysis, scientific abstraction and generalization of scientific expertise of recent theoretical studies, system-integrated approach, method of dynamic mathematical modeling. Elaboration of dynamic mathematical model of bankruptcy probability modelling considering inflation (as inflation has negative impact on all aspects of insurance business including insurance reserves) and rate of interest. The peculiarities of insurance companies investment activity have been defined. The estimation of insurance premium that ensures abequate insurance fund value formation, i.e. insurance company solvency formation has been performed. Insurance tariff and supplement value correspondent to defined probability of insurance company bankruptcy have been defined. Methodological approaches of insurance companies solvency (bankruptcy probability) modelling were further developed. The dynamic mathematical model of bankruptcy probability considering inflation and rate of interest has been proposed. Theoretical study was developed to the level of specific techniques and suggestions for improvement of the estimation and prognozing of insurance companies solvency and could be used in strategic, current and operational planning. A comprehensive methodology of supplement estimation allows to respond to the changing market situation by changing the values of insurance tariffs. Keywords: insurance organization, dynamic model, probability of bankruptcy, inflation, rate of interest. JEL Сlassification C15, G22, L6, H12 Formulas: 36; fig.: 0; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 12.
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Prapitasari, Ayu, and Lili Safrida. "THE EFFECT OF PROFITABILITY, LEVERAGE, FIRM SIZE, POLITICAL CONNECTION AND FIXED ASSET INTENSITY ON TAX AVOIDANCE (EMPIRICAL STUDY ON MINING COMPANIES LISTED IN INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE 2015-2017)." ACCRUALS (Accounting Research Journal of Sutaatmadja) 3, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35310/accruals.v3i2.56.
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The purpose of this reserch is to examine and analyze (1) the influenceof profability on tax avoidance, (2) the influence of leverage on tax avidance, (3) the influence of company size on tax avoidance, (4) the influence of political connection on tax avoidance, and (5) the influence of intensity of fixed assets on tax avoidance
The object of this research used mining company listed in BEI in 2015-2017. Companies which used as sample were 17 samples for 3 years of observation. The technique of data analysis used logistic regression analysis
The results of this research shows that profitability has a positive influence on tax avoidance because high profitability will ncrease the taxes. On the other hand, leverage, company size, political connection, and intensity of fixed assets have negative influene on tax avoidance because the company is considering to long term effect on performing tax avoidance
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Alhawsawi, Abdulsalam M., E. I. Shababa, Maher M. T. Qutub, Essam M. Banoqitah, and A. A. Kinsara. "Radiological characterization of the phosphate deposit in Al-Jalamid phosphate mining area, Saudi Arabia." Nukleonika 66, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2021-0005.
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Abstract It is a known fact that phosphate rocks have high levels of natural radioactivity due to the presence of large concentrations of radionuclides. This work aims to estimate radiation exposure and dose levels at Al-Jalamid site in northern Saudi Arabia. Al-Jalamid area is one of the largest reserves of phosphate worldwide. Ma’aden, a Saudi Government public company, owns the mine and is responsible for all mining activities. Phosphate and soil samples collected from Al-Jalamid phosphate mining area have been analysed for their uranium and thorium content by an α-spectrometer using radiochemical techniques. The quantity of radon gas was measured both in groundwater and in the atmosphere (indoor and outdoor) at the site using a portable radiation survey instrument. Groundwater samples collected from wells surrounding the mining area were analysed using a liquid scintillation counter in addition to an α-spectrometer. Finally, it is found that phosphate rock concentrate products cannot be utilized economically based on the standards set by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), since the average activity concentration does not reach the limit set by IAEA and hence are not commercially feasible.
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Ponomarenko, Tatiana, Marina Nevskaya, and Izabela Jonek-Kowalska. "Mineral Resource Depletion Assessment: Alternatives, Problems, Results." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 16, 2021): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020862.
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The depletion of non-renewable natural resources (primarily mineral and energy resources) and its assessment is a problem that is analyzed based on the concept of sustainable development. Mineral resource depletion assessment is particularly important for resource-based economies. It provides for assessing the impact of mineral asset disposal that results from the suspension or termination of operations conducted by a mining company due to insurmountable circumstances. The results of such an event will be manifested at the national, regional, and local levels and felt by mining companies, suppliers, workers, the population of the territory, and other stakeholders. The study clarifies the attributes and essence of mineral resource depletion, analyzes the advantages and limitations of the existing tools for assessing mineral resource depletion, identifies depletion factors, describes a methodology for assessing mineral resource depletion, and contains a case study of a tin deposit. The results of the study contribute to the development of the theory on the depletion of non-renewable natural resources. They provide for assessing losses to social wellbeing that can be caused by stopping the use of profitable mineral reserves.
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Pisarev, Viktor S. "STUDIES THE FORMATION OF A SINKHOLE CONTOUR IN THE AREA OF MOUNTAIN BOULANGER." Vestnik SSUGT (Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies) 26, no. 2 (2021): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2021-26-2-28-36.
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The relevance of the study is to develop a methodology for monitoring manufacturing objects us-ing unmanned aerial vehicles formed as a result of mining operations. The Tashtagol iron ore deposit is located in the south of the Kemerovo region in Gornaya Shoria, and is being worked underground. The development of the reserves of the South-Eastern section has been carried out since 2004 by the Tashtagol branch of company Evrazruda. A special feature of the South-Eastern section reserves min-ing is the operation of protected objects within the zone of potential hazardous displacements, as a re-sult of which, presumably in November 2017, a sinkhole was formed in the area of Mount Boulanger. The aim of the work is to describe the method of monitoring the determination of the geometric dimensions of the sinkhole in different periods of time using an unmanned aerial vehicle. The sinkhole development has been monitored since 2018. As a result, this study determines the geometric dimensions of the sinkhole in different periods of obser-vations, and calculates the average sinkhole increase dynamics of the per year.
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Jaiswal, Rohit. "Legal Frame Work for Exploitation of Beach Sand Mineral Resources: Historical Perspective and Action by Government of India for conservation." Journal of The Indian Association of Sedimentologists 38, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.51710/jias.v38i1.149.
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India is bestowed with several Beach Sand Mineral (BSM) occurrences along its 7200 km long coastline. The exploitation/recovery of BSM resources is governed by various provisions of the Acts and Rules issued by the Government of India. Till 1998, the mining of BSM was reserved (excluding garnet and sillimanite) for the public sector only. Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), intending to maximize the value addition of BSM within the country, brought out a policy resolution, which allowed the private entities in mining and processing of BSM resources except for the mineral monazite. Mining and development of any mineral are governed by the Mines and Minerals (Development & Regulation) (MMDR) Act, 1957 and the rules made thereunder. MMDR Act, 1957 has undergone major amendments in 2015 and by virtue of the provisions under the Act, new rules were framed for the first time in the country, exclusively for grant of mineral concession in respect of atomic minerals. As per the provisions of a new rule, all BSM deposits (above threshold) come under the purview of the Government Company or Corporation owned or controlled by the Government. This paper deals with legal provisions for the exploitation of BSM resources and recent amendment by the Government of India for conserving these minerals of strategic importance, in the national interest.
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Nikishichev, S. B. "If you plan to develop, stick to a civilized way." Mining Industry (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 6/2020 (December 29, 2020): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2020-6-38-42.
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In the current situation, aggravated by the pandemic, the top management and employees of the mining company should understand the corporate tasks and objectives, and be aware that development of reserves is, first of all, a business that must be successful. Independent technical auditing is essential for everyone, both for state-of-the-art designing and for interaction with investors and banks. The subsoil users and investors have to understand that the civilized system of auditing and evaluation of deposits, created in developed countries almost half a century ago, leads to long-term and stable development. Subsoil users, who defy civilized work with auditors, designers, service companies and investors, as well as within their teams, are forced to get involved in legal processes that bring absolutely no benefits to the project development and reduce the efficiency of the subsoil development.
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Mendiola Cabrera, Alfredo, and Liz Villanes Vergara. "COMPAÑÍA MINERA MALÚ S. A.” Un caso de evaluación de inversiones." Cuadernos de difusión 7, no. 12 (June 30, 2002): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.46631/jefas.2002.v7n12.08.
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This study addresses the case of a mining company that needs to evaluate the feasibility of a new attractive prospect in the Callejón de Huaylas, department of Ancash, for having estimated gold reserves of 1.4 million ounces. Attending to this objective, it sets out in detail the set of variables to be considered for the evaluation: exploration period, detail engineering need, estimation of the ore grade and exploitation period, investment requirements, operation, and administration costs, financing needs, and taxes pressure. With these data and an intermediate assumption about the price of gold, it is established that the project would be viable with an investment of 40% of own resources and 60% of resources of third parties with an interest rate of 9%. A fall in the price of gold would force an increase in the proportion of own resources.
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Aubakirova, Gulnara, Georgiy Rudko, and Farida Isataeva. "Assessment of metallurgical enterprises’ activities in Kazakhstan in the context of international trends." Economic Annals-ХХI 187, no. 1-2 (February 28, 2021): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v187-12.
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The geological industry of Kazakhstan is transiting to CRIRSCO, the international system of reporting standards for mineral reserves. In view of the set tasks, the problem of adjusting the geological and economic assessment of deposits is being updated in order to adapt it to the international requirements and to increase accessibility and transparency for a potential external investor. This research has been carried out on the basis of the Kazakhmys Corporation LLС, the largest international company engaged in exploring, mining and processing of various minerals. The authors of this paper have made an attempt to expand the geological and economic assessment of the enterprise by digitizing the key business processes. On the basis of the formed factual database of the geological and economic indicators and characteristics of the stratiform pyrite-copper-lead-zinc deposit Kusmuryn, which is part of the Kazakhmys Corporation LLС, the economic indicators of extracting associated components have been calculated. Digital transformation is a key area of technological development of the mining industry in Kazakhstan for the coming years. In this regard, automation of calculating the geological and economic assessment of the investigated field will allow the company not only to reduce investment and operating costs, but also to deepen the internal analytical work to monitor the effectiveness of the applied digital solutions. Transformation of the economy of Kazakhstan presupposes state support for promising regions. The article shows that transition of the Kusmuryn deposit to underground mining in the medium term will accelerate the solution of pressing regional problems and remove social tension in the monotowns adjacent to the deposit. In order to strengthen its position in the global economy, Kazakhstan strives to achieve socio-economic goals in the field of sustainable development. It has been established that changing the method of production and automation of business processes of the Kazakhmys Corporation LLС will have a positive effect on the energy efficiency due to more rational use of available technologies. The research will improve the validity of predictive management decisions to strengthen the financial and economic situation and the international positions of the mining and smelting enterprise.
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Achmad, Ali. "IMPORTANCE OF THIN SEAMS RECONCILIATION IN A NEW COAL MINING PROSPECT AREA." Indonesian Mining Professionals Journal 2, no. 2 (April 16, 2021): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.36986/impj.v2i2.37.
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Coal thin seams in the coal mining industry are often considered by company as waste material or it is not gives a significance revenue. Actual condition it is true but this seams actually can be mined potentially and giving some additional profit if we do the plan and managed it correctly. In this paper will discuss and explaining about how much the importance related to optimalization of coal thin recovery in coal mining industry in the technical and economical perspectives. Starting on the iso-thickness polygon in the pit shell design that have been agreed (sign off) to coal reserves reconciliation that had mined completely. The Geologist must undertakes monthly monitoring about the sum of coal thin seams and it is variance between actual versus model. If they find loses indication, they must to do investigation immediately. The writer take a study case from one of area’s PT Arutmin Indonesia consession. The located of research area is situated in “Pit 4 Spessartine” with the coal thin seams succession from interval delta lower 2 – echo 1 lower. The Stratigraphy of research area is a part of Warukin Formation – Asem Asem Sub Basin. If we look in the engineering, mine scheduling, operational sequence and also marketing linkage perspectives, actually these thin seams gives a much economical profit but on the other hand it can gives a loss material such as coal contamination and increasing of ash content. In this paper the writer also reviewing the geological perspective so it can be known about the general parameters which controlled about coal sedimentary deposited among of them. We will disclose the paleo-peats distribution, paleo-base of their wet land or marsh and the last one is knowing about the water currents within the coal depositional environment.
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Muhacheva, Anna. "Financial Analysis of an Industrial Enterprise." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2019, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2019-4-4-415-424.
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Financial analysis is important for effective management: it provides growth reserves and eliminates those problem areas that can decrease key financial indicators and result in bankruptcy. The present research featured theory and practice of financial analysis of an enterprise. The paper represents a case study of Kuzbassrazrezugol OJSC, one of the leading coal mining enterprises in the country (Kuzbass, Russia). The research objective was to analyze its financial status, identify problem areas, and propose solutions. The research employed coefficient, vertical, and horizontal analysis, as well as general methods of analysis, synthesis, grouping, and generalization of data. The article introduces authentic approach to the term “financial status” and gives various scientific interpretations of the term. The paper focuses on factors, key indicators of financial analysis, and degrees of financial stability. Financial analysis includes assessment of financial stability, business activity, liquidity, and profitability. The author compiled a list of indicators for each section of financial analysis. The case study revealed that the company under analysis has a fairly strong financial position. The list of minor problems revealed included: superiority of short-term financial sources; high share of borrowed funds in the overall structure of funding sources; high share of non-current assets in the structure of the company’s property; high volume and low turnover of receivables. For each problem, the author proposed an appropriate solution. The financial analysis revealed problem areas and provided guidelines for further long-term effective development. The article owes its scientific novelty to the case study which revealed peculiarities in strategies for managing the financial status of coal mining enterprises.
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Moldashi, D. N. "Methods for identifying system tasks of strategic management and improving efficiency of exploration enterprise." Gornye nauki i tekhnologii = Mining Science and Technology (Russia) 5, no. 3 (October 19, 2020): 266–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2500-0632-2020-3-266-284.
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A geological exploration company is a modern enterprise, possessing advanced techniques and carrying out full range of high quality exploration for all types of solid minerals in accordance with world standards, which is the center of competence in uranium geology, as well as provides its services in the field of exploration for solid minerals. To date, the tasks of ensuring replenishment of explored mineral reserves, increasing efficiency of their use, as well as increasing profitability and capitalization of enterprises of mining-and-processing industry remains relevant. To implement a set of measures for solving problems associated with prospecting, exploration, and exploitation of uranium deposits, it is urgently required to develop the following improved approaches and methods: modernization and re-equipment of methodological and technical base of the enterprise’s chemical analytical laboratory for implementation mineralogical and radioisotope methods of prospecting for uranium deposits; carrying out work to expand the scope of accreditation, environmental research, and training of specialists for field laboratories; creation of an information system for geological data bank, which allows organizing a single information space and ensuring availability of the necessary reliable data, as well as their safety/integrity and the data access control. The conducted research formed the basis for the development of mechanisms for achieving strategic targets and implementing strategic objectives of the enterprise. To ensure sustainable growth of key performance indicators of the enterprise, it is necessary to focus on long-term successful work. This is connected with restructuring of assets and diversification of the company's activities, development of innovative methods and facilities for prospecting and laboratory-and-technological research, improvement of the set of radioecological studies at exploration areas, and introduction of the principles of corporate and legal culture. Providing growing demands of affiliated mining enterprises for mineable resources by replenishing the uranium resource base should be based on active prospecting, exploration, and discovery of new uranium deposits, as well as formation of highly efficient professional personnel. To improve management efficiency, the enterprise should activate and improve the quality of exploration, as well as diversify the company's activities and reduce possible risks. Implementation of this approach is possible through the formation of highly efficient professional personnel based on the recognition of high economic value of human resources. In addition, it is necessary to actively conduct exploration in promising areas for discovering new deposits and, correspondingly, increasing and replenishing the company's uranium reserves and increasing its assets. This will allow prolonging the life of the company’s mines until 2040 due to increasing additional explored reserves.
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Baker, G. L., and W. R. Skerman. "THE SIGNIFICANCE OF COAL SEAM GAS IN EASTERN QUEENSLAND." APPEA Journal 46, no. 1 (2006): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj05018.
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The commercial production of coal seam gas [CSG] in Australia is only a decade old. Over the last 10 years it has become a significant part of the Australian gas industry, particularly in Queensland where about 31 PJ or 30% of all natural gas used in the State was recovered from coal seams in eastern Queensland. In 2005 CSG was expected to have supplied 55 PJ or 44 % of the eastern Queensland gas demand. The mining, mineral processing and power generations in northwest Queensland, serviced by the Carpentaria Gas Pipeline, will continue to use gas from the Cooper-Eromanga Basin.The CSG industry is reaching a stage of maturity following the commissioning of a number of fields while some significant new projects are either in the commissioning phase or under development. By the end of 2008 CSG production in Queensland is expected to reach 150 PJ per year, the quantity needed to meet Gas Supply Agreements for CSG that are presently in place.Certified Proved and Probable (2P) gas reserves at 30 June 2005 in eastern Queensland were calculated to be 4,579 PJ, of which 4,283 PJ were CSG. Gas reserves (2P) for eastern Queensland a decade earlier were less than 100 PJ with those for CSG being less than 5 PJ.The coal seam gas industry in both the Bowen and Surat basins—which includes major gas producers such as Origin Energy Limited and Santos Limited along with smaller producers such as Arrow Energy NL, CH4 Gas Limited, Molopo Australia Limited and Queensland Gas Company Limited—is now accepted by major gas users as being suppliers of another reliable source of natural gas.
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Vyas, Neha. "Environmental Aspects of Project Management." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 33, no. 2 (April 2008): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920080205.
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The primary challenge in project management is to achieve all of the defined project goals and objectives while adhering to typical constraints which are usually scope, quality, time, and budget. Often, the basic flaw in project planning and design is the complete neglect or minimal consideration of environmental and social costs and dependence only on economic analysis for project preparation and investment. A failure to understand and internalize adverse or negative impacts on environment during project preparation could lead to several undesirable consequences, which may ultimately jeopardize the very objectives of growth and development for which the project was proposed. In this paper, the author stresses upon the need for environmental management for successful project completion and discusses the challenges of addressing the key environmental issues. Environmental management is not just about the ‘trees and bees’ but also about health, safety, profits, quality assurance, reduced risks to reputation, and increased global competitiveness, states the author. Overall, it is about efficiency and reducing environmental and legal liabilities. It is argued that sound environment management reduces the unforeseen obstacles and bottlenecks that may otherwise hamper the delivery of project objectives while helping to improve the environmental performance of project operations. The key environmental issues resulting from agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and urban operations include: severe degradation of air quality due to industrial and vehicular pollution contamination of land and water resources due to pesticides, fertilizers, and dumping of hazardous wastes depletion of raw material reserves contamination of surface and ground water sources due to discharge of sewage and industrial effluents deforestation. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) study is suggested as a tool for formulating an environment management plan. EIA should, however, not be treated just as a tool for regulatory compliance but as an instrument for improving project management per se with proper expertise, time, and budget allocations made for the purpose. In environmental management, the moot question is: How to get started? The author's advice is to start small and simple and gradually turn them into action plans for a worksite and subsequently up-scale them for the entire company. It is ultimately the actions taken at personal or community level or as a project manager that matters the most when it comes to environmental sustainability. Policies and plans merely show the way. It is becoming increasingly important to make environmental management an economic driver that would serve to minimize environmental damages and promote resource efficiency and cost savings to businesses.
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Ahmad, Mamad, and Asep Supriyadi. "KONSERVASI ALAM DALAM NOVEL KEKAL KARYA JALU KANCANA (KAJIAN EKOKRITIK)." Sirok Bastra 8, no. 2 (December 24, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.37671/sb.v8i2.252.
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Novel Kekal karya Jalu Kancana menceritakan kegiatan eksploitasi yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan tambang panas bumi di Kawasan Cagar Alam Kamojang. Eksploitasi berdampak pada kerusakan alam dan kepunahan kekayaan flora dan fauna yang selama ini menjadi bagian keragaman hayati dunia. Penelitian ini membahas kerusakan dan upaya yang dilakukan oleh konservasionis terhadap kerusakan alam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk kerusakan hutan dan perjuangan kaum konservasi dalam menjaga dan melestarikan hutan berdasarkan kajian ekokritik Greg Garrard. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah interpretasi dan pemahaman dengan analisis konten. Sumber data penelitian ini ialah novel dengan judul Kekal karya Jalu Kancana yang diterbitkan oleh Buku Mojok di Sleman Yogyakarta tahun 2019. Hasil analisis menunjukkan dampak dari eksploitasi telah mengakibatkan kerusakan hutan secara masif di sebagian wilayah hutan Indonesia umumnya dan Kawasan Cagar Alam Kamojang pada khususnya. Perlawanan yang dilakukan bersifat ideologis melalui tulisan yang kritis terhadap pemerintah.Novel Kekal by Jalu Kancana tells about the exploitation activities carried out by a geothermal mining company in the Kamojang Nature Reserve. Exploitation has an impact on the destruction of nature and the extinction of flora and fauna that have been part of the world's biodiversity. This study discusses the damage and efforts made by conservationists. This study aims to describe the form of forest destruction and the struggle of conservationists in protecting and conserving forests based on Greg Garrard's ecocritical study. The data analysis method used in this research is interpretation and understanding with content analysis. The data source for this research is a novel entitled Kekal by Jalu Kancana, published by Buku Mojok in Sleman Yogyakarta in 2019. The results of the analysis show that the impact of exploitation has resulted in massive forest destruction in parts of Indonesia's forest in general and in the Kamojang Nature Reserve in particular. Therefore, there are efforts made by conservationists to restore forest harmony.
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Du Toit, E., and P. W. J. Delport. "Supplementary Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves Reports: Readability and textual choice." Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 121, no. 3 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/1381/2021.
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SYNOPSIS Investing in a mining venture can be risky and stakeholders need transparent, unbiased reports to understand the Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves a mining company holds. Readability and textual choice can be used consciously to manipulate perceptions, or it can be done unconsciously. This exploratory study investigates the readability and textual choice of supplementary Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves Reports of companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. The results indicate that narrative manipulation occurs in these reports through word choices that make the reports difficult to read, as well as specific narrative selections. This reduces the informational value of the reports. The results of the study will be useful to various stakeholders, such as mining company management, investors, investment specialists, financial analysts, and even employees and the general community, who all use these reports to make important decisions. It is also useful for the preparers of the Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves Reports, Competent Persons, and other technical specialists to be aware of readability and that certain textual choices can affect the interpretation of these reports. It is recommended that bodies such as the JSE and the SAMREC and SAMVAL Code committees consider adding a plain language requirement to regulations, guidelines, and codes to ensure transparent, unbiased, and objective reports. Keywords: Corporate reporting, Mineral Resources. Mineral Reserves, narrative style, readability.
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Sergeev, G. V., A. A. Eremenko, O. M. Usoltseva, and Yu N. Shaposhnik. "Physical and mechanical properties of placers and rocks in the Rakovsky and Bolotny stream channels in the Vedugin gold occurrence area." Gornyi Zhurnal, January 29, 2021, 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17580/gzh.2021.01.16.
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The information on the rock mass behavior in the course of mineral mining is of vital necessity for exploration and mining companies. In engineering decision-making as well as for the prevention of possible difficulties, it is required to have the most comprehensive data on physical and mechanical properties of rock masses. The aim of this study is determination of physical and mechanical properties of placer rocks in the Rakovsky and Bolotny stream channels in the Vedugin gold occurrence area, as well as assessment of elasticity and brittleness of ore and rocks to define their susceptibility to rockbursting. It is found that bedding rocks in Rakovsky and Bolotny placers down to a depth of 87 m below ground surface are rockburst-non-hazardous. The research findings are usable in elaboration of project documentation for mining Rakovsky and Bolotny placers, as well as in selection of technologies for supporting rock mass and for actual mining of placer reserves. In the latter case, it is possible to make reasonable decisions on support design and geotechnology parameters so that to combine mining safety with the quality of mineral extraction as early as the project design. It is recommended that Burkandya company undertakes continuous monitoring and prediction of rockburst hazard as mining is advanced to deeper levels.
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Nikolaev, M. V., P. V. Gulyaev, and T. P. Popova. "Evaluation procedure for the mininig company economy effect on budget of region possessing mineral reserves (in terms of ALROSA)." Gornyi Zhurnal, March 31, 2015, 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17580/gzh.2015.03.07.
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Pauli, Gunter. "The Future of Manufacturing in Resource-rich Economies: How mining could generate jobs and competitiveness beyond extraction of ore." Revista de Tecnología 12, no. 1 (October 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.18270/rt.v12i1.638.
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<p>The drive towards higher levels of productivity forces companies to pursue economies of scale, manufacturing standardized products in higher volumes at ever lower marginal costs. However, whenever an entrepreneur or an established business in a resource rich exporting country attempts to build a company, macro-economic conditions often render agricultural and industrial activities uncompetitive. Countries with rich mineral reserves and part of broad free trade zones are particularly affected by the globalized economy, where increased demand for raw materials pushes up commodity prices, which increase export revenues that strengthen the local currency against the dollar. A strong local currency driven by ore exports and direct foreign investments turn imports cheaper. This leads to a de-industrialization, or the impossibility to ever build an industry, and adversely affects agriculture that is dependent on overseas markets. This phenomena is known as the “Dutch Disease”. It affects large commodity exporting nations like Colombia. Article written by Prof. Gunter Pauli founder of ZERI and designer of The Blue Economy in preparation of the lecture at the Banco de la República (Colombia) held 7 february 2013 in the National Library Luis Angel Arango Auditorium, Bogotá, Colombia. The only way to respond to these adverse marcoeconomic effects of commodity driven export strategies is to change the business model of the mining industry. Evolving mining from a core business, focused on the extraction of ores and the export thereof, to a clustering of mining, agriculture and manufacturing using all available resources of the mine, from land to energy and waste like rock refuse and tailings. The design of a positive response strategy to social challenges like artisanal mining, combined with securing a cluster of businesses around mining could reverse de-industrialization. Better, this could create an economy that remains vibrant after the mining operations have exhausted their resources. At first sight, the process of clustering industries and social needs have no relation. However this proven strategy that is now subscribed to by leading global corporations adds value and jobs, while strengthening each competitive position in every core businesses generating growth in the country. This article describes the new business model for mining in the concrete setting of Colombia and explains how it will result in sustainable growth, while industrializing and strengthening agriculture in emerging markets, and deliver ecosystem services.</p>
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Schneider, Frederick, Julia Gogolewska, Klaus-Michael Ahrend, Gerrit Hohendorf, Gerhard Schneider, Reinhard Busse, and Christian M. Schulz. "Do private German health insurers invest their capital reserves of €353 billion according to environmental, social and governance criteria?" Journal of Medical Ethics, October 13, 2020, medethics—2020–106381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106381.
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BackgroundTo prevent the planet from catastrophic global warming a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to net zero is required. Thus, divestment from fossil fuels must be a strategic interest for health insurers. The aim of this study was to analyse the implementation of environmental, social and governance (ESG) criteria in German private health insurers’ investments.MethodsIn 2019 a survey about ESG strategies was sent to German private health insurance companies. The survey evaluated investment strategies and thresholds for the exclusion of sectors and business practices, as well as company strategies for sustainable business development.FindingsGiven their business reports, German private health insurers manage assets of more than €350 billion. 11 of 40 insurance companies provided quantitative data, 10 refused to answer. According to quantitative data, €66 billion of assets is managed according to any ESG criteria; this equals an average of 76% of each company’s bonds. None of these insurers excluded the production and sale of fossil fuels. All excluded coal mining but only at high thresholds. For €226 billion, no data were provided.InterpretationThe findings are in contrast to the expected intrinsic economic interest of the insurers to stop global warming and improve public health. The majority of assets are managed in a highly problematic manner, especially the absence of capital allocated in fields contrary to medical ethics (eg, firearms, armour) cannot be presumed. Lack of transparency is a major problem that limits clients in choosing the insurer who has the most advanced ESG criteria.
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"Siberian Coal Energy Company is one of the ten largest coal companies in terms of reserves and sales worldwide and the leader of Russian coal mining companies." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost) 140, no. 4/2018 (August 20, 2018): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2018-4-140-8-15.
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Pollock, Jeffrey C. "Great Mining Camps of Canada 6. Geology and History of the Wabana Iron Mines, Bell Island, Newfoundland." Geoscience Canada, July 9, 2019, 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2019.46.148.
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The Wabana iron mines were in operation from 1895 to 1966, during which time they produced over 80 million tonnes of iron ore. They are hosted by Early Ordovician rocks that contain Clinton-type stratiform ironstones. Mineralization is characterized by oölitic, dark red to purple-red to reddish brown beds of hematite-rich fossiliferous sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Three ironstone beds are of economic importance: the Lower (Dominion Formation), Middle (Scotia Formation) and Upper (Gull Island Formation) with the Lower bed extending over 3.8 km beneath Conception Bay. The iron content in all beds ranges from 45 to 61% with a silica concentration of 6 to 20%. Reports of iron on Bell Island go back to at least 1578, when a Bristol merchant reported retrieving ore samples for shipment to England. The deposits, however, remained undeveloped for over three centuries until their rediscovery by local fishermen in the late 1880s. In 1895, the Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Company acquired the mining lease for the claims and first ore was produced at surface from No. 1 mine in the Lower bed along the island’s northwest coast. By the turn of the twentieth century the Dominion Iron and Steel Company Limited acquired a share of the Bell Island claims, and with surface reserves exhausted, the decision was made by both companies to proceed underground and develop submarine mines. Over the next five decades mining operations were operated by several owners at a steady and at times an expanding rate, with periodic setbacks through two world wars and the Great Depression. The worldwide increase in demand for iron after World War II meant the mines were in full production and exporting over 1.5 million tonnes of ore per annum. In 1950, the unprofitable No. 2 mine was closed, and a series of major expansion projects were launched with the goal to double annual production to 3 million tonnes. By the 1960s, the Wabana mines faced increased competition from foreign producers, who flooded the world iron market with high-quality ore from low-cost open-pit deposits. The last mine at Wabana ceased operation in 1966 because the high-phosphorus content of the ore was incompatible with the newest steel-making technology and the market for Wabana ore all but disappeared. Over 35 million tonnes of ore was exported to Canada (Nova Scotia) while the remainder was shipped to the United Kingdom and Germany. At the time of closure, the Wabana mines were the oldest, continually producing mine in the country. Annual production peaked in 1960 when over 2.8 million tonnes of concentrated ore were shipped. Enormous potential reserves of several billion tonnes, grading 50% iron, remain in place beneath Conception Bay but the high cost of submarine mining and absence of a market for non-Bessemer ore present obstacles to any future re-development.
RÉSUMÉLes mines de fer de Wabana ont été en activité de 1895 à 1966, période durant laquelle elles ont produit plus de 80 millions de tonnes de minerai de fer. Elles renferment des roches de l’Ordovicien inférieur contenant des roches ferrugineuses stratiformes de type Clinton. La minéralisation est caractérisée par des couches de grès oolitiques, de silts et d'argiles couleur rouge foncé à rouge violacé à brun rougeâtre, fossilifères et riches en hématite. Trois gisements de roches ferrugineuses ont une importance économique: la couche inférieure (Formation Dominion), la couche intermédiaire (Formation Scotia), et la couche supérieure (Formation Gull Island), la couche inférieure s’étendant sur 3,8 km sous la baie de la Conception. La teneur en fer de toutes les couches varie de 45 à 61% avec une concentration en silice de 6 à 20%. La présence de fer sur l’île Bell a été signalée depuis au moins 1578, lorsqu’un commerçant de Bristol a rapporté avoir récupéré des échantillons de minerai pour les expédier en Angleterre. Toutefois, les gisements sont restés inexploités pendant plus de trois siècles jusqu’à leur redécouverte par des pêcheurs locaux à la fin des années 1880. En 1895, la Nova Scotia Steel & Coal Company acquit le bail minier pour les droits et le premier minerai fut produit à la surface de la mine numéro 1 située dans la couche Inférieure sur la côte nordouest de l’île. Au tournant du XXe siècle, la Dominion Iron et la Steel Company Limited acquit une part des droits de l’île Bell. Les réserves de surface étant épuisées, les deux sociétés prirent la décision de procéder à des travaux souterrains et de développer des mines sous-marines. Au cours des cinq décennies qui ont suivies, plusieurs propriétaires ont exploité les mines à un rythme soutenu et parfois en expansion, avec des reculs périodiques à la suite des deux guerres mondiales et de la Grande Dépression. L’augmentation de la demande de fer dans le monde après la Seconde Guerre mondiale s’est traduite par une pleine production des mines et une exportation de plus de 1,5 million de tonnes de minerai par an. En 1950, la mine numéro 2, non rentable, a été fermée et une série d’importants projets d’expansion ont été lancés dans le but de doubler la production annuelle à 3 millions de tonnes. Dans les années 1960, les mines de Wabana ont dû faire face à une concurrence accrue des producteurs étrangers, qui ont inondé le marché mondial du fer avec du minerai de haute qualité provenant de gisements à ciel ouvert à faible coût. La dernière mine de Wabana a cessé ses activités en 1966 parce que la teneur élevée en phosphore du minerai était incompatible avec la technologie de fabrication de l’acier la plus récente et que le marché du minerai de Wabana avait pratiquement disparu. Plus de 35 millions de tonnes de minerai ont été exportées au Canada (Nouvelle-Écosse) alors que le reste était expédié au Royaume-Uni et en Allemagne. Au moment de leur fermeture, les mines de Wabana étaient les plus anciennes mines en production du pays. La production annuelle a atteint un sommet en 1960 lorsque plus de 2,8 millions de tonnes de minerai concentré ont été expédiées. D’énormes réserves potentielles de plusieurs milliards de tonnes, contenant 50% de fer, restent en place sous la baie de Conception, mais le coût élevé de l’exploitation minière sous-marine et l’absence de marché pour le minerai non Bessemer constituent des obstacles à tout futur redéveloppement.
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Rego, Josoaldo Lima, and Andrei Cornetta. "UMA GEOGRAFIA POLÍTICA DO OURO: SOBRE FRONTEIRA, GARIMPEIROS E DESPOSSESSÃO NA VOLTA GRANDE DO XINGU." GEOgraphia 23, no. 50 (March 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/geographia2021.v23i50.a27222.
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Nas últimas duas décadas, poucas obras no Brasil deram margem a controvérsias e especulações tanto quanto a construção da Usina Hidroelétrica (UHE) Belo Monte, na Volta Grande do rio Xingu, estado do Pará. Atualmente, dois anos após o enchimento total dos reservatórios e do início da operação comercial da UHE, a população do Médio Xingu, particularmente aquela que se encontra no trecho de vazão reduzida da Volta Grande, continua sobre forte ameaça frente ao projeto de mineração de ouro em escala industrial. Valendo-se da vazão reduzida do rio, em decorrência da construção das barragens e de um garimpo de ouro em operação desde a década de 1940, uma mineradora canadense pretende exaurir, em pouco mais de uma década, a jazida de ouro que sustenta diversas famílias agroextrativistas há três gerações. Diante desta complexidade, o presente artigo discute, a partir de um olhar da geografia política, os aspectos relacionados à busca incessante de recursos materiais na Amazônia e seus desdobramentos em termos de despossessão e das disputas territoriais.Palavras-chave: Volta Grande do Xingu; mineração de ouro; fronteira; despossessão; território. A POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY OF GOLD: ON THE FRONTIER, MINERS AND DISPOSSESSION ON THE VOLTA GRANDE DO XINGU Abstract: In the last two decades, few projects in Brazil have been so controversial and have generated as much speculation as the construction of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Plant (HPP), on Xingu River in Volta Grande region, state of Pará. Four years after the total filling of the reservoirs and the beginning of the commercial operation of Belo Monte, the population living in Middle Xingu, particularly those located in the reduced water flow areas of Volta Grande region, continue to be affected by a major gold mining project. Taking advantage of the reduced river flow caused by the construction of the dams and gold mining operations since 1940s, a Canadian mining company is now intending to deplete the local gold reserves - that have sustained three generations of local families - in just over a decade. Considering this complexity, this paper departs from the perspectives of the movements of the capitalist frontier, to discuss the aspects related to the incessant search for material resources in the Amazon and its unfolding consequences in terms of dispossession and territorial disputes.Keywords: Volta Grande do Xingu; gold mining; frontier; dispossession; territory. UNA GEOGRAFÍA POLÍTICA DEL ORO: SOBRE FRONTERA, MINEROS Y DESPOSESIÓN Y EN LA VOLTA GRANDE DO XINGU Resumen: El concepto de territorio ha sufrido importantes transformaciones, requeridas tanto por las prácticas de su uso como por los cambios en las dinámicas del poder, especialmente en relación a los límites a los que se ven sometidas las relaciones sociales de poder debido a los cambios ambientales y las llamadas fuerzas de la naturaleza. Así como ya no se puede hablar de territorio sin hablar de sus bases "naturales", no se puede hablar de "poder" sin su profunda conjugación con las "fuerzas" de la naturaleza. Muchas personas que viven esta inseparabilidad enfrentan el terricidio, ya que la existencia de sus culturas depende de la interacción con un territorio específico que está siendo amenazado. La dimensión material, corpórea y/o “natural” del territorio es cada vez más importante, vista en la múltiple riqueza - la multiterritorialidad - de sus manifestaciones, involucrando el espacio de todos los seres vivos.Palabras clave: territorio, corporificación, naturaleza, terricidio, multiterritorialidad