Dissertations / Theses: 'Resilient Infrastructure'

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Schaefer, Michael L. "Operating in uncertainty : growing resilient critical infrastructure organizations." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5746.

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CHDS State/Local Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited Publicly owned utilities as natural monopolies have historically operated in a relatively controlled environment. As they have become increasingly networked and interdependent with similar enterprises, the level of management complexity has increased dramatically within their operating environment. The leadership skills and worldview of the management of public utilities, based on the Newtonian paradigms of the last century, have not kept pace with these rapidly changing environmental conditions. A gap exists today among leaders of public utilities in understanding that their environment and organization are part of complex adaptive systems and that the implications of operating in a complex environment are substantive. The findings developed through a research process based on written questionnaires and interviews of industry leaders confirmed and expanded the emergent theory of the current situation facing utilities. The findings further support a framework to assess where utilities are today regarding growing resilience into their organization. As utilities' management teams develop a clearer understanding of their current position and the nature of complexity, they can cultivate a strategy using a variety of methods developed in the research to begin the process of adjusting the tacit values, norms and assumptions that comprise the organizational culture to improve resiliency within their enterprise.

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Pritchard, Oliver G. "Soil-related geohazard assessment for climate-resilient UK infrastructure." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2015. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9983.

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UK (United Kingdom) infrastructure networks are fundamental for maintaining societal and economic wellbeing. With infrastructure assets predominantly founded in the soil layer (< 1.5m below ground level) they are subject to a range of soil-related geohazards. A literature review identified that geohazards including, clay-related subsidence, sand erosion and soil corrosivity have exerted significant impacts on UK infrastructure to date; often resulting in both long-term degradation and ultimately structural failure of particular assets. Climate change projections suggest that these geohazards, which are themselves driven by antecedent weather conditions, are likely to increase in magnitude and frequency for certain areas of the UK through the 21st century. Despite this, the incorporation of climate data into geohazard models has seldom been undertaken and never on a national scale for the UK. Furthermore, geohazard risk assessment in UK infrastructure planning policy is fragmented and knowledge is often lacking due to the complexity of modelling chronic hazards in comparison to acute phenomenon such as flooding. With HM Government's recent announcement of £50 million planned infrastructure investment and capital projects, the place of climate resilient infrastructure is increasingly pertinent. The aim of this thesis is therefore to establish whether soil-related geohazard assessments have a role in ensuring climate-resilient UK infrastructure. Soil moisture projections were calculated using probabilistic weather variables derived from a high-resolution version of the UKCP09 (UK Climate Projections2009) weather generator. These were then incorporated into a geohazard model to predict Great Britain's (GB) subsidence hazard for the future scenarios of 2030 (2020-2049) and 2050 (2040-2069) as well as the existing climatic baseline (1961-1990). Results suggest that GB is likely to be subject to increased clay-related subsidence in future, particularly in the south east of England. This thesis has added to scientific understanding through the creation of a novel, national-scale assessment of clay subsidence risk, with future assessments undertaken to 2050. This has been used to help create a soil- informed maintenance strategy for improving the climate resilience of UK local roads, based on an extended case study utilising road condition data for the county of Lincolnshire, UK. Finally, a methodological framework has been created, providing a range of infrastructure climate adaptation stakeholders with a method for incorporating geohazard assessments, informed by climate change projections, into asset management planning and design of new infrastructure. This research also highlights how infrastructure networks are becoming increasingly interconnected, particularly geographically, and therefore even minor environmental shocks arising from soil-related geohazards can cause significant cascading failures of multiple infrastructure networks. A local infrastructure hotspot analysis methodology and case-study is provided.

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Pandit, Arka. "Resilience of urban water systems: an 'infrastructure ecology' approach to sustainable and resilient (SuRe) planning and design." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53443.

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Increasing urbanization is a dominant global trend of the past few decades. For cities to become more sustainable, however, the infrastructure on which they rely must also become more efficient and resilient. Urban infrastructure systems are analogous to ecological systems because they are interconnected, complex and adaptive, are comprised of interconnected components, and exhibit characteristic scaling properties. Analyzing them together as a whole, as one would do for an ecological system, provides a better understanding about their dynamics and interactions, and enables system-level optimization. The adoption of this “infrastructure ecology” approach will result in urban development that costs less to build and maintain, is more sustainable (e.g. uses less materials and energy) and resilient, and enables a greater and more equitable creation of wealth and comfort. Resilience, or the capacity of a system to absorb shocks and perform under perturbations, can serve as an appropriate indicator of functional sustainability for dynamic adaptive systems like Urban Water Systems. This research developed an index of resilience (R-Index) to quantify the “full-spectrum” resilience of urban water systems. It developed five separate indices, namely (i) Index of Water Scarcity (IWS), (ii) Relative Dependency Index (RDI), (iii) Water Quality Index (WQI), (iv) Index of Network Resilience (INR), and (v) Relative Criticality Index (RCI), to address the criticalities inherent to urban water systems and then combines them to develop the R-Index through a multi-criteria decision analysis method. The research further developed a theoretical construct to quantify the temporal aspect of resilience, i.e. how quickly the system can return back to its original performance level. While there is a growing impetus of incorporating sustainability in decision making, frequently it comes at the cost of resilience. This is attributable to the fact that the decision-makers often lack a life-cycle perspective and a proven, consistent and robust approach to understand the tradeoff between increased resilience and its impact on sustainability. This research developed an approach to identify the sustainable and resilient (SuRe) zone of urban infrastructure planning and design where both sustainability and resilience can be pursued together.

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Brown, Shaun Anthony. "Resilient infrastructure networks : managing the impacts of disruptive events on resource movements." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3326.

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Interdependencies between infrastructures which enable the flow resources have the potential to increase the vulnerability of interconnected systems of supply chains to disruption via cascading mechanisms. These interactions are poorly understood as there are limited observations whilst the movement of resources can occur at many spatial scales. It is a complex problem because of both the number of components and the dynamic nature of the systems that allow these to move around. To analyse the disruption of resource flows within interdependent systems, this paper introduces a resource model that pulls together two established modelling methodologies: input-output modelling and network analysis. Data on supply, demand and flows are typically only provided at coarse spatial scales, so an important development was the disaggregation of regional economic input-output data into smaller spatial units. The model was tested using a case study of Lerwick in the Shetland Islands. It was found, when flood defences were taken into account, the level of risk from storm surges of various magnitudes was low. The model was able to highlight unknown linkages and reaffirm an increase in vulnerability caused by Just-in-time management strategies and the clustering of like industries. As part of this a flood risk analysis technique was presented which highlighted the potential impacts of floods of varying magnitudes, as well how the flood protection affected the levels of risk caused by these events. A second case study of the food distribution network in New York was also developed to provide validation through the recreation of the effects post Tropical Storm Sandy. The research provided a rationale for an encouragement of a move away from just-in-time production to take place and halt the fashion of making supply chains leaner. It also encouraged an increase in cooperation to take place between companies to understand the vulnerabilities within their own supply chains.

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Allen, Jennifer. "Utilisation of analogous climate locations to produce resilient biodiversity plantings for infrastructure developments." Thesis, Aston University, 2014. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/23177/.

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Developers have an obligation to biodiversity when considering the impact their development may have on the environment, with some choosing to go beyond the legal requirement for planning consent. Climate change projections over the 21st century indicate a climate warming and thus the species selected for habitat creation need to be able to withstand the pressures associated with these forecasts. A process is therefore required to identify resilient plantings for sites subject to climate change. Local government ecologists were consulted on their views on the use of plants of non-native provenance or how they consider resilience to climate change as part of their planting recommendations. There are mixed attitudes towards non-native species, but with studies already showing the impact climate change is having on biodiversity, action needs to be taken to limit further biodiversity loss, particularly given the heavily fragmented landscape preventing natural migration. A methodology has been developed to provide planners and developers with recommendations for plant species that are currently adapted to the climate the UK will experience in the future. A climate matching technique, that employs a GIS, allows the identification of European locations that currently experience the predicted level of climate change at a given UK location. Once an appropriate location has been selected, the plant species present in this area are then investigated for suitability for planting in the UK. The methodology was trialled at one site, Eastern Quarry in Kent, and suitable climate matched locations included areas in north-western France. Through the acquisition of plant species data via site visits and online published material, a species list was created, which considered original habitat design, but with added resilience to climate change.

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Opdyke, Aaron. "Resilient and Sustainable Infrastructure Systems| A Comparative Analysis of Post-Disaster Shelter Coordination, Stakeholder Participation, and Training." Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10617829.

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Sustainable infrastructure that is used and maintained by communities over time, and resilient to hazards, is sorely needed in developing countries where natural disasters cause disproportionate damages and mortality as well as impede development efforts. Shelter is universally recognized as a foundational element of disaster recovery; and while its ability to provide protection from the elements is a core function, it also affords broader social and economic benefits. Unfortunately, conventional approaches in post-disaster shelter reconstruction focus primarily on rapid and recognizable results over long-term outcomes, perpetuating pre-existing vulnerabilities and failing to provide acceptable standards of service. There exists a need to better understand how shelter recovery processes employed by stakeholders lead to eventual infrastructure system outcomes. This research longitudinally analyzed 19 humanitarian shelter projects following Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) in the Philippines over a three-year period, seeking to answer the overarching research question of what combinations of coordination, stakeholder participation and training across project delivery phases lead to resilient and sustainable community infrastructure systems? A multi-method approach consisting of case study methods and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) was employed to analyze the impact of combinations of project processes in leading to infrastructure outcomes. This research (1) identified key factors influencing inter-organizational coordination in post-disaster contexts; (2) identified types of household participation that arise in shelter projects and analyzed their impact on project outcomes; (3) identified methods of construction training used in shelter projects and their impact on household knowledge acquisition; and (4) analyzed combinations of coordination, participation, and training across the planning, design, and construction phases of shelter projects that led to infrastructure resilience and sustainability, in isolation and combination. The results contribute to understanding of shelter processes and organizing structures necessary for resilient and sustainable systems, building theory of reconstruction process pathways. Practically, findings can aid practitioners identify more effective modalities of delivering shelter assistance in post-disaster humanitarian response.

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Roshani, Atena. "Road infrastructure vulnerability to groundwater table variation due to sea level rise." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/74509/1/Atena_Roshani_Thesis.pdf.

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This study was conducted to assess the vulnerability of coastal road infrastructures due to climate change induced sea level rise and extreme weather conditions through the estimation of road subgrade strength reduction as a result of changes in soil moisture content. The study area located in the Gold Coast, Australia highlighted that the risk is significant. In wet seasons or areas with wet condition, the groundwater table is already high, so even a small change in the groundwater table can raise the risk of inundation; particularly, in areas with existing shallow groundwater. The predicted risk of a high groundwater table on road infrastructure is a long-term hazard. Therefore, there is time to undertake some management plans to decrease the possible risks, for instance, some deep root plants could be planted along the roads with a high level of risk, to decrease the groundwater table elevation.

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Wachs, Matthias [Verfasser], Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Grothoff, Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Neumann, and Uwe [Akademischer Betreuer] Baumgarten. "A Secure and Resilient Communication Infrastructure for Decentralized Networking Applications / Matthias Wachs. Gutachter: Thomas Neumann ; Uwe Baumgarten ; Christian Grothoff. Betreuer: Christian Grothoff." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1069199680/34.

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BARAVIKOVA, ALIAKSANDRA. "Dealing with conceptual ambiguity on the ground: how practitioners in Europe operationalise the international policy rhetoric on urban climate adaptation." Doctoral thesis, Gran Sasso Science Institute, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12571/9962.

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In recent decades, adaptation to the impacts of climate change has become a key agenda for cities around the globe. A growing body of literature has already illustrated how cities are a key driver of climate change, its main victim and a promising site for action. Meanwhile, climate change has brought not only new responsibilities but also a new lexicon for urban practitioners. Concepts such as urban climate resilience and the idea of nature’s benefits for climate adaptation, embodied in the “green concepts” – nature-based solutions (NbS), ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) and blue-green infrastructure (BGI) – feature in the major global agreements. Still, they are often seen as vague, ambiguous, and therefore of limited practical value. Despite their prominence both in academia and policy discourses, their actual operationalisation and use on the ground remains understudied. This thesis aims to widen the existing scholarly knowledge by examining how urban climate resilience and ‘green concepts’ are used and operationalised at different levels of decision-making in the EU. Several bodies of literature contribute to the conceptual framework of the thesis: climate change adaptation in cities, scholarship specifically on these concepts, and studies on the role of framings and science-policy interface in environmental and climate governance. I use qualitative methods to analyse strategic policy papers and semi-structured interviews with city practitioners across Europe, plus a survey among European academics. The thesis is composed of three academic papers investigating the uptake of these concepts. Paper 1 compares the perceptions of conceptual tensions surrounding urban resilience among the EU academics and practitioners; Paper 2 looks at how urban resilience is operationalised in three science-policy projects financed by the EU; Paper 3 studies the uptake of NbS, BGI and EbA, which are seen as one of the key ways to enhance urban resilience, in urban green planning and management in four large Polish cities. This study provides a critical discussion of concepts’ operationalisation efforts and challenges and discusses the role of vagueness and uncertainty in their uptake. It contributes to the literature by expanding the geography of research beyond few ‘frontrunner’ cities as well as outlining some general tendencies in the European context.

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Högberg, Yilmaz Melissa. "The urban planning of Istanbul and the provision of green resilient zones in an earthquake-hit metropolitan area -A case study of Istanbul & Avcılar." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-85572.

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This paper examines how green areas may be used as strategic recovery zones in the event of an earthquake and how these zones may strengthen the resilience for future quakes in Istanbul. The paper also refers to investigating why the planning system in Turkey can pose a threat for the provision of green areas. Green areas have proven to be an important feature in natural disaster stricken cities for coping with disasters by strengthening the city’s resilience. However due to rapid population growth and high demand for housing and infrastructure, green areas risk disappearing when the city expands. This problem is evident all major cities of turkey and particularly in the country’s largest city Istanbul, where green areas are benign exploited instead of preserved; leaving larger city’s such as Istanbul vulnerable for future earthquake disasters. The high demand for new housing and functioning infrastructure in conjunction with a complicated planning system in Turkey leads to a vaguely regulated planning system, which creates a threat to green areas. This creates an uncertain situation for the city's ability and resilience to withstand a future earthquake disaster. The study will be based on a qualitative method. The empirical material will be presented through a previous research overview and a case study, which is also based on previous research on the subject. Essay analysis will be performed based on a quantitative text analysis based on concepts; urban disaster resilience, green infrastructure, land use planning and governance, presented in the essays theoretical framework. The general conclusions of the study are that there is a lack of good governance in the planning system in Turkey, which creates restrictions for a sustainable and resilient urban planning in the city of Istanbul. Green areas are resilience and capacity building areas in the city to handle future earthquake disaster, by providing open recovery zones in a densely built city. It is therefore important to plan for a long-term land use and to regard the green areas in the city to uphold strong urban disaster resilience for future earthquakes in Istanbul.

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Noroozi, Hamid. "A Cloud-native Vehicular Public Key Infrastructure : Towards a Highly-available and Dynamically- scalable VPKIaaS." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300658.

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Efforts towards standardization of Vehicular Communication Systems (VCSs) have been conclusive on the use of Vehicular Public-Key Infrastructure (VPKI) for the establishment of trust among network participants. Employing VPKI in Vehicular Communication (VC) guarantees the integrity and authenticity of Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAMs) and Decentralized Environmental Notification Messages (DENMs). It also offers a level of privacy for vehicles as VPKI provides them with a set of non-linkable short-lived certificates, called pseudonyms, which are used to sign outgoing messages by vehicles while they communicate with other vehicles referred to as Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) or Roadside Units (RSUs) referred to as Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I). Each vehicle uses a pseudonym for its lifetime and by switching to a not- previously- used pseudonym, it continues to communicate without risking its privacy. There have been two approaches suggested by the literature on how to provide vehicles with pseudonyms. One is the so-called pre-loading mode, suggesting to pre-load vehicles with all pseudonyms they need, which increases the cost of revocation in case they are compromised. The other one is the on-demand mode, suggesting a real-time offering of pseudonyms by VPKI at vehicles request e.g., on starting each trip. Choosing the on-demand approach imposes a considerable burden of availability and resilience on VPKI services. In this work, we are confronting the problems regarding a large-scale deployment of an on-demand VPKI that is resilient, highly available, and dynamically scalable. In order to achieve that, by leveraging state-of-the-art tools and design paradigms, we have enhanced a VPKI system to ensure that it is capable of meeting enterprise-grade Service Level Agreement (SLA) in terms of availability, and it can also be cost-efficient as services can dynamically scale-out in the presence of high load, or possibly scale-in when facing less demand. That has been made possible by re-architecting and refactoring an existing VPKI into a cloud-native solution deployed as microservices. Towards having a reliable architecture based on distributed microservices, one of the key challenges to deal with is Sybil-based misbehavior. By exploiting Sybil-based attacks in VPKI, malicious vehicles can gain influential advantage in the system, e.g., one can affect the traffic to serve its own will. Therefore, preventing the occurrence of Sybil attacks is paramount. On the other hand, traditional approaches to stop them, often come with a performance penalty as they verify requests against a relational database which is a bottleneck of the operations. We propose a solution to address Sybil-based attacks, utilizing Redis, an in-memory data store, without compromising the system efficiency and performance considerably. Running our VPKI services on Google Cloud Platform (GCP) shows that a large-scale deployment of VPKI as a Service (VPKIaaS) can be done efficiently. Conducting various stress tests against the services indicates that the VPKIaaS is capable of serving real world traffic. We have tested VPKIaaS under synthetically generated normal traffic flow and flash crowd scenarios. It has been shown that VPKIaaS managed to issue 100 pseudonyms per request, submitted by 1000 vehicles where vehicles kept asking for a new set of pseudonyms every 1 to 5 seconds. Each vehicle has been served in less than 77 milliseconds. We also demonstrate that, under a flash crowd situation, with 50000 vehicles, VPKIaaS dynamically scales out, and takes ≈192 milliseconds to serve 100 pseudonyms per request submitted by vehicles. Ansträngningar för standardisering av Vehicular Communication Systems har varit avgörande för användandet av Vehicular Public-Key Infrastructure (VPKI) för att etablera förtroende mellan nätverksdeltagare. Användande av VPKI i Vehicular Communication (VC) garanterar integritet och autenticitet av meddelanden. Det erbjuder ett lager av säkerhet för fordon då VPKI ger dem en mängd av icke länkbara certifikat, kallade pseudonym, som används medan de kommunicerar med andra fordon, kallat Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) eller Roadside Units (RSUs) kallat Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I). Varje fordon använder ett pseudonym under en begränsad tid och genom att byta till ett icke tidigare använt pseudonym kan det fortsätta kommunicera utan att riskera sin integritet. I litteratur har två metoder föreslagits för hur man ska ladda fordon med pseudonym de behöver. Den ena metoden det så kallade offline-läget, som proponerar att man för-laddar fordonen med alla pseudonym som det behöver vilket ökar kostnaden för revokering i fall de blir komprometterat. Den andra metoden föreslår ett on-demand tillvägagångssätt som erbjuder pseudonym via VPKI på fordonets begäran vid början av varje färd. Valet av på begäran metoden sätter en stor börda på tillgänglighet och motståndskraft av VPKI tjänster. I det här arbetet, möter vi problem med storskaliga driftsättningar av en på begäran VPKI som är motståndskraftig, har hög tillgänglighet och dynamiskt skalbarhet i syfte att uppnå dessa attribut genom att nyttja toppmoderna verktyg och designparadigmer. Vi har förbättrat ett VPKI system för att säkerställa att det är kapabelt att möta SLA:er av företagsklass gällande tillgänglighet och att det även kan vara kostnadseffektivt eftersom tjänster dynamiskt kan skala ut vid högre last eller skala ner vid lägre last. Detta har möjliggjorts genom att arkitekta om en existerande VPKI till en cloud-native lösning driftsatt som mikrotjänster. En av nyckelutmaningarna till att ha en pålitlig arkitektur baserad på distribuerade mikrotjänster är sybil-baserad missuppförande. Genom att utnyttja Sybil baserade attacker på VPKI, kan illvilliga fordon påverka trafik att tjäna dess egna syften. Därför är det av största vikt att förhindra Sybil attacker. Å andra sidan så dras traditionella metoder att stoppa dem med prestandakostnader. Vi föreslår en lösning för att adressera Sybilbaserade attacker genom att nyttja Redis, en in-memory data-store utan att märkbart kompromissa på systemets effektivitet och prestanda. Att köra våra VPKI tjänster på Google Cloud Platform (GCP) och genomföra diverse stresstester mot dessa har visat att storskaliga driftsättningar av VPKI as a Service (VPKIaaS) kan göras effektivt samtidigt som riktigt trafik hanteras. Vi har testat VPKIaaS under syntetisk genererat normalt trafikflöde samt flow och flash mängd scenarier. Det har visat sig att VPKIaaS klarar att utfärda 100 pseudonym per förfråga utsänt av 1000 fordon (där fordonen bad om en ny uppsättning pseudonym varje 1 till 5 sekunder), och varje fordon fått svar inom 77 millisekunder. Vi demonstrerar även att under en flashcrowd situation, där antalet fordon höjs till 50000 med en kläckningsgrad på 100. VPKIaaS dynamiskt skalar ut och tar ≈192 millisekunder att betjäna 100 pseudonymer per förfrågan gjord av fordon.

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Urger, Mucip Ahmet. "Apartment Block As The Object Of The Generic City:ankara." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605548/index.pdf.

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Ankara has experienced a radical transformation after 1950s, in which the identity of the highly planned capital has been erased, emphasizing homogenization, blankness and similarity. The Apartment Block was the object of this condition and the subject of the transformation in the urban identity, both with its physical existence and with the mind-set it has radiated to the whole levels of the society. It has stripped out the identity of the city with its &quot endless reproduction.&quot This transformation has led the Apartment Block to be accused of transforming Turkish cities to deformed agglomerations, deprived of aesthetics. In this sense, architectural discipline has been criticized for its impotence to respond the economical, social and cultural conditions that traverse the urban setting. This criticism has questioned the generative role of architecture in the Early Republican period as a social engineering and discouraged any relation between architecture and the city, which has manifested the reduction of the architecture to a formal discipline. Ankara, with its dazzling transformation within few decades proposed its own urbanism and its own architecture, with the mutation of the Apartment Block first to a resilient frame than to a multi-programmed infrastructure. This study will consider this transformation as &amp #8216 another&amp #8217 manifestation of a new kind of urbanism that was mainly declared by Rem Koolhaas and OMA, claming that the resilient and neutral objects are the dominant and extensive forms of the contemporary urbanism. Hence, the study presents a cross reading of the urban development of Ankara together with Rem Koolhaas&amp #8217 book Delirious New York and his essay The Generic City in SMLXL. The utmost goal is to explore a possible &quot reciprocal relation&quot between architecture and the city and to explore the limits of architectural intervention in the particular case of Ankara. Such an objective inevitably requires extending the limits of architectural thinking to the city scale. Thus, Ankara goes beyond a case study in an inquiry that aims to undertand the mechanisms of the building production in the contemporary urbanism.

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Babick, John P. "Tri-level optimization of critical infrastructure resilience." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Sep/09Sep%5FBabick.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2009. Thesis Advisor(s): Carlyle, W. Matthew. "September 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on November 04, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Network analysis for critical infrastructure. Includes bibliographical references (p. 31-32). Also available in print.

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de, Frias Lopez Ricardo. "Granular Materials for Transport Infrastructures : Mechanical performance of coarse–fine mixtures for unbound layers through DEM analysis." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-195598.

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Granular materials are widely used as unbound layers within the infrastructure system playing a significant role on performance and maintenance. However, fields like pavement and railway engineering still heavily rely on empirically-based models owing to the complex behaviour of these materials, which partly stems from their discrete nature. In this sense, the discrete element method (DEM) presents a numerical alternative to study the behaviour of discrete systems with explicit consideration of the processes at particulate level governing the macroscopic response. This thesis aims at providing micromechanical insight into the effect of different particle sizes on the load-bearing structure of granular materials and its influence on the resilient modulus and permanent deformation response, both of which are greatly influenced by the stress level. In order to accomplish this, binary mixtures of elastic spheres under axisymmetric stress are studied using DEM as the simplest expression for gap-graded materials, which in turn also can be seen as a simplification of more complex mixtures. First, the effect of the fines content on the force transmission at contact level was studied. Results were used to define a soil fabric classification system where the roles of the coarse and fine fractions were defined and quantified in terms of force transmission. A behavioural correspondence between numerical mixtures and granular materials was established, where the mixtures were able to reproduce some of the most significant features regarding the resilient modulus and permanent strain dependency on stress level for granular materials. A good correlation between soil fabric and performance was also found. Generally, higher resilient modulus and lower deformation values were observed for interactive fabrics, whereas the opposite held for instable fabrics. Mixtures of elastic spheres are far from granular materials, where numerous additional factors should be considered. Nevertheless, it is the author’s belief that this work provides insight into the soil fabric structure and its effect on the macroscopic response of granular materials. Grus i form av krossat bergmaterial används i stor utsträckning som obundna bär- och förstärkningslager inom tranportinfrastrukturen och spelar där en viktig roll för verkningsätt, drift och underhåll. Det finns emellertid begränsad kunskap om de fundamentala mekanismerna på partikelnivå (d.v.s. enskilda gruskorn), mekanismer som styr det makromekaniska verkningssättet. Områden såsom väg- och järnvägsbyggnad bygger fortfarande väsentligen på empiriskta baserade modeller p.g.a. dessa materials komplexa uppträdande under belastning. Denna komplexitet beror delvis på den diskreta naturen hos problemet vilket innebär att traditionell matematisk modellering som vore materialen homogena och kontinuerliga, blir inadekvat. Mot denna bakgrund utgör den s.k. diskreta elementmetoden (DEM) ett numeriskt alternativ för att studera verkningssätt hos diskreta system där man explicit beaktar mekanismerna på partikelnivå. Denna avhandling, som baseras på tre vetenskapliga bidrag, syftar till att ge mikromekaniska insikter vad gäller effekten av olika partikelstorlekar på bärförmågan hos grusmateral och dess inverkan på styvhet och motstånd mot permanenta deformationer. Båda dessa parametrar påverkas kraftigt av spänningsnivån och kan studeras genom triaxialförsök. För att undersöka detta studerades med hjälp av DEM binära blandningar av elastiska kulor – den enklaste modellen av grusmaterial med språng i fördelningskurvan – som utsattes för axialsymmetrisk belastning. Denna modell kan i sin tur ses som en förenkling av mer komplexa blandningar. Inledningsvis studerades effekten av finpartikelinnehållet på partikelkontakternas kraftöverföring. Resultaten användes för att klassificera olika typer av skelettstrukturer i grusmaterialet där den finare och den grövre fraktionens roller kvantifierades med utgångspunkt från kraftöverföringen i stället för från det makromekaniska verkningssättet. Resultaten visade en korrelation vad gäller verkningssättet mellan numeriska blandningar och grusmaterial, där de numeriska blandningarna kunde reproducera några av grusmaterials viktigaste kännetecken vad gäller spänningsberoendet för styvheten vid avlastning och motståndet mot permanent deformation. Vidare visades att styvheten kunde bestämmas ur första belastningscykeln vilket underlättar att övervinna de begränsningar avseende beräkningstid som annars förknippas med DEM. God överensstämmelse mellan grusmaterialets skelettstruktur och verkningssätt kunde också observeras. Generellt observerades högre styvhet och mindre permanenta deformationer för interaktiva skelettstrukturer medan det motsatta gällde för instabila strukturer. Numeriska blandningar av elastiska kulor är långt från verkliga grusmaterial, för vilka ett stort antal ytterligare faktorer måste beaktas. Icke desto mindre är det författarens övertygelse att detta arbete ger insikter i grusmaterialets skelettstruktur och dess effekter på det makromekaniska verkningssättet hos grusmaterial. QC 20161116

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Katycheva, Anna. "From Brownfields to Green Infrastructure : A resilience thinking approach to brownfield transformation." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-256313.

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Brownfields have the potential to be transformed to offer green infrastructure to cities and bottom up environmental stewardship approaches can be a creative and dynamic way of providing much needed ecosystem services to the urban environment. The following study explores how the transformation of a contaminated site to a community garden in Stockholm can contribute to providing ecosystem services and improving general resilience. Through aqualitative method including literature review, interviews and observations; the results showed elements contributing to resilience including an increase in the diversity of the urban landscape, the creation of a space for social connections, and a gateway to sharing knowledge and creating polycentricity in natural resource management. Förorenade områden kan potentiellt omformas för att erbjuda grön infrastruktur till städer och miljöförvaltning kan vara ett kreativt och dynamiskt sätt att tillhandahålla välbehövliga ekosystemtjänster till stadsmiljön. Denna studie utforskar hur omvandlingen av ett förorenat område till en stadsodling i Stockholm kan bidra till att skapa ekosystemtjänster och ökan resiliens i samhället. Genom användningen av kvalitativa metoder – såsom en litteraturstudie, intervjuer och observationer – visar resultaten på en ökad resiliens genom ökad mångfald i landskapet, skapandet av plats för sociala förbindelser, ökad kunskap om ekosystemtjänster samt polycentricitet inom naturresurshantering.

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Crain, John K. "Assessing Resilience in the Global Undersea Cable Infrastructure." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/7327.

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This thesis analyzes the global undersea cable infrastructure as it pertains to international telecommunications. We represent countries, cable landing stations, and undersea cables using a network structure of nodes and edges that closely imitates the real-world system. For a given geographic region, we connect individual networks associated with stand-alone cable systems to create one large network model. We use a gravity model to estimate the traffic demand between each pair of countries based on the number of Internet hosts in each country. We formulate and solve an Attacker-Defender (AD) model to identify the worst-case disruptions, where a worst-case disruption corresponds to the greatest shortage in telecommunications traffic even after the system has rebalanced flows as best as possible. Using public sources of data, we collect information about more than 220 real cable systems, and we develop a customized decision support tool that facilitates the analysis of different combinations of countries and cable systems. We demonstrate our modeling technique with an analysis of the undersea cable infrastructure connecting Europe and India. Our analysis provides insight into which components in the system are most vulnerable along with how effectively the system performs in the face of disruptions.

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Naserinia, Vahid. "Cyber resilience for critical infrastructure : A systematic review." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-20155.

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Critical infrastructure is a term to define the network of crucial assets for the functioning of a society and modern economies. The complexity of critical infrastructures and the ability to connect smart devices to these networks make them more vulnerable to cyberattacks. One of the cutting events pointing out gaps and importance of the cyber resilience in the nation's infrastructure systems, including Industrial Control Systems (ICS), was the discovery of Stuxnet in 2010, a malicious computer worm attacking Iranian nuclear facilities. The vulnerability of cyber systems was further revealed by a cyberattack on the SCADA system in Ukraine in 2015. This paper uses both a systematic literature strategy base on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and co-occurrence analysis by VOSviewer, a tool for visualization of similarities, to explore the specific research domains of cyber resilience for critical infrastructures and to understand the current trend of development and future research orientation. Despite the literature's emphasis on essential industries, the results show that, of all exposure parameters, the organization's sector is most consistently connected with the emergence of cyber resilience traits. The sector is also important in terms of the kind of attack and its effect on data. The attacked entities in the sample have a low level of cyber resilience, as evidenced by the surprisingly low intensity of devoted Cyber Security (CS) operational setting, use of CS structures, the resilience of Prevention, Detection, and Recovery controls (PDR), and organizations' reactions to their stakeholders following cyber attacks. The studied countries do not consistently adopt cyber resilience features. The prevalence of resilience traits, on the other hand, seems to have a beneficial influence on the frequency of litigation and sanctions. Furthermore, improved protection, detection, and recovery measures increase the frequency of responsibilities and expectations to stakeholders following cyber assaults.

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Raman, Prassanna. "Exploring urban resilience : violence and infrastructure provision in Karachi." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72629.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2012. This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections. Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-90). The Urban Resilience and Chronic Violence project at MIT extends the scientific concept of resilience to the analysis of chronic conflict. This thesis builds upon the project by testing the usefulness of a socio-spatial capital resilience model for cities confronting persistent violence, which offers alternative strategies for thinking about a violence-resistant city. The first test of the socio-spatial capital model is through the analysis of resilience theory -- how does the definition of resilience change in each discipline? The literature review concludes that the idea of stability is the foundation of any resilience definition, which is problematic for cities suffering from chronic violence. The second test of the model is the examination of violence in Karachi. Using the Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) as a strategy of socio-spatial capital formation, the Karachi case study explores the relationship between the expansion of the OPP in the last 30 years and the levels and types of violence in Orangi, an informal settlement in Karachi. Lyari, which also suffers from violence and poor access to sanitation, is its comparison. This thesis finds that in both towns, residents have found innovative ways to cope with violence and poor development at different scales, therefore making both towns resilient. This thesis concludes by arguing that conceptualizing a city resilient against violence does not move a violent city towards peace, and proposes that the field of conflict transformation may be better suited to the study of chronic conflict than resilience. by Prassanna Raman. S.M.

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Costa, Ana Luísa Arrais Falcão Beja da. "Mangroves of Maputo. Towards urban resilience through green infrastructure." Doctoral thesis, ISA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21196.

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Doutoramento em Arquitetura Paisagista e Ecologia Urbana - Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Universidade de Lisboa / Faculdade de Ciências. Universidade do Porto / Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia. Universidade de Coimbra Cities in Africa, where the most remarkable forthcoming developments in the global pattern of urbanization are expected, and quite notably in Sub-Saharan cities such as Maputo, are experiencing accelerating population increases. As a consequence of this growth urban infrastructures are being stressed beyond capacity and there is increased pressure on the existent valuable ecosystems. In recent times, and mostly due to foreign intervention, investments have been welcomed into Maputo’s grey urban infrastructure network whereas little attention has been given to green infrastructure. In the city’s coastal plains, the recently constructed Maputo ring road and the Katembe bridge are drawing urban development towards the last stretch of vacant land of the Municipality, compromising the mangrove ecosystems and flood plains of this territory. Based on the hypothesis that mangroves have the potential to become a structuring element for the improvement of resilience in self-produced neighbourhoods on the coastal plains, the aim of this research is to contribute towards the outline of an urban green infrastructure for the coastal areas of Maputo, as a strategy to accommodate current and future urban development challenges, not only as biophysical networks that can create urban socio-ecological networks that improve urban resilience through a stewardship of ecosystems, but also as an ecosystem-based approach for adaptation to climate change. Considering the specific dynamics of Sub-Southern African cities, where research and planning around environmental issues is in very early stages, it is urgent to promote research and design strategies to tackle the problematics of urban development in ecologically sensitive and landscape valuable areas. This research thus expects to anticipate the sustainable development of Maputo, exploring the potential of its coastal landscape for the establishment of an urban green infrastructure N/A

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Watson, Stephanie Victoria. "Transportation infrastructure resilience and disaster preparedness education in Alabama." Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009r/watson.pdf.

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Shirazi, Syed Noor Ul Hassan. "Anomaly detection for resilience in cloud computing infrastructures." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2017. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/88805/.

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Cloud computing is a relatively recent model where scalable and elastic resources are provided as optimized, cost-effective and on-demand utility-like services to customers. As one of the major trends in the IT industry in recent years, cloud computing has gained momentum and started to revolutionise the way enterprises create and deliver IT solutions. Motivated primarily due to cost reduction, these cloud environments are also being used by Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) operating Critical Infrastructures (CI). However, due to the complex nature of underlying infrastructures, these environments are subject to a large number of challenges, including mis-configurations, cyber attacks and malware instances, which manifest themselves as anomalies. These challenges clearly reduce the overall reliability and availability of the cloud, i.e., it is less resilient to challenges. Resilience is intended to be a fundamental property of cloud service provisioning platforms. However, a number of significant challenges in the past demonstrated that cloud environments are not as resilient as one would hope. There is also limited understanding about how to provide resilience in the cloud that can address such challenges. This implies that it is of utmost importance to clearly understand and define what constitutes the correct, normal behaviour so that deviation from it can be detected as anomalies and consequently higher resilience can be achieved. Also, for characterising and identifying challenges, anomaly detection techniques can be used and this is due to the fact that the statistical models embodied in these techniques allow the robust characterisation of normal behaviour, taking into account various monitoring metrics to detect known and unknown patterns. These anomaly detection techniques can also be applied within a resilience framework in order to promptly provide indications and warnings about adverse events or conditions that may occur. However, due to the scale and complexity of cloud, detection based on continuous real time infrastructure monitoring becomes challenging. Because monitoring leads to an overwhelming volume of data, this adversely affects the ability of the underlying detection mechanisms to analyse the data. The increasing volume of metrics, compounded with complexity of infrastructure, may also cause low detection accuracy. In this thesis, a comprehensive evaluation of anomaly detection techniques in cloud infrastructures is presented under typical elastic behaviour. More specifically, an investigation of the impact of live virtual machine migration on state of the art anomaly detection techniques is carried out, by evaluating live migration under various attack types and intensities. An initial comparison concludes that, whilst many detection techniques have been proposed, none of them is suited to work within a cloud operational context. The results suggest that in some configurations anomalies are missed and some configuration anomalies are wrongly classified. Moreover, some of these approaches have been shown to be sensitive to parameters of the datasets such as the level of traffic aggregation, and they suffer from other robustness problems. In general, anomaly detection techniques are founded on specific assumptions about the data, for example the statistical distributions of events. If these assumptions do not hold, an outcome can be high false positive rates. Based on this initial study, the objective of this work is to establish a light-weight real time anomaly detection technique which is more suited to a cloud operational context by keeping low false positive rates without the need for prior knowledge and thus enabling the administrator to respond to threats effectively. Furthermore, a technique is needed which is robust to the properties of cloud infrastructures, such as elasticity and limited knowledge of the services, and such that it can support other resilience supporting mechanisms. From this formulation, a cloud resilience management framework is proposed which incorporates the anomaly detection and other supporting mechanisms that collectively address challenges that manifest themselves as anomalies. The framework is a holistic endto-end framework for resilience that considers both networking and system issues, and spans the various stages of an existing resilience strategy, called (D2R 2+DR). In regards to the operational applicability of detection mechanisms, a novel Anomaly Detection-as-a-Service (ADaaS) architecture has been modelled as the means to implement the detection technique. A series of experiments was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the proposed technique for ADaaS. These aimed to improve the viability of implementing the system in an operational context. Finally, the proposed model is deployed in a European Critical Infrastructure provider’s network running various critical services, and validated the results in real time scenarios with the use of various test cases, and finally demonstrating the advantages of such a model in an operational context. The obtained results show that anomalies are detectable with high accuracy with no prior-knowledge, and it can be concluded that ADaaS is applicable to cloud scenarios for a flexible multi-tenant detection systems, clearly establishing its effectiveness for cloud infrastructure resilience.

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CARDONI, ALESSANDRO. "Community Resilience and Seismic Performance of Physical Infrastructures." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2922914.

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Alsubaie, Abdullah. "Improving critical infrastructure resilience with application to power distribution networks." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/59533.

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Our modern societies are dependent on the functioning of infrastructure systems that support economic prosperity and quality of life. These infrastructure systems face an increasingly set of threats, natural or man-made disasters, that can cause significant physical, economic, and social disruptions. Recent extreme events have shown that total protection can not be accomplished. Therefore, Critical Infrastructure Protection strategies should focus not only on the prevention of these events but also on the response and recovery following them. This shift is realized by the concept of infrastructure resilience. In this thesis, we address the problem of assessing and improving infrastructure resilience. The contributions of this thesis focus on modelling, simulation, and optimization of infrastructure systems with respect to their resilience to extreme events. We first develop a resilience assessment framework for interdependent infrastructure systems. The developed framework provides a quantitative means to assess infrastructure resilience by introducing a generalized resilience index. To account for the inherent complexity due to infrastructure interdependencies, we use the i2Sim framework for modelling and simulating the studied infrastructure. The resilience improvement problem is formulated using the proposed resilience index as a resources allocation optimization problem. The problem aims at finding the best allocation of available resources such as power and water to mitigate the consequences of a disaster. Two solutions algorithm are proposed to solve the problem: the first one uses a simulation-optimization approach based on the Ordinal Optimization theory, and the second one uses a Linear Programming formulation. Results of both algorithms show that infrastructure resilience can be greatly improved by efficient allocations of available resources. In addition, a prioritization methodology is developed to assess decision makers to direct resilience investment to the most important components in the infrastructure. Finally, an optimal power distribution network reconfiguration algorithm is developed to complement the two resources allocation algorithms by solving the technical feasibility problem of the power distribution network. A heuristic computationally inexpensive optimization algorithm is developed based on Graph theory for solving this problem. The proposed algorithms are tested using different test cases and promising results are achieved. Applied Science, Faculty of Graduate

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Welsh, Joshua. "The St. George Rainway : building community resilience with green infrastructure." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45766.

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This thesis was written with cognizance of humanity’s passage into the current epoch: the Anthropocene. Impacts the human species currently have upon the biosphere are physically and chemically altering it to degrees that have crossed thresholds of sustainability. The side effects of this call for resilience to enable healthful transitions into the unstable and unpredictable future. Central to global climate change and central to the profession of landscape architecture is the element: water. The St. George Rainway offers a new opportunity to be a demonstration project for the City of Vancouver where the City and the community of Mount Pleasant act as collaborators with design, construction, and maintenance of a project with water in the public realm. There are three components essential to this work: a community survey, a series of stakeholder and expert interviews, and a design-application of theory using landscape architecture. The survey and interviews establish the local context for the thesis, a baseline for presence of social cohesion, and a framing for the applicability of the ten prominent characteristics of resilient communities. Taken together, the application of design responds to the collective voice and needs of the community and provides a set of goals, phases, strategies for design as a framework to help realize future implementation of the St. George Rainway. The voluntary engagement in the physical transformation of one’s community can provide opportunity for a growth in social cohesion. Subsequently, this growth can improve the conditions that fostered the bonds and bridges within that community that inspired the initial voluntary engagement. Green infrastructure, when considered through this lens, has a reciprocal relationship with social cohesion, where the improvement of one feeds into the improvement of the other. This model could therefore provide both a resilient option for physical development of land and for social development of community for a neighbourhood like Mount Pleasant by encouraging more interaction among neighbours and with the local public realm. The St. George Rainway: Building Community Resilience with Green Infrastructure aims to provide a framework for this.

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Dahan, Mathieu. "Strategic and analytics-driven inspection operations for critical infrastructure resilience." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/123226.

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Thesis: Ph. D. in Civil Engineering and Computation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2019 Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references (pages 213-221). Resilience of infrastructure networks is a key requirement for a functioning modern society. These networks work continuously to enable the delivery of critical services such as water, natural gas, and transportation. However, recent natural disasters and cyber-physical security attacks have demonstrated that the lack of effective failure detection and identification capabilities is one of the main contributors of economic losses and safety risks faced by service utilities. This thesis focuses on both strategic and operational aspects of inspection processes for large-scale infrastructure networks, with the goal of improving their resilience to reliability and security failures. We address three combinatorial problems: (i) Strategic inspection for detecting adversarial failures; (ii) Strategic interdiction of malicious network flows; (iii) Analytics-driven inspection for localizing post-disaster failures. We exploit the structural properties of these problems to develop new and practically relevant solutions for inspection of large-scale networks, along with approximation guarantees. Firstly, we address the question of determining a randomized inspection strategy with minimum number of detectors that ensures a target detection performance against multiple adversarial failures in the network. This question can be formulated as a mathematical program with constraints involving the Nash equilibria of a large strategic game. We solve this inspection problem with a novel approach that relies on the submodularity of the detection model and solutions of minimum set cover and maximum set packing problems. Secondly, we consider a generic network security game between a routing entity that sends its flow through the network, and an interdictor who simultaneously interdicts multiple edges. By proving the existence of a probability distribution on a partially ordered set that satisfies a set of constraints, we show that the equilibrium properties of the game can be described using primal and dual solutions of a minimum-cost circulation problem. Our analysis provides a new characterization of the critical network components in strategic flow interdiction problems. Finally, we develop an analytics-driven approach for localizing failures under uncertainty. We utilize the information provided by failure prediction models to calibrate the generic formulation of a team orienteering problem with stochastic rewards and service times. We derive a compact mixed-integer programming formulation of the problem that computes an optimal a-priori routing of the inspection teams. Using the data collected by a major gas utility after an earthquake, we demonstrate the value of predictive analytics for improving their response operations. "The work in this thesis was supported in part by the Singapore National Research Foundation through the Singapore MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), the DoD Science of Security Research Lablet (SOS), MIT Schoettler Fellowship, FORCES (Foundations Of Resilient CybEr-Physical Systems), which receives support from the National Science Foundation (NSF award numbers CNS- 1238959, CNS-1238962, CNS-1239054, CNS-1239166), NSF CAREER award CNS- 1453126, and the AFRL LABLET - Science of Secure and Resilient Cyber-Physical Systems (Contract ID: FA8750-14-2-0180, SUB 2784-018400)"--Pages 5 and 6 by Mathieu Dahan. Ph. D. in Civil Engineering and Computation Ph.D.inCivilEngineeringandComputation Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

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Fang, Yiping. "Critical infrastructure protection by advanced modelling, simulation and optimization for cascading failure mitigation and resilience." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECAP0013/document.

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Sans cesse croissante complexité et l'interdépendance des infrastructures critiques modernes, avec des environs de risque plus en plus complexes, posent des défis uniques pour leur exploitation sûre, fiable et efficace. L'objectif de la présente thèse est sur la modélisation, la simulation et l'optimisation des infrastructures critiques (par exemple, les réseaux de transmission de puissance) à l'égard de leur vulnérabilité et la résilience aux défaillances en cascade. Cette étude aborde le problème en modélisant infrastructures critiques à un niveau fondamental, en se concentrant sur la topologie du réseau et des modèles de flux physiques dans les infrastructures critiques. Un cadre de modélisation hiérarchique est introduit pour la gestion de la complexité du système. Au sein de ces cadres de modélisation, les techniques d'optimisation avancées (par exemple, non-dominée de tri binaire évolution différentielle (NSBDE) algorithme) sont utilisés pour maximiser à la fois la robustesse et la résilience (capacité de récupération) des infrastructures critiques contre les défaillances en cascade. Plus précisément, le premier problème est pris à partir d'un point de vue de la conception du système holistique, c'est-à-dire certaines propriétés du système, tels que ses capacités de topologie et de liaison, sont redessiné de manière optimale afin d'améliorer la capacité de résister à des défaillances systémiques de système. Les deux modèles de défaillance en cascade topologiques et physiques sont appliquées et leurs résultats correspondants sont comparés. En ce qui concerne le deuxième problème, un nouveau cadre est proposé pour la sélection optimale des mesures appropriées de récupération afin de maximiser la capacité du réseau d’infrastructure critique de récupération à partir d'un événement perturbateur. Un algorithme d'optimisation de calcul pas cher heuristique est proposé pour la solution du problème, en intégrant des concepts fondamentaux de flux de réseau et le calendrier du projet. Exemples d'analyse sont effectués en se référant à plusieurs systèmes de CI réalistes Continuously increasing complexity and interconnectedness of modern critical infrastructures, together with increasingly complex risk environments, pose unique challenges for their secure, reliable, and efficient operation. The focus of the present dissertation is on the modelling, simulation and optimization of critical infrastructures (CIs) (e.g., power transmission networks) with respect to their vulnerability and resilience to cascading failures. This study approaches the problem by firstly modelling CIs at a fundamental level, by focusing on network topology and physical flow patterns within the CIs. A hierarchical network modelling technique is introduced for the management of system complexity. Within these modelling frameworks, advanced optimization techniques (e.g., non-dominated sorting binary differential evolution (NSBDE) algorithm) are utilized to maximize both the robustness and resilience (recovery capacity) of CIs against cascading failures. Specifically, the first problem is taken from a holistic system design perspective, i.e. some system properties, such as its topology and link capacities, are redesigned in an optimal way in order to enhance system’s capacity of resisting to systemic failures. Both topological and physical cascading failure models are applied and their corresponding results are compared. With respect to the second problem, a novel framework is proposed for optimally selecting proper recovery actions in order to maximize the capacity of the CI network of recovery from a disruptive event. A heuristic, computationally cheap optimization algorithm is proposed for the solution of the problem, by integrating foundemental concepts from network flows and project scheduling. Examples of analysis are carried out by referring to several realistic CI systems

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Lewis, Joshua. "Deltaic Dilemmas : Ecologies of Infrastructure in New Orleans." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-119390.

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This thesis explores the relationship between water infrastructure, ecological change, and the politics of planning in New Orleans and the Mississippi River Delta, USA. Complex assemblages of water control infrastructure have been embedded in the delta over the last several centuries in an effort to keep its cities protected from floodwaters and maintain its waterways as standardized conduits for maritime transportation. This thesis investigates the historical development of these infrastructural interventions in the delta’s dynamics, and shows how the region’s eco-hydrology is ensnared in the politics and materiality of pipes, pumps, canals, locks, and levees. These historical entanglements complicate contemporary efforts to enact large-scale ecosystem restoration, even while the delta’s landscape is rapidly eroding into the sea. This historical approach is extended into the present through an examination of how waterway standards established at so-called chokepoints in the global maritime transportation system (the Panama Canal, for example) become embedded and contested in coastal landscapes and port cities worldwide. Turning towards urban ecology, the thesis examines socioecological responses to the flooding following Hurricane Katrina in 2005, with a special focus on how infrastructure failures, flooding intensity, and land abandonment are driving changing vegetation patterns in New Orleans over the past decade. The thesis contributes new conceptual language for grappling with the systemic relations bound up in water infrastructure, and develops one of the first studies describing urban ecosystem responses to prolonged flooding and post-disaster land management. This provides insights into the impending planning challenges facing New Orleans and coastal cities globally, where rising sea levels are bringing about renewed attention to how infrastructure is implicated in patterns of ecological change, hazard exposure, resilience, and social inequality. At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Accepted. Paper 5: Manuscript.

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Suteerasan, Sutthi. "Blue-Green Infrastructure on the Move: How Resilience Concepts Travel Between Cities." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-292293.

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Over the past decades, the fast-changing global climate poses a significant challenge to many cities around the world to embrace resilience concepts, whereby a safe-to-fail planning approach replaces traditional fail-safe practices. The change in perspectives has seen an increase in climate-adapted infrastructural projects being integrated with the new urban planning agendas across the world. The investigation conducted was designed to understand the process of how resilience concepts travel between different cities, by investigating the actors who move policy knowledge, their roles in it, as well as the knowledge transfer process mechanism that is responsible for the movement of such policies. The investigation took advantage of a scoping study technique to answer the research questions, using mostly secondary data and an interview to verify the secondary sources. The findings and the discussion provided insights on who is involved in resilience policies and how these policies are transferred from one place to another. The investigation uncovered the influence policy mobilizers has on the movement of policy knowledge, as well as how the mobilization of policy knowledge can both be beneficial or detrimental, depending on the way it was moved or implemented. Under de senaste decennierna utgör det snabba föränderliga globala klimatet en betydande utmaning för många städer runt om i världen med att anamma motståndskraftskoncept, där en planeringsstrategi med säkerhet att misslyckas ersätter traditionella felsäkra metoder. Förändringen i perspektiv har ökat klimatanpassade infrastrukturprojekten som integrerats med nya stadsplaneringsagendorna över hela världen. Studien genomfördes för att få en förståelse av hur motståndskraftskonceptet färdas mellan olika städer och detta genomfördes genom att undersöka de aktörer som förflyttar politisk kunskap och deras roller i den samt den kunskapsöverföringsmekanism som är ansvarig för rörelsen av sådan politik. Studien utnyttjade en scoping-studieteknik för att få svar på forskningsfrågorna, med mestadels sekundär data och en intervju för att verifiera sekundärkällorna. Resultaten och diskussionen gav insikter om vem som är inblandad i motståndskraft och hur policy överförs från en plats till en annan. Studien avslöjade även inflytande av politiskt mobilisering och kunskap som både kan vara fördelaktig eller skadlig beroende på hur den flyttades eller genomfördes.

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Sinclair, Natalie. "Resilience in critical infrastructures : the case of the Queensland electricity industry." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/35667/1/Natalie_Sinclair_Thesis.pdf.

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The reliability of Critical Infrastructure is considered to be a fundamental expectation of modern societies. These large-scale socio-technical systems have always, due to their complex nature, been faced with threats challenging their ongoing functioning. However, increasing uncertainty in addition to the trend of infrastructure fragmentation has made reliable service provision not only a key organisational goal, but a major continuity challenge: especially given the highly interdependent network conditions that exist both regionally and globally. The notion of resilience as an adaptive capacity supporting infrastructure reliability under conditions of uncertainty and change has emerged as a critical capacity for systems of infrastructure and the organisations responsible for their reliable management. This study explores infrastructure reliability through the lens of resilience from an organisation and system perspective using two recognised resilience-enhancing management practices, High Reliability Theory (HRT) and Business Continuity Management (BCM) to better understand how this phenomenon manifests within a partially fragmented (corporatised) critical infrastructure industry – The Queensland Electricity Industry. The methodological approach involved a single case study design (industry) with embedded sub-units of analysis (organisations), utilising in-depth interviews and document analysis to illicit findings. Derived from detailed assessment of BCM and Reliability-Enhancing characteristics, findings suggest that the industry as a whole exhibits resilient functioning, however this was found to manifest at different levels across the industry and in different combinations. Whilst there were distinct differences in respect to resilient capabilities at the organisational level, differences were less marked at a systems (industry) level, with many common understandings carried over from the pre-corporatised operating environment. These Heritage Factors were central to understanding the systems level cohesion noted in the work. The findings of this study are intended to contribute to a body of knowledge encompassing resilience and high reliability in critical infrastructure industries. The research also has value from a practical perspective, as it suggests a range of opportunities to enhance resilient functioning under increasingly interdependent, networked conditions.

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Dehghani, Sanij Mohammad Saied. "Characterizing the Dynamics of Vulnerability for Roadway Infrastructure Systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53507.

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Critical infrastructure systems, such as transportation, energy, water and communication, are the backbones of sustainable economic and social development. The tragedies and catastrophic events in the past few years have motivated researchers to study the vulnerability of infrastructure systems to disastrous events. A number of existing studies address roadway networks where researchers have characterized the robustness and vulnerability of roadways to earthquakes, floods, and targeted attacks. However, extreme events with infrequent return periods are not very likely to occur in a 50-60 year analysis period of roadways, while many roadways are located in areas that are not even exposed to floods or earthquakes at all. On the other hand, roadway network endogenous characteristics such the condition and degradation over time not only increases the vulnerability of roadways to disastrous events, but also makes the roadway network vulnerable to disruptions that are caused by maintenance and repair activities on the roadways system. Nevertheless, the impacts of these endogenous network characteristics on roadway vulnerability have not been explicitly addressed in the existing studies. This dissertation introduces the concept of condition-based vulnerability assessment (CBVA) to capture the effect of roadway endogenous characteristics such as condition and condition uncertainties, roadway network deterioration over time, topological properties of roadways, and travel rate and travel pattern on the dynamics of roadway network vulnerably. First a methodological framework is developed and the method is applied to an illustrative roadway system. The results show that the vulnerability of roadway system is more affected by the average condition of the roadway network than by the condition of individual roads in the system. Moreover, the findings show that small uncertainties associated with the condition of individual roads can significantly increase the variance of the predicated vulnerability. iii This initial methodological framework is then enhanced to account for physical degradation of the network over time and network equilibrium, and is applied to a real highway system. For the network studied network degradation increases roadway system vulnerability in a nonlinear mode. The result also suggest that the network vulnerability pattern is not very sensitive to travel pattern and link topological properties when the average network disruption probability (representing average network condition) is less than about 0.5. In other words, at low values of average disruption probability, it does not matter what link has what disruption probability level or how the travelers move across the network. However with further network degradation and as the average network disruption probability increases, the dynamics of network vulnerability depends on travel pattern on the network as well as on the link topological properties. Ph. D.

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Hayes, Samantha. "Biomimetic design and engineering to enhance resilience and regenerative performance outcomes for infrastructure." Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/400560.

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Infrastructure assets and networks including transport, water and energy systems, are impacted by a range of complex 21st Century challenges from climate change and resource scarcity to rapid technological advances and changing user demands. These challenges highlight that infrastructure assets are integrated components of complex social, ecological and technological systems, rather than siloed technical entities. It is critical therefore that design and engineering responses to such challenges are similarly multi-faceted, adaptive and systems focussed. The relationship between infrastructure and socio-ecological systems is typically twofold. First, infrastructure can negatively impact and disturb living systems, through resource consumption, waste and emissions generation, for example. Secondly, living systems can themselves cause damage to infrastructure, through extreme weather events such as storms, floods and earthquakes, and longer-term trends such as anthropogenic climate change. In this context, infrastructure must become a) more resilient, and capable of withstanding disturbances and impacts generated by living systems, and b) more sustainable, avoiding damage and degradation of those systems. Efforts to enhance both infrastructure sustainability and resilience have typically focused on incremental reductions in damage, however given the scale and complexity of emerging challenges there is increasing demand for innovative responses that move beyond damage reduction towards net positive performance objectives. Here, the intention is to deliver infrastructure and built environments that do not degrade living systems but positively contribute to them. Regenerative design is an emerging discipline that seeks to achieve this. Actionable frameworks and mechanisms for pursuing regenerative design and performance outcomes in infrastructure contexts are critical, though identifying these and making them widely accessible to industry and government has been challenging. A logical source of inspiration is provided by living systems that have developed, tested and refined regenerative design approaches to similarly complex challenges for almost 4 billion years. This approach to learning from living systems is called ‘biomimicry’. This research explores how biomimicry- namely biomimetic design and engineering approaches- can support industry and government in enabling regenerative performance outcomes for infrastructure. Since multi-faceted challenges benefit from multi-faceted research approaches, this research commences with a multidisciplinary review of traditional engineering approaches to resilience and adaptation, and how these approaches may benefit from characteristics of resilience seen in living systems, such as multifunctionality, adaptability, regeneration and real-time sensing and feedback loops. A systematic literature review then provides a first of its kind snapshot of research into biomimetic products, technologies and approaches that can be applied to infrastructure design and engineering. It reveals extensive research into ‘form’ (physical shape and structure) and ‘process’ level solutions, but a clear lack of information regarding ‘system-level’ biomimicry approaches (e.g. patterns and principles) in the built environment. Pursuing regenerative design solutions in response to system-wide challenges, and drawing inspiration from living systems, means it is vital that solutions are also available at the system-level. Though not captured in peer reviewed research, system-level biomimetic design methodologies are indeed being piloted by leaders in industry and government. Hence, challenges and lessons learned were identified by investigating the practical project experiences of six case study projects. Learning from their project, organisation and market level challenges and priorities enabled a distillation of focus areas for future efforts, including 1) improving organisational innovation cultures, 2) enabling emerging market transitions, 3) fostering knowledge sharing and 4) facilitating standardisation through frameworks and standards. This research identifies three pathways for enabling industry and government to readily uptake and mainstream biomimetic design and engineering approaches, informed by those case studies as well as industry workshops undertaken in Australia and the United States of America. The first establishes that infrastructure project governance structures and delivery models can influence the appetite and capacity for innovation in infrastructure design and engineering. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) models are investigated for this purpose, revealing that the IPD model can support biomimetic innovation by encouraging collaboration across project partners and supply chain. The second pathway is an action framework developed to build the capability of industry, government and academia to implement biomimetic place-based design at the city or regional scale. This pathway allows for upfront biomimetic research and design to benefit multiple projects, assets and networks, improving the feasibility of biomimetic place-based infrastructure design. The third pathway for mainstreaming biomimetic design and engineering is by creating opportunities for government and industry to integrate ‘ecological performance standards’ into environmental impact assessments (EIA) and sustainability rating schemes. This action is enabled through proposed adjustments to the EIA process, as well as the Infrastructure Sustainability (IS) Rating Scheme as an Australian example. This research reveals new insights into the challenges and priorities for government and industry in using biomimetic approaches in infrastructure design and engineering, and establishes pathways for mainstreaming that can guide industry and government in adopting regenerative biomimetic approaches in an infrastructure context. Using biomimicry to create design and engineering solutions inspired by nature can enable solutions that move beyond incremental damage reduction and narrow adaptation approaches, towards infrastructure assets and networks that leverage place-based resilience approaches, adaptive and flexible design, and that generate net positive environmental outcomes. Thesis (PhD Doctorate) Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) School of Eng & Built Env Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology Full Text

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Dunn, Sarah. "An investigation to improve community resilience using network graph analysis of infrastructure systems." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2421.

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Disasters can have devastating effects on our communities and can cause great suffering to the people who reside within them. Critical infrastructure underpins the stable functioning of these communities and the severity of disasters is often linked to failure of these systems. Traditionally, the resilience of infrastructure systems is assessed by subjecting physically based models to a range of hazard scenarios. The problem with this approach is that it can only inform us of inadequacies in the system for the chosen scenarios, potentially leaving us vulnerable to unforeseen events. This thesis investigates whether network graph theory can be used to give us increased confidence that the system will respond well in untested scenarios by developing a framework that can identify generic system characteristics and hence describe the underlying resilience of the network. The novelty in the work presented in this thesis is that it overcomes a shortcoming in existing network graph theory by including the effects of the spatial distribution of geographically dispersed systems. To consider spatial influence, a new network generation algorithm was developed which incorporated rules that connects system components based on both their spatial distribution and topology. This algorithm was used to generate proxy networks for the European, US and China air traffic networks and demonstrated that the inclusion of this spatial component was crucial to form the highly connected hub airports observed in these networks. The networks were then tested for hazard tolerance and in the case of the European air traffic network validated using data from the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption. Hazard tolerance was assessed by subjecting the networks to a series of random, but spatially coherent, hazards and showed that the European air traffic network was the most vulnerable, having up to 25% more connections disrupted compared to a benchmark random network. This contradicts traditional network theory which states that these networks are resilient to random hazards. To overcome this shortcoming, two strategies were employed to improve the resilience of the network. One strategy ‘adaptively’ modified the topology (crises management) while the other ‘permanently’ modified it (hazard mitigation). When these modified networks were subjected to spatial hazards the ‘adaptive’ approach Page i produced the most resilient network, having up to 23% fewer cancelled air routes compared to the original network, for only a 5% change in airport capacity. Finally, as many infrastructure networks are flow based systems, an investigation into whether graph theory could identify vulnerabilities in these systems was conducted. The results demonstrated that by using a combination of both physically based and graph theory metrics produced the best predictive skill in identifying vulnerable nodes in the system. This research has many important implications for the owners and operators of infrastructure systems. It has demonstrated the European air traffic network to be vulnerable to spatial hazard and shown that, because many infrastructure networks possess similar properties, may therefore be equally vulnerable. It also provides a method to identify generic system vulnerabilities and strategies to reduce these. It is argued that as this research has considered generic networks it can not only increase infrastructure resilience to known threats but also to previously unidentified ones and therefore is a useful method to help protect these systems to large scale disasters and reduce the suffering for the people in the communities who rely upon them.

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Mulowayi, Erica N. "The influence of infrastructure interdependencies on post-disaster recovery." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/104750/1/Erica_Mulowayi_Thesis.pdf.

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Management of critical infrastructure during post-disaster recovery needs to be underpinned by a holistic recognition that the recovery of infrastructure can be affected by the interdependencies that exist between different systems. A fundamental characteristic of these interdependencies is that failure of one infrastructure can result in the failure of other interdependent infrastructures, leading to a cascade of failures. Through an exploratory study and a case study approach, this research provides an understanding on elements of infrastructures interdependencies that have the potential to impede the post-disaster recovery. The research revealed how the types of interdependencies have the potential to induce cascading and escalating failures and how the degrees of interdependencies can dictate the propagation of failures across infrastructures. The proposed theoretical framework provides practical guidance in prioritizing the recovery of interdependent infrastructures.

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KAMMOUH, OMAR. "Resilience assessment of Physical infrastructures and social systems of large scale communities." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2735173.

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Mahmoudi, Farhad. "Hospital Functional Performance under Surge Conditions: Socio-Technical Resilience Perspective." Thesis, Griffith University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/389855.

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Contemporary society is becoming increasingly reliant on critical infrastructure (CI), which contributes to the wellbeing of its populations. One of the CI sectors that most strongly supports society is healthcare, with hospitals a critical healthcare infrastructure that contributes to society by providing numerous healthcare services, especially when dealing with the effects of disastrous events. Any disruption in hospitals’ performance—either by physical damage or functional disruption—can have negative consequences on their effective response to disastrous events, which can worsen the outcomes of the emergency situation. Adverse events can affect the overall performance of healthcare systems, directly or indirectly, by compromising the lifeline infrastructure network, with cascading and amplifying effects from malfunctions and failures throughout the CI network. Thus, improving the resilience of hospitals’ functional performance (HFP) is critical to minimise interruption to hospital services. This study’s review of the literature highlights the need to approach the issue of HFP resilience from both static and dynamic perspectives to provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. Thus, this research aimed to achieve the following objectives: - identify the performance metrics through which the resilience of hospitals’ performance can be evaluated - explore the existing interdependencies and complex interactions between the Resilience metrics related to hospitals’ internal performance, and the performance metrics related to hospitals’ external CI and stakeholders - develop a model to explore the interactions between hospitals’ critical functions when operating under surge procedures and analyse the effects of functional variability on HFP resilience. The outcome of this review of the relevant literature was the development of a functional resilience index (FRI) for evaluating hospitals’ resilience in the face of disruptive events. Following this, this study narrowed the FRI, to a list of metrics and their relative sub-metrics to those elements that a group of subject matter experts (SMEs) collectively believed contribute the most to HFP resilience. Finally, SMEs were interviewed to identify the pairwise relationships among the list of metrics and their relative sub-metrics. Based on their view, the data was prepared for being used by structural modelling techniques (interpretive structural modelling [ISM] and Matrice d’Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliquée á un Classement or ‘Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification’ [MICMAC]). ISM provided a hierarchy within which resilience metrics were classified into different brackets, based on the significance of their influence on HFP. Use of MICMAC highlighted the direct and indirect influences of the chosen metrics and identified their influence on overall HFP resilience. Hence, by using structural analysis techniques, the extent of the relative influence and dependence of internal and external resilience metrics were highlighted and their overall effect on systems was identified. To address the third objective from a dynamic perspective, functional resonance analysis method (FRAM) was deployed to provide a macro analysis of the interactions among hospital system functions under surge conditions. The use of FRAM as the modelling technique helped address the extent of system adaptability to change and explore the hidden effects of different functions on overall system performance. The modelling involved identification of surge functions and the required conditions for functions generating their intended outcomes. In the next step, this study identified the pathway through which functional variabilities may propagate throughout the system. To achieve this objective, application of FRAM was integrated with application of the resilience analysis matrix to analyse HFP. The results identified 23 couplings in 153 interactions between 29 functions that had the potential to affect overall HFP. The approach of this research revealed how managing the variability of certain interactions can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of HFP in dealing with disruptive events. Finally, a number of instantiations were developed to study HFP under different surge scenarios. For scenario analysis, in this study, FRAM was integrated with Monte Carlo simulation to identify the likelihood of hospital functions varying and generating functional resonance. The outcome of studying HFP with respect to complexity theory was the development of a five-tiered hierarchy to classify the criticality of the couplings between different functions. This hierarchy helped uncover which functions are sensitive to certain types of variability in their input aspects. By discovering the dynamics between the system functions and the way they behave in different scenarios, decision makers can make appropriate decisions to monitor, mitigate and manage those functional variabilities and functional resonance. In this study, it was suggested that, by exploring the interactions among internal and external resilience indicators (which represent the outcomes of different resilience practices and strategies), decision/strategy makers can target those sensitive functions and establish benchmarks to dampen the functional variabilities or isolate the functions to manage functional resonance. In summary, by analysing HFP from static and dynamic methods, this study provides a unique perspective into the topic of hospital functional resilience when dealing with surge conditions. This approach provides a better understanding of the way in which hospitals’ performance can deviate under stress and deal with uncertain conditions, and the way that implementation and improvement of various strategies and practices can effectively improve HFP. Thesis (PhD Doctorate) Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) School of Eng & Built Env Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology Full Text

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Khaghani, Farnaz. "Resilience-based Operational Analytics of Transportation Infrastructure: A Data-driven Approach for Smart Cities." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99206.

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Studying recurrent mobility perturbations, such as traffic congestions, is a major concern of engineers, planners, and authorities as they not only bring about delay and inconvenience but also have consequent negative impacts like greenhouse gas emission, increase in fuel consumption, or safety issues. In this dissertation, we proposed using the resilience concept, which has been commonly used for assessing the impact of extreme events and disturbances on the transportation system, for high-probability low impact (HPLI) events to (a) provide a performance assessment framework for transportation systems' response to traffic congestions, (b) investigate the role of transit modes in the resilience of urban roadways to congestion, and (c) study the impact of network topology on the resilience of roadways functionality performance. We proposed a multi-dimensional approach to characterize the resilience of urban transportation roadways for recurrent congestions. The resilience concept could provide an effective benchmark for comparative performance and identifying the behavior of the system in the discharging process in congestion. To this end, we used a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach to integrate multiple resilience-oriented attributes to estimate the efficiency (resilience) of the frontier in roadways. Our results from an empirical study on California highways through the PeMS data have shown the potential of the multi-dimensional approach in increasing information gain and differentiating between the severity of congestion across a transportation network. Leveraging this resilience-based characterization of recurrent disruptions, in the second study, we investigated the role of multi-modal resourcefulness of urban transportation systems, in terms of diversity and equity, on the resilience of roadways to daily-based congestions. We looked at the physical infrastructure availability and distribution (i.e. diversity) and accessibility and coverage to capture socio-economic factors (i.e. equity) to more comprehensively understand the role of resourcefulness in resilience. We conducted this investigation by using a GPS dataset of taxi trips in the Washington DC metropolitan area in 2017. Our results demonstrated the strong correlation of trips' resilience with transportation equity and to a lesser extent with transportation diversity. Furthermore, we learned the impact of equity and diversity can mostly be seen at the recovery stage of resilience. In the third study, we looked at another aspect of transportation supply in urban areas, spatial configuration, and topology. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of network topology and configuration on resilience to congestion. We used OSMnx, a toolkit for street network analysis based on the data from OpenStreetMap, to model and analyze the urban roadways network configurations. We further employed a multidimensional visualization strategy using radar charts to compare the topology of street networks on a single graphic. Leveraging the geometric descriptors of radar charts, we used the compactness and Jaccard Index to quantitatively compare the topology profiles. We use the same taxi trips dataset used in the second study to characterize resilience and identify the correlation with network topology. The results indicated a strong correlation between resilience and betweenness centrality, diameter, and Page Rank among other features of a transportation network. We further looked at the capacity of roadways as a common cause for the strong correlation between network features and resilience. We found that the strong correlation of link-related features such as diameter could be due to their role in capacity and have a common cause with resilience. Doctor of Philosophy Transportation infrastructure systems are among the most fundamental facilities and systems in urban areas due to the role they play in mobility, economy, and environmental sustainability. Due to this importance, it is crucial to ensure their resilience to regular disruptions such as traffic congestions as a priority for engineers and policymakers. The resilience of transportation systems has often been studied when disasters or extreme events occur. However, minor disturbances such as everyday operational traffic situations can also play an important part in reducing the efficiency of transportation systems and should be considered in the overall resilience of the systems. Current literature does not consider traffic performance from the lens of resilience despite its importance in evaluating the overall performance of roads. This research addresses this gap by proposing to leverage the concept of resilience for evaluation of roadways performance and identifying the role of urban characteristics in the enhancement of resilience. We first characterized resilience considering the performance of the roadways over time, ranging from the occurrence of disruptions to the time point when the system performance returns to a stable state. Through a case study on some of the major highways in the Los Angeles metropolitan area and by leveraging the data from the Performance Measurement System (PeMS), we have investigated how accounting for a proposed multi-dimensional approach for quantification of resilience could add value to the process of road network performance assessment and the corresponding decision-making. In the second and third parts of this dissertation, we looked at the urban infrastructure elements and how they affect resilience to regular disruptive congestion events. Specifically, in the second study, we focused on alternative transit modes such as bus, metro, or bike presence in the urban areas. We utilized diversity and equity concepts for assessing the opportunities they provide for people as alternative mobility modes. The proposed metrics not only capture the physical attributes of the multi-modal transportation systems (i.e. availability and distribution of transit modes in urban areas) but also consider the socio-economic factors (i.e. the number of people that could potentially use the transit mode). In the third study, we investigated how urban road networks' form and topology (i.e., the structure of roadway networks) could affect its resilience to recurrent congestions. We presented our findings as a case study in the Washington DC area. Results indicated a strong correlation between resilience and resourcefulness as well as topology features. The findings allow decision-makers to make more informed design and operational decisions and better incorporate the urban characteristics during the priority setting process.

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Sheng, Boyuan. "Enhancing green infrastructure management for flood-drought resilience in Brisbane, Australia: An integrated approach." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/232784/1/Boyuan_Sheng_Thesis.pdf.

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This research aims to better understand catchment-scale green infrastructure (GI) and how it could help increase flood and drought resilience in Brisbane, Australia. Findings show there is a limited number of integrated GI planning frameworks that take full consideration of a landscape planning perspective to achieve sustainable water management. Using the Oxley Creek Transformation Project (OCT) as an exemplar of catchment-scale planning in the Brisbane region, this research evaluated how landscape planning principles were considered in reducing flood and drought risks. The findings inform seven recommendations to improve GI planning and design guidelines applied within the Southeast Queensland context.

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Zeng, Diqi. "Cyclone risk assessment of large-scale distributed infrastructure systems." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/24514.

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Coastal communities are vulnerable to tropical cyclones. Community resilience assessment for hazard mitigation planning demands a whole-of-community approach to risk assessment under tropical cyclones. Community risk assessment is complicated since it must capture the spatial correlation among individual facilities due to similar demands placed by a cyclone event and similar infrastructure capacities due to common engineering practices. However, the impact of such spatial correlation has seldom been considered in cyclone risk assessment. This study develops advanced stochastic models and methodology to evaluate the collective risk of large-scale distributed infrastructure systems under a scenario tropical cyclone, considering the spatial correlations of wind demands and structural capacities modelled by fragility functions. Wind-dependent correlation of fragility functions is derived from the correlation of structural resistances using joint fragility analysis. A general probabilistic framework is proposed to evaluate the damage of infrastructure systems based on joint fragility functions, where the stochastic dependence between the fragility functions of individual facilities is approximated by a Gaussian copula. A stochastic model is developed to model the spatially correlated wind speeds from a tropical cyclone, when wind speed statistics based on three cyclone wind field models of different complexity are examined. The impact of wind speed uncertainty and spatial correlation on risk assessment is investigated by evaluating the cyclone loss of an electric power system, when three loss metrics are examined including damage ratio, power outage ratio and outage cost to electricity customers. Since the risk assessment of a large-scale infrastructure system is computationally challenging, an interpolation technique based on random field discretization is developed, which can simulate spatially correlated damage to infrastructure components in a scalable manner.

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Fekete, Alexander [Verfasser], Roland [Gutachter] Baumhauer, Jürgen [Gutachter] Rauh, and Barbara [Gutachter] Sponholz. "Urban Disaster Resilience and Critical Infrastructure / Alexander Fekete ; Gutachter: Roland Baumhauer, Jürgen Rauh, Barbara Sponholz." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/116244438X/34.

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Romine, Jessica D. "Business Continuity and Resilience Engineering: How Organizations Prepare to Survive Disruptions to Vital Digital Infrastructure." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1330986438.

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Bey, Eugenia S. "Cultivating Social-ecological Resilience and Climate Change Adaptation Through Green Infrastructure in Long Beach, California." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10839820.

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The geographic variability and uneven distribution of climate-related impacts in urban environments pose serious challenges to achieving social-ecological resilience and environmental justice. There are no generalizable solutions for the anticipated climate challenges facing urban environments, which vary from increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events to flooding, heat waves, droughts, and worsening air quality. Densely populated coastal urban areas, like Long Beach, California, are further exposed to sea level rise, coastal erosion, and saltwater intrusion. In response, ecosystem-based adaptation plans have gained traction in the scientific literature and policy circles as viable, multi-beneficial strategies to build urban resilience to withstand anticipated climate threats. Green infrastructure (GI) offers flexible, place-based solutions and as such, has surged in popularity as an urban planning strategy, reflecting the focus of planners and policy-makers to design and implement location-specific interventions. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, this empirical case study analyzes the spatial distribution and projected intensity of climate-related impacts in Long Beach, California. Integrating geospatial data, surveys, and key informant interviews, this study explores citizen perception of climate risk and desirability of GI solutions to increase adaptive capacity across two high risk communities with unevenly distributed biophysical and social vulnerabilities.

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Caparra, Gianluca. "Authentication and Integrity Protection at Data and Physical layer for Critical Infrastructures." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3421920.

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This thesis examines the authentication and the data integrity services in two prominent emerging contexts such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the Internet of Things (IoT), analyzing various techniques proposed in the literature and proposing novel methods. GNSS, among which Global Positioning System (GPS) is the most widely used, provide affordable access to accurate positioning and timing with global coverage. There are several motivations to attack GNSS: from personal privacy reasons, to disrupting critical infrastructures for terrorist purposes. The generation and transmission of spoofing signals either for research purpose or for actually mounting attacks has become easier in recent years with the increase of the computational power and with the availability on the market of Software Defined Radios (SDRs), general purpose radio devices that can be programmed to both receive and transmit RF signals. In this thesis a security analysis of the main currently proposed data and signal level authentication mechanisms for GNSS is performed. A novel GNSS data level authentication scheme, SigAm, that combines the security of asymmetric cryptographic primitives with the performance of hash functions or symmetric key cryptographic primitives is proposed. Moreover, a generalization of GNSS signal layer security code estimation attacks and defenses is provided, improving their performance, and an autonomous anti-spoofing technique that exploits semi-codeless tracking techniques is introduced. Finally, physical layer authentication techniques for IoT are discussed, providing a trade-off between the performance of the authentication protocol and energy expenditure of the authentication process. Questa tesi esamina i servizi di autenticazione e la protezione di integrità in due contesti emergenti come Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) e the Internet of Things (IoT), analizzando varie tecniche proposte in letteratura e proponendone di originali. I sistemi di navigazione satellitare, di cui il più conosciuto ed utilizzato è GPS, forniscono servizi di posizionamento e sincronizzazione temporale con copertura globale. Esistono vari motivi per attaccare GNSS: dai motivi legati alla privacy, all’attaccare infrastrutture critiche per scopi terroristici. La generazione e trasmissione di segnali GNSS contraffatti, per scopi di ricerca o per effettuare attacchi, è diventata più semplice negli ultimi anni con l’aumento della potenza computazionale e la disponibilità di Software Defined Radios (SDRs), dispositivi radio general purpose che possono essere programmati sia per ricevere che per trasmettere segnali RF. Questa tesi fa una analisi di sicurezza delle principali tecniche di autenticazione per GNSS proposte in letteratura, sia al livello dati che al livello di segnale. È proposto uno schema originale di autenticazione al livello dati, SigAm, che combina la sicurezza delle primitive crittografiche asimmetriche con le performance delle funzioni di hashing o di funzioni crittografiche simmetriche. Inoltre, è proposta una generalizzazione degli attacchi security code estimation and replay e delle rispettive tecniche di difesa, migliorando le prestazioni in entrambi i versanti, ed è proposta una tecnica anti-spoofing autonoma che usa semi-codeless tracking. Infine, sono discusse tecniche di autenticazione a livello fisico applicate ad IoT, mettendo in risalto il trade-off tra le performance e il costo energetico del processo di autenticazione.

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Samstad, Anna. "A simulation and machine learning approach to critical infrastructure resilience appraisal : Case study on payment disruptions." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för informationssystem och -teknologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-33745.

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This study uses a simulation to gather data regarding a payment disruption. The simulation is part of a project called CCRAAAFFFTING, which examines what happens to a society when a payment disruption occurs. The purpose of this study is to develop a measure for resilience in the simulation and use machine learning to analyse the attributes in the simulation to see how they affect the resilience in the society. The resilience is defined as “the ability to bounce back to a previous state”, and the resilience measure is developed according to this definition. Two resilience measurements are defined, one which relates the simulated value to the best-case and worst-case scenarios, and the other which takes the pace of change in values into consideration. These two measurements are then combined to one measure of the total resilience. The three machine learning algorithms compared are Neural Network, Support Vector Machine and Random Forest, and the performance measure of these are the error rate. The results show that Random Forest performs significantly better than the other two algorithms, and that the most important attributes in the simulation are those concerning the customers’ ability to make purchases in the simulation. The developed resilience measure proves to respond logically to how the situation unfolded, and some suggestions to further improve the measurement is provided for future research. I denna studie används en simulering för att samla in data. Simuleringen är en del i ett projekt som kallas för CCRAAAFFFTING, vars syfte är att undersöka vad som händer i ett samhälle om en störning i betalsystemet inträffar. Syftet med denna studie är att utveckla ett mått för resiliens i simuleringen, samt att använda machine learning för att analysera attributen i simuleringen för att se hur de påverkar resiliensen i samhället. Resiliensen definieras enligt ”förmågan att snabbt gå tillbaka till ett tidigare stadie”, och resiliensmåttet utvecklas i enlighet med denna definition. Två resiliensmått definieras, där det ena måttet relaterar det simulerade värdet till de värsta och bästa scenarierna, och det andra måttet tar i beaktning hur snabbt värdena förändrades. Dessa två mått kombineras sedan till ett mått för den totala resiliensen. De tre machine learning-algoritmerna som jämförs är Neural Network, Support Vector Machine och Random Forest, och måttet för hur de presterar är felfrekvens. Resultaten visar att Random Forest presterar märkbart bättre än de andra två algoritmerna, och att de viktigaste attributen i simuleringen är de som berör kunders möjlighet att genomföra köp i simuleringen. Det utvecklade resiliensmåttet svarar på ett logiskt sätt enligt hur situationen utvecklar sig, och några förslag för att vidare utveckla måttet ges för vidare forskning.

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Jerome, Gemma. "Exploring the critical factors and forces affecting the longevity and resilience of community-scale green infrastructure." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2016. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3007211/.

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In an ongoing period of austerity in the UK, there is a growing assumption that communities will increasingly help deliver what have traditionally been seen as public services. This thesis seeks to explore the extent to which community groups make a significant contribution to the delivery and management of green infrastructure provision within a metropolitan context, using The Mersey Forest as the case study area. Whilst much has been made of the role of communities in managing land for food production the research identified that the range of community groups, and the differences between them in terms of their organisational structures and approaches to membership were in fact more nuanced and varied than much of the original literature suggested. Initially it was possible to create a typology of community-scale green infrastructure from a desk-search of 244 groups active within The Mersey Forest area. This provided a framework for defining, comparing and contrasting volunteer-led groups and projects actively managing sites of ecological or educational interest within their local environment. As a result, three distinct types of group were identified - Formal Group, Informal Group, Formal Project - differentiated according to approaches to governance, membership, funding, support and overall focus. This provided a thematic structure for exploring a number of case studies in more depth. Overall the findings of the qualitative study suggest that although community volunteers are a vital ingredient to the diversity of approaches to local greenspace management and environmental stewardship, the role of external stakeholders and professional bodies from the public and voluntary and community sector providing support and assistance is a crucial ingredient which is increasingly missing. In turn, the capacity of many groups and projects to achieve longevity and resilience in the face of unforeseen circumstance change, such as the end of a funding stream, or the discontinuation of a local authority funded environmental management role, is ultimately limited by the capacity inherent within the group; which in turn, is largely shaped around the experiential knowledge of individual members to capitalise on the skills necessary for land management and governance. From a policy perspective it can therefore be argued that ideological position encapsulated by the rhetoric of ‘The Big Society’ and legislated for within the Localism Act are inherently prejudiced towards groups and projects which can draw on individuals with experience of management, such as retired professionals in more affluent communities. In contrast, communities in less affluent areas are exposed to more risk with an inherently lower capacity for resilience; plus higher demands on existing budgets within these areas due to higher levels of public expenditure within areas of multiple deprivation, exacerbate an already pressurised situation. This finding is significant for the study and for wider decision-making in light of the mounting evidence illustrating the net positive benefits for health and wellbeing through regular access to natural greenspaces, particularly for individuals living in areas with high rates of health inequalities.

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Ryan, Jonathan Michael. "South Grand Boulevard:user orientation as a catalyst for resiliency." Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8722.

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Master of Landscape Architecture Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning Laurence A. Clement Contemporary design of the urban environment focuses increasingly upon the quality of space found within the public right-of-way. Landscape architects and urban planners are beginning to ask new questions that deviate from the conventional streetscape designs of the latter half of the 20th century. Under the mantra “complete the streets,” communities all across America are calling for a paradigm shift towards multimodal, pedestrian-scaled urban rights-of-way. At the same time, existing stormwater and combined sewer infrastructure is nearing the end of its productive lifespan in cities all across the country and world. The direct costs associated with repairing this infrastructure combined with the indirect costs of poor water quality and a greater frequency and intensity of flooding events downstream present a strong argument for developing new, innovative ideas about how to best design the stormwater infrastructure of tomorrow. The reintegration of ecological processes into the urban fabric will act as a catalyst for the appreciation of genius loci (spirit of the place) and user meaning while mitigating downstream flooding, increasing water quality, and extending the lifespan of existing stormwater infrastructure. By studying the hierarchical categorization of urban rights-of-way according to increased levels of user orientation, this research project aims to clearly articulate a new theoretical framework for expanding upon the current discourse surrounding “complete streets” and “green streets” theory. In the long-term, it is both economically and socially profitable for cities to use ecological processes to reclaim auto-oriented, urban rights-of-way as valuable public space for the health, safety, and welfare of all their users.

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Batouli, Mostafa. "Exploratory Assessment of Roadway Infrastructure Adaptation to the Impacts of Sea-level Rise." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3166.

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Transportation agencies in coastal urban areas face a significant challenge to enhance the long-term resilience of their networks to flooding and storm surge events exacerbated by sea level rise. The problem of sea-level rise adaptation is characterized by deep uncertainty that makes it complex to assess the value of adaptation investments. To enable informed adaptation decisions, the present study created a dynamic stochastic modeling framework based on the theoretical underpinnings of complex adaptive systems that integrates: (i) stochastic simulation of sea-level rise stressors based on the data obtained from downscaled climate studies pertaining to future projections of sea-level and precipitation; (ii) dynamic modeling of roadway conditions by considering regular decay of roadways, as well as structural damages caused by storm surge events; and (iii) a decision-theoretic modeling of agency infrastructure management and adaptation processes based on cognitive psychology, bounded rationality, and regret theories. In this framework, resilience is examined based on trend changes in the network performance measures (e.g., life cycle costs and performance). The created framework and model were tested in a case study related to the road network of the city of Miami-Beach, which global assessments rank first iv among the world's urban areas most exposed to sea-level rise risks. The results indicated that: (i) SLR Adaptation investment and life cycle costs of roadway infrastructure are negatively correlated. In addition, it was shown that the sensitivity of network’s life cycle cost to actual sea-level rise scenario decreases when adaptation investment increases. These finding emphasize the importance of proactive improvement of the network resilience to alleviate the long-term costs of sea-level rise. (ii) When funding is sufficient for all required adaptation actions, mid-term adaptation planning yields lower life cycle cost. When funding is insufficient, aggregated investment in long-term adaptation planning intervals yields lower network LCC. These findings imply that different adaptation planning approaches should be taken for different levels of adaptation investment. (iii) The agency’s perception of SLR and risk attitude do not have significant effect on life cycle cost of roadway networks. Hence, implementation of adaptation action based on any perception of sea-level rise and risk attitude can significantly reduce the life cycle costs of roadway networks under the impacts of SLR. (iv) The devised performance target has negative correlation with life cycle cost of a roadway network affected by SLR impacts. Therefore, compromising the network performance condition will never result in lower life cycle costs.

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Makana, Lewis O. "Development of a decision support system for sustainable and resilience evaluation of urban underground space physical infrastructure." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6262/.

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The research described in this thesis proposes a new,novel evaluation ‘framework’ and accompanying operational ‘model’, the ‘SUURE’ (Sustainable Underground Use Resilience Evaluation) ‘framework’, which adopts a socio-ecological systems (SES) approach to evaluation, combining sustainability science and resilience theory, at the same time incorporating a range of interdisciplinary tools and methods to achieve this. It purposes at its core to aid in sustainability evaluation of urban underground space, by evaluating the process to the outcome of sustainable solutions i.e. the capacity to adapt to change in different steady states. In consequence, a fundamentally different approach to planning that utilises future socio-ecological scenarios (NSP, PR, MF and FW) is incorporated in the ‘framework’ as a means of evaluating through its operational ‘model’, the sensitivity of investment decisions made today in the name of sustainability i.e. will the proposed engineering sustainability solution continue to deliver its intended function into the future, whatever that may be. The SUURE operational ‘model’ was employed as a proof of concept to the case study area of Birmingham Eastside, evaluating the potential use of multi-utility tunnels (MUT) in Eastside as a means of engendering sustainable and resilient use of urban underground space, through sustainable utility placement, both now and into the future. The flush-fitting MUT was found to be having the highest overall baseline (present-day) performance resilience index ratio at mean of 0.739, the shallow MUT second at 0.656, and the deep MUT last at 0.212. With regard to the evaluation of continued MUT functional performance into the future (whatever that may be), all three MUT options, if implemented today in the name of sustainability, would continue to deliver and retain their core functional performance, the deep MUT showing the most significant increase across all evaluation clusters (social, economic, physical, bio-physical and location aspects).

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Al-Khaili, K. S. K. "Building disaster resilience within the Emirati energy sector and its infrastructure through a comprehensive strategic mitigation plan." Thesis, University of Salford, 2015. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/36773/.

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The energy sector dominates in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and consists of various assets - electricity, oil and natural gas - that are geographically dispersed and connected by systems and networks. The protection of these systems and assets within the energy sector, especially the safeguarding of the oil and gas infrastructure from any internal and external threats, should become a top priority in the UAE. Threats to geopolitical and economic stability that need to be considered and prepared for include tectonic activity, climate change, nuclear energy, terrorism and war. The aim of this research is to develop a framework to enhance the resilience of the UAE’s critical energy infrastructure facilities through a strategic disaster mitigation plan. The philosophy of this research is interpretivism. The research approach is inductive, whilst the research strategy is case study. The secondary data was taken from various academic and professional sources whilst the primary data collection included questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Three facilities were selected for this research and they were electricity generating plants using gas - one in Abu Dhabi, one in Dubai and one in Sharjah. In total 100 questionnaires were distributed, out of which 42 were answered by energy sector workers (20 from Abu Dhabi, 15 from Dubai and 7 from Sharjah). Respondents of the questionnaire discussed issues such as energy sector preparedness, vulnerability and barriers to be overcome. Respondents believed that while the energy sector is best prepared for terrorism, extreme heat, and health and safety related accidents, it is ill prepared when it comes to facing natural hazards. The risk of terrorism was thought to be the greatest vulnerability. In addition, a total of 9 semi-structured interviews were conducted with Emirati energy sector managers who discussed the questionnaire responses and proposed further solutions to the concerns raised. This thesis provides important practical knowledge and makes a contribution to the provision of advice and methodological steps, derived from fieldwork, when it comes to developing a strategic mitigation plan and communicating it to the energy sector. It provides key information that could be used to improve the design and structure of current educational and professional programmes undertaken by individuals in the 2 disaster sector. The thesis provides tools for qualitatively evaluating the various threats and vulnerabilities faced by the UAE and acts as a platform for change. In terms of theoretical contributions, this research represents the first of its kind that engages both workers and managers in the Emirati energy sector. This gives academics and professionals unique insights into some of the significant problems that have become latent and perhaps would have continued unnoticed but require more comprehensive investigation. The study has specific implications for policy and practices within energy organisations operating in such settings, not to mention the way disaster is viewed.

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Mosuela, Kristine Angela. "A Parameterized Approach to Estimating Wave Attenuation from Living Shorelines." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104636.

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Living shorelines and other nature-based solutions have become more widely accepted as a cost-effective, multi-functional, and sustainable approach to coastal resilience. However, in spite of growing stakeholder support, a planning-level understanding of the hydrodynamic impact of living shorelines is not well-developed. Not only do these features vary in size, shape, and structural characteristics, but the wave environment in which they exist can be quiescent or extreme. The work presented in this paper explores the hydrodynamic effects of living shoreline features in such a way that can be generalized across a range of varying physical environments. In a series of Simulation WAves Nearshore (SWAN) simulations, we investigate the effect of wave period, wave height, bed slope, living shoreline feature length in the cross-shore direction, and feature friction coefficient on wave attenuation. Results showed that higher wave period, higher wave height, milder slopes, longer feature lengths, and higher feature roughness largely correlated with higher wave attenuation. However, only on mild slopes did additional feature lengths result in appreciable additional attenuation. Characteristic lengths were thus computed to better illustrate the cost-effectiveness of additional feature lengths given a particular wave environment. These characteristic lengths provide one way to evaluate the hydraulic efficacy of proposed living shoreline projects. In this way, regardless of the particularities of individual project sites, we aim to help planners screen potential living shoreline projects before pursuing more detailed, costly analyses. Master of Science Living shorelines and other nature-based solutions have become more widely accepted as a cost-effective, multi-functional, and sustainable approach to coastal resilience. However, in spite of growing stakeholder support, a planning-level understanding of the hydrodynamic impact of living shorelines is not well-developed. Not only do these features vary in size, shape, and structural characteristics, but the wave environment in which they exist can be quiescent or extreme. The work presented in this paper explores the hydrodynamic effects of living shoreline features in such a way that can be generalized across a range of varying physical environments. In a series of Simulation WAves Nearshore (SWAN) simulations, we investigate the effect of wave period, wave height, bed slope, living shoreline feature length in the cross-shore direction, and feature friction coefficient on wave attenuation. Results showed that higher wave period, higher wave height, milder slopes, longer feature lengths, and higher feature roughness largely correlated with higher wave attenuation. However, only on mild slopes did additional feature lengths result in appreciable additional attenuation. Characteristic lengths were thus computed to better illustrate the cost-effectiveness of additional feature lengths given a particular wave environment. These characteristic lengths provide one way to evaluate the hydraulic efficacy of proposed living shoreline projects. In this way, regardless of the particularities of individual project sites, we aim to help planners screen potential living shoreline projects before pursuing more detailed, costly analyses.

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Assaf-Medawar, Eleni. "Les potentialités des interfaces « bâti/non bâti » dans une approche de résilience territoriale et environnementale : recherche appliquée aux Zones d'Activités Economiques de la rive droite du Var (Alpes-Maritimes)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ2010.

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La problématique de la thèse s’inscrit dans une recherche de la résilience générale, axée sur le long terme, du territoire périurbain situé en rive droite de la basse vallée du Var (06), qui s’étend du Broc à Saint-Laurent du Var, où voisinent et s’intriquent des espaces aux fonctions diverses – habitat, agriculture, industrie, espace naturel – sans interrelation fonctionnelle. Les zones d’activités économiques y occupent une place prédominante. La zone industrielle de Carros renferme à elle seule 600 entreprises, et 10 000 emplois. Ce territoire est considéré depuis plusieurs décennies, et à juste raison, comme un territoire à enjeu - DTA des Alpes-Maritimes, OIN Plaine du Var. De facto, il est soumis à une forte pression urbaine difficilement régulée, qui touche notamment les espaces agricoles. Les zones d’activités présentent un paradoxe, elles sont à la fois dynamiques et vieillissantes. Toutefois, les actions engagées, par les clubs des entreprises, telle que la démarche d’écologie industrielle et territoriale, sont généralement menées sur chaque parc d’activité indépendamment des autres, et pas ou peu, interreliées avec les espaces voisins. Les zones d’activité sont vieillissantes, le foncier est de plus en plus rare et contraint, et la qualité paysagère, délaissée. Les dynamiques de changement sont par ailleurs bridées par de fortes contraintes réglementaires liées aux risques (inondation, incendie, technologique). Le parti de cette thèse est de considérer l’organisation des espaces bâtis/non bâtis comme un potentiel de résilience environnementale et territoriale latent, inexploité, à valoriser. En effet, le territoire de la rive droite du Var pris dans son ensemble, est structuré en un emboitement d’interfaces à différentes échelles : bâti/non-bâti ; urbain/agricole ; agricole/urbain/naturel ; urbain/naturel et agricole/naturel. Ces espaces représentent un fort potentiel, d’autant plus qu’ils sont uniquement considérés par les acteurs économiques locaux comme une opportunité d’accroitre leur surface d’activité économique. Ces espaces pourraient au contraire être perçus et utilisés de façon inédite dans le but de valoriser le territoire au niveau économique, social et environnemental notamment en créant des « paysages recyclés ». La mise en place de ce type d’aménagement permet de valoriser un territoire de manière globale sur le plan écologique, mais également sur le plan socio-économique, par l’amélioration de la qualité de vie au travail, comme de son fonctionnement interne, en contribuant à la mobilité douce, par exemple The thesis addresses the overarching challenge of enhancing the long-term general resilience of the peri-urban territory located on the right bank of the lower Var Valley (06), spanning from Le Broc to Saint-Laurent-du-Var. This area encompasses diverse functions such as housing, agriculture, industry, and natural spaces, all coexisting without functional interrelation. Economic activity zones play a predominant role in this landscape, with the Carros industrial zone alone hosting 600 companies and providing 10,000 jobs.This territory has been rightly considered for several decades as a strategically important area, as indicated by the Regional Land Use Plan (DTA) of Alpes-Maritimes and the Plaine du Var Urban Development Project (OIN Eco-vallée). In reality, it is subjected to intense, difficult-to-regulate urban pressure, particularly affecting agricultural spaces. Moreover, industrial parks present a paradox as they are both dynamic and aging. However, initiatives undertaken inside the industrial parks, such as the approach to industrial and territorial ecology, are typically conducted independently in each park, with little or no connection to neighboring spaces. Conversely, these industrial areas are aging, facing increasing land scarcity and constraints, and landscape quality is neglected. The dynamics of change are further constrained by strong regulatory pressures related to various risks (flooding, fire, technological).The thesis takes the stance that the organization of built and non-built spaces represents an untapped potential for environmental and territorial resilience. The entire right bank of the Var is structured as a nesting of interfaces at different scales: built/non-built; urban/agricultural; agricultural/urban/natural; urban/natural; and agricultural/natural. These spaces harbor substantial potential, especially considering that local economic players view them merely as opportunities to expand economic activities. Instead, these spaces could be perceived and utilized innovatively to enhance the territory economically, socially, and environmentally by creating "recycled landscapes". Implementing such developments not only contributes to the overall ecological enhancement of the territory but also enhances its socio-economic aspects by improving quality of work life and internal functioning, promoting, for instance, soft mobility

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Resilient Infrastructure'

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