Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Résistance aux antipaludiques – Physiopathologie'
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Brega, Sara. "Mécanismes de résistance de Plasmodium vivax aux antipaludiques." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10181.
Full textBehanzin, Eliane. "Antipaludiques et chimiorésistance." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR2P100.
Full textAtchadé, Sossa Pascal. "Utilisation de biomarqueurs de plasmodium dans le cadre de la prévention du paludisme transfusionnel au Sud-Bénin." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ127/document.
Full textMalaria is a disease due a protozoan. lt is transmitted to humans by the bite of a mosquito form Anopheles group. Blood transfusion is the third potential way of malaria transmission. Incidence of Malaria has increased the proportion of blood donors suspected to be contaminated by Plasmodium sp. The goal of that study is to determine the immunoreactivity of some biomarkers that could be used for the prevention of the blood transfusion transmitted malaria. For that purpose we used thick and thin blood film microscopical determination and an Enzyme Linked lmmunoSorbent Assay technology detecting malaria antigen (pan-pLDH) and malaria antibodies. These methods were used for the screening of 2515 blood donors during ten following months insouthern-Benin, sample were separated in the 4 following seasons observed in Western Africa
Henry, Maud. "Réversion de la résistance aux quinoléines par des molécules de synthèse chez plasmodium falciparum." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20677.
Full textThe spread and development of resistant Plasmodium falciparum, responsible for the most severe cases of human malaria, is a huge obstacle to control malaria. The use of reversal agents is an issue to counter resistance. A reversal agent can restore antimalarial drug susceptibility. The aim of this study was to answer two questions. Is there a molecule able to reverse resistance to four quinoline drugs? What are the molecular bases of resistance reversion ? Among reversal agents, some showed a great efficiency of reversion. A profile of reversion was established for each studied quinoline. When profiles are compared, the differences between quinolines suggest a difference of reversal mechanisms. Results have shown an association between polymorphisms of pfcrt, pfmdr1, pfmrp and pfnhe-1 genes and chloroquine, quinine and amodiaquine resistances. Finally, results showed associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms on pfcrt gene and chloroquine resistance and between mutation on pfmdr1 1042 position and mefloquine resistance modulation by reversal agents of dihydroethanoanthracene series. Ways of action of quinine, mefloquine and amodiaquine and the precise model of chloroquine resistance have to be highlighted yet
Yapi, Ange Désiré. "Synthèse, évaluation parasitologique et relations structure-activité d'une série de diaza-analogues du phénanthrène à visée antipaludique." Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON13515.
Full textBarnadas, Celine. "Epidemiologie moléculaire et résistance de Plasmodium vivax aux antipaludiques à Madagascar." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00330591.
Full textPour cela, notre étude a été conduite sur 8 sites sentinelles. Les patients présentant un paludisme causé par P. vivax ont été inclus dans des tests d'efficacité thérapeutique selon les critères de l'OMS. L'analyse de polymorphismes génétiques sur les gènes pvcrt-o, pvmdr1, pvdhfr et pvdhps, impliqués dans la résistance aux antipaludiques, ainsi que sur les gènes pvcsp, pvmsp3, pvmsp1 utilisés pour le génotypage des souches a été réalisée sur les isolats
collectés. Des marqueurs microsatellites ont également été recherchés pour évaluer la diversité génétique de ces isolats, ainsi que la circulation des souches parasitaires et la propagation des isolats résistants.
Barnadas, Céline. "Épidémiologie moléculaire et résistance de Plasmodium vivax aux antipaludiques à Madagascar." Lyon 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/33/05/91/PDF/theseCeline_vivax.pdf.
Full textOur objective was to assess (i) the importance of Plasmodium vivax infections in Madagascar, (ii) the parasite sensitivity to antimalarial drugs, and (iii) molecular markers role to monitor antimalarial drug resistance. The study was led on 8 sentinel sites. An in vivo protocol was conducted according to WHO criteria. P. Vivax isolates were analysed for nucleotidic polymorphisms on pvcrt-o, pvmdr1, pvdhfr and pvdhps genes. We searched fro polymorphisms on pvcsp, pvmsp3, pvmsp1 genes and on microsatellites sequences to genotype the isolates from the in vivo protocol. Microsatellites markers were also used to assess the genetic diversity of the Malagasy isolates. Other microsatellites sequences located in the flanking regions of dhfr and dhps genes were identified to assess the origin and propagation of resistant clones
Kherbek, Nader. "Résistance de Plasmodium falciparum : génotypage et recherche de nouveaux antipaludiques." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10114.
Full textThe first objective of this work was to compare two genotyping methods to detect pfcrt K76T and pfmdr1 N86Y mutations associated with P. Falciparum resistance to chloroquine. The first method (PCR-RFLP) is frequently used in the field and the second (PCR-FRET) is a promising method. We showed the comparability of these two methods as well as the portability of their results, using data collected during a CQ efficacy study in vivo conducted in Mali. The second objective was to develop a real-time PCR-based method to genotype the parasite for msp1, msp2 and glurp genes, markers of the genetic diversity of P. Falciparum. In term of melting temperature, allelic polymorphism variations were characterized for four reference clones of P. Falciparum and blood samples from patients with P. Falciparum malaria. We proposed a model to distinguish the recrudescent parasites from new infections in in vivo therapeutic efficacy studies. The third objective was to evaluate in vitro the antiplasmodial activity of new synthetic molecules derived from the quinoline using the SYBR Green I-based method. We determined their Inhibitory Concentrations (IC50) against two reference clones of P. Falciparum and highlighted their structure-activity relationship. This work brings new elements for monitoring of antimalarial resistance and proposes new molecules to fight against malaria
Hocquette, Antoine. "Evaluation d'antipaludiques naturels et de synthèse sur plasmodium falciparum et induction de résistance à la pyriméthamine." Montpellier 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON13517.
Full textUrdaneta, Marquez Ludmel. "Structure des populations et résistance aux antipaludiques chez "Plasmodium falciparum" au Venezuela." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20276.
Full textBiot, Christophe. "Molécules ferrocéniques antipaludiques : synthèse, caractérisation et activité." Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-462.pdf.
Full textBasmaci, Romain. "Analyse génétique de l'espèce Kingella Kingae : phylogénie, physiopathologie et résistance aux antibiotiques." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077155.
Full textKingella kingae is a normal agent of the oropharyngeal microbiota and the first pathogen of osteoarticular infections (OAI) in young children. We aimed to characterize the genetic organization of the species and to better understand the pathophysiology of K. Kingae infections and the epidemiology of the antibiotic resistance. We collected 324 isolates from intercontinental origin and developed a multilocus sequence typing schema revealing a large genetic diversity of the species. Five sequence type complexes were predominant and intercontinentally distributed, of which certain were associated with a clinical syndrome, such as OAI or endocarditis. Moreover, development of an animal model highlighted that some strains had different profiles of virulence. Throat samples during K. Kingae OAI confirmed that the oropharynx is the portal of entry for this pathogen and showed that viral infection, especially with human rhinovirus, was significantly associated with them. The rare beta-lactamase producing strains had a clonai distribution and the same clone was present in the USA and Iceland. We isolated the first beta-lactamase producer in continental Europe with the first chromosomal location of the biarEm_i gene. We described the phylogeny of the species and attempted to correlate the genotype with the clinical origin and the experimental virulence of the strains. The tools that we developed combined with the future sequencing of targeted strains would allow identifying new virulence factors to better understand the pathophysiology of K. Kingae. The epidemiology of the antibiotic resistance within this species suggests the risk of emergence of beta-lactamase producing strains
Musset, Lise. "Contribution à l'étude de la résistance de Plasmodium falciparum à l'atovaquone-proguanil." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05P607.
Full textAtovaquone-proguanil (AP) has become the first line antimalarial therapy in most European infectious diseases wards. This work aimed to better understand falciparum resistance to AP. No natural resistance to atovaquone was detected by in vitro phenotyping in 477 African isolates (IC50 = 1. 79 ± 1,3nM). AP is efficient for treatment of travellers with malaria. Although failures were observed, the majority of early treatment failures were linked to poor drug absorption (0. 9%) while late treatment failures (<0. 1%) were associated with day-failure parasites highly resistant in vitro (IC50>8000nM). The resistant parasites all carried a cytochrome b gene change (Y268S or Y268C) without amplification of this gene. Mitochondrial and nuclear genome analyses of parasites collected before and after parasite recrudescence show that these mutations have appeared independently within each patient in failure. As resistance emerged outside transmission areas, its spread is unlikely
Vignes, Conquere de Monbrison Frédérique. "Déterminisme génomique et post-génomique de la résistance de Plasmodium falciparum aux antipaludéens." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO1T005.
Full textCottin, Bertrand. "Étude de la sensibilité de Plasmodium falciparum à la Chloroquine en 1987 à Douala (Cameroun) : deuxième partie : étude in vivo." Rouen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ROUE101M.
Full textNsimba, Basile. "Epidémiologie du paludisme chimiorésistant en milieu urbain au Congo : Part 1 : Efficacité de la sulfadoxine-pyréthamine versus chloroquine dans le traitement du paludisme à Plasmodium falciparum non compliqué. Part 2 : Etude de la distribution des marqueurs moléculaires de la chimiorésistance combinée avec l'évaluation de la pression médicamenteuse." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX20679.
Full textIn Congo, urgent efforts are needed to help with the revision of the national antimalarial drug policy. Despite its high and unacceptable treatment failure rate, chloroquine (CQ) is still extensively used as first-line treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Our study was conducted within the context of national malaria control programme, in two phases between 1999 and 2002, in children aged 6-59 months with uncomplicated malaria in Pointe-Noire and Brazzaville, the two largest cities that contain approximately 60% of the population of Congo. Using the standard 14-day WHO therapeutic efficacy test, we compared in the first phase of the study the efficacy of CQ versus sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) performing the WHO LQAS method; basing on our study design we determined the actual proportion of treatment failures of SP in the second phase. This study also combined assessing antimalarial drug use in the community and the frequency distribution of resistance molecular markers to CQ (pfcrt-K76T mutation) and to SP (mutations in dhfr/dhps genes) among pretreatment P. Falciparum isolates by PCR and sequencing methods. Results demonstrated a treatment failure rate significantly >25% for CQ, while no clinical or parasitologic failure was observed for SP. Regarding genotyping results, Pfcrt (K76T) mutation was present in almost all isolates (96. 4%, n =138) indicating that resistance to CQ is present at a high frequency. The quintuple mutant (dhfr-S108N, N51I, C59R and dhps-A437G or S436A, K540E) considered as molecular marker for clinical SP-resistance was not found because dhps-K540E mutation was absent in all isolates tested (n = 144); this is clear evidence for the excellent efficacy of SP. In conclusion, the strategy of combining SP with other affordable, effective and cheap antimalarial-drugs is essential in Congo. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) recommended by WHO since 2001 are the best alternative regimens for malaria treatment but inaccessible to the needy because of their high-cost. The complete absence of the dhps-K540E mutation is a deterrent component for using this molecular marker as an early warning tool for SP resistance testing in that population. Poor compliance issues related to the antimalarial drug use including inappropriate manufacturing practices observed in this urban community require intensive attention and should be taken into account in the process of changing antimalarial treatment policy
Bogreau, Hervé. "Déterminants épidémiologiques de la distribution des populations de Plasmodium falciparum en Afrique inter-tropicale et implications pour la lutte antipaludique, la surveillance et le contrôle des résistances." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20691.
Full textMisbahi, Houriya. "Synthèse de nouveaux dérivés de la benzo[b]-1,8-naphthyridine-5-one : étude de l'activité de réversion de la résistance aux anticancéreux et à la chloroquine." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX22952.
Full textLim, Pharath. "Emergence de la résistance de Plasmodium falciparum à la méfloquine, seule ou associée à l'artésunate, au Cambodge." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05P609.
Full textCambodia, especially along the western border with Thailand, is the world’s hotspot for multidrug resistant malaria in Southeast Asia. The artemisinin derivatives based combination therapy (ACTs) such as the combination of artesunate and mefloquine (AM) was first adopted officially as the national first line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Cambodia in 2000. My PhD work is based on data determining the in vitro susceptibility and molecular polymorphisms in isolates collected during an in vivo drug efficacy study of antimalarial drugs conducted in Cambodia from 2001 - 2007. In vitro susceptibly results show a decreased in sensitivity of parasites in western Cambodia, particularly for mefloquine. At the same time, clinical studies showing a decrease in parasite clearance time, revealed the emergence of artesunate resistance in this area. Genetic polymorphism results (pfmdr1 polymorphism and gene copy number, pfcrt, pfdhfr, pfcrt and pfatpase6) confirmed that the increase in pfmdr1 copy number was associated with decreased sensitivity to mefloquine and recrudescence to AM treatment patient. However, no polymorphisms of any gene tested were correlated with artesunate resistance. Based on these results, this thesis discusses the possible mechanisms underlying the emergence of drug resistance in western Cambodia and the far-reaching strategies for containment and elimination of P. Falciparum parasite resistant to artesunate in Cambodian-Thai border
Cojean, Sandrine. "Plasmodium falciparum : polymorphisme génétique de transporteurs en relation avec la sensibilité à l'artémisinine et à la chloroquine et étude du transcriptome lors d'un stress à l'atovaquone." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05P622.
Full textThe comprehension of drug resistance is essential for managing the current antimalarial drugs and searching new compounds. This work aimed to study: (i) the association of genetic polymorphisms in putative transporters of Plasmodium falciparum with resistance to dihydroartemisinin and chloroquine; (ii) the migration of the chloroquino-resistant genotype (Pfcrt) in Africa; (iii) the transcriptome of 3D7 strain after atovaquone stress. The S769N mutation of Pfatp6 gene and polymorphism in position 1390 of G7 gene were not associated with the in vitro susceptibility to dihydroartemisinin in our isolates from Africa. We did not find an association between the in vitro susceptibility to chloroquine and genetic polymorphisms of putative transporters genes. However, haplotype CVIET/S of Pfcrt and N86Y mutation of Pfmdr-1 were associated with in vitro resistance to chloroquine. We confirmed by using a microsatellite marker the migration of a single ancestral Pfcrt chloroquine resistance allele from Asia to Africa. The analysis of the transcriptome of a sensitive 3D7clone (IC50 = 0. 7 nM) and a resistant 3D7clone (IC50 = 162 nM) after atovaquone stress showed significant variations of expression of Pfcytb gene and dihydropteroate synthase gene. Six putative transporter genes showed variations of expression. After confirmation, these results could lead to a better knowledge of the action mechanism of atovaquone
Sall, Cheikh. "Synthèse et étude de relation structure activité d'analogues structuraux à mobilité restreinte de la primaquine." Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOPE01.
Full textMore half of the cases of world malaria occurs in Africa of the south-Sahara, which by its climate and its tropical ecology creates the favorables conditions for the development of mosquitos intermediate vectors of malaria. The rising up of the pharmacoresistance of Plasmodium ssp and the mosquitos, leads us in the search of new alternative at the medicamentous level in particular to the development of a new original structure to reason 1,10-phenanthroline with interesting pharmacological activities. The improvement of the biological activities of this skeleton by a series of pharmacomodulations led initially to the access of derived N-10 alkylated 1,10-phenanthrolines which are presented in the salt form. In the second time, a conformational analysis of the primaquine by molecular modeling highlighted the structural analogy of some derivatives of 1,10-phenanthroline with this drug, which made it possible to reach a second generation of molecules. Finally, the development of a original method of oxidation led to the preparation of a third generation of derivatives having an additional lactonic ring on the reason 1,10-phenanthroline. The biological activities in vitro of these compounds were evaluated on the P. Falciparum. The analogs with compact conformation of the primaquine in particular those presenting a methoxy group exhibit antiplasmodial and antigametocidal activities more interesting than primaquine. Selectivity indexes of of these compounds were also given by using cancer cell lines
Maiga, Ascofaré Oumou. "Evolution de la résistance de Plasmodium falciparum aux médicaments antipaludiques, principalement en Afrique, selon une approche de génétique des populations." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05P616.
Full textP. Falciparum exhibits a high level of genetic diversity providing an important resource for environemental adaptation. At the molecular level, SNPs in parasitic genes are involved in this adaptation. We focused on 2 aspects of the dynamics of antimalarial drug resistance in parasite populations from African sites. First, we addressed the origin of the triple mutant dhfr alleles (3M) conferring pyrimethamine resistance. We compared the genetic diversity of chromosomes carrying the wild-type (WT) or the 3M allele in a large collection isolates that represents 11 African sites. Four microsatellite markers closely linked to the dhfr gene were genotyped. We found that, combined with natural selection, migration of parasites carrying an ancestral triple-mutant dhfr allele from Asia (rather than recurrent mutations) drives the spread of the dhfr alleles in Africa. Second, we provided evidence that population genetics is a powerful tool to detect medically important loci. Seven populations were studied and 12 rSNPs located in 4 antimalarial resistance genes (crt, mdr1, dhfr, dhps), 5 aSNPs in 2 vaccine candidate genes (MSP1, AMA1) and 17 neutral SNPs (nSNPs) were chosen. The genetic differentiation observed at the rSNPs is higher than that obtained with nSNPs, indicating a local adaptation of populations for resistance genes. No difference was observed between nSNPs and aSNPs. The genetic differentiation provided a robust tool to detect loci subject to recent directional selection. These studies illustrate the role of migration and local adaptation in the evolution of resistance of P. Falciparum to antimalarial drugs. P. Falciparum exhibits a high level of genetic diversity providing an important resource for environemental
Barbier, Mathieu. "Contrôle génétique de la résistance au paludisme chez l'homme : des études familiales d'association génétique à l'analyse de l'expression des gènes dans des modèles expérimentaux du paludisme humain." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX22019.pdf.
Full textMalaria is a complex multifactorial disease. There is a growing body of evidence in favor of a genetic control of the infection, but many genes involved remain to be discovered. This work includes the results of family-based association analyses and genomic analyses from experimental models of cerebral malaria in order to better understand the genetic control and pathogenesis of malaria. Polymorphisms of 3 genes (IL12B, NCR3 and LTA) located in the genetic regions 5q31. 33 and 6p21. 23 previously linked to malaria were analyzed in study populations living in Burkina faso in malaria endemic area. This approach provided evidence for the association of polymorphisms in the promoter of genes coding for Nkp30 and lymphotoxin α with mild malaria attack and parasitemia respectively. The expression level of these 2 genes could be involved to explain the observed associations and also could be involved in the control of the disease. Besides, the use of microarray analyses allowed us to detect an early transcriptional response of brain tissue of mice infected by P. Berghei ANKA, discriminating susceptible and resistant mice in this experimental model of cerebral malaria. Brain endothelium plays a central role in this pathology. Thus, the study of human brain endothelial cells’ transcriptome in an in vitro model of cerebral malaria has highlighted the potential active role of the cerebral endothelium in the pathogenesis. Statistical and functional analyses clarified the influence of TNFα, platelets and parasitized red blood cells by P. Falciparum used in this model. Synthesis of the results coming from these 2 experimental models allowed us to propose new genes and physiological pathways potentially involved in human cerebral malaria. This work highlights the benefits of using familial genetic approaches and genomic analyses in order to discover new genes and polymorphisms involved in the genetic control of human malaria
Lee, Sio Lane Cécilia. "Médicaments antipaludiques et leur contrôle : problèmes posés par la chimiorésistance à Madagascar." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2P038.
Full textMonta, Sai͏̈dou. "Les antipaludiques naturels et de synthèse : utilisations et problèmes liés à la chimiorésistance." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05P012.
Full textHermelin-Jobet, Isabelle. "Recherche d'un métabolite inconnu de l'amopyroquine : étude de réactions biomimétiques." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P141.
Full textKaddouri, Halima. "Contribution à la standardisation du test in vitro de mesure de la sensibilité de Plasmodium falciparum aux antipaludiques au moyen d'une trousse ELISA pLDH commercialisée." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05P603.
Full textThe global policy of malaria treatment is henceforth based on artemisinin combination therapy (ACT). Molecular markers that predict resistance to the ACT components are not available. Evidencing emergence of resistance to one of the components of the ACT can only be made through an in vitro method, unfortunately not standardized. New ELISA methods, simpler and more sensitive than the reference isotopic test, open the way to standardization for field application. We estimated and validated an ELISA-Malaria antigen test (EMAT, DiaMed) for detection of the parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) which is known to reflect growth of viable parasites. PLDH production and 8[3H]-hypoxanthine uptake by 121 imported isolates and 5 reference strains P. Falciparum during drug susceptibility tests were compared. This work was a partnership between DiaMed and the CNR Paludisme. An application of the EMAT method in two laboratories in endemic countries (MRTC, Bamako and IPC, Phnom Penh) allowed to confirm its robustness and to establish for Mali a baseline of the drug susceptibility of some components of the ACT (desethylamodiaquine, lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin) from 59 field isolates. The method of calculation of the median inhibitory concentration, IC50 was standardized with an Emax model adapted to the measure of the effect-dose (in free access on www. Antimalarial-icestimator. Net). We conclude from our study that an ELISA pLDH test such as the EMAT could facilitate the standardization of the in vitro test and its implementation in numerous laboratories, allowing a wider and more effective surveillance. We draw attention on importance of establishing a rigorous quality assurance of the in vitro test by the control of predosed drug plates with reference strains and by the control of the culture parameters
Millerioux, Valérie. "Contribution à l'étude de la voie de biosynthèse des isoprénoïdes chez plasmodium falciparum au cours de la phase endoérythrocytaire." Poitiers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995POIT2351.
Full textMerckx, Anaïs. "Caractérisation de régulateurs potentiels de la prolifération cellulaire chez Plasmodium falciparum : Cdk / cyclines et Protéine Kinase A." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MNHN0011.
Full textMalaria, a tropical disease, kills 1 to 3 million people each year. Plasmodium falciparum, the parasitic protozoan responsible for the lethal forms of the disease, has developped resistance to most available antimalarial drugs. It is thus essential to seek new therapeutic parasitic targets. A major part of this PhD work consists of the identification and biochemical characterization of three novel cyclins, one Cdk (cyclin dependent kinase) and the PKA (proteine kinase A) of P. Falciparum. These protein kinase families take part in essential eukaryotic cellular functions and are likely to play essential roles in the control of cellular parasitic proliferation. Moreover they display enough differences with their human counterparts to be considererd as therapeutic potential targets. The contribution of such fundamental data is a necessary ininitial step towards the development of new antimalarial drugs
Nunes, da Silva Ana Sofia. "Characterization of the molecular mechanisms involved in severe malaria pathogenesis." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC065.
Full textSequestration of infected erythrocytes (IEs) is the prime mediator of disease and is mediated by members of the highly diverse PfEMP1. The aim of this thesis was to characterize the molecular mechanisms associated to pregnancy associated malaria (PAM) and severe malaria, in order to design new intervention strategies to protect patients against severe malaria clinical symptoms. PfEMP 1 -VAR2CSA stands today as the leading vaccine candidate aiming to protect future pregnant women against the severe clinical outcomes of PAM. In order to better characterize the interactions between PfEMPI-VAR2CSA and its receptor CSA, we generated VAR2CSA specific nanobodies. Following immunization of a Ilama with the full-length VAR2CSA recombinant protein, we obtained 19 nanobodies, mainly targeting the DBL1X. Four nanobodies targeting DBL1X reproducibly inhibited CSA adhesion of erythrocytes infected with the homologous NF54-CSA parasite strain, providing evidences that DBL1X domain is part or close to the CSA binding site. Severe malaria was recently associated with binding of IEs, expressing domain cassettes DC8 and DC13, to Endothelial Protein C Receptor (EPCR) pr'sent in the host endothelium. In this study we demonstrated that the IT4VAR19-DC8 binds to EPCR with a greater affinity than the CIDRa1. L domain alone and also the binding to EPCR-expressing endothélial cell line (HBEC5i) is more pronounced. We observed that although IT4VAR19 is the preferentially selected EPCR-binding variant from IT4 strain, the humoral immunity against the EPCR binding IT4VAR19-DC8 cassette or the CIDRa1. 1 domain is not boosted during a severe pediatric malaria episode in Benin. In conclusion, this thesis provide new insights on the molecular mechanisms underlying the binding of P. Falciparum infected erythrocytes to the host endothelium that will help in the development of anti-adhesive strategies to protect patients against severe malaria clinical outcomes
Menard, Sandie. "Plasmodium falciparum et résistance aux antipaludiques : aperçu et conséquences des facteurs impliqués dans la sélection et la diffusion des parasites résistants." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30116/document.
Full textMalaria remains one of the most terrible infectious diseases with more than 200 million infections and 430,000 deaths each year, mostly children under five years old in sub-Saharan Africa. Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the vast majority of malaria mortality cases. Control of malaria still remains a major public health problem, in particular because of resistances to antimalarials that parasites developed. The apparition of these resistances is due to the drug pressure, and their progressive diffusion is mainly via the travelling of infected hosts. However, the dynamics of emergence, diffusion and persistence of resistant parasites result from complex interactions between the antimalarials, the Human, the parasite and the vector. The work presented here participates in the malaria control process by first proposing an inventory of Plasmodium resistance to antimalarials used in Cameroon, thanks to molecular, phenotypic and clinical tools. A second part explores the possible consequences of prolonged use of artemisinin derivatives on the P. falciparum phenotype, in areas where resistance to this molecule is already established. The in vitro model used showed that continuous artemisinin pressures induced a new pluri-resistance profile. Finally, a last part analyses the role of the mosquito in the epidemiology of resistances and shows that the sporogony favours the diffusion of minority alleles, resistant or not, presented in humans. All this work confirms the multiplicity of forces acting on the dynamics of resistances and the complexity of their interactions making any prediction very speculative. Even if better knowledge of the societal, epidemiological, biological and pharmacological phenomena involved in resistances is a priority, regular phenotypic and genotypic surveillance in the field remains the best tool for adapting malaria control strategies
Firrincieli, Delphine. "Le récepteur nucléaire de la vitamine D en physiopathologie hépatique : fonctions protectrices dans l'épithélium biliaire." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066186.
Full textBenoit, Marie. "Physiopathologie de la fièvre Q : réponses des cellules immunes innées à l'infection par Coxiella burnetii." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20660.
Full textQ fever is due to Coxiella burnetii, an obligate intracellular bacterium that survives in myeloid cells. My objective was to investigate the responses of myeloid cells to C. Burnetii. C. Burnetii stimulated an atypical M2 program of macrophages that may account for the persistence of C. Burnetii in macrophages. I have shown that C. Burnetii survived in DC in an immature phagosome and interfered with the macropinocytosis. C. Burnetii induced DC maturation and specific T cell responses. Finally, I have shown that valvulopathy increased apoptosis of circulating leukocytes. The engulfment of apoptotic lymphocytes by monocytes and macrophages increased C. Burnetii replication by stimulating a M2 polarization, effect inhibited by IFN-gamma. Thus, we have identified new effectors involved in the persistence of C. Burnetii in its host cells, which allow to consider new diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets
Ménard, Didier. "Evaluation de la chimiosensibilité et de la diversité génétique des souches de Plasmodium falciparum circulant à Bangui (République Centrafricaine) : implications en santé publique." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066043.
Full textGharbi, Myriam. "Évaluation de la surveillance du paludisme des voyageurs pour la gestion des stratégies de maîtrise de la résistance aux antipaludiques en zone d’endémie." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066081.
Full textThere are growing concerns about the emergence of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to all the antimalarial drugs currently available, including the artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). Monitoring the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs has become a public health priority. The methods for assessing the antimalarial drug resistance are complex, making their implementation within endemic countries difficult. Some endemic areas, which do not have the logistic and financial capacity to incorporate a routine surveillance, have limited information regarding the effectiveness of the given treatments. Increased travel is a major factor facilitating the spread of Plasmodium infections and resistance. However, travellers who return from endemic countries infected with malaria often present with low immunity against the parasites and there is no risk of re-infection. Thus, they could be used as a sentinel population to detect therapeutic failures due to resistance. Increased travel is a major factor facilitating the spread of Plasmodium infections and resistance. However, travellers who return from endemic countries infected with malaria often present with low immunity against the parasites and there is no risk of re-infection. Thus, they could be used as a sentinel population to detect therapeutic failures due to resistance. First, we investigate whether data on travellers returning from Africa with malaria could serve as an additional surveillance system for the emergence of drug resistance in endemic-countries. Then, the value of this system is tested through two different applications: the detection of emergence of chloroquine-resistance in Haiti and the evolution of chloroquine-resistance following the changes of treatment policy in Africa. Our study confirms the valuable source of information coming from travellers’ surveillance as an additional system for tracking resistance in endemic countries and facilitating an appropriate response by health policy makers
Briolant, Sébastien. "Doxycycline et paludisme." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20734.
Full textNonimmune civilians and military personnel traveling in malaria-endemic areas are at risk of malaria transmission and may become clinically ill during or after their travel. Approximately 25–30 million travelers from nontropical regions visit malaria-endemic countries annually, and about 30,000 cases of travel-associated clinical malaria occur each year. Each year, around 30. 000 French soldiers travelling in tropical areas are exposed to infectious diseases. Among them, malaria still represents an important threat as 12% of soldiers are infected by Plasmodium during their travel in spite of the respect of collective and individual protective measures against vector. The antimalarial chemoprophylaxis, mainly doxycycline (DOX) in the French Army, limits the number of clinical cases of malaria. However, since 2002, 3. 000 malaria cases have been reported in our forces. Around two of three were associated with a poor compliance especially after the return in France. The others cases might be explained by a decrease in the susceptibility of Plasmodium to DOX or a non optimal dosage. The aims of our work were to understand the mechanisms of action of DOX in P. Falciparum and to identify genetic determinants associated with a decrease susceptibility of P. Falciparum to DOX. In a first part, we studied the in vitro effects of DOX on P. Falciparum proteome at the asexual schizont stage by using of two differential proteomic technologies 2D DIGE and iTRAQ. Our findings suggest the apicoplast and the mitochondrion as targets for DOX. In a second study, the analysis of the distribution of DOX IC50s for 747 P. Falciparum African isolates by a Bayesian mixture modelling approach allowed us to find three different phenotypes of susceptibility to DOX. The cutoff of reduced susceptibility to DOX in vitro could be estimated to be 35μM. Then, we looked for genotypes associated with the three precedent phenotypes by sequencing eleven candidate genes and evaluating the copy numbers of two genes by quantitative real time PCR in 90 P. Falciparum African isolates. We have shown that pfmdt copy number > 1, pftetQ copy number > 1 and KYNNNN amino acid motif repetitions < 3 in TetQ protein were independently associated with decreased susceptibility to DOX
Lelièvre, Joël. "Approche du mode d'action et du mécanismes de résistance pour trois antipaludiques : la chloroquine, l'artémisinine et la trioxaquine." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30005.
Full textMalaria, mainly caused by Plasmodium falciparum is a public health problem. Despite the frequency of resistant strains in all endemic areas, most of the countries still use chloroquine as first line treatment. Targeted therapies could be obtained with a better understanding of the mechanisms of resistance and the mode of action of drugs currently used or in development. Among the leads, artemisinin is a priority due to its efficiency. We have studied the activity of trioxaquines which are currently under development. These dual molecules contain both pharmacophores of chloroquin and artemisinin. The goal of the study presented here is the understanding of the mechanisms of action and resistance for three drugs: chloroquine, artemisinin and trioxaquine DU1302. Firstly, we determined the parasitic stage targeted by each drug. Then, the resistance of P. Yoelii (in vivo) and P. Falciparum (in vitro) strains was studied genotipically and phenotypically after after drug pressure with these three molecules. Strains resisting to high doses of antimalarial were obtained without any mutation of the gene of interest. Nevertheless, a high decrease of the strain virulence was observed. With the P. Falciparum strain, genes involved in the resistance to chloroquine (Pfcrt) and to atovaquone (cytochrome b gene) were studied
Schneider, Jérémy. "Étude d'aminoarylalcools énantiomériquement purs à visée antipaludique." Thesis, Amiens, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AMIE0044.
Full textMalaria is a disease induced by a protozoan parasite, Plasmodium. Among the five species of Plasmodium parasitizing humans, P. falciparum is the parasite which causes the most serious form of the disease. Since 2001, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). However, the emergence of multi-resistant parasites decreases the effectiveness of these ACTs. Therefore, the development of new compounds active on Plasmodium resistant strains remains important. Previously, an asymmetric synthesis allowing access to 4-aminoalcohol-quinoline enantiomers (AQM), mefloquine analogs, was developed in the laboratory. Enantiomers (S) have been shown to be 2 to 15 -fold more active than their analogues (R). Derivatives were active on nanomolar range against Pf3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive) and PfW2 (chloroquine-resistant). In continuation of our work, we have synthesized and studied new chemical series, derived from AQMs, in order to: i) study the effect of amino substituents; ii) restore the susceptibility of mefloquine-resistant strains; or iii) study the effect of the nature of the heterocycle (fluorene vs quinoline) by synthesizing enantiopure lumefantrine analogs. The antimalarial activity, in vitro, was evaluated on Pf3D7 and PfW2 strains. Subsequently, the cytotoxicity and pharmacokinetic properties (ADME) in vitro of the most promising molecules were performed. These results will lead to the evaluation of the in vivo antimalarial activity of a first compound
Reyser, Thibaud. "Régulation de la résistance de Plasmodium falciparum aux artémisinines : approches pharmacologiques et mécanistiques à visée thérapeutique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30189.
Full textMalaria, caused by a haematophagus protozoon, remains one of the most severe infectious diseases in the world. About 3 billion people live in regions at risk and although mortality has decreased in the past 20 years, this disease is still responsible for the death of no less than 400,000 people. Throughout the 20th century, several antimalarials, targeting different biochemical pathways within the parasite, were developed to eradicate this disease. Yet, the parasites systematically managed to develop resistances. Artemisinins, the drugs of choice in the fight against malaria, were no exception to this rule. Artemisinin resistance thus emerged as early as 2008 in Cambodia and then spread to the rest of South-East Asia. In order to thwart its emergence and its spread, the WHO has recommended as early as 2001 the use of artemisinins in combination with a partner drug in the artemisinin combination therapies (also known as ACTs). However, the first cases of resistance to both drugs emerged in 2013. The peculiarity of this resistance relies on a unique mechanism involving a cell-cycle arrest -also known as quiescence or dormancy- of the parasite upon drug exposure. In this context, the present study hereby contributes to the search for new antimalarial therapeutic strategies that can efficiently target artemisinin-resistant parasites. For this purpose, three approaches were used: i) the screening and the study of the mode of action of inhibitors involved in 3 different parasitic pathways, namely the inhibition of heme polymerization into hemozoïn, the stabilization of G-quadruplex structures within the genome and the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in Plasmodium; ii) the development of an assay enabling the evaluation of a molecule’s activity towards quiescent parasites, which allowed the identification of targets that could potentially be maintained throughout quiescence; iii) the evaluation of the involvement of epigenetics in P. falciparum artemisinin resistance. Collectively, this work allows a better understanding of artemisinin-induced quiescence and identifies promising targets involved in the regulation of genes playing key roles in maintaining parasitic metabolism and in allowing the successful completion of the parasite’s life cycle. This study paves the way towards the development of new molecules potentially able to thwart artemisinin resistance
Chaulet, Jean-François. "Dosage des antipaludéens majeurs par chromatographie liquide haute performance." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO1T002.
Full textButin, Marine. "Staphylococcus capitis en réanimation néonatale : épidémiologie, caractérisation moléculaire et physiopathologie." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1074.
Full textPas de résumé en anglais
Bandje, Kossiwa Efoala-Bola. "Caractérisation de la protéine AKAP (A-Kinase Anchoring Protein) chez Plasmodium falciparum." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P610/document.
Full textPas de résumé
Rakotoarivelo, Nambinina Vololomiarana. "Activités antipaludiques de séries chimiques à noyau indole et d'extraits naturels." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30147/document.
Full textThe problem of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to antimalarial drugs requires a continuous search for new active molecules. In this thesis, indolone series were pharmacomodulated and extraction of plants were made to find new active structures. The structural changes of indolone-N-oxide series (INOD) allowed a small improvement of solubility by substitution with aminochloride group, an antiplasmodial activity maintained by substitution with bulky groups at position 6, an antimalarial activity conserved when the nitrone function (O-N=C) is reduced giving the new series of 2-aryl-3H-indol-3-ones (IND). Comparable antimalarial activities were observed between the two series (INOD and IND). The compound 6-(4-chlorophenyl)-7H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-one-5-oxide is the best lead now. To improve stability and biodisponibility of INOD in perspective, the substitution with bulky group at position 7 could slow their bioreductibiliy in vivo. Isoindolinones (clitocybins) don't have antimalarial activities (no antituberculosis activity also) and are highly cytotoxic. Extracts of Madagascan plant have antimalarial activity in vivo and promote the isolation of active alkaloids
Yongui-Massok, Nadine. "Attitudes thérapeutiques du paludisme, en milieu familial, chez l'enfant résidant au Cameroun." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P058.
Full textVo, Thi Kim Duy. "Résistance au paludisme dans la province de Quang-Tri, Viet Nam." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX22089.pdf.
Full textThis present work was realised in a strong malaria endemic country in Vietnam. We determined P. Falciparum genes mutations prevalence associated with drug resistance. Mutations frequency is lower than other countries in Vietnam or Cambodia, but similar with those observed in Laos. By using new specific target genes for each Plasmodium species, we developed a new diagnosis method based on the real-time PCR which is more sensible and specific. This method was validated on our studied population samples and on samples from European travellers. Our studied population has a low rate of malaria access when the host has the haemoglobin E allele. The humoral response was studied showing that installation kinetic of the cytophilic antibodies is faster in the haemoglobin E carriers, suggesting a protecting role for these antibodies. NO may be implied in the parasite resistance. In this perspective, we identified three new mutations for the NOS2A promoter gene which were not yet described
Bonneville, Marlène. "Physiopathologie de l'inflammation cutanée : rôle de l'activation de l'immunité innée cutanée dans le développement de l'eczema allergique de contact." Lyon 1, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/12/52/71/PDF/these_MBfinal.pdf.
Full textHaptens are endowed with pro-inflammatory and antigenic properties responsible for activation of both innate and acquired immunity leading to irritant and allergic contact dermatitis, respectively. Although it has been established that the frequency with which individuals develop allergic contact dermatitis directly correlates with the pro-inflammatory properties of haptens, the pathophysiological mechanisms linking irritancy and allergy are still not known precisely. In the first part of the thesis, we show that the development and severity of allergic contact dermatitis depends on the ability of haptens to deliver non specific inflammatory signals during sensitization, leading to: i) irritant contact dermatitis, ii) recruitment of dendritic cell precursors into the skin, iii) migration rate of dendritic cells to the lymph nodes where T cell activation occurs and, iv) T cell recruitment into the skin. The second part of this work concerns the study of the role of Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2), an innate immune receptor, in the development of allergic contact dermatitis. We demonstrate that the absence of TLR-2 in sensitized mice leads to an exacerbate allergic contact dermatitis, indicating that TLR-2 is involved in the down-regulation of the skin inflammation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that irritancy conditions the magnitude of allergic responses. Therefore, molecules able to decrease the pro-inflammatory properties of haptens could be new preventive or curative treatments of both irritant and allergic contact dermatitis
Chavain, Natascha. "Conception, synthèse, analyse structurale et activité antipaludique de dérivés de la ferroquine : investigation des mécanismes d'action." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10050/document.
Full textBioorganometallic chemistry has shown to be an interesting alternative to face the problems of drug resistance in P. falciparum, the main causative agent of malaria. This research work is based on the design, synthe sis, structural characterisation and antimalarial activity ofnew ferroquine derivatives. Starting from the ferro quine skeleton, in order to make a pharmacomodulation, we have synthesized a large array of structurally various FQ derivatives. Structural characterisation of the se derivatives is described. The results of the biological studies on the inhibition of the parasite growth are very promising and structure-activity relationships have been brought out. Additional investigations using biochemical and biophysical methods have been done concerning the mechanism of action of these new compounds. This allows us to have a better understanding of the mechanism of action of ferroquine
Alyanakian, Marie-Alexandra. "Rôles de l'immunorégulation et de l'environnement dans la physiopathologie du diabète auto-immun." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05D030.
Full textThe major focus of our studies was the analysis the role of immunoregulation in the development of autoimmune diseases and more particularly of autoimmune insulindependent diabetes. To that aim we have used the experimental model of the NOD (non obese diabetic) mouse. We have developed our work around two essential themes. First, the detailed analysis of the phenotypic and functional characteristics of the main T cell subsets that control autoimmune responses. We have also attempted to study more in depth their antigen specificity using an adoptive transfer model. Secondly, we have described original models showing the protective effect on the development of autoimmune diabetes of certain components of infectious agents. The analysis of the immune mechanisms affording this protection revealed that regulatory T lymphocytes play a central role in the induction and/or the maintenance of the protective effect
Body, Simon. "Physiopathologie du lymphome à cellules du manteau : de la mécanistique aux modèles précliniques." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC419/document.
Full textMantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a mature malignant hemopathy, belonging to the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma family. The MCL is characterized by the translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) which causes an aberrant expression of cyclin D1. It is a rare disease but at high risk of relapse, and it is most often incurable due to the appearance of chemoresistant clones. The acquisition of resistance is intimately linked to the interactions between the tumor cells and their microenvironment. In order to mimic, in the most relevant way, these interactions, we have implemented a mouse xenograft model using the MCL cell lines JeKo1, REC1, Z138 and Granta-519 which we have modified so that they express a fluorophore (GFP or m-cherry) and / or the gene encoding the luciferase. After injection to the mice of the luciferase substrate, luciferin, we are able to follow over time the tumor progression. We can also assess the degree of tumor infiltration in bone marrow, spleen, brain and blood after euthanasia of animals, by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. This model allowed us to show the therapeutic interest of an inhibitor of exportin 1 (XPO1): the KPT 330 (or selinexor) which is able to contain cyclin D1 only on the nuclear level. We have shown that the subcellular localization of cyclin D1 is mainly cytoplasmic in some LCM (2/7) cell lines and in a number of patients (6/42, 14%), and is associated with a high potential Invasion, migration and an aggressive phenotype. Moreover, thanks to this model, we have been able to objectify the in vivo lack of efficacy of agonists to β-type estrogen receptors (ER β). These receptors, present on B lymphocytes, were thought to inhibit cell proliferation and cause cell death by apoptosis. The use of two ER β agonists, diarylpropionitrile (DPN) and ERB-041 showed an absence of effect of these molecules, when the tumor cells are in contact with their microenvironment. On the other hand, in order to better understand the mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapies, we studied the resistance of the REC-1 cell line treated with genotoxic agents. We have shown that this line has an abnormality of cyclin D1 degradation associated with decreased activity of the 26S proteasome. Finally, we have shown in preliminary work that the fused in sarcoma protein (FUS) could, when associated with cyclin D1, be able to regulate the repair pathways of DNA damage. Abnormalities of these pathways induce a great genetic instability responsible for the escape of tumors to treatments, the targeting of FUS could therefore be of therapeutic interest.Taken as a whole, these results reinforce or invalidate the interest of certain therapeutic targets in the hope of continuing to improve the management of patients. They also provide a tool for evaluating new molecules in a murine model that takes into account the interactions between the tumor cell and its microenvironment
Eldin, de Pecoulas Philippe. ""Plasmodium falciparum" et "Plasmodium vivax" : Etude comparée de la dihydrofolate réductase-thymidylate synthétase, polymorphisme moléculaire et relations avec la chimiosensibilité aux antifoliniques." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05P621.
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