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1
Mclaughlin, MJ, PA Lancaster, PG Sale, NC Uren, and KI Peverill. "Comparison of cation/anion exchange resin methods for multi-element testing of acidic soils." Soil Research 32, no. 2 (1994): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940229.
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Increasing laboratory costs and time constraints have stimulated development of techniques which allow the simultaneous extraction of many elements from soil. We assessed several techniques using cation/anion exchange resins which allow the simultaneous extraction of Ca, Mg, K, Al, Mn and P from soil. Elements are extracted by shaking soil either with resin beads or resin membranes in distilled water. The resin is separated from the soil and elements are desorbed using BaCl2/HCl. Concentrations of elements in solution are then determined by conventional chemical methods. Using 50 soils which varied in acidity/fertility, a comparison was made between concentrations of elements extracted by the resin methods and commonly used extraction procedures. Apart from Al, concentrations of elements extracted by the resin procedures correlated well with conventional extraction procedures, although P was less well correlated (R2 < 0.8) than cations (R2 > 0.8). All the resin procedures have the potential to reduce the time required for analysis of Ca, Mg, K, Mn and P in soils. The resin membrane method offers considerable speed and cost advantages over the unconfined resin bead method.
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URANO, Akihiro, Akihiro WADA, Hiroya YAMAMOTO, and Yoshimichi FUJII. "Ultrasonic Testing of Resin Impregnation in Resin Transfer Molding." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2019 (2019): J04308P. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2019.j04308p.
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Bolcu, Dumitru, Marius Marinel Stanescu, Ion Ciuca, Alin Dinita, Adrian Rosca, and Daniela Rosca. "Experimental Research into the Mechanical Behaviour of Dammar and Sandarac - Based Bio Resins." Materiale Plastice 56, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.19.1.5112.
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In this paper, we examine two types of Dammar-based bio resins. In the first type, Dammar alone is used as natural resin, while in the second type a mixture of 70% Dammar and 30% Sandarac is used. Three sample sets were made of each of these resins with a bio resin volume proportion of 55, 65 and 75% respectively, the rest being epoxy resin (used, together with the associated reinforcing material, to generate a quick polymerization process). A SEM analysis is carried out and the surface roughness of each of the studied materials. A series of mechanical properties, determined by tensile testing, are presented. We have determined the characteristic curves, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity and the influence of the epoxy resin volume proportion on the mechanical behaviour of bio resins.
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Yaakob, Muhammad Nor Arifin, Rasidi Bin Roslan, Nurjannah Salim, and Sarani Zakaria. "Comparison of Phenol-Formaldehyde and Lignin-Formaldehyde Resin Adhesives for Wood Application." Materials Science Forum 1025 (March 2021): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1025.307.
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Phenolic resins are thermosetting material that is commercially produced via the condensation process of phenol and formaldehyde. However, due to the usage of petro-based materials in the production of phenolic resins, several approaches have been made, and one of the approaches is by substituting the raw materials, especially phenol, with lignin. In this study, acetosolv lignin was used to produce lignin-formaldehyde (LF) and compared with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin. The resinification reaction was conducted at 85 °C for 4h. The functional group, curing behavior and the shear strength of the resins was analyzed using FTIR-ATR, DSC and Universal Testing Machine, respectively. The formation of PF and LF resins was confirmed by the presence of the methylene bridge functional group at 1460 cm-1. The curing curve shows the shift of LF resin to a higher temperature compared to the PF resin. Furthermore, the evaluation of bonding strength shows that LF resin possesses a low shear strength compared to PF resin. However, both resins pass to be adhesives for the manufacture of plywood panels based on standard JIS K-6852.
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Kostic, Milena, Stevo Najman, Dragan Mihailovic, Nebojsa Krunic, Nikola Gligorijevic, Jasmina Gligorijevic, Marko Igic, and Nikola Marinkovic. "Denture base resins biocompatibility testing in vivo." Vojnosanitetski pregled 75, no. 11 (2018): 1094–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp170112045k.
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Background/Aim. The wearing of acrylic dentures is the cause of the inflammatory reaction of the oral mucosa. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of rat tissues to subcutaneous and intramuscular implantation of different acrylic samples, by histopathological analysis of the tissue. Methods. The study included two samples of hard and three samples of soft acrylic resins (heat and cold polymerized), that were subcutaneously and intramuscularly implanted in rats tissues. Implantation tests were designed to test the biological response of the surrounding tissue to the tested materials after their application for the period of two weeks and the period of four months. Results. After two weeks, regardless of the type of implantation, histopathological analysis showed an acute inflammatory response. There was an intense hyperplasia of inflammatory cells, multiplication of connective tissue as well as formation of many new blood vessels. The highest level of inflammatory changes was observed after the application of cold-polymerized resins. A lower intensity of inflammation in the case of heat polymerised resin was the result of its more complete polymerization. After the second observation period, fibrotic capsules were formed around the implanted samples indicating a chronic course of the inflammatory process. Less visible signs of inflammation and chronicity of the processes indicate that with time, i.e. with the length of the observation period, reduces inflammation. Conclusion. The subcutaneous and intramuscular implantation of acrylic resins material samples led to inflammatory response whose intensity was decreased over time. Heat polymerized resin was a biologically more acceptable in comparison to the cold polymerized acrylates.
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Yang, Jie, Xin Mao, Lirong Du, Bo Wu, Fangfang Zhang, Wencheng Hu, and Xianzhong Tang. "Thermally stabilized bismaleimide–triazine resin composites for 10-GHz level high-frequency application." High Performance Polymers 30, no. 7 (September 22, 2017): 833–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008317732396.
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A hybrid cured resin with excellent dielectric and thermal properties was prepared with bismaleimide–triazine (BT) resin modified with 2,2′-diallylbisphenol A (DBA). The thermal and dielectric properties of the resin were investigated, and the effect of DBA concentration on the curing reaction was determined. Results indicated that DBA significantly influenced the curing reaction and the properties of the cured product. The modified BT resins exhibited outstanding thermal stability (initial decomposition temperature was over 400°C), although the stability was slightly lower than that of pure BT resins. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the cured resin decreased when DBA was introduced into the BT resins. Moreover, the fabricated resins showed dielectric constant of 2.91–3.07 and dielectric loss lower than 0.0057 under the testing high-frequency range of 1 GHz to 15 GHz. Overall, the BT resins modified by DBA display great potential to be applied in high frequency field.
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Guggenbühl, Simon, Abdulmonem Alshihri, Nadin Al-Haj Husain, and Mutlu Özcan. "Adhesion of Resin-Resin and Resin–Lithium Disilicate Ceramic: A Methodological Assessment." Materials 14, no. 14 (July 11, 2021): 3870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14143870.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate four test methods on the adhesion of resin composite to resin composite, and resin composite to glass ceramic. Resin composite specimens (N = 180, Quadrant Universal LC) were obtained and distributed randomly to test the adhesion of resin composite material and to ceramic materials (IPS e.max CAD) using one of the four following tests: (a) Macroshear SBT: (n = 30), (b) macrotensile TBT: (n = 30), (c) microshear µSBT: (n = 30) and (d) microtensile µTBT test (n = 6, composite-composite:216 sticks, ceramic-composite:216 sticks). Bonded specimens were stored for 24 h at 23 °C. Bond strength values were measured using a universal testing machine (1 mm/min), and failure types were analysed after debonding. Data were analysed using Univariate and Tukey’s, Bonneferroni post hoc test (α = 0.05). Two-parameter Weibull modulus, scale (m), and shape (0) were calculated. Test method and substrate type significantly affected the bond strength results, as well as their interaction term (p < 0.05). Resin composite to resin composite adhesion using SBT (24.4 ± 5)a, TBT (16.1 ± 4.4)b and µSBT (20.6 ± 7.4)a,b test methods presented significantly lower mean bond values (MPa), compared to µTBT (36.7 ± 8.9)b (p < 0.05). When testing adhesion of glass ceramics to resin composite, µSBT (6.6 ± 1)B showed the lowest and µTBT (24.8 ± 7)C,D the highest test values (MPa) (SBT (14.6 ± 5)A,D and TBT (19.9 ± 5)A,B) (p < 0.05). Resin composite adhesion to ceramic vs. resin composite did show significant difference for the test methods SBT and µTBT (resin composite (24.4 ± 5; 36.7 ± 9 MPa) vs. glass ceramic (14.6 ± 5; 25 ± 7 MPa)) (p > 0.05). Among substrate–test combinations, Weibull distribution presented the highest shape values for ceramic–resin in µSBT (7.6) and resin–resin in µSBT (5.7). Cohesive failures in resin–resin bond were most frequently observed in SBT (87%), followed by TBT (50%) and µSBT (50%), while mixed failures occurred mostly in ceramic–resin bonds in the SBT (100%), TBT (90%), and µSBT (90%) test types. According to Weibull modulus, failure types, and bond strength, µTBT tests might be more reliable for testing resin-based composites adhesion to resin, while µSBT might be more suitable for adhesion testing of resin-based composites to ceramic materials.
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Morimitsu, T., T. Yabuta, T. Tsujimura, and T. Nakayama. "Nondestructive Testing of Resin Mortar Using Ultrasonic Pulses." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 107, no. 2 (April 1, 1985): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3269249.
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A quick-setting resin mortar has been developed to accomplish a new small diameter shield tunneling method. A nondestructive testing method employing ultrasonic pulses is used for estimating the strength of resin mortar. Young’s modulus, the density, the strength, and the ultrasonic velocity of resin mortar of varying contents are measured. The experimental and theoretical results show the possibility of nondestructive testing of resin mortar strength properties by using ultrasonic pulses.
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Varodi, Anca Maria, Emanuela Beldean, and Maria Cristina Timar. "Furan resin as potential substitute for phenol-formaldehyde resin in plywood manufacturing." BioResources 14, no. 2 (February 13, 2019): 2727–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.2.2727-2739.
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Replacement of phenol-formaldehyde with a mixed furan resin is considered in this work as a means to improving plywood properties made with urea-formaldehyde-based adhesive currently made with an addition of phenol-formaldehyde resin. Previous research showed that the furan resins can improve water resistance and can provide long stability for the glue line. Plywood was manufactured with modified adhesives and characterized in comparison with a reference product. Thickness, physical properties (moisture content, density, and total water absorption), mechanical properties (shearing strength, bending strength, and elasticity modulus in bending), and formaldehyde emission were determined according to standardized methods. The results indicated that the addition of furan resin enhanced the water resistance by 43% and formaldehyde emission is according to E1 class. Also, the mechanical properties were improved; the shear strength for the adhesive composition with furan resin was increased by 14 to 30% compared with the reference product, depending on the testing conditions.
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Andrian, Sorin, Galina Pancu, Claudiu Topoliceanu, Nicoleta Tofan, Simona Stoleriu, and Gianina Iovan. "Evaluation of Compressive Strength of Repaired Direct Composite Resin Restorations." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 8 (September 15, 2017): 1874–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.8.5783.
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The aim of the study was to evaluate and to compare the compressive parameters of repaired composite restoration when using different types of composite resins and a universal bonding agent as an intermediate layer. Aged micro-filled hybrid and nano-filled hybrid composite resins were chosen to simulate old restoration. The same micro-filled hybrid composite resin was used as a repair material. A universal bonding agent applied in etch-and-rinse and self etch strategies was used as an intermediate layer in restoration repair. Non-aged composite resins were considered as control. Compressive strength and compressive modulus were determined by evaluating the samples in a universal testing machine. Lower values of the tested parameters were recorded after aging both types of composite resin when compared to control. Higher values of compressive strength were recorded when nano-filled hybrid composite resin was repaired when compared to micro-filled hybrid composite resin. The strategy of universal bonding agent application as an intermediate layer did not influenced the compressive properties of repaired restoration.
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Yesil, Zeynep Duymus. "Microtensile bond strength testing of resin cements." International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 29, no. 4 (June 2009): 352–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2008.07.006.
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Lee, S., R. F. Scott, P. C. Gaudert, W. H. Ubbink, and C. Poon. "Mechanical testing of toughened resin composite materials." Composites 19, no. 4 (July 1988): 300–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4361(88)90007-9.
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MARTINS, Elisa das Graças, and Rafael Tobias MORETTI NETO. "Effect of repeated cycles of chemical disinfection in microhardness of acrylic resins of complete denture base." RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia 65, no. 3 (September 2017): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-863720170002000023310196.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the microhardness of specimens of acrylic resins VipiCril® (thermally polymerized resin) and Bosworth New Truliner® (self-polymerized resin), before and after immersion in solutions of 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate, 1% sodium hypochlorite, Corega Tabs® and water (control), testing the null hypothesis that the mouthwashes and chemicals used to disinfect complete dentures do not interfere with the superficial microhardness, and can therefore be used as adjuncts to oral hygiene of edentulous patients. Methods: Sixty specimens of resin VipiCril®(thermally polymerized resin) and 60 specimens of resin Bosworth New Truliner® (self-polymerized resin) measuring 16 mm of diameter and 6 mm of height were prepared, which were randomly divided into four groups of 15 specimens each, undergoing Knoop hardness tests (KHN) both before and after cycles of immersion in solutions of 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate, 1% sodium hypochlorite, Corega Tabs® and water (control). Results: The specimens of resins VipiCril and Bosworth immersed in solutions of 0.12% chlorhexidine, Corega Tabs® and water showed decreased microhardness. Conclusion: The 1% sodium hypochlorite solution caused least damage to the denture structure, not leading to decrease of the superficial microhardness.
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Tjahjanti, M. Th Esti, Heriyanti Amalia Kusuma, Titik Ismiyati, and Erwan Sugiatno. "Pengaruh Etsa Kimia dengan Akua Regia terhadap Kekuatan Tarik Perlekatan Bahan Resin Akrilik pada Gigi Tiruan Kerangka Logam." Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia 19, no. 1 (July 1, 2012): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/majkedgiind.15644.
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Latar belakang. Bahan yang dipakai untuk pembuatan Gigi Tiruan Sebagian (GTS), antara lain: resin akrilik, kerangka logam, kombinasi kerangka logam dengan resin akrilik. Resin akrilik adalah bahan plat gigi tiruan yang memliki warna dan translusensi baik tetapi sifat mekanismenya tidak ideal, tidak tahan terhadap abrasi, dan dapat terjadi perubahan dimensi. GTS kerangka logam cukup kuat, tetapi estetis kurang memuaskan sehingga perlu kombinasi kerangka logam dan resin akrilik. Peningkatan daya lekat antara kedua bahan tersebut memerlukan retensi, teknik etsa kimia dengan akua regia dapat membuat retensi mikro pada logam. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui etsa kimia dengan akua regia terhadap kekuatan tarik perlekatan bahan resin akrilik pada gigi tiruan kerangka logam. Metode penelitian. Penelitian dilakukan pada 20 subyek penelitian berupa plat kobalt kromium dengan mesh dilekati resin akrilik (10x10x2) mm yeng dilekati mesh ukuran (10x8x1) mm. Subyek penelitian dibagi 2 kelompok: 10 subyek plat kobalt kromium dengan mesh dilekati resin akrilik (20x10x2) mm dan 10 subyek penelitian plat kobalt kromium dengan mesh dietsa dengan akua regia 65% selama 5 menit, kemudian dilekati dengan resin akrilik (20x10x2) mm. dilakukan uji kekuatan tarik menggunakan Torsee’s universal testing Machine dengan ukuran kg/mm2, kemudian hasil analisa dengan t-test. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata kekuatan tarik perlekatan bahan resin akrilik dengan kerangka logam yang tidak dietsa lebih kecil daripada yang dietsa kimia dengan akua regia. Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna kekuatan tarik perlekatan resin akrilik dengan kerangka logam yang tidak dietsa dengan yang dietsa secara kimia dengan akua regia (p<0,05). Kesimpulan. Etsa kimia dengan akua regia pada kerangka logam, meningkatan perlekatan bahan resin akrilik pada gigi tiruan kerangka logam. Background. Materials used in making removable partial denture (RPD) can be acrylic resins, metal plate, combination between metal plate and acrylic resins. Acrylic resins is plate denture material have good colour and translucent but the mechanical characteristic is not ideal, unstable to the abrasion, and can be occurred change in dimension. The frame removable partial denture is strong enough but estethically unsatisfaying, therefore need the acrylic resins and metal plate combination RPD. The purpose of this study was to know the influence of chemical etching with akua regia towardbond strength of acrylic resins in frame denture. Methods. The study was conducted in 20 subject of chromium cobalt plate (10x10x2) mm that was attached with a mesh measurement (10x8x1) mm. The sample were devided into two groups. The first group consisted of 10 samples of chromium cobalt plate (10x8x2) mm with a mesh was attached with acrylic resins (20x10x2) mm. The second group consisted of 10 samples of chromium cobalt plate (10x10x2) mm with a mesh etched with 65% akua regia for 5 minutes, than attached with acrylic resins (20x10x2) mm. the bond strength test was carried out using Torsee’s Universal Testing Machine in kg/mm2, than was statistically analyzed using t-test. The result of this study demonstrated that mean of bond strength of acrylic resins combined with nonetched metal plate was smaller than that with etched metal plate. There was a significant difference of the bond strength of acrylic resins combined with metal plate etched and that with metal plate non-etched (p<0,05). Conclusion. The chemical with akua regia in the metal frame increases the attachment of the acrylic resin in the frame denture.
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Chiaraputt, S., S. Mai, B. P. Huffman, R. Kapur, K. A. Agee, C. K. Y. Yiu, D. C. N. Chan, et al. "Changes in Resin-infiltrated Dentin Stiffness after Water Storage." Journal of Dental Research 87, no. 7 (July 2008): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910808700704.
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Plasticization of polymers by water sorption lowers their mechanical properties in a manner that is predictable by the polarity of their component resins. This study tested the hypothesis that when adhesive resins were used to create resin-infiltrated dentin, the reductions in their flexural moduli after water storage would be lowered proportional to their hydrophilic characteristics. Three increasingly hydrophilic resin blends were used to fabricate polymer beams and macro-hybrid layer models of resin-infiltrated dentin for testing with a miniature three-point flexure device, before and after 1–4 weeks of water storage. Flexural modulus reductions in macro-hybrid layers were related to, and more extensive than, reductions in the corresponding polymer beams. Macro-hybrid layers that were more hydrophilic exhibited higher percent reductions in flexural modulus, with the rate of reduction proportional to the Hoy’s solubility parameters for total intermolecular attraction forces (δt) and polar forces (δp) of the macro-hybrid layers.
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Wang, Dan Dan, Bei Qing Huang, Xian Fu Wei, Jiang Hao Liu, and Shuang Liu. "Study on the Dispersity of Black Water-Based Covering Ink." Applied Mechanics and Materials 262 (December 2012): 527–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.262.527.
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Dispersity is one of the most important factors that affect the covering property of ink. In order to obtain the black water-based ink with high covering property, study the dispersity of ink, by changing the variety of both pigments and resins, the ratio of pigment to resin, the variety and the content of dispersants to prepare based ink, by testing the diameter size to explore the factors that affect the dispersion of black water-based covering ink. It has been proved that the interaction between different pigments and resins is the key factor that influences the dispersion property of the black water-based covering ink. The dispersity property of the resin to pigment depends on a great extent on the ratio of pigment to resin. The result also proved that different kind of dispersants and content are also important factors that influence the dispersion property.
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Terkla, L. G., A. C. Brown, A. P. Hainisch, and J. C. Mitchem. "Testing Sealing Properties of Restorative Materials Against Moist Dentin." Journal of Dental Research 66, no. 12 (December 1987): 1758–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345870660121201.
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The objectives of this investigation were (1) to develop a sensitive laboratory system that simulates the physiological and clinical conditions of a prepared human tooth in order to facilitate the determination of the bonding and sealing efficacies of restorative dental materials and (2) to conduct experiments with two dentin bonding agents, two posterior composite resin restorative materials (hybrid and micro filled), and a glass-ionomer type II filling material. The system functioned well and provided data to indicate that, after margination, the two posterior composite resin restorative materials performed equally and both performed better than the glass-ionomer filling material; none of the materials provided a perfect seal immediately after insertion, although some restorations demonstrated perfect seals from 16 hours to 28 days after placement; the seal of the glass-ionomer material improved after 28 days of storage in buffer solution; each successive step in the respective composite resin procedures improved the seal except in one case for the micro filled resin.
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Silva, Gisele Rodrigues da, Isabela Sousa Araújo, Rodrigo Dantas Pereira, Bruno de Castro Ferreira Barreto, Célio Jesus do Prado, Carlos José Soares, and Luís Roberto Marcondes Martins. "Microtensile Bond Strength of Methacrylate and Silorane Resins to Enamel and Dentin." Brazilian Dental Journal 25, no. 4 (2014): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201300009.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of two substrates (enamel and dentin) considering two study factors: type of composite resin [methacrylate-based (Filtek Supreme) or silorane-based (Filtek LS)] and aging time (24 h or 3 months). Twenty human molars were selected and divided into 2 groups (n=10) considering two dental substrates, enamel or dentin. The enamel and dentin of each tooth was divided into two halves separated by a glass plate. Each tooth was restored using both tested composite resins following the manufacturer's instructions. The samples were sectioned, producing 4 sticks for each composite resin. Half of them were tested after 24 h and half after 3 months. µTBS testing was carried out at 0.05 mm/s. Data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD tests at α=0.05. Significant differences between composite resins and substrates were found (p<0.05), but no statistically significant difference was found for aging time and interactions among study factors. The methacrylate-based resin showed higher µTBS than the silorane-based resin. The µTBS for enamel was significantly higher than for dentin, irrespective of the composite resin and storage time. Three months of storage was not sufficient time to cause degradation of the bonding interaction of either of the composite resins to enamel and dentin.
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Putri, Riezka Hanafiah, Zulkarnain Agus, and Eni Rahmi. "PENGARUH MINUMAN TEH HITAM TERHADAP KEKUATAN TRANSVERSAL RESIN AKRILIK POLIMERISASI PANAS." Andalas Dental Journal 3, no. 2 (December 3, 2015): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/adj.v3i2.52.
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Heat-polymerized acrylic resins is the most used denture base material in prosthodontics. One of mechanical properties of acrylic resins is transverse strength. It represents the masticatory pressure that is applied to denture base. Black tea is the second largest consumed beverage in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of black tea beverage on transverse strength of heat-polymerized acrylic resins. A total of 24 heat-polymerized acrylic resin plates (65×10×2,5 mm) were immersed in black tea beverage for 1, 4, and 20 days as treatment group and in aquadest for 1, 4, and 20 days as control group. The transverse strength of acrylic samples were measured by three–point bending test by universal testing machine. Data were statistically analyzed using Independent t test. The transverse strength values of acrylic resin immersed in black tea beverage had no significant differences to the transverse strength values of acrylic resin immersed in aquadest with similar immersion time (p>0,05). There was no effect of black tea beverage on transverse strength of heat-polymerized acrylic resins. Immersion time decrease the transverse strength of heat-polymerized acrylic resins due to water sorption.
Keywords: Heat-polymerized acrylic resins, black tea, transverse strength
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Spalding, Mark A., Qian Gou, Xiaofei Sun, and Qing Shi. "The incumbent resin effect for single-screw extrusion of polyethylene resins: The effect of resin changeover on gels in the product." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 34, no. 4 (December 11, 2017): 382–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087917746455.
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Innovative polyethylene films are constantly being developed by switching the existing or incumbent resin with a new or challenger resin. If the extrusion equipment is designed properly, the film with the challenger resin will be acceptable for further testing and marketing. However, if the extrusion equipment is not designed properly, old degraded material from the incumbent resin will be pushed out of the extruder by the challenger resin, contaminating the test film. In many cases, the challenger resin is incorrectly blamed for the gels. This paper describes the incumbent resin effect, presents a case study, and provides technical solutions.
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Wahyuningtyas, Endang, Suparyono Saleh, and Sri Budi Barunawati. "Perbedaan Kekuatan Geser Reparasi Gigi Tiruan Cekat dengan Resin Komposit Packable dan Flowable (Uji Laboratoris pada permukaan logam NiCr)." Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia 19, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/majkedgiind.15533.
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Latar Belakang. Resin komposit merupakan bahan pilihan untuk reparasi Gigi Tiruan Cekat porcelain fused to metal (PFM) Karena estetis baik dan manipulasi mudah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui perbedaan kekuatan geser perlekatan resin komposit pada permukaan logam Gigi Tiruan Cekat dengan menggunakan resin komposit jenis packable dan jenis flowable. Metode penelitian. Subjek penelitian berupa logam NiCr (Noritake, Japan) berbentuk silinder dengan diameter 10 mm dan tinggi 3 mm. Penelitian dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, masing-masing terdiri dari 10 subjek. Kelompok pertama reparasi dengan resin komposit packable (Z250™ 3M ESPE, USA) dan kelompok kedua reparasi dengan resin komposit flowable (Dyad flow, Kerr, USA). Permukaan subjek dikasari dengan wheel diamond bur, dietsa dengan asam fosfat 37 % (Scotchbond™, 3M ESPE, USA) kemudian dicuci dan dikeringkan, selanjutnya diaplikasikan silan (Rely X™ Ceramic Primer, 3M ESPE, USA) dan bonding (Adper™ Single Bond, 3M ESPE, USA). Permukaan kemudian dilapisi dengan resin komposit packable dan flowable, disinari selama 40 detik. Subjek penelitian direndam di dalam distilled water dan dimasukkan ke dalam incubator dengan suhu 37°C selama 7 hari. Uji kekuatan geser dilakukan dengan menggunakan Universal Testing Machine. Data dianalisis dengan uji t. hasil uji t menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna kekuatan geser reparasi gigi tiruan cekat pada permukaan logam (p<0,05). Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah kekuatan geser reparasi pada permukaan logam dengan menggunakan resin komposit flowable yang mengandung bahan coupling agent lebih tinggi dibandingkan reparasi pada permukaan porselen dengan menggunakan resin komposit packable. Background. One of selected material by repairing the fixed partial denture was composite resin because of its good aesthetics and low manipulation. The aim. This research was aimed at identifying the differences of shear bond strength of composite resin on metal surface by using different composite resins, namely packable and flowable composite resins. Method. The research subjects were cylinders with 10 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height. The research subjects with metal material of NiCr (Noritke, Japan) involved two groups. The first group comprising 10 repair subjects with composite packable (Z250™, 3M ESPE, USA) and 10 repair subjects with flowable composite (Dyad flow, Kerr, USA). The surface of the subjects were roughned with wheel diamond bur and etched with 37% phosphate acid (Scotbond™, 3M ESPE, USA) were applied. The surface was then coated with packable and flowable composite resins and light-cured for 40 seconds. The research subjects were immersed in distilled water and put into the incubator at temperature of 37°C for 7 days. The shear bond strength test was conducted using the Universal Testing Machine. Data were analyzed using t-test. The result. The research result showed that there were differences of shear bond strength of repair between packable and flowable composite resins. The result of t-test indicated significant diffrences on metal surface (p<0,05). The conclusion of this research is that shear bond strength of repair with flowable composite which contain coupling agent has higher shear bond strength than that of packable composite resin.
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Verdickt, L., W. Closset, V. D'Haeseleer, and J. Cromphout. "Applicability of ion exchange for NOM removal from a sulfate-rich surface water incorporating full reuse of the brine." Water Supply 12, no. 6 (October 1, 2012): 878–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.065.
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The raw water of water treatment works ‘the Blankaart’ (Belgium) is characterized by high levels of NOM (Natural Organic Matter), alkalinity and sulfate. From 2006 until present, the possibility of applying fluidized ion exchange for NOM removal has been investigated at the plant. Pilot testing using Miex® (Magnetic Ion Exchange) resin demonstrated that under standard operating conditions, a TOC (Total Organic Carbon) removal efficiency of 40 to 50% can be achieved. Moreover, jar tests demonstrated that the application of ion exchange as a pretreatment for enhanced coagulation would allow the coagulant dose to be reduced by 60% without compromising effluent quality. Finally, column experiments were conducted to evaluate (i) the effect of full brine reuse and (ii) the possibility of using less expensive conventional ion exchange resins instead of the patented Miex® resin. Recuperation of the waste brine after flocculation with a ferric salt and dewatering was found to have no significant impact on the NOM removal efficiency. Column experiments with Miex® and conventional type 1 anion exchange resins revealed that the fluidization characteristics of both types of resin allow use in fluidized bed systems and that with both types of resin, similar NOM removal efficiencies can be attained. However, higher contact times are required when conventional resins are applied.
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Lup�, G., C. Petrarca, L. Egiziano, V. Tucci, and M. Vitelli. "Partial discharge testing on resin insulated voltage transformers." Electrical Engineering 81, no. 2 (May 1998): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01237891.
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Mak, Yiu-Fai, Shirley C. N. Lai, Gary S. P. Cheung, Alex W. K. Chan, Franklin R. Tay, and David H. Pashley. "Micro-tensile bond testing of resin cements to dentin and an indirect resin composite." Dental Materials 18, no. 8 (December 2002): 609–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0109-5641(02)00005-2.
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Tosto, Claudio, Eugenio Pergolizzi, Ignazio Blanco, Antonella Patti, Paul Holt, Sarah Karmel, and Gianluca Cicala. "Epoxy Based Blends for Additive Manufacturing by Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Printing: The Effect of Blending and Dual Curing on Daylight Curable Resins." Polymers 12, no. 7 (July 18, 2020): 1594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071594.
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Epoxy-based blends printable in a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) printer were studied. Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) mixed with Diethyltoluene diamine (DETDA) was used due to the easy processing in liquid form at room temperature and slower reactivity until heated over 150 ° C. The DGEBA/DETDA resin was mixed with a commercial daylight photocurable resin used for LCD screen 3D printing. Calorimetric, dynamic mechanical and rheology testing were carried out on the resulting blends. The daylight resins showed to be thermally curable. Resin’s processability in the LCD printer was evaluated for all the blends by rheology and by 3D printing trials. The best printing conditions were determined by a speed cure test. The use of a thermal post-curing cycle after the standard photocuring in the LCD printer enhanced the glass transition temperature T g of the daylight resin from 45 to 137 ° C when post-curing temperatures up to 180 ° C were used. The T g reached a value of 174 ° C mixing 50 wt% of DGEBA/DETDA resin with the photocurable resin when high temperature cure cycle was used.
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Yang, Song-Yi, and Min-Kyung Kang. "Surface Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity, and Biocompatibility of Autopolymerizing Acrylic Resins Coated with Reynoutria elliptica Extract." Plants 9, no. 10 (September 29, 2020): 1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9101292.
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We conducted surface characterization to assess the biocompatibility and investigate the antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens in autopolymerizing acrylic resins, coated with light-curable coating resin, containing various concentrations of Reynoutria elliptica extract (0, 200, 400, and 600 µg/mL). The R. elliptica extract powder was prepared using a freeze-drying technique. Further, a goniometer and microhardness tester were used to determine the water contact angle, and Vickers hardness, respectively; color measurements were performed on the uncoated and coated acrylic resin disks. The polyphenol content of the extracts from the coated acrylic resin disk was analyzed using UV-VIS spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity of the coated acrylic resin disk against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans was observed for 24 and 48 h by measuring the optical density using spectrophotometry. In addition, biocompatibility was confirmed by testing the cell viability according to ISO 10993-5. The water contact angle, Vickers hardness, and color change values of the coated acrylic resin disks were not significantly different from the control. Polyphenol was detected in all experimental groups, with no significant differences between the experimental groups. The experimental groups exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against S. mutans and C. albicans compared to the control group, after 48 h of incubation. The cell viability between the control and experimental groups was not significantly different. The proposed coating resin containing R. elliptica extract is applicable on dental acrylic resins, due to their antimicrobial properties and excellent biocompatibility, with no deterioration of surface characteristics.
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Tay, F. R., S. K. Sidhu, T. F. Watson, and D. H. Pashley. "Water-dependent Interfacial Transition Zone in Resin-modified Glass-ionomer Cement/Dentin Interfaces." Journal of Dental Research 83, no. 8 (August 2004): 644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910408300812.
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The function of the interfacial transition zone (absorption layer) in resin-modified glass-ionomer cements bonded to deep dentin remains obscure. This study tested the hypotheses that the absorption layer is formed only in the presence of water derived from hydrated dentin and allows for better bonding of resin-modified glass-ionomer cements to dentin. Ten percent polyacrylic acid-conditioned, hydrated, and dehydrated deep dentin specimens were bonded with 2 resin-modified glass-ionomer cements and sealed with resins to prevent environmental water gain or loss. A non-particulate absorption layer was identified over hydrated dentin only, and was clearly discernible from the hybrid layer when bonded interfaces were examined with transmission electron microscopy. This layer was relatively more resistant to dehydration stresses, and remained intact over the dentin surface after tensile testing. The absorption layer mediates better bonding of resin-modified glass-ionomer cements to deep dentin, and functions as a stress-relieving layer to reduce stresses induced by desiccation and shrinkage.
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Watanabe, Satoru, Yoshiki Ishida, Daisuke Miura, Taira Miyasaka, and Akikazu Shinya. "Development of a Weight-Drop Impact Testing Method for Dental Applications." Polymers 12, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 2803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122803.
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For evaluating the impact strength of dental materials, the Izod test or Charpy test has been used, but specimen preparation for these tests is difficult due to the adjustment of a notch on them. By contrast, a weight-drop impact test does not require notched specimens. Therefore, it might be possible to measure the impact strength more accurately than conventional methods. This study aimed to establish appropriate conditions for applying the weight-drop impact test on small specimens of acrylic resin. To determine the most reliable impact fracture energy of acrylic resins, different diameters and thicknesses of PMMA resin specimens, diameters and weights of the striker, and diameters of the supporting jig were compared. For all specimen thicknesses, when the striker diameter was 6–10 mm, the impact fracture energy was constant when the inner diameter of the specimen-supporting jig was 8–10 mm. In addition, the measured E50% value was mostly equal to the median value of the impact fracture energy. Thus, for the weight-drop impact test, this method was effective for material testing of small specimens, by clearly specifying the test conditions, such as the thickness of disc-shaped specimens, the diameter of the striker, and the inner diameter of the specimen-supporting jig.
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Rosalinda, Devi, Dewi Puspitasari, and Muhammad Yanuar Ichrom Nahzi. "THE EFFECT OF AIR DRYING TIME ON BONDING (SELF ETCH) WITH ETHANOL AS A SOLVENT TO THE SHEAR BOND STRENGTH OF BIOACTIVE COMPOSITE RESIN." Dentino : Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi 6, no. 1 (May 11, 2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/dentino.v6i1.10643.
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ABSTRACTBackground: Surface resistance between composite resin and dentin is currently one of the problems of restorative materials. Failure ofcomposite resin are still being reported in clinical studies with failure rates ranging between 5-45% based on observations for 5-17 years. Bioactive composite resin is a new type of composite resin that has mechanical and chemical properties similiar to teeth. The use of resins, bonding materials, drying time of the solvent, and type of solvent also affect the shear bond strength Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of air drying time bonding (self-etch) with ethanol as a solvent on the shear bond strength of bioactive composite resins. Methods: This study used 32 non-carious maxillary premolar teeth that were fixed using acrylic resin. Fiber glass with a diameter of 3 mm and thickness of 3 mm were fixed to dentin surface and applied using bioactive composite resin were divided into 4 treatment group, i.e. the group without air drying, 20 s, 40 s, and 60 s. Shear bond strength test using Universal Testing Machine. Results: One Way Anova and Post Hoc Bonferroni test showed significant differences with p=0,002 (p<0,05). The average shear bond strength value of the lowest bioactive composite resin in the group bonding without air drying with a value of 6.381 ± 2.818 MPa and the highest shear bond strength value of the bioactive composite resin in the 60 seconds bonding air drying group with a value of 11.873 ± 2.931 MPa. Conclusion: The air drying time of the bonding affects the shear bond strength of the bioactive composite resin.Keywords: Air drying time, bioactive composite resin, bonding, ethanol, shear bond strength.
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Patro, Brundaban, D. Shashidhar, B. Rajeshwer, and Saroj Kumar Padhi. "Preparation and Testing of PAN Carbon/Epoxy Resin Composites." Open Mechanical Engineering Journal 11, no. 1 (June 21, 2017): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874155x01711010014.
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Background: Due to light weight, high performance and excellent mechanical properties, carbon fibers are considered a key material in the 21st century. These are extensively used in many industries for structural usages, such as aerospace, aeronautical, sporting goods applications, and automotive and medical devices, due to their desirable strength to weight properties. Now, these are globally accepted as a high performance and high-strength material. Most of the carbon fibers are derived from polyacrylonitrile fiber precursor. These materials have the potential for fire hazards caused due to heat, smoke, and electric short circuit. Objective: To prepare polyacrylonitrile carbon and epoxy resin laminates in multilayers by hand-lay-up method and testing by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standards. Method: Polyacrylonitrile carbon fiber/epoxy resin composites are prepared using the hand-lay-up method. For the non-destructive testing, the ultrasonic type is used. For the destructive testing, a universal testing machine is used to test the tensile test, the flexural test and the inter-laminar shear stress test, as per the ASTM standard. Subsequently, the physical properties, such as the density test and the fiber content, the resin content and the void content tests of the laminate are carried out. Results: The experimental results show that the matrix laminates have good mechanical and physical properties. Conclusion: Preparation and testing of polyacrylonitrile carbon/epoxy resin composites are carried out and the prepared laminates exhibit good mechanical and physical properties. Hence, the laminates can be used in many industrial and commercial applications, as a composite material.
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Yu, Ming Ming, Bin Feng, Min Yang, Li Qi Liu, Hong Li, Mu Su Ren, Jin Liang Sun, and Jia Bao Zhang. "Toughness and Thermal Properties of a Dimer Acid Modified Tetrafunctional Epoxy Resin." Applied Mechanics and Materials 764-765 (May 2015): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.764-765.107.
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In order to improve the toughness of the cured aromatic tetrafunctional epoxy resins in the premise of influencing the thermal properties as little as possible, the aromatic tetrafunctional epoxy named N,N,N’,N’-tetraglycidyl-4,4’-diaminodiphenyl ether (TGDDE) was modified by a dimer carboxylic acid (DFA), and then the epoxies were cured with methyl nadic anhydride (MNA). In the present work, the toughness was characterized with the impact resistance tested by pendulum impact testing. Besides, the thermal properties of the cured epoxy resin were investigated with the thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The impact testing results indicated that the toughness of the cured resins could be improved after the modification and increased with the increasing content of DFA. The thermal analysis showed that the thermal properties of the cured resins were not influenced obviously since the thermal stabilities of the products could be improved and the glass transition temperature of them were not influenced obviously when the tetrafunctional epoxy modified with appropriate content of DFA.
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Garifullin, Nilson O., Boris A. Komarov, Artur T. Kapasharov, and Georgiy V. Malkov. "Dependence of the Physical-Mechanical Properties of Cured Epoxy-Amine Resin on the Ratio of its Components." Key Engineering Materials 816 (August 2019): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.816.146.
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The results of studying of the physical-mechanical properties of DGEBA-epoxy resin cured by 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) are presented. The molar ratio of the concentrations of amine (NH) and epoxy (EP) groups are: 0.5; 0.6; 0.7; 0.75; 0.8; 0.9; 1; 1.11; 1.25; 1.33; 1.43; 1.66; 2. Samples of the cured resin were examined in tension and three-point bending according to ASTM D638-10 and ASTM D 3039 standards, respectively, using the Zwick / Roel TC-FR010 universal testing machine. As a result, the dependencies of the resins physical-mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity, strength, elongation at break, glass temperature) on the NH / EP ratio and the curing temperature were obtained.
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Reddy, B. Madan Mohan, M. Himabindu, B. Indira Padmaja, M. Sunil, and N. Raja Reddy. "Palatal Vault Depth Influence on the Flexural Strength of Two Heat Cure Acrylic Denture Base Resins: An in vitro Study." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 14, no. 6 (2013): 1131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1463.
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ABSTRACT Complete dentures often fracture during normal masticatory function. The reason could be due to the shape of the palate, i.e. deep, medium or shallow palatal vault. This in vitro study was performed to determine the relationship of palatal vault depth and flexural strength of two different permanent denture base resins. Edentulous maxillary casts of patients were collected from the department of prosthodontics, among these the cast with the deepest palatal vault was selected. The specimens were then subjected for flexural strength on universal testing machine. The results revealed that the denture bases fabricated on medium palatal vault depth were best in the flexural strength and denture bases on shallow palatal vault depth faired the least. Among the resins the denture bases fabricated using high impact heat cure resin, were better than the denture bases fabricated using regular heat cure resin. All these results were statistically significant except the results between the regular heat cure denture bases and high impact heat cure denture bases fabricated on the deep palatal vault depth. Also the comparison of fracture energies of denture bases fabricated on deep palatal vault with high impact heat cure resin to denture bases fabricated on medium and shallow palatal vaults with high impact heat cure resin were not significant. It was also observed that all the specimens have fractured in the midline. Clinical implications Palatal vault depth significantly affected the flexural strength of heat cure resin. The most frequent mechanical failure of heat cure resin is fracture especially at the midline. The denture bases fabricated using high impact heat cure resin had best flexural strength than the denture bases fabricated using regular heat cure resin which reduced the fractures. How to cite this article Reddy BMM, Himabindu M, Padmaja BI, Sunil M, Reddy NR. Palatal Vault Depth Influence on the Flexural Strength of Two Heat Cure Acrylic Denture Base Resins: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(6):1131-1136.
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Charles, Andrew, and Andrew Rider. "Triblock Copolymer Toughening of a Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composite for Bonded Repair." Polymers 10, no. 8 (August 8, 2018): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10080888.
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Epoxy resins are the most widely used systems for structural composite applications; however, they lack fracture toughness, impact strength and peel strength due to high cross-linking densities. Use of conventional toughening agents to combat this can lead to reductions in mechanical, thermal and processability properties desirable for bonded composite applications. In this work, an asymmetric triblock copolymer of poly(styrene)–b–poly(butadiene)–b–poly(methylmethacrylate) was used to modify an epoxy resin system, with the materials processed using both vacuum bag and positive pressure curing techniques. Interlaminar fracture toughness testing showed improvements in initiation fracture toughness of up to 88%, accompanied by a 6 °C increase in glass transition temperature and manageable reductions in gel-time. Shear testing resulted in a 121% increase in ultimate shear strain with only an 8% reduction in shear strength. Performance improvements were attributed to nano-structuring within the toughened resin system, giving rise to matrix cavitation and dissipation of crack front strain energy upon loading.
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Patel, Kanuprasad, Dhirubhai Desai, and Santosh Bhuva. "Development and Characterization of Novel Interpenetrating Network (IPN) Foams from Epoxy Ester and Aliphatic Epoxy Resin." E-Journal of Chemistry 6, no. 2 (2009): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/481912.
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Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) was reacted with acrylate monomer at variable molar ratios. The reaction between glycerine and epichlorohydrine form glycidyl ether of polyol aliphatic epoxy resin. The resultant resins were characterized duly. Both the resins were mixed at different ratios with constant high shear stirring. The obtained mixture and suitable additives were heated at 150oC for one and half hour. The so called Interpenetrating Network (IPN) transformed into foams. The performance of foams was evaluated by testing for compression in both parallel and perpendicular to rise direction. The tests were carried out at room temperature and at the elevated temperature. The compression properties showed a decreasing trend for increasing amounts of glycerine resin. The density and thermal properties of epoxy foams were also evaluated. The relation between the composition, density and properties of the foam was analyzed.
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Zhang, A., N. Ye, W. Aregawi, L. Zhang, M. Salah, B. VanHeel, H. P. Chew, and A. S. L. Fok. "A Review of Mechano-Biochemical Models for Testing Composite Restorations." Journal of Dental Research 100, no. 10 (August 7, 2021): 1030–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345211026918.
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Due to the severe mechano-biochemical conditions in the oral cavity, many dental restorations will degrade and eventually fail. For teeth restored with resin composite, the major modes of failure are secondary caries and fracture of the tooth or restoration. While clinical studies can answer some of the more practical questions, such as the rate of failure, fundamental understanding on the failure mechanism can be obtained from laboratory studies using simplified models more effectively. Reviewed in this article are the 4 main types of models used to study the degradation of resin–composite restorations, namely, animal, human in vivo or in situ, in vitro biofilm, and in vitro chemical models. The characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of these models are discussed and compared. The tooth–restoration interface is widely considered the weakest link in a resin composite restoration. To account for the different types of degradation that can occur (i.e., demineralization, resin hydrolysis, and collagen degradation), enzymes such as esterase and collagenase found in the oral environment are used, in addition to acids, to form biochemical models to test resin–composite restorations in conjunction with mechanical loading. Furthermore, laboratory tests are usually performed in an accelerated manner to save time. It is argued that, for an accelerated multicomponent model to be representative and predictive in terms of both the mode and the speed of degradation, the individual components must be synchronized in their rates of action and be calibrated with clinical data. The process of calibrating the in vitro models against clinical data is briefly described. To achieve representative and predictive in vitro models, more comparative studies of in vivo and in vitro models are required to calibrate the laboratory studies.
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Blumel, J., and K. Brorson. "Session 2: Company-Specific Data on Cycled Resin Testing." PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology 70, no. 5 (August 11, 2016): 428–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5731/pdajpst.2016.006924.
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Sano, H. "Microtensile Testing, Nanoleakage, and Biodegradation of Resin-Dentin Bonds." Journal of Dental Research 85, no. 1 (January 2006): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910608500102.
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Sthel, M., J. Rieumont, and R. Martinez. "Testing a furfuryl alcohol resin as a negative photoresist." Polymer Testing 18, no. 1 (February 1999): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9418(98)00006-3.
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Kitasako, Yuichi, Michael F. Burrow, Toru Nikaido, Naoko Harada, Shigehisa Inokoshi, Toshimoto Yamada, and Toshio Takatsu. "Shear and tensile bond testing for resin cement evaluation." Dental Materials 11, no. 5-6 (September 1995): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0109-5641(95)80024-7.
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He, Jingwei, Sufyan Garoushi, Eija Säilynoja, Pekka Vallittu, and Lippo Lassila. "Surface Integrity of Dimethacrylate Composite Resins with Low Shrinkage Comonomers." Materials 14, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 1614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071614.
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The goal of current research was to investigate the influence of adding low shrinkage “Phene” like comonomers hexaethylene glycol bis(carbamate-isoproply-α-methylstyrene) (HE-Phene) and triethylene glycol bis(carbamate-isoproply-α-methylstyrene) (TE-Phene) on the surface and color characteristics of composite resin. A range of weight fractions (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 wt.%) of HE/TE-Phene monomers were mixed with bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) monomer. Experimental composite resins were made by mixing 71 wt.% of silica fillers to 29 wt.% of the resin matrix. A Vickers indenter and glossmeter were used for testing surface hardness (SH) and gloss (SG) at 60°. A chewing-simulator was used to evaluate the surface wear after 15,000 cycles. Color change (∆E) and translucency parameter (TP) were measured using a spectrophotometer. Data showed that HE/TE-Phene monomer had no negative impact (p > 0.05) on surface gloss, wear, color change and translucency of experimental composite resins. Surface hardness was in a reducing direction with the increas in HE/TE-Phene weight fraction (p < 0.05). The study results suggested that incorporating HE/TE-Phene monomers up to 30 wt.% with Bis-GMA/TEGDMA resin did not negatively influence the surface integrity of composite resins except for SH.
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Sathish, S., T. Ganapathy, and Thiyagarajan Bhoopathy. "Experimental Testing on Hybrid Composite Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.339.
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In recent trend, the most used fiber reinforced composite is the glass fiber composite. The glass-fiber composites have high strength and mechanical properties but it is costlier than sisal and jute fiber. Though the availability of the sisal and jute fiber is more, it cannot be used for high strength applications. A high strength-low cost fiber may serve the purpose. This project focuses on the experimental testing of hybrid composite materials. The hybrid composite materials are manufactured using three different fibers - sisal, glass and jute with epoxy resin with weight ratio of fiber to resin as 30:70. Four combinations of composite materials viz., sisal-epoxy, jute-epoxy, sisal-glass-epoxy and sisal-jute-epoxy are manufactured to the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standards. The specimens are tested for their mechanical properties such as tensile and impact strength in Universal Testing machine. The results are compared with that of the individual properties of the glass fiber, sisal fiber, jute fiber composite and improvements in the strength-weight ratio and mechanical properties are studied.
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Nishitani, Y., M. Yoshiyama, A. M. Donnelly, K. A. Agee, J. Sword, F. R. Tay, and D. H. Pashley. "Effects of Resin Hydrophilicity on Dentin Bond Strength." Journal of Dental Research 85, no. 11 (November 2006): 1016–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910608501108.
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The purpose of this study was to determine if hydrophobic resins can be coaxed into dentin wet with ethanol instead of water. The test hypothesis was that dentin wet with ethanol would produce higher bond strengths for hydrophobic resins than would dentin wet with water. This study examined the microtensile bond strength of 5 experimental adhesives (50 wt% ethanol/50% comonomers) of various degrees of hydrophilicity to acid-etched dentin that was left moist with water, moist with ethanol, or air-dried. Following composite buildups, hourglass-shaped slabs were prepared from the bonded teeth for microtensile testing. For all 3 types of dentin surfaces, higher bond strengths were achieved with increased resin hydrophilicity. The lowest bond strengths were obtained on dried dentin, while the highest bond strengths were achieved when dentin was bonded moist with ethanol. Wet-bonding with ethanol achieved higher bond strengths with hydrophobic resins than were possible with water-saturated matrices.
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Rueggeberg, F. A., and D. H. Margeson. "The Effect of Oxygen Inhibition on an Unfilled/Filled Composite System." Journal of Dental Research 69, no. 10 (October 1990): 1652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345900690100501.
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Oxygen is known to inhibit vinyl polymerization in resins used for restorative dentistry. This research examined the effects of unfilled resin being blown into a thin layer on etched bovine enamel in atmospheres of room air, argon, or a combination of the two. Onto this thin, cured resin surface, filled resin was added and cured under atmospheric conditions similar to those of the initial polymerization of the unfilled resin. Comparison of the effects of the different testing atmospheres was made by measurement of the shear bond strength of the resin/composite disc to the etched bovine enamel. Monomer conversion values of the unfilled resin were calculated from the infrared spectra of the simulated tooth/disc assembly. Blowing unfilled resin with compressed room air prior to curing caused poor monomer conversion values and resulted in low shear bond strength to etched enamel. Both high monomer conversion and shear strength values resulted when specimens were cured under all-argon conditions. A clinically practical method of maintenance of the tooth under a continuous stream of argon while being cured in room air was shown to provide greater monomer conversion than curing under room-air conditions alone. SEM evaluation showed that the inhibited layer present in room-air curing was both physically displaced by and absorbed into the overlying filled composite. Specimens cured in argon showed an intact, uniformly thick layer of bonding resin next to the etched enamel, with no displacement by or absorption into the composite addition. Unfilled resin cured in room air had a significantly greater thickness of polymerization-inhibited material than did resin cured in an argon atmosphere.
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Budiprasojo, Azamataufiq, and Feby Erawantini. "Kekuatan Mekanis Antibacterial Resin Campuran Titanium Dioksida." Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin 12, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jrm.2021.012.01.24.
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<p class="Abstract">The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles as resin concentrate on mechanical strength. The tested mechanical strength is Bending strength, Impact Strength, and Microhardenest Strength. The types of resin used in this study were acrylic resin without conventional modification and acrylic resin with an additional 0.01 gr and 0.06 gr of TiO2. Specimen dimensions are made revered to ISO 20795-1 (2008) standard specifications. Mechanical strength was determined by using the universal testing machine, Izod pendulum impact testing machine, and also Vickers microhardness tester. From the analysis, the researcher found that the bending strength of resin acrylic was greatly decreased by increasing the TiO2 concentration. It happens in both TiO2 0.01gr and 0.06gr of acrylic resin compared to the non TiO2 resin. The impact strength of 0.01gr TiO2 acrylic resin was significantly increased compared to non TiO2 acrylic resin. But on the other hand for 0.06gr acrylic resin, impact strength was decreased and recorded the lowest impact strength. The highest Micro hardness strength was found in 0.06gr TiO2, It is significantly increased compared to 0.01gr TiO2 and 0gr TiO2. The general conclusion is, adding 0.01gr TiO2 nanoparticles as concentrated into acrylic resin can significantly increase the bending strength, bending strength, and microhardness strength. Meanwhile, adding 0.06gr Tio2 nanoparticles as concentrated into acrylic resin can only increase the bending strength and the microhardness strength, but not for its impact strength.</p>
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Celik, Cigdem, Sevi Burcak Cehreli, and Neslihan Arhun. "Resin composite repair: Quantitative microleakage evaluation of resin-resin and resin-tooth interfaces with different surface treatments." European Journal of Dentistry 09, no. 01 (January 2015): 092–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.149652.
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ABSTRACT Objective: The aim was to evaluate the effect of different adhesive systems and surface treatments on the integrity of resin-resin and resin-tooth interfaces after partial removal of preexisting resin composites using quantitative image analysis for microleakage testing protocol. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 human molar teeth were restored with either of the resin composites (Filtek Z250/GrandioSO) occlusally. The teeth were thermocycled (1000×). Mesial and distal 1/3 parts of the restorations were removed out leaving only middle part. One side of the cavity was finished with course diamond bur and the other was air-abraded with 50 μm Al2O3. They were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10) to receive: Group 1: Adper Single Bond 2; Group 2: All Bond 3; Group 3: ClearfilSE; Group 4: BeautiBond, before being repaired with the same resin composite (Filtek Z250). The specimens were re-thermocycled (1000×), sealed with nail varnish, stained with 0.5% basic fuchsin, sectioned mesiodistally and photographed digitally. The extent of dye penetration was measured by image analysis software (ImageJ) for both bur-finished and air-abraded surfaces at resin-tooth and resin-resin interfaces. The data were analyzed statistically. Results: BeautiBond exhibited the most microleakage at every site. Irrespective of adhesive and initial composite type, air-abrasion showed less microleakage except for BeautiBond. The type of initial repaired restorative material did not affect the microleakage. BeautiBond adhesive may not be preferred in resin composite repair in terms of microleakage prevention. Conclusions: Surface treatment with air-abrasion produced the lowest microleakage scores, independent of the adhesive systems and the pre-existing resin composite type. Pre-existing composite type does not affect the microleakage issue. All-in-one adhesive resin (BeautiBond) may not be preferred in resin composite repair in terms of microleakage prevention.
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H.P.Hutagalung, Mangatas, Benarivo T Ginting, Sucy Erawati, Sri Yasa Hasibuan, and Cindy Amalia P. "The Difference of Composite Resin Compressive Strength with Sidikalang Coffee Soaking." Archives of The Medicine and Case Reports 2, no. 2 (March 29, 2021): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/amcr.v2i2.490.
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Composite resin is a caries filling material. Generally, dentists choose this type of resin as a restoration material because this material has a high compressive strength. There are several factors that influence the compressive strength of composite resins, including beverages consumed such as coffee. This study aims to determine the difference in the compressive strength of the composite resin with Sidikalang coffee immersion in 9 hours, 27 hours and 54 hours immersion time. This type of research is experimental laboratories with posttest only control group design. The research sample was composite resin measuring 8 mm in diameter and 4 mm in height. The sample size is determined by the Federer formula and a total sample of 24 was obtained for the four treatment groups. Measurement of compressive strength using a three-point bending tool on a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed by using the oneway Anova test. Based on the results of the study, the average compressive strength of composite resin in the group without immersion, 9 hours, 27 hours and 54 hours of immersion was 20.69 ± 0.84, 18.94 ± 0.41, 14.36 ± 0.66 and 6.70 ± 0.48. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the ads are a significant difference in the average compressive strength of composite resin after immersion in Sidikalang coffee for 9 hours, 27 hours and 54 hours.
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Rippe, MP, R. Amaral, FS Oliveira, PF Cesar, R. Scotti, LF Valandro, and MA Bottino. "Evaluation of Tensile Retention of Y-TZP Crowns Cemented on Resin Composite Cores: Effect of the Cement and Y-TZP Surface Conditioning." Operative Dentistry 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): E1—E10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/13-310-l.
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SUMMARY This study evaluated the effect of the cement type (adhesive resin, self-adhesive, glass ionomer, and zinc phosphate) on the retention of crowns made of yttria-stabilized polycrystalline tetragonal zirconia (Y-TZP). Therefore, 108 freshly extracted molars were embedded in acrylic resin, perpendicular to their long axis, and prepared for full crowns: the crown preparations were removed and reconstructed using composite resin plus fiber posts with dimensions identical to the prepared dentin. The preparations were impressed using addition silicone, and Y-TZP copings were produced, which presented a special setup for the tensile testing. Cementation was performed with two adhesive resin cements (Multilink Automix, Ivoclar-Vivadent; RelyX ARC, 3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA), one self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U100, 3M ESPE), one glass ionomer based cement (RelyX Luting, 3M ESPE), and one zinc phosphate cement (Cimento de Zinco, SS White, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). For the resin cement groups, the inner surfaces of the crowns were subjected to three surface treatments: cleaning with isopropyl alcohol, tribochemical silica coating, or application of a thin low-fusing glass porcelain layer plus silanization. After 24 hours, all groups were subjected to thermocycling (6000 cycles) and included in a special device for tensile testing in a universal testing machine to test the retention of the infrastructure. After testing, the failure modes of all samples were analyzed under a stereomicroscope. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the surface treatment and cement type (α=0.05) affected the tensile retention results. The Multilink cement presented the highest tensile retention values, but that result was not statistically different from RelyX ARC. The surface treatment was statistically relevant only for the Multilink cement. The cement choice was shown to be more important than the crown surface treatment for cementation of a Y-TZP crown to a composite resin substrate.
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Guragain, Manjeev, Suraj Mathema, and Dinesh Rokaya. "Evaluation of Fracture Resistance and Sites of Failure of Different Dowel Core Restorations: An In-Vitro Study." Open Dentistry Journal 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 454–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601913010454.
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Background: Dowel Cores are often required in endodontically treated tooth to aid retention and resistance for a final prosthetic crown. Studies concerning the role of post-core systems on the fracture resistance with different dowel material remain controversial. Aim: This experimental study aimed to investigate the fracture resistance strength and failure mode of 3 dowel systems (glass fiber, indirect resin, and prefabricated metal with resin core). Methods: Twenty-one extracted human maxillary central incisors were first endodontically treated and then separated into 3 equal groups randomly;1st group consisted of glass fiber dowel, 2nd group consisted of indirect resin dowel, and 3rd group consisted of the prefabricated metal dowel. All specimens were restored with resin core and indirect resin crown. A testing force was applied with a universal testing machine (at 135 o angle) at 3 mm from the incisal edge of crown and forces were measured. Statistical tests were done using One-way ANOVA and Chi-square Test. Results: There was no significant difference (P-value >0.05) of the fracture resistance among glass fiber dowel, indirect resin dowel and pre-fabricated dowel with indirect resin crown. The prefabricated metal dowel had maximum fracture resistance (566 ±157.771 N) followed by Glass fiber dowel (541.047 ±199.571 N) and indirect resin dowel and post (444.550 ±139.788 N). Conclusion: Glass fiber dowel, indirect resin dowel and prefabricated metal dowel with resin core and indirect resin crown systems showed statistically insignificant fracture strength values and mode of failure.
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Li, Yang, Wen Juan Gu, and Da Yu Yang. "Application of Silicone TQ Resin Reinforced RTV Silicone Rubber in Architecture." Advanced Materials Research 529 (June 2012): 492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.529.492.
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A kind of silicone TQ resin was first synthesized with Dodecyltrimethoxysilane (WD10) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) by sol-gel method. And the RTV (Room Temperature Vulcanized) silicone rubbers using as-synthesized TQ silicone resins as filler were prepared. Thermal degradation and mechanical properties of these RTV silicone rubbers were studied by means of thermogravimetric analysis and tensile testing. The experimental results showed that both mechanical properties and thermal stabilities of RTV silicone rubbers were significantly improved by using the as-synthesized TQ silicone resins as filler. The RTV silicone rubber can be used to make the molds of architectural components ornamentation. The aim is not only to repair architectural components with decoration, but also for further study and research of ancient architectural conservation.