Journal articles: 'Residual stress measurements'

1

Lorentzen, T. "Residual stress measurements at risø." Journal of Neutron Research 1, no. 1 (1993): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10238169308200058.

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Goudar, D. M., M. S. Hossain, Christopher E. Truman, Ed J. Kingston, and David John Smith. "Uncertainties in Triaxial Residual Stress Measurements." Materials Science Forum 681 (March 2011): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.681.498.

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Residual stress measurement techniques using mechanical strain relaxation depend on a number of physical quantities and are therefore sensitive to errors associated with the measured data. The resulting stress uncertainties can easily become significant and compromise the usefulness of the results or lead to misinterpretation of the behaviour of the residual stress distributions. It is therefore essential to develop an error analysis procedure for the measurements undertaken. Error analysis procedures for the deep hole drilling (DHD) method are developed to consider triaxial residual stresses. A modified deep hole drilling method, called the incremental deep-hole drilling (iDHD), was applied to measure the near yield residual stress distributions in a cold water quenched aluminium 7010 alloy forged block. The experimental results are used to illustrate the errors.

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Woo, Wanchuck, Dong-Kyu Kim, and Gyu-Baek An. "Residual stress measurements using neutron diffraction." Journal of Welding and Joining 33, no. 1 (February 28, 2015): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2015.33.1.30.

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Law, Michael, Thomas Gnaëpel-Herold, Vladimir Luzin, and Graham Bowie. "Neutron residual stress measurements in linepipe." Physica B: Condensed Matter 385-386 (November 2006): 900–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2006.05.196.

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Luzin, V., H. J. Prask, T. Gnaupel-Herold, J. Gordon, D. Wexler, Ch Rathod, S. Pal, W. Daniel, and A. Atrens. "Neutron residual stress measurements in rails." Neutron News 24, no. 3 (July 2013): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10448632.2013.804353.

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Wong, W., and M. R. Hill. "Superposition and Destructive Residual Stress Measurements." Experimental Mechanics 53, no. 3 (June 28, 2012): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11340-012-9636-y.

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Cseh, David, Valeria Mertinger, and Márton Benke. "Innovative Residual Stress Measurements by X-Ray Diffraction." Materials Science Forum 812 (February 2015): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.812.303.

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An innovative X-ray diffractometer especially designed for residual stress measurements was deployed at the Institute of Physical Metallurgy, Metalforming and Nanotechnology of the University of Miskolc. The advantages of the equipment over the traditional X-ray diffraction stress measuring methods are presented through our experiences on industrial components with varying sizes, geometries and measurement requirements. The microstructural limitations of the X-ray diffraction based residual stress measurement method are also discussed.

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Coules, Harry E., David J. Smith, and Karim H. A. Serasli. "Numerical Reconstruction of Residual Stress Fields from Limited Measurements." Advanced Materials Research 996 (August 2014): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.996.243.

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By finding stress states which are consistent both with any existing experimental measurements and with elasticity theory, residual stress fields can often be reconstructed from incomplete measurement data. We discuss such methods of residual stress reconstruction, their implementation using finite element analysis, and the measurement strategies which enable them. In general, reconstruction of residual stress fields must be formulated as an inverse problem, which can usually be solved using stress basis functions. However, prior knowledge of the form of the residual stress field and/or underlying eigenstrain distribution often allows the problem to be reduced such that inverse methods become unnecessary, greatly simplifying the analysis. Two examples of when residual stress field reconstruction can be simplified in this way are given.

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Gao, Yi Fei, and Shu Lan Wang. "Residual Stress Measurements on IN718 Fatigue Specimens Using X-Ray Diffraction Techniques." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 578–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.578.

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Residual stress measurements were successfully performed on the representative IN718 fatigue specimens by X-Ray Diffraction. All surface residual stresses were found to be compressive. A stress gradient normal to the surface was observed on all specimens. The residual stresses tended to become less compressive with increasing depth into the parts. Residual stress measurement is the special requirement for NADCAP CRITERIA AC 7101/7. In this paper, residual stress measurements were successfully performed on two IN718 low cycle fatigue test specimens.

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Wang, Fengyun, Kuanmin Mao, and Bin Li. "Prediction of residual stress fields from surface stress measurements." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 140 (May 2018): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2018.02.043.

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Chen, Chao Chang Arthur, Wei En Fu, and Meng Ke Chen. "Residual Stress Estimation of Tungsten Film by GIXRD." Advanced Materials Research 32 (February 2008): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.32.75.

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Subsurface residual stresses of tungsten films induced by Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) processes were investigated by the Grazing Incident X-Ray Diffraction (GIXRD). Basis of the GIXRD measurement was introduced and the experiments were conducted for residual stress of tungsten film measurements. Experimental procedures of the GIXRD measurements were presented. The obtained residual stresses value of tungsten films from 800 nm to 400 nm varies from 1086.1 ± 105.2 MPa to 1670.6±103.4 MPa prior and after CMP process.

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Jung, Dubravka Sisak, Lasse Suominen, Jari Parantainen, and Christoph Hoermann. "MYTHEN Detector – Perspectives in Residual Stress Measurements." Advanced Materials Research 996 (August 2014): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.996.203.

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MYTHEN is a single-photon-counting strip detector. Its main features are high spatial resolution, zero noise, fluorescence suppression, fast readout, high dynamic range, radiation-hard and maintenance-free design. Perspectives of such a detector in residual stress measurements involve: (i) Measurements of absorbing/thick materials (ii) Well resolved peaks (iii) excellent signal-to-noise ratio (iv) Analysis of alloys (v) Fast data collection (vi) Accurate low content retained austenite measurements (vii) in situ measurements and mapping (viii) infinite life cycle. Technical details and application in synchrotron and laboratory diffractometers will be presented.

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13

Akiniwa, Yoshiaki. "Fundamental Principles of Neutron Residual Stress Measurements." hamon 19, no. 3 (2009): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5611/hamon.19.3_156.

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Tandon, Rajan, and David J. Green. "Residual Stress Determination Using Strain Gage Measurements." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 73, no. 9 (September 1990): 2628–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1990.tb06738.x.

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15

Em, Vyacheslav T., Myungkook Moon, and Changhee Lee. "Scientific Review: Residual Stress Measurements at HANARO." Neutron News 17, no. 4 (November 23, 2006): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10448630600978434.

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Mansilla, C., V. Ocelík, and J. Th M. De Hosson. "Local residual stress measurements on nitride layers." Materials Science and Engineering: A 636 (June 2015): 476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.04.023.

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17

Mishchenko, Andrii. "Surface preparation for XRD residual stress measurements." Welding International 32, no. 9 (September 2, 2018): 599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2017.1347334.

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18

Brand, P. C., H. J. Prask, and T. Gnaeupel-Herold. "Residual stress measurements at the NIST reactor." Physica B: Condensed Matter 241-243 (December 1997): 1244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(97)00837-5.

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19

Batista, E. de M., and F. G. Rodrigues. "RESIDUAL STRESS MEASUREMENTS ON COLD-FORMED PROFILES." Experimental Techniques 16, no. 5 (January 28, 2008): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.1992.tb00702.x.

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Ziq, Kh A., J. Shirokoff, and S. N. Alfaer. "Residual surface stress measurements in YBa2Cu3Ox superconductors." Applied Surface Science 252, no. 4 (November 2005): 916–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.01.040.

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21

Schajer, G. S. "Advances in Hole-Drilling Residual Stress Measurements." Experimental Mechanics 50, no. 2 (February 24, 2009): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11340-009-9228-7.

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22

Olson, M. D., M. R. Hill, B. Clausen, M. Steinzig, and T. M. Holden. "Residual Stress Measurements in Dissimilar Weld Metal." Experimental Mechanics 55, no. 6 (March 27, 2015): 1093–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11340-015-0010-8.

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23

Kim, Ho Kyeom, Martyn J. Pavier, and Anton Shterenlikht. "Plasticity and Stress Heterogeneity Influence on Mechanical Stress Relaxation Residual Stress Measurements." Advanced Materials Research 996 (August 2014): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.996.249.

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Two common problems of mechanical strain relaxation(MSR) residual stress measurement methods are investigated in this work:(1) assumption of stress uniformity and (2) the effect of plasticity at relaxation. A new MSR technique, designed specifically for highly non-uniformin-plane residual stress fields, is applied in this work to measure the residual stress field resulted from pure bending of an Al7075 alloy.The method involves introducing a straight cut across the whole part in a single increment, and collecting full field displacement fields from the side surface. Application of a 2D high resolution digital image correlation (DIC) method proved successful in this work.The reconstructed residual stress agrees well with that predicted by FE modelling. It is shown that the direction of the propagation of the slit has a major influence on plastic flow during relaxation.The major conclusion from this work is that it is possible to substantially reduce, or completely eliminate, plastic flow on relaxation by careful planning of the slit orientation and the cutting schedule.

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24

Serruys, W., P. Van Houtte, E. Aernoudt, and J. Peters. "Why Are X-Ray Measurements of Residual Stresses Different from Mechanical Residual Stress Measurements?" CIRP Annals 37, no. 1 (1988): 527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-8506(07)61693-x.

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25

Yang, Yu-Ping, T. D. Huang, Steve Scholler, Randy Dull, Charles R. Fisher, and Wei Zhang. "Weld Residual Stress Measurement on Ship Structures." Journal of Ship Production and Design 36, no. 01 (February 1, 2020): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jspd.2020.36.1.41.

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Weld residual stresses on ship structures were significantly investigated by using a three-step approach. Step 1 is to measure residual stress on small samples in laboratories to validate measurement methods, step 2 is to measure residual stress on three test panels made of DH36, HSLA-65, and HSLA-80 in a shipyard, and step 3 is to measure residual stress on a large mock-up unit and on a tie-down. Step-1 and step-2 study, presented in the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers-2017 conference, concluded that portable X-ray equipment can be used in a shipyard environment to provide reliable measurements. Residual stress was successfully measured on small welded joints, the DH36 panel, and the HSLA-65 panel, but not on the HSLA-80 panel. The reason for poor measurements on the HSLA-80 panel was that the primer on HSLA-80 surfaces blocked the diffracted X-ray. To achieve a good measurement, mechanical grinding and electropolishing were investigated to remove the primer before measurement. The minimum electropolishing time required to remove the compressive stress induced by mechanical grinding was established by experimental trials. With the electropolishing process, reasonable measurements were achieved on the HSLA-80 panel, a tie-down, and the knuckle joints of the large mock-up unit. This study reports the measured stresses on the HSLA-80 panel, the tie-down, and the knuckle joints. Welding, as one of the most important manufacturing processes in shipbuilding, inevitably induces residual stress and distortion on ship structures. Multiple methods have been developed to measure residual stress with nondestructive and destructive techniques. The common nondestructive techniques include X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Gou et al. 2015; Bandyopadhyay et al. 2018; Monine et al. 2018), neutron diffraction (Palkowski et al. 2013), magnetic method, ultrasonic methods (Bray & Junghans 1995), and impact-indentation method (Zhu et al. 2015). The destructive techniques include hole-drilling and ring-core methods, and the destructive techniques include block removal, splitting, layering, and contour methods (Leggatt et al. 1996).

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Kumagai, Masayoshi, Koichi Akita, Shin-ichi Ohya, Eiji Kusano, and Yoshihiko Hagiwara. "OS04W0318 Residual stress measurements on Cu thin films with various thicknesses using synchrotron radiation." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2003.2 (2003): _OS04W0318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2003.2._os04w0318.

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27

Burns, Elizabeth, Joseph Newkirk, and James Castle. "Micro-slotting technique for reliable measurement of sub-surface residual stress in Ti-6Al-4V." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 53, no. 6 (June 3, 2018): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309324718778225.

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Micro-slotting, a relaxation residual stress measurement technique, has recently been shown to be an effective method for measuring local residual stresses in a variety of materials. The micro-slotting method relies on a scanning electron microscope–focused ion beam system for milling and imaging, digital image correlation software to track displacements due to residual stress relaxation after milling, and finite element analysis for displacement–stress correlation and calculation of the original stress state in the imaged region. The high spatial resolution of the micro-slotting method makes it a promising technique for obtaining near-surface residual stress data in Ti-6Al-4V components for input into fatigue life models and crack growth simulations. However, use of the micro-slotting method on this alloy has yet to be evaluated against more established measurement techniques. In this study, spatially resolved sub-surface residual stress measurements were obtained on shot peened and low-stress surface-machined Ti-6Al-4V planar coupons using the micro-slotting method and were compared to measurements obtained using the conventional X-ray diffraction depth profiling technique. The sub-surface measurements were in good agreement for the shot peened sample. Observed differences in the measured near-surface residual stresses on the surface-machined sample were attributed to the larger measurement volume of the X-ray diffraction method, suggesting that the micron-sized measurement volume of the micro-slotting method may be more suitable for capturing shallow stress profiles and steep stress gradients. Prior to performing the micro-slotting measurements, finite element modeled displacements were used to verify the measurement procedure and to address uncertainties in the milled slot geometries. The results of this study demonstrated the validity of the micro-slotting procedure and established the technique as a reliable method for measuring sub-surface residual stresses in Ti-6Al-4V.

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Pardue, E. B. S., M. V. Mathis, R. W. Hendricks, and E. M. Stangeland. "Space Shuttle Main Engine Hydrogen Pump Impeller Residual Stress Measurements Using Pars (Portable Apparatus for Measurement of Residual Stress)." Advances in X-ray Analysis 29 (1985): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800010090.

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X-ray residual stress analysis was performed on four space shuttle hydrogen pump impellers made from Ti-5Al-2,5Sn alloy. Five locations on the outer rim, near the vanes, were measured on each impeller, identified as #1, #2,#3, and #4. Impellers #1 and #4 were test-fired impellers, impeller #2 was a new impeller that had been spin tested, and impeller #3 was a new impeller that had not teen spin tested. The measurement locations on these impellers corresponded to areas of critical stress importance. The purpose of the measurements was to compare the stresses at these locations as a function of impeller processing variables. A description of the Impellers, the test parameters and procedures, stress analysis results, and a technical discussion of these results are presented in this report.A description of the Impellers, the test parameters and procedures, stress analysis results, and a technical discussion of these results are presented in this report.

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Ogawa, Masaru, and Takehiro Ishii. "OS3-2 Evaluation of Three-dimensional Residual Stresses for a Butt-welded Plate via X-ray Measurements on Surface(Stress/strain evaluation,OS3 Stress/strain analyses by diffraction method,MEASUREMENT METHODS)." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2015.14 (2015): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2015.14.36.

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Li, L., A. Vaidya, T. Streibl, S. Sampath, A. Gouldstone, Vladimir Luzin, and Henry Prask. "Residual Stress Analysis of Thermal Sprayed Molybdenum Deposit." Materials Science Forum 490-491 (July 2005): 607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.490-491.607.

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Thermal spray is a well-established, versatile method of producing protective and functional coatings. As with most thin- or thick-film structures, residual stresses developed during processing play an important role in determining the performance and life of sprayed coatings. Diffraction methods (X-ray or neutron) and in situ curvature measurement have been widely used to measure stresses nondestructively, yet results in coating stress measurements seen in the literatures are sometimes ambiguous or conflicting. This is due not only to the experimental error associated with the measurement and simplifying assumptions, but also the complexity and heterogeneity of the coating structure. During deposition, molten, semi-molten or solid particles successively impinge onto a substrate surface, thus forming a layered structure comprised of ‘splats,’ separated by interfaces, cracks and pores. In this study, X-ray micro-diffraction with a 2-D detector has been used to determine the stress magnitude of both splats and coatings on substrates. Neutron diffraction stress measurements have been made through the entire coating thickness. The process of depositing and cooling has been monitored by in situ curvature measurement. Micro- and macro stresses have been examined. The relation between process and splat and coating residual stresses has been evaluated and interpreted by recourse to microstructural and morphological observations under SEM. This study bridges the behaviors of microscopic single splats and macroscopic coatings, hence helps to fundamentally understand the stress generation during thermal spray process.

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Liang, Bin, Jian Ming Gong, Hai Tao Wang, and Cheng Ye. "Evaluation of Residual Stresses in Butt-Welded Joints by Residual Magnetic Field Measurements." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 2427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.2427.

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Measuring residual stray field (RMF) signals provides a promising tool to analyze the stress in ferromagnetic welded materials. In this paper, the variations of the normal component of the RMF, Hp(y), perpendicular to welded seam are measured. The finite element method is used to model residual stress in the specimen. The influence of residual stress on the Hp(y) component is shown. It is found that the distributions of the Hp(y) component are described by a Boltzmann fitting curve, show a good qualitative correlation with residual stress. A quantitative method for the evaluation of residual stress in ferromagnetic steels based on the gradient of the Hp(y) component and equivalent (vonMises) stress is presented.

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32

Hill, Michael R., and Wei-Yan Lin. "Residual Stress Measurement in a Ceramic-Metallic Graded Material." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 124, no. 2 (March 26, 2002): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1446073.

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This paper presents experimental measurements of the through-thickness distribution of residual stress in a ceramic-metallic functionally graded material (FGM). It further presents an error analysis and optimization of the residual stress measurement technique. Measurements are made in a seven-layered plate with a base of commercially pure titanium and successive layers containing an increasing proportion of titanium-boride, reaching 85% titanium-boride in the final layer. The compliance method is employed to determine residual stress, where a slot is introduced using wire electric-discharge machining and strain release is measured as a function of increasing slot depth. Strain release measurements are used with a back-calculation scheme, based on finite element simulation, to provide residual stresses in the FGM. The analysis is complicated by the variation of material properties in the FGM, but tractable due to the flexibility of the finite element method. The Monte Carlo approach is used for error analysis and a method is described for optimization of the functional form assumed for the residual stresses. The magnitude and variation of the resulting residual stress distributions and several aspects of the error analyses are discussed.

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Davies, Catrin Mair, Robert C. Wimpory, Anna Maria Paradowska, and Kamran M. Nikbin. "Residual Stress Measurements in Large Scale Component Sections." Materials Science Forum 652 (May 2010): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.652.321.

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Neutron diffractometer Engin-X at ISIS was used use in this study to investigate the residual stresses in a section of a multi-pass girth welded thick pipe, of nominal thickness 62 mm, which was made of a ferritic-martensitic steel denoted type P92. Measurements in such large component sections are rare, and have driven the neutron diffraction method to the edge of its capabilities. Significant stresses of over 150 MPa have been found in this pipe section, though post weld heat treatment has been performed. The influences of these welding residual stresses in components at operating temperatures are discussed in terms of their relaxation and high temperature fracture behaviour.

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Curfs, C., Oliver Kirstein, Andrew Studer, R. Blevins, David G. Carr, and Maurice I. Ripley. "Residual Stress Measurements in Australia: Present and Future." Materials Science Forum 490-491 (July 2005): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.490-491.218.

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The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, ANSTO, (http:\\www.ansto.gov.au) has initiated a “Neutrons for Engineering” project to provide an integrated residual stress service to Australian industry and academia. The service is based around measurements of residual stress using neutrons on a newly-refurbished instrument on the HIFAR research reactor. In addition to the neutron measurements there is a range of expertise available on the ANSTO site to solve residual stress problems using other techniques including hole-drilling, strain-gauging, and x-ray diffraction, as well as capabilities for finite element modeling and mechanical testing. In this paper we describe briefly the existing and future facilities at ANSTO for neutron strain scanning and present some benchmark results for the HIFAR strain scanner.

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Smith, D. J., G. H. Farrahi, W. X. Zhu, and C. A. McMahon. "Obtaining multiaxial residual stress distributions from limited measurements." Materials Science and Engineering: A 303, no. 1-2 (May 2001): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(00)01837-2.

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Ruud, C. O., and C. P. Gazzara. "Residual Stress Measurements in Alumina and Silicon Carbide." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 68, no. 2 (February 1985): C—67—C—68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1985.tb15289.x.

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Schajer, Gary S., and Michael B. Prime. "Use of Inverse Solutions for Residual Stress Measurements." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 128, no. 3 (2006): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2204952.

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HAGIRI, Masato, Koichi AKITA, Satoshi KOBAYASHI, Shinichi OHYA, and Yoshihiko HAGIWARA. "Residual Stress Measurements on CFRP Using Synchrotron Radiation." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2003.1 (2003): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2003.1.0_245.

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Zamashchikov, Yury I. "Surface residual stress measurements by layer removal method." International Journal of Machining and Machinability of Materials 16, no. 3/4 (2014): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmmm.2014.067307.

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40

Hossain, M. S., D. M. Goudar, Christopher E. Truman, and David John Smith. "Simulation and Measurement of Residual Stresses in a Type 316H Stainless Steel Offset Repair in a Pipe Girth Weld." Materials Science Forum 681 (March 2011): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.681.492.

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In common with all mechanical strain relief residual stress measurement methods, extra care must be taken when making measurements on components containing highly triaxial residual stress fields which are close to yield. The introduction of a free surface, created as part of the measurement procedure, can lead to plastic redistribution of the residual stress field. Usually, this is not accounted for in the elastic inversion algorithms of the experimental procedure. This paper demonstrates the usefulness and accuracy of deep-hole drilling (DHD) method [1] in a component predicted to contain a triaxial residual stress field. Previous measurements [2] are compared with the results of a DHD simulation on a type 316H stainless steel pipe containing a repair weld offset from an original girth weld. The influence of different material models was also studied.

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41

Ruud, C. O., D. J. Snoha, and D. P. Ivkovich. "Experimental Methods for Determination of Precision and Estimation of Accuracy in XRD Residual Stress Measurement." Advances in X-ray Analysis 30 (1986): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800021674.

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AbstractIt is important to establish precision and accuracy of an X-ray diffraction (XRD) residual stress measurement procedure in order to compare capabilities of instrumentation and techniques, as well as to provide confidence limits for experimental data. There is no broadly acceptable method for establishment of precision and accuracy. This paper describes a proposed approach and one which is used at The Pennsylvania State University.One impediment to the measurement of precision and accuracy is that no standard specimen with a known residual stress level is available. Proposed standard specimens have been abandoned for various reasons, including the concern for stability of the original stress condition and the existence of stress gradients, i.e., stress inhomogeneity, in the specimens. However, there is one type of specimen which has been accepted by ASTM as an alignment and zero residual stress confirmation standard. That type of specimen is a powdered sample of metal or ceramic which provides XRD peaks in the vicinity of the Bragg angle in which residual stress measurements are to be performed.Some researchers tend to report detector counting statistics as the uncertainty of stress measurement but such statistical scatter accounts for only one part of uncertainty in precision and accuracy. The total uncertainty is best determined directly through repeated residual stress measurements performed by removal and readdressing the test specimen or through a repetition of measurements under predictably changing conditions. This paper describes results from the use of powder specimens to establish the repeatability of measurements with a portable instrument after removal and readdressing of the specimens. Also, results showing the uncertainty of the measured stress change in specimens subjected to known loads are discussed.

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42

Walaszek, H., H. P. Lieurade, C. Peyrac, J. Hoblos, and J. Rivenez. "Potentialities of Ultrasonics for Evaluating Residual Stresses: Influence of Microstructure." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 124, no. 3 (July 26, 2002): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1490931.

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The good control of residual stress level in mechanical components is an important factor, particularly for a good fatigue strength of these components. This paper presents advances obtained at the technical center for mechanical engineering industries (CETIM) in the field of development of an ultrasonic method for stress measurements. This method is potentially advantageous because it is nondestructive, has good portability, and is easy to use. In the paper are discussed the results obtained with ultrasonics on steel welded plate, and a comparison is made with stress measurement obtained by incremental hole-drilling method, and X-ray diffraction. These results are also validated by thermal relaxation of the plates. The paper discusses also the microstructure influence on ultrasonic measurements and methods for adjusting the ultrasonic measurements to improve the agreement with results obtained from other techniques. In conclusion is emphasized the interest for studying the ability of the ultrasonic residual stress measurement method in different industrial cases.

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Zhang, Ying, S. Pratihar, Michael E. Fitzpatrick, and Lyndon Edwards. "Residual Stress Mapping in Welds Using the Contour Method." Materials Science Forum 490-491 (July 2005): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.490-491.294.

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The contour method, a newly-invented sectioning technique for residual stress measurement, has the potential to measure the cross-sectional residual stress profile of a weld in a simple and time-efficient manner. In this paper we demonstrate the capability of the contour method to measure cross-sectional residual stress profiles, which are compared with neutron diffraction measurements and show excellent agreement. The results provide useful information for safetycritical design of welded components and optimization of welding parameters, and also illustrate the potential of the contour technique as a powerful tool for residual stress evaluation.

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Schajer, G. S., and E. Altus. "Stress Calculation Error Analysis for Incremental Hole-Drilling Residual Stress Measurements." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 118, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2805924.

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The incremental hole-drilling method for measuring non-uniform residual stresses gives stress results that are very sensitive to errors in the measured data. The resulting stress errors can easily become large enough to compromise seriously the usefulness of the calculated stress results. This paper describes a straightforward method for calculating the stress range that has a specified probability of containing the actual residual stresses. Knowledge of this range allows informed interpretations of the stress results to be made. The four measurement error sources considered are: strain errors, hole depth errors, uniform hole diameter errors, and material constant errors. Both the Integral and Power Series stress calculation methods are investigated, and their different responses to measurement errors are described.

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Mahmoudi, A. H., D. Stefanescu, S. Hossain, C. E. Truman, D. J. Smith, and P. J. Withers. "Measurement and Prediction of the Residual Stress Field Generated by Side-Punching." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 128, no. 3 (March 20, 2006): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2203103.

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Side-punching is proposed as a method of introducing a well-defined residual stress field into a laboratory-sized test specimen. Such a specimen may subsequently be used to assess the influence of residual stresses on the fracture behavior of materials. Side-punching consists of simultaneously indenting opposite faces of a plate of material with rigid tools, using sufficient force to cause localized yielding over a finite-sized volume of material adjacent to the punching tools. This paper presents experimental measurements, obtained using three independent measurement techniques, of the residual stress field generated in an aluminium alloy plate after side-punching. Incremental center hole drilling is used to determine the near-surface residual stress field, while synchrotron x-ray diffraction and deep hole drilling are used to measure the through-thickness residual stress field along a path linking the two punch center points. Finite element (FE) predictions are also presented and compared to the measurements. There is very good agreement between all three sets of measurements and the FE results, which all show that the through-thickness residual stresses are compressive and attain a maximum value at the center of the plate. The results confirm the potential use of side-punching in residual stress-crack interaction studies.

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Krawitz, Aaron. "The Early History of Neutron Stress Measurements." Materials Science Forum 571-572 (March 2008): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.571-572.3.

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The early years of neutron stress measurements are recounted using published documents and input from workers in the field. The circumstances and motivations of the early workers in the field are discussed, and some general conclusions are drawn. The first known reference is from the US National Bureau of Standards (NBS), now the National Institutes for Science and Technology (NIST), in 1976. In Europe, in the 1970s, materials scientists and engineers were encouraged to use neutrons to study applied problems after the ILL was commissioned, and this outreach effort was productive. The idea was also discussed in Australia at this time. Actual depth-probing measurements of stress began in 1979 at Missouri and Karlsruhe, then Harwell in 1980. The 1980s saw dramatic growth in the number and kinds of measurements, including initial pulsed source studies at IPNS and commercial work at Harwell and Chalk River. Two meetings are particularly significant: the 28th Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference on Residual Stress and Stress Relaxation, held in July, 1981, in Lake Placid, New York, and the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Measurement of Residual and Applied Stress Using Neutron Diffraction, held in March, 1991, in Oxford. At the Sagamore Conference, the first workers to make successful measurements met. At the NATO Workshop, the neutron stress measurement community essentially came into existence.

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Gyekenyesi, A. L. "Thermoelastic Stress Analysis: An NDE Tool for Residual Stress Assessment of Metallic Alloys." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 124, no. 2 (March 26, 2002): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1417982.

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The primary objective of this report involves studying and developing various experimental techniques for accurate measurement of the mean stress effect in thermoelastic stress analysis (TSA, also recognized as SPATE: stress pattern analysis by thermal emission). The analysis of cyclic mean stresses at the coupon level directly relates to the measurement of residual stresses in structures. In a previous study by the authors, it was shown that cyclic mean stresses significantly influenced the TSA results for titanium and nickel-based alloys, although, difficulties were encountered concerning the quantification of the mean stress effect because of large test-to-test variations. This study continues the effort of accurate direct measurements of the mean stress effect by implementing various experimental modifications. In addition, a more in-depth analysis is included which involves analyzing the second harmonic of the temperature response. By obtaining the amplitudes of the first and second harmonics, the stress amplitude and the mean stress at a given point on a structure subjected to a cyclic load can be simultaneously obtained. The rather complex analysis of the temperature response involves obtaining the first and second harmonic amplitudes for 16384 infrared detectors (128×128 focal plane array). Upon establishing a protocol for mean stress measurements in the laboratory using the TSA technique, the next step is to utilize the method to assess residual stress states in complex structures during manufacturing and life.

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Ignatiev, A. G., V. V. Erofeev, and A. A. Tretyakov. "Residual Stress Measurements Using Elasto-Plastic Indentation and ESPI." Materials Science Forum 843 (February 2016): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.843.161.

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This paper presents a method for residual stress measurement using elasto-plastic contact indentation. This method for measuring residual stresses uses data on normal displacements in a bulging area around indentation. It is shown that magnitude and distribution of normal displacements is affected by magnitude and sign of residual stresses. Basic equations describing formation of bulging area around indentation are presented. To record distribution of displacements ESPI-method is used. The main elements of the technique for residual stress measurement using developed method are shown. The method is recommended to be used in the practice of scientific research organizations in the development, improvement and debugging techniques for renovation and hardening of parts.

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Schajer, Gary S. "Hole-Drilling Residual Stress Profiling With Automated Smoothing." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 129, no. 3 (March 28, 2007): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2744416.

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An effective procedure is presented that allows stable hole-drilling residual stress calculations using strain data from measurements taken at many small increments of hole depth. This use of many strain measurements is desirable because it improves the data content of the calculation, and the statistical reliability of the residual stress results. The use of Tikhonov regularization to reduce the noise sensitivity that is characteristic of a fine-increment calculation is described. This mathematical procedure is combined with the Morozov criterion to identify the optimal amount of regularization that balances the competing tendencies of noise reduction and stress solution distortion. A simple method is described to estimate the standard error in the strain measurements so that the optimal regularization can be chosen automatically. The possible use of a priori information about the trend of the expected solution is also discussed as a further means of improving the stress solution. The application of the described method is demonstrated with some experimental measurements, and realistic results are obtained.

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Kleimana, Jacob, and Yuri Kudryavtsevb. "Non-destructive measurements of residual stresses in structural details of bridges." Zavarivanje i zavarene konstrukcije 65, no. 2 (2020): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zzk2002065k.

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Bridges are vital in our society for uninterrupted transportation of goods and people on roads and railways and timely maintenance and repair of bridges are of outmost importance. The residual stresses have a significant effect on the process of the initiation and propagation of the fatigue cracks in welded elements and are responsible for many bridge failures.Knowledge of residual stresses, their distribution and their nature is, therefore, of paramount importance in all stages of bridge's design, building and maintenance. Among nondestructive methods for residual stress measurements the use of ultrasonic waves is gaining popularity and acceptance. A portable instrument, UltraMARS that is capable of measuring residual stresses in materials either averaged through thickness or in surface and subsurface layers using ultrasonic waves of different frequencies and displaying the results in a form of a continuous curve on the screen of the instrument was developed and used successfully in many investigations [1, 2]. The main principles of operation and used methodology are briefly discussed, with actual measurement examples using the bulk, the surface and the subsurface presented. A new transducer for measurement of surface and subsurface stresses with a variable base between the ultrasonic wave sender and receiver was designed and manufactured recently. By changing the distance between the sender and receiver it is possible to obtain nondestructively information on residual stress distribution through a certain range of thicknesses of the interrogated materials and structures. Results of calibration of the new variable base ultrasonic transducer (VBUT) for a number of selected materials will be presented. The results of residual stresses measured in structural details of a bridge that was damaged as well as in a number of welded bridges before and after application of improvement treatment used to beneficially redistribute the residual stresses are also presented. The obtained data on residuals stress distribution had proven that the nondestructive ultrasonic method for measurement of residual stresses is a practical and useful tool in maintenance and repair of bridges.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Residual stress measurements'

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