Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Resin formulation'

The high functionality epoxy resins tetraglycidyl-4,4’-diaminodiphenyl-methane(TGDDM) and triglycidyl-p-aminophenol (TGPAP) are the main components in most aerospace grade epoxy resin formulations. Owing to their high reactivity and high viscosity, TGDDM and TGPAP pose difficulties when used in wet layup composite manufacturing. As such, these resins are often modified to achieve the desired performance both in the liquid and cured states. The main objective of this thesis is to optimise a low viscosity multi-component epoxy resin formulation suitable for use as an aerospace grade composite matrix. The formulation will allow for the addition of high levels of thermoplastic to improve the fracture toughness of the resin whilst also maintaining resin processability. Through the use of thermal analytical techniques this thesis aims to study the effects of varying the TGDDM/TGPAP ratio, incorporation of a low viscosity bi-functional epoxy resin, the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F (DGEBF) and changes to the stoichiometric ratio (r)between reactive groups of the epoxy resin and amine hardener (4,4’-diaminodiphenylsulphone, DDS) in multi-component epoxy resin formulations. Resin formulations were optimised using factorial experimental design (FED). Results from two FED’s showed curing multi-component resins at a low stoichiometric ratio significantly increased the processing window whilst also increasing the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the cured resin. No apparent benefit could be assigned to the inclusion of TGDDM owing to its poor processability and a Tg similar to TGPAP. Up to 60% DGEBF was incorporated in a multi-component resin formulation whilst still attaining a Tg greater than 220°C. Its inclusion at 60% had the additional benefit of increasing the processing window by 48 minutes over TGPAP, an increase of 62%. Two optimised resin formulations, 100% TGPAP (100T) and a binary mix of 60% DGEBF and 40% TGPAP (60D) were taken forward to study the effects of adding a thermoplastic toughener (polyethersulphone, PES) in incremental amounts up to 50wt%. SEM images showed all toughened 100T resins had a phase separated morphology whilst all 60D resins were homogenous. The phase separation seen in 100T did not improve the matrix fracture toughness when loaded at 10 wt% and 30 wt% PES. Only when 50 wt% PES was added did fracture toughness increase in comparison to the homogenous 60D resins. Through factorial experimental design two epoxy resin formulations which excluded TGDDM were optimised with a low stoichiometric ratio. The optimum aerospace formulation is dependent on the desired processability and fracture toughness of the resin. High DGEBF-containing formulations give the longest processing windows whilst the 100% TGPAP formulation toughened with 50% PES has the highest fracture toughness.

Thesis (M.S.)--Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2008.
"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Energy Processes." Keywords: Automobile brake linings, Brake noise, Brake squeal. Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-135). Also available online.

The main objective of this research is to address the relationship between formulation of friction lining materials and their propensity to friction induced noise generation. The basic idea was formulated earlier by Dr. Filip, who showed that the friction layer plays the relevant role when noise is observed during braking. It was shown that when newly formed patches (parts of the friction layer) exhibit a large difference in the coefficient of friction, brake lining is stretched and released repeatedly, which leads to significant vibrations and corresponding noise when coupled with the vibration mode of the system. Farhang ,on the other hand, demonstrated that noise can be related to specific surface roughness parameters and when properties of friction lining and friction layer (such as compressibility, stiffness and modulus of elasticity) fit into certain specific value ranges, noisy behavior occurs. This research will address the braking related to friction induced noise in relation to the properties of the bulk lining material and the character and properties of the friction layer. The friction tests will be performed using the CAFS-developed (Szary and Lee) real time noise measurement system compatible with the major part of SAEJ2521 standard (note that the system does not allow for reliable measurement of frequencies lower than 900 Hz). The mechanical properties of fourteen samples will be investigated. Of the fourteen samples, friction layer of three of the samples will be investigated by several analytical techniques developed by Dr. Filip [1]. They include polarized light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive microanalysis, and X-ray diffraction. This research summarizes data from the J2521 dynamometer test of the Dodge Caravan samples exhibiting specific compressibility, porosity and hardness. Also, this research provides the results of friction surface analysis by SEM with energy dispersive microanalysis, light microscopy, surface roughness, and X ray diffraction. Of the fourteen samples, Bendix has the largest occurrence of noisy braking. Based on techniques developed by Dr. Filip, the characteristics of the friction layer strongly influence brake noise propensity. The friction layer characteristics are dependent on brake formulation. As predicted, "noisy stop" and "quiet stop" samples exhibit completely different friction surfaces.

The interpretation and modelling of the dielectric response of thermosetting materials during cure was the main focus of this study. The equivalence of complex permittivity and complex impedance in terms of information content was outlined in a series of case studies covering the separate effects of dipolar movements and charge migration as well as the combined effect of the two polarisation mechanisms. Equivalent electrical circuits were used in order to model the evolution of the complex impedance during cure. A numerical method that can model consecutive spectra throughout the cure was developed. The method is based on Genetic Algorithms and requires only input from the modelling of the initial spectra. Complex impedance spectra were collected during the cure of a commercial epoxy resin formulation under isothermal and dynamic heating conditions. The spectra were analysed and modelled. The modelling was successful over the whole frequency range of the measurements (1 Hz – 1 MHz). The analysis of the estimated model parameters showed that charge migration dominates the dielectric response in a wide frequency range. In addition, the modelling algorithm also distinguished between the effects of electrode polarisation and dipolar movements in the signal. A new equivalent circuit was used in order to map the frequency regions where the each one of the three phenomena that together comprise the dielectric signal can be monitored most effectively. A chemical cure kinetics model was developed for the studied system. A correlation between the maximum point of the imaginary impedance spectrum and the reaction conversion was established. A mathematical model, based on a simple linear dependence of the dielectric signal on conversion and temperature, was built. The model predictions agreed well with the experimental data. The aim of simplifying the interpretation of the dielectric signals led to the development of a new experimental technique. Temperature Modulated Dielectric Analysis employs temperature modulations superimposed on an underlying thermal profile in order to separate the influence on the signal of the temperature alone from that of the cure reaction. The early study carried out here shows that such measurements are feasible and reveals important issues for its further development.

Dans ce manuscrit, un modèle complet pour la simulation de l'écoulement d'un fluide thermor éactif à travers un milieu poreux fortement compressible est présenté. Ce modèle est utilisé pour l'étude des procédés d'élaboration des matériaux composites par infusion à travers leur épaisseur (Liquid Resin Infusion-LRI et Resin Film Infusion-RFI ). Dans ces procédés, le mélange entre les renforts et la résine liquide est réalisé dans la direction transverse aux plans des préformes pendant la phase de mise en forme. Les coˆuts sont ainsi réduits et les problèmes de remplissage éliminés. Ces procédés sont néanmoins peu maîtrisés et les caractéristiques de la pièce finale difficilement prévisibles (principalement les épaisseurs et les porosités). La mise au point d'un modèle numérique constituerait un bon outil pour développer et finaliser de nouvelles solutions composites. D'un point de vue physique, l'infusion de la résine à travers l'épaisseur des préformes est une conséquence de la pression appliquée sur l'empilement résine/préforme. Dans cette analyse multi-physique deux types de problèmes sont rencontrés. Tout d'abord, on connait mal les conditions de couplage entre les zones liquides, gouvernées par les équations de Stokes, et les préformes imprégnées assimilées à des milieux poreux, gouvernées par une loi de Darcy et une loi de comportement mécanique non-linéaire. Par ailleurs, les interactions entre l'écoulement de la résine et la compression des préformes ne sont pas bien maîtrisées. Le modèle développé inclut donc une condition de Beaver-Joseph- Schaffman modifiée pour le couplage entre les zones de Darcy et de Stokes. Une formulation ALE pour l'écoulement de la résine dans un milieu poreux déformable subissant de fortes déformations est utilisée et couplée à une formulation Lagrangienne Réactualisée pour la partie solide. Ces deux mécanismes physiques sont couplés à des modèles thermo-chimiques pour traiter la réticulation de la résine sous l'action du cycle de température. Dans ce travail, un certain nombre d'outils numériques et de nouvelles formulations ont été développés en vue de simuler les procédés LRI et RFI. Chaque outil est étudié et validé analytiquement ou numériquement avant d'être intégré dans les modèles LRI /RFI. Des simulations numériques d'infusion sont ensuite présentées et commentées, puis une première comparaison avec des essais expérimentaux est proposée.

This dissertation focuses on developing 3D printing as a fabrication method for microfluidic devices. Specifically, I concentrate on the 3D printing approach known as Digital Light Processing stereolithography (DLP-SLA) in which serially projected images are used to sequentially photopolymerize layers to build a microfluidic device. The motivation for this work is to explore a much faster alternative to cleanroom-based microfabrication that additionally offers the opportunity to densely integrate microfluidic elements in compact 3D layouts for dramatic device volume reduction. In the course of my research, an optical approach was used to guide custom resin formulation to help create the interconnected hollow regions that form a microfluidic device. This was based on a new a mathematical model to calculate the optical dose delivered throughout a 3D printed part, which also explains the effect of voids. The model was verified by a series of 3D printed chips fabricated with a commercial 3D printer and a custom resin. Channels as small as 108 µm x 60 µm were repeatably fabricated. Next, highly compact active fluidic components, including valves, pumps, and multiplexers, were fabricated with the same 3D printer and resin. The valves achieved a 10x size reduction compared with previous results, and were the smallest 3D printed valves at the time. Moreover, by adding thermal initiator to thermally cure devices after 3D printing, the durability of 3D printed valves was improved and up to 1 million actuations were demonstrated.To further decrease the 3D printed feature size, I built a custom 3D printer with a 385 nm LED light source and a 7.56 µm pixel pitch in the plane of the projected image. A custom resin was also developed to take advantage of the new 3D printer's features, which necessitated developing a UV absorber screening process which I applied to 20 candidate absorbers. In addition, a new mathematical model was developed to use only the absorber's molar absorptivity measurement to predict the resin optical penetration depth, which is important for determining the z-resolution that can be achieved with a given resin. The final resin formulation uses 2-nitrophenyl phenyl sulfide (NPS) as the UV absorber. With this resin, along with a new channel narrowing technique, I successfully created flow channel cross sections as small as 18 µm x 20 µm.With the custom 3D printer, smaller valves and pumps become possible, which led to the invention of a new method of creating large numbers of high density chip-to-chip microfluidic interconnects based on either simple integrated microgaskets (SIMs) or controlled-compression integrated microgaskets (CCIMs). Since these structures are directly 3D printed as part of a device, they require no additional materials or fabrication steps. As a demonstration of the efficacy of this approach, 121 chip-to-chip interconnects in an 11 x 11 array for both SIMs and CCIMs with an areal density of 53 interconnects per square mm were demonstrated, and tested up to 50 psi without leaking. Finally, these interconnects were used in the development of 3D printed chips with valves having 30x smaller volume than the valves we previously demonstrated. These valves served as a building block for demonstrating the miniaturization potential of an active fluid mixer using our 3D printing tools, materials, and methods. The mixer provided a set of selectable mixing ratios, and was designed in 2 configurations, a linear dilution mixer-pump (LDMP) and a parallelized dilution mixer-pump (PDMP), which occupy volumes of only 1.5 cubic mm and 2.6 cubic mm, respectively.

Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit sont consacrés à l’étude et à l’élaboration de résines de collage bio-sourcées pour remplacer les résines Urée-Formol (UF) d’origine pétrochimique, sources de formaldéhyde, utilisées actuellement dans l’industrie panneautière. Les résines étudiées dans le cadre de cette thèse sont formulées à partir de ressources locales (dextrines issues d’amidon de maïs et tanins d’écorces de pin maritime) et doivent respecter certaines contraintes industrielles. Pour répondre à ces contraintes, les travaux de recherche présentés dans ce mémoire vont de la compréhension structurale des mélanges des produits de base jusqu’à la fabrication de panneaux à l’échelle du laboratoire, en passant par la formulation et la réticulation des différentes résines thermodurcissables. Ces travaux montrent qu’il est nécessaire de travailler en milieu alcalin pour solubiliser les tanins. Dans cette situation, les mélanges tanins/dextrines donnent des suspensions colloïdales. Les fractions massiques en tanins et en dextrines permettant d’obtenir des paramètres respectant le cahier des charges varient de 0 à 40%. La réticulation de ces mélanges par l’épichlorhydrine a permis l’obtention de colles thermodurcissables insolubles dans l’eau ayant une bonne stabilité dimensionnelle à sec, mais un pouvoir gonflant plus ou moins important selon la formulation. Les propriétés adhésives, mécaniques et thermiques de ces matériaux ont été caractérisées et ont permis de sélectionner des formulations de colles ayant les meilleures performances thermomécaniques. Enfin, tout en respectant un protocole industriel, des composites ont été fabriqués à partir de ces colles et des particules de bois. Il a été montré que les panneaux de particules obtenus ont des performances mécaniques équivalentes à ceux fabriqués avec des colles UF
This work aims to substitute resins based on formaldehyde as UF by “green” thermosetting adhesives based on natural and renewable local products, in the wood composite industry. The resins studied in this thesis are made from local resources (dextrins from corn starch and tannins from maritime pine barks) and must respect certain industrial requirements. To meet these industrial constraints, the research work of this manuscript deals with studies ranging from the structural understanding of basic product mixtures, up to the characterization of the properties of panels manufactured in the lab, including the formulation and reticulation of resins. These studies show that it is necessary to work in an alkaline medium to solubilize the tannins. In this situation, the tannins / dextrin mixtures give colloidal suspensions. The mass fractions in tannins and dextrins allowing to obtain parameters respecting the specifications vary from 0 to 40%. The epichlorohydrin has been used as hardener to cross-link these resins. Thermosetting materials with good dimensional stability have been obtained. However the resin swelling depends on the composition of the formulation. Adhesive, mechanical and thermal properties of these materials were characterized. Thus, adhesive formulations with the best thermomechanical performances have been selected. Finally, composites have been made from these adhesives and wood particles, respecting an industrial procedure. It has been shown that these panels and those obtained with UF adhesives have equivalent mechanical performances

Les solvants occupent une place prépondérante dans l’industrie chimique et se retrouvent au cœur de nombreuses applications telles que la formulation de produits phytosanitaires, d’encres ou de peintures, le nettoyage industriel ou les procédés d’extraction, de synthèse ou de séparation. L’épuisement des ressources pétrolières, le durcissement de la réglementation, et une prise de conscience collective motivent le développement d’alternatives à l’utilisation de solvants pétrochimiques. En effet, environ 45% des émissions de composés organiques volatils (COVs) en France proviennent de l’utilisation des solvants, qui, pour la plupart, présentent une empreinte environnementale et sanitaire peu favorable. Le panorama des solvants industriels amorce inévitablement une mutation, qui nécessite la recherche de solvants plus respectueux de l’environnement et des utilisateurs, au regard de leurs propriétés et de leur mode de production. Outre les liquides ioniques, les fluides supercritiques et les solvants fluorés qualifiés de solvants verts, les biosolvants sont apparus comme une solution alternative capable de répondre à un grand nombre de spécifications requises dans diverses applications. L’élaboration de biosolvants s’accompagne d’un changement de matière première, au profit de ressources renouvelables issues de la biomasse. Parmi les molécules plateforme biosourcées utilisées pour la synthèse de bioproduits, le furfural, obtenu par déshydratation des sucres contenus dans les rafles de maïs, a été sélectionné dans le cadre de cette étude visant à développer de nouveaux biosolvants, en collaboration avec la société Rhodia-Solvay (projet InBioSynSolv). Ainsi, afin de substituer des solvants conventionnels utilisés pour formuler des actifs phytosanitaires ou pour le nettoyage industriel, deux méthodologies, différentes de l’approche essais et erreurs, ont été étudiées. La première méthodologie, prédictive, se base sur la prédiction des propriétés avant la synthèse des molécules. La formulation inverse est, quant à elle, une méthodologie innovante qui permet de concevoir des molécules de biosolvants grâce à un laboratoire virtuel; les étapes de génération de structures moléculaires et de prédiction des propriétés, sont intégrées à un outil informatique d’aide au design moléculaire (CAMD) qui propose des solutions répondant aux spécifications visées. Dans un premier temps, ces méthodologies ont conduit à identifier un pool de molécules candidates dérivées du furfural et susceptibles de jouer le rôle de solvant pour les applications envisagées. Dans un deuxième temps, la faisabilité des filières de leur production a été étudiée, depuis la molécule plateforme jusqu’à l’utilisation du biosolvant au sein d’une formulation. Pour cela, les molécules candidates ont été obtenues selon différentes voies de synthèse, que l’on a caractérisées à l’aide de la détermination d’indicateurs verts. Une démarche d’éco conception a également contribué à la mise en place d’une approche multi critère intégrant les aspects techniques, environnementaux et socio- économiques. Enfin, la production d’échantillons a permis de vérifier expérimentalement les propriétés recherchées, et de valider l’intérêt des méthodologies de substitution de solvants utilisées, en termes de gain de temps et d’efficacité. Celles-ci pourront être généralisées au développement de différents bioproduits pour accompagner les évolutions des marchés auxquelles doit faire face l’industrie chimique.

碩士
國立中興大學
化學工程學系
93
The next generation TFT-LCD is gradually developing for light, full-color and mobile display. Therefore, the color filter that plays a key element of TFT-LCD is to be improved for ultra high resolution and precision pattern by using nano-technology. That is it needs to decrease the distance between pixels and to increase aperture ratio. As a result, it’s importance research to develop new material with higher optical density, lower conductivity, and free environmental problem for finer black matrix. With the property of larger specific surface area, lower content of the carbon black nano-particle in thinner polymeric film can show an excellent absorption and high shield effect to the visible light. In addition, as the carbon black nano-powders are well dispersed, the conductive path may be significantly reduced to form high electrical resistance in polymeric matrix. In this work, carbon black with the mean sizes of 15nm and 24nm, which are trademarked by CARBOT M-900 and Mogul L, respectively, were added into co-solvent composed from PGMEA（propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate） and normal butyl alcohol decreasing surface tension to enhance the permeability of agglomerated carbon black, and then polymeric dispersant was used to stable carbon black nano-particles in the solution after dispersing process made on the mill method. Finally, the paste with carbon black nano-particles was blended with multi-functional group acrylic resin, reactive monomer DPHA（Dipentaerythritol pena-/hexa-acrylate）containing 5 functional group as well as high extinction coefficient of photo-initiator (CGI-242 and I369) to form high performance photo-resist with carbon black nano-particles for black matrix of color filter. As shown in the results from the photolithography evaluation, 10m resolution of patter may be fabricated by the photo-resist with both 14.3% Mogul L and 10.9wt% M-900 carbon blacks for black matrix with optical density and electrical resistance at levels of 3.25/m and 1012.4Ω/□ as well as 3.16/m and 109.6Ω/□, respectively, in this study.

M. Tech. Polymer Technology.
The gas permeability of composite epoxy resins formulated with graphene platelets and glass flakes was investigated. The purpose of researching the gas permeability of the composite resins was to develop a possible coating system that could prevent or limit the release of radioactive gases like tritium from irradiated graphite waste which may accumulate in underground repositories. Helium was used as a substitute gas to simulate the diffusive properties of tritium gas.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
森林學研究所
92
The main purpose of wood treated with fire retardants is to improve safety in case of fire. The objective of this study is to discuss the effective fire-retardant property and coating performance of intumescent fire retardant paint in using different binding resin. The research methods are using different mixing ratios of different binding resins with acid precursor, carbon source and blowing agent to manufacture intumescent fire retardant paints. In order to know coating property of fire retardant, pyrolysis and heat of combustion, the intumescent fire retardant paint was evaluated by surface testing machine, thermalgravimetric analyzer and oxygen bomb calorimeter. The experimental results are summarized as follows: 1. In fire-retardant test, the best combination ratio of binding resin and carbon source is 15/35. The worst performance of four binding resins is the styrene monomer contained resin. The best two are EVA and VAC resin. 2. The best fire-retardant performance of four binding resins is the Vinyl acetate contained resin. 3. In terms of tdθ and tdθ1 values of CNS 6532, utilizing binding resin only is not enough to form the layer of char to be fire-retardant; therefore, the said resin must add extra carbon sources to form the said layer. 4. To reduce or change the heat of combustion in polymer materials will make protect material being uneasy to burn after firing.