Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Résistance aux substances – Dissertations universitaires'
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Delva, Laurent. "Rôle de la CRABPII dans la résistance secondaire de la leucémie aiguë promyélocytaire traitée par l'acide rétinoïque : Implication de la CRABPII dans son métabolisme et dans la transcription de gènes sensibles à son action." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05CD02.
Full textAouali, Nasséra. "Rôle du métabolisme du céramide et de la dynamique des compartiments acides dans la résistance multiple." Reims, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REIMP209.
Full text@One form of resistance termed Multidrug Resistance has been most studied and seems to be mediated by overexpression of membrane proteins belonging to the ABC transporters family. These proteins are P-glycoprotein (Pgp), multidrug-resistance associated protein (MRP1) and breast cancer resistance protein. Other alterations have been observed like sphingolipid metabolism modification and increased pH gradient. Ours results have demonstrated that tamoxifen decreased the sphingolipid level in MDR cells overexpressing Pgp. Tamoxifen treatment sensitive to daunorubicine the resistance cells. Moreover, tamoxifen treatment decreased the pH gradient in resistance cells. This result shows the relationship with the rise pH gradient and the elevation of GlcCer in resistance cells. Recently, studies have been demonstrated the Pgp location in membrane microdomains, called raft. DIMs are rich in glycosphingolipids, cholesterol, sphingomyeline. Our data suggest that sphingolipid could play a role in the structure of DIMs and thus the conformation of Pgp
Chauvier, David. "Camptothécine versus homocamptothécine : approche moleculaire et cellulaire. Induction de l'apoptose et modulation de la résistance multiple." Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMP206.
Full textHomocamptothecin (hCPT), a topoisomerase I (top1) inhibitor, combines higher cytotoxicity and lactone stability in aqueous buffer than camptothecin (hCPT). Spectrofluorometry has allowed the real-time investigation of its hydrolysis kinetic in absence and presence of top1 and/or ADN. The stabilisation of the cleavable complex by hCPT implies steric contacts of the b-hydroxylactone ring with the DNA-top1 complex, rather than opening of the lactone ring, as observed for CPTs. HCPT/CPT have been detected in the cytoplasm of MCF7 and HT29 cancer cells by 2-photon laser confocal microspectrofluorometry,. The induction of apoptosis by hCPT is mediated in HT29 cells by DYm disruption, cytosolic acidification, reactive oxygen species, cytochrome C release, caspase-3 activation, gene expression, de novo synthesis of ceramide. HCPT/CPT have been identified to be substrates of MRP1 but not Pgp proteins. Sub-toxic doses of hCPT/CPT potentiated daunorubicin (DNR) cytotoxicity by inhibition of MRP1 activity, in correlation with increase of the nuclear accumulation of DNR in anthracyclins-resistant K562 and MCF7 cells
Abedini, Amin. "Evaluation biologique et phytochimique des substances naturelles d’Hyptis atrorubens Poit. (Lamiaceae), sélectionnée par un criblage d'extraits de 42 plantes." Thesis, Lille 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL2S025/document.
Full textThis study focuses firstly on the extent of the antimicrobial activity of 42 medicinal plants that are traditionally used in Iran and Guadeloupe, against a panel of 36 pathogenic and multi-resistant bacteria and fungi. The results show presence of the antimicrobial agents in all plants.We finally selected Hyptis atrorubens Poit. which has a strong antimicrobial activity. In addition, this plant has never been studied in the literature. Phytochemical and biological analysis of the hydro-methanolic extract of stems, enabled us to find for the first time the four main active compounds of this plant: rosmarinic acid, methyl rosmarinate, quercetin-3-glucoside (isoquercetin) and quercetin-3-galactoside (hyperoside).The antibacterial activity of these compounds was evaluated by various microbiological values (MIC, MBC, synergy, kill-time and growth curves).The best inhibitory and bactericidal activity was found for methyl rosmarinate (0.3 mg/ml).This research suggests the high potential of antimicrobial activity for a combination of all four compounds (MIC = 70 µg/ml), which is very close to MICs of antibiotics.This work presents the main compounds of Hyptis atrorubens Poit. as new antimicrobial agents and as potentially useful tools against bacteria that are more and more resistant to antibiotics
Doliwa, Christelle. "Caractérisation par protéomique et transcriptomique des mécanismes de résistance à la sulfadiazine chez Toxoplasma gondii." Thesis, Reims, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REIMM203/document.
Full textToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite responsible of a widespread infection, toxoplasmosis. Treatment options for toxoplasmosis are generally limited to combinations of sulfonamide and pyrimethamine which have a synergistic action on T. gondii folate synthesis by inhibiting two major enzymes: dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). However treatment failures have been reported, and three naturally sulfadiazine resistant strains, TgA 103001 (Type I), TgH 32006 (Type II) and TgH 32045 (Type II variant), have been described. In this work, we studied resistance mechanisms to sulfadiazine on T. gondii. We are interested, in a first time, on the involvement of target genes, dhps and dhfr, and ABC transporters, TgABC.B1, TgABC.B2, TgABC.C1 and TgABC.C2, in the sulfadiazine resistance on T. gondii. However, neither polymorphisms nor overexpression of these genes has been linked to resistance mechanisms. Then, we compared proteomes of naturally resistant strains to sensitive strains RH (Type I) and ME-49 (Type II) by DIGE. Among the 31 proteins differentially expressed between sensitive and resistant strains, four proteins, ROP2, MIC2, ENO2 and IMC1, seemed to be interesting. In order to avoid variations due to differences from genetic background, sensitive strains RH and ME-49 have been made resistant in vitro by gradual increase in sulfadiazine concentration. This resistance was checked in vitro by the development of a new chemosensitivity assay. We compared then, by 2-DE, proteomes of the type II strains, sensitive (ME-49) and resistant (ME-49-RSDZ and TgH 32006), without identifying candidates implicated in sulfadiazine resistance mechanisms. However, analysis of the sensitive strain ME-49 and the resistant strain ME-49-RSDZ, by microarrays, allowed us to identify a candidate belonging to folate synthesis pathways: folylpolyglutamate synthase
Gallien, Sébastien. "Mutations secondaires lors des traitements antirétroviraux des patients infectés par le VIH-1 du groupe M : significations cliniques de l'échappement viral." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077219.
Full textVirologic failure, defined as a persistent detectable viremia under antiretroviral therapy, is mainly driven by the emergence of antiretroviral Drug Resistance-Associated Mutations (DRAM) in the target genes of antiretroviral drugs. Identifying these mutations usually requires viremia above 1000 copies/mL, explaining why resistance data in persistent HIV-1 low-level viremia (LLV) (< 1000 copies / ml) are scarce in spite of the fact that this clinical situation concerns 5 to 10 % of treated HIV-infected individuals. In this work, we studied DRAM in 3 cohorts of HIV-1 infected patients, who experienced LLV (< 500 to 1000 copies/ml) under antirétroviral therapy, and then attempted to identify clinical and virologic factors associated to their emergence. For patients receiving first-line antiretroviral therapy, new DRAM are detected during LLV in 37% subjects, all in the reverse transcriptase gene except in the protease gene in one participant, and detection of new DRAM is associated with higher HIV-1 RNA levels during LLV. Integrase inhibitors resistance-associated mutations are newly detected in 7,7 % of pretreated patients with multi-resistant virus strains who experienced LLV while receiving raltegravir-containing therapy, with no factors significantly associated with their emergence identified. Finally in a third cohort of patients, heterogeneous according to their antiretroviral history and their viral population, new DRAM are detected in 30 % of subjects for both reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase inhibitors, without any factor associated to their emergence. So, new DRAM can be detected during LLV under antiretroviral therapy, whereas their type and their frequency vary according to the current antiretroviral regimen and the previous archived viral mutations. These data underline the potential interest of drug résistance genotyping in this setting, in order to be able to provide an early therapeutic optimization, the utility of which should be assessed in the future
Tréhoux, Solange. "Identification de nouveaux miARN régulateurs de la mucine MUC1, détermination de leurs rôles fonctionnels dans la cancérogenèse pancréatique et dans la chimiorésistance." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S003/document.
Full textThe mucin MUC1 is a transmembrane oncoprotein overexpressed in 90% of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and associated with a poor prognosis. MUC1 is involved in cell signaling and cell interaction to enhanced tumor cell properties like cell proliferation and invasion. Furthermore it has been shown an important role of MUC1 in chemoresistance to gemcitabine, the basic treatment of pancreatic cancer, and in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of pancreatic cancer cells. Interestingly it has been shown that MUC1 could be internalized and localized in the nuclear compartment to act as a transcriptional coactivator to modulate the expression of many genes such as the Wnt/β-catenin, the targets of Stat1/3 or the miR-200c/miR141 cluster. Furthermore, it has been shown that MUC1 is regulated by epigenetics: by methylation of the promoter, histone acetylation and by miRNAs in breast and ovarian cancer.Our aim was to study the inhibition of MUC1 by miRNAs deregulated in pancreatic cancer, to propose a new innovative therapeutic strategy to slow down progression of this cancer.We selected miRNAs targeting the mucin MUC1, in its 3\\\'UTR, its 5\\\'UTR or its coding region by using databases such as Miranda, miRWalk and TargetScan. To refine this selection, we then selected only those being deregulated in pancreatic cancer by studying their expression in human pancreatic cancer cell lines, tissues from patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and transgenic mouse model of early pancreatic carcinogenesis.We initially demonstrated that among the selected miRNAs, overexpression of miR-29a, miR-183, miR-200a, miR-330-5p, miR-and miR-939 876-3p led to a decrease of MUC1 protein expression. By establishing the miRNA expression profile in the three models of pancreatic cancer that we had, we were able to demonstrate an overall deregulation of miR-29a and miR-330-5p in human pancreatic cancer cell lines and in patients with a pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and a more specifically deregulation for the other miRNAs.We were then able to show that among the selected miRNAs, only miRNAs miR-29a and miR-330-5p had the ability to interact with MUC1 mRNA on its 3\\\'UTR. We therefore undertook to study the role of miR-29a and miR-330-5p in pancreatic cancer. For this, we used a transient strategy to overexpress or inhibit miRNAs and stable cell lines overexpressing the miRNA as well as a deficient cell line for MUC1. We were able to show that overexpression of miR-29a and miR-330-5p slowed down cell proliferation, migration, cell invasion, tumor growth and increased chemosensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine.In conclusion, all these data allowed us to identify a set of deregulated miRNAs in pancreatic cancer which have the ability to decrease the mucin MUC1 protein expression level. We also showed that miR-29a and miR-330-5p were the only ones that can regulate the expression of MUC1 directly and act as tumor suppressors by altering the biological properties of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. These data allow us to propose these two miRNAs as a new potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of this cancer
Mekki, Meriem Sarah. "Conséquences de l'hypoxie sur la régulation de la signalisation HGF/SF-MET." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S047/document.
Full textThe receptor tyrosine kinase MET and its ligand the Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scattor Factor (HGF/SF) are essential for migration, morphogenesis and survival of epithelial cells. Beside its physiological involvement, deregulation of MET signaling has been shown to promote tumor progression and invasion in many cancers. Inside the tumors, hypoxia is also a crucial phenomenon promoting an adaptive response able to induce invasion, metastasis and resistance to treatment.We show that under hypoxia, MET phosphorylation induced by ligand-stimulation, activating mutation or overexpression, is drastically decreased both in cell culture and in experimental tumors. This decrease in MET phosphorylation occurs within minutes and is reversible when cells are returned to normoxia. While phosphorylation of the proximal signaling adaptor GAB1 is also decreased in hypoxia, activation of the downstream kinases ERK and AKT is not affected, but is still dependent on MET receptor activity. Consistently, several cellular responses induced by HGF/SF, including motility, morphogenesis or survival, are still efficiently induced. Interestingly, treatment with two tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting MET (PHA-665752 and SU11274) are less efficient to inhibit the downstream kinases ERK and AKT and cellular responses induced by MET in hypoxia compared to normoxia. Similarly to MET phosphorylation, this resistance to TKI is a reversible phenomenon. Therefore, while hypoxia does not affect downstream signaling and cellular responses, it decreases MET sensitivity to TKIs targeting the receptor thus providing an immediate resistance. This may provide new insights in the use of MET targeted therapies in solid tumors
Wackenaer-Descleves, Estelle. "Les β-lactamases chromosomiques des Raoultella spp : support pour la résistance aux antibiotiques et outils de diagnostic étiologique." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T037.
Full textThe three species of Raouliellu (formerly Klebsiella). R. Planticola (Rp), R. Ornithinolytica (Ro) and R. Terrigena (Rt) cannot be distinguished from the species of Klebsiella spp. By the tests used in the routine by microbiological laboratories. After having (i) cloned the p-lactamases of the 3 Raoultella species (PLA, ORN and TER), (ii) evaluated the percentage of identity between each other (94% between PLA and ORN, and 78% with TER) and with other class A P-lactamases (70% with TEM-1, 68% with SHV-1 and 38% with KOXY), and (iii) studied the p-lactamase activity of PLA and TER, the reliability of the bla gene for Rp and Ro identification was determined in comparison with that of the 16S rDNA and rpoB genes in 35 Raoultella spp. Isolates. This study allowed us to discover that 70% of the isolates identified as Ro were negative for the ornithine decarboxylase test, meaning negative for the biochemical character on which Ro definition was based, and to develop a new test, bla RFLP. To unambiguously identify Ro and Rp
Papadopoulou, Barbara. "Dissémination des gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques chez les entérobactéries et Campylobacter." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA114815.
Full textLavollay, Marie. "Rôle de la L,D-transpeptidation dans biosynthèse du peptidoglycane et la résistance aux bêta-lactamines chez les Actinomycetales." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T022.
Full textThe PBP that catalyze the last cross-linking step of peptidoglycan synthesis are the targets of β-lactams. A novel mechanism of β-lactam resistance due to activation of another pathway (L,D-transpeptidation) has been recently characterized. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of the L,D-transpeptidation pathway in C. Jeikeium and M. Tuberculosis. Their L,D-transpeptidases use substrates containing a tetrapeptide stem and are inhibited by carbapenems. In C. Jeikeium, the PBP pathway is predominant. The supply in tetrapeptide substrate generated by Pbp4 is the limiting factor for L,D-transpeptidation pathway. Pbp2C was identified as the cross-linking enzyme responsible for β-lactam resistance in C. Jeikeium. In M. Tuberculosis, the peptidoglycan of non-replicating cells predominantly contains crosslinks generated by L,D-transpeptidation. L,D-transpeptidases and carbapenems may represent a target and a drug family relevant to the eradication of persistent M. Tuberculosis
Lescat, Mathilde. "Structure des populations naturelles de Escherichia coli : relation avec la virulence et la résistance aux antibiotiques." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T052.
Full textThe aim of this work was to precise relations between phylogney, virulence and resistance to antibiotics in the species Escherichia coli. At first, we characterized the esterase B, as a perfomant marker of phylogeny. The study of the evolution of strains was then realised using whole genome sequencing. This allowed also us to identify a chromosomic module of resistance in a virulent and multiresistant strain. At least, we characterized 3 distinct populations of strains issued from humans, their domesticated animals and wild animals These 3 levels of study of the evolution of strains allowed to go further into the determination of the factors involved in the adapation of the strains of E. Coli to their environments in one side, and their relations between their genome, their habitats and their selective pressure, in the other side
Dridi, Larbi. "Rôle de l'efflux dans la résistance de Clostridium difficile aux fluoroquinolones et aux composés toxiques." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA114822.
Full textC. Difficile represents the main cause of nosocomial diarrhea in adults. The prevalence of acquired resistance to quinolones in France was 7% and identical for the years 1991 and 1997. All isolates with decreased susceptibility carried a mutation in the DNA gyrase gyrA or gyrB genes. We found that C. Difficile lacks the genes coding for DNA topoisomerase IV. CdeA is the first multidrug efflux transporter identified in C. Difficile. CdeA belongs to the cluster 3 of the MATE family. It was responsible for quinolone resistance in E. Coli when overexpressed. The presence of subinhibitory concentration of ethidium bromide significantly increased the transcription of cdeA. We have successfully introduced by conjugation between E. Coli and C. Difficile a new replicative vector which was used to introduce antisens RNA for cdeA. However, there was no significant difference in the susceptibility to quinolones or toxics between the recombinant and the parental strain
Dewaeles, Edmonde. "Identification et caractérisation de nouveaux déterminants moléculaires à l’origine de la résistance des tumeurs pulmonaires au cisplatine et de ses effets néphrotoxiques." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S025.
Full textLung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common form of cancer, accounting for 80% of lung cancer. Cisplatin combination therapy represents the cornerstone of NSCLC treatment. Unfortunately, its clinical use is limited by two major issues: chemoresistance and the occurrence of serious adverse side effects, such as renal toxicity. In this thesis work, we have sought to identify and characterize new molecular determinants involved in the chemoresistance and/or renal toxicity of cisplatin. First, using a functional screening in the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549, we identified a miRNA whose overexpression decreases cell sensitivity to cisplatin. Then, we studied the molecular mechanisms underlying chemoresistance and demonstrated involvement of this miRNA in the regulation of signaling pathways associated with the apoptotic process and the metabolism of vitamin B 6. Secondly, we evaluated the role of the adenosine A2A receptor in cisplatin-induced renal toxicity. Our results showed that renal expression of this receptor is increased in a mouse model of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and that pharmacological modulation of A2AR, using selective antagonists, reduced cisplatin nephrotoxic effects. Lastly, using syngenic graft model, we showed that the administration of the selective A2AR antagonist did not compromise the anti-tumor properties of cisplatin; Overall, this work uncovered new therapeutic strategies that could either increase the sensitivity of lung adenocarcinoma to cisplatin or limit its nephrotoxic effects
Philippart, François. "Résistance des macrophages alvéolaires à la tolérance aux agonistes des Toll-like receptors : implication et origine du microenvironnement cytokinique." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T041.
Full textMonocytes and macrophages endotoxin tolerance, and more widely Toll-like receptors (TLR) agonists tolerance is a phenomenon corresponding to a modification of functional response of these cells (particularly an alteration of proinflammatory cytokines) during iterative stimulation by theses agonists, notably the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Tolerance is observed with monocytes and macrophages from many tissue (peritoneal cavity, spleen, bone marrow), but is not detected with alveolar macrophages (AM). We investigated the cytokine and cell specificities of lung microenvironment possibly involved in that singular behavior of AM. We confirmed the absence of tolerization of AM either ex vivo, or in vitro. While an homotolérance and a cross-tolerance was observed in vitro with peritoneal macrophages in response to TLR2 (Pam3CSK4), TLR3 (poly I:C), TLR4 (LPS) and TLR9 (CpG) ligand, no such tolerance was observed with AM. In contrast, the majority of cross stimulations gave rise to a priming effect. In vivo systemic inhibition of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (produce in large amounts by type II pneumocytes, IIPC) led to a modification of the second response of AM to LPS. Similarly, AM obtained from interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) receptor KO mice, or after in vivo inhibition of this cytokine, allowed the observation of tolerance. The responses of AM isolated from different KO mice (rag2-/-, rag2/gammac -/-, cd3epsilon -/-, mu-/-, il-15 -/-, Jα18 -/-) lacking various leukocytes lineages led us to demonstrate the involvement of NK cells and B cells in the IFN-gamma production within the lung microenvironment. In summary, AM are resistant to tolerance to TLR agonists. This functional singularity is underlined by the presence of GM-CSF (produced by IIPC) and of IFN-gamma of which production is depending of NK and B cells) within lung microenvironment
Weill, François-Xavier. "La résistance aux antibiotiques chez les Salmonella non-Typhi : prévalence, mécanismes et épidémiologie moléculaire." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T005.
Full textThe DT104 clone harboring Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1), or variants of it ,was identified as the main cause of multidrug resistance (MDR) after 1997 in Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. Two MDR populations emerged in serotype Paratyphi B after 2001. The most prevalent one contained strains harboring SOIL It caused human infections probably through contacts with exotic fish. The second population was similar to one described in poultry in Europe. The prevalence of resistance to third generation cephalosporins (3GC) was low (<1%) in Salmonella in France. However, several serotypes such as Virchow or Newport, were more resistant. Different (3-lactamases (SHV-12, TEM-52, CTX-M-2, CTX-M-9) encoded by plasmids belonging to various incompatibility groups (HI2, I1) were identified. Salmonella strains resistant to ciprofloxacin were very rare in France (prevalence <1%). However, several strains belonging to serotype Kentucky were identified in travelers returning from Africa
Haggoud, Abdellatif. "Aspects épidémiologique génétique et moléculaire de la résistance aux 5-nitroimidazoles chez les bactéroi͏̈des du groupe Fragilis." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA114841.
Full textGonzales, Fanny. "Etude fonctionnelle des marqueurs pronostiques CD81 et ABCB1 dans les leucémies aiguës myéloïdes." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S001.
Full textAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease. Currently, therapeutic stratification relies on cytogenetics and molecular markers. In the majority of cases, relapses, probably due to leukemic stem cells (LSC), are challenging to predict.My thesis encompasses the clinical and functional study of two poor prognostic factors related to LSC:1/ ABCB1, a member of the ATP binding cassette transporter family, known for its implication in drug resistance, although the mechanism remains unclear and2/ CD81, a protein belonging to the tetraspanin family, for which we were the first to uncover its prognostic role in adult AML and for which the underlying mechanisms are presently unknown.Methods1/ For ABCB1, we evaluated its activity in relation to clinical parameters and treatment response to standard chemotherapy in 321 patients with AML. We assessed multiple clinical relationships of ABCB1 activity—ex vivo drug resistance, gene expression, and evaluated an ABCB1 inhibitor.2/ For CD81, we established AML cell lines with varying degrees of CD81 expression, either by cDNA over-expression or by shRNA mediated knock-down. On these models, we tested chemotherapy resistance, cellular proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion. We performed confocal microscopy to study morphologic cell features.We injected NSG mice with different modified AML cells to study engraftment, homing and tumor invasion. We performed patient-derived-xenografts (PDX) to study the association between blasts CD81 expression and AML engraftment.Results1/ ABCB1 activity was observed in 58% of AML and was linked to low white blood cell count, high expression of CD34, absence of FLT3-ITD and absence of mutant NPM1. Moreover, ABCB1 activity was associated with worse overall- and event-free survival. However, ABCB1 activity did not directly lead to ex vivo drug resistance to anthracyclines. We found that ABCB1 expression was highly correlated with gene expressions of BAALC, CD34, CD200, and CD7, indicating that ABCB1 expression may be a passenger characteristic of high-risk AML. Furthermore, ABCB1 expression was inversely correlated to HOX cluster genes and CD33.2/ In PDX, engraftment rate was associated with higher CD81 expression and time-to engraftment was inversely correlated to the level of CD81 expression. The PDX with modified cell lines revealed increased tumor invasion in association with higher CD81 expression.Furthermore, we showed that high CD81 expression induced in vitro 1) adhesion to fibronectin and fibroblasts cells, 2) migration towards fibroblasts and 3) tumor invasion into a semisolid gel matrix. Using confocal microscopy, we observed that high CD81 cells form lamellipods implicated in cellular motility. We also established an association between CD81 expression and chemotherapy resistance, notably to daunorubicin.Conclusions1/ We showed prognostic importance of ABCB1 gene expression, protein expression, and activity. Furthermore, ABCB1 was not directly linked to drug resistance, as ABCB1 inhibition did not improve outcome of high ABCB1 AML patients. High ABCB1 may represent a passenger characteristic of high-risk AML. Finally, low ABCB1 AML patients could benefit specifically from anti-CD33 treatment by gemtuzumab ozogamicin in addition to standard chemotherapy.2/ High CD81 expression is linked to dismal prognosis in AML patients and in our PDX model. CD81 expression on blasts at diagnosis promotes engraftment in NSG mice; which may thus be a marker of stemness. Currently, we are testing CD81 antibody as a potential treatment using a murine xenograft model. Higher CD81 leads to enhanced capacity of adhesion, migration and invasion mediated by the formation of lamellipods and we are now investigating the implication of the Rac-RhoGTPases signaling pathways as an underlying mechanism
Fardeau, Sylvain. "Synthèse et étude de nouveaux antibactériens vectorisés par des complexants du fer, analogues de sidérophores." Amiens, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AMIED011.
Full textBentorcha, Faïrouze. "Identification de gènes de résistance et d'éléments génétiques mobiles chez les entérocoques." Université de Paris-Sud. Faculté de pharmacie (Châtenay-Malabry, Hauts-de-Seine), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA114802.
Full textYatouji, Sonia. "Structure de la chromatine et régulation transcriptionnelle du géne mdr 1 dans des cellules tumorales humaines à la chimiothérapie." Reims, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REIMP203.
Full textLoncle, Véronique. "Analyse de la résistance aux composants A et B des virginiamycines chez les staphylocoques." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA114830.
Full textGuillon, Jordan. "Caractérisation moléculaire de mécanismes d’échappement à la sénescence : définition d'une hétérogénéité de la sénescence Regulation of senescence escape by TSP1 and CD47 following chemotherapy treatment Regulation of senescence escape by the cdk4–EZH2–AP2M1 pathway in response to chemotherapy tRNA biogenesis and specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases regulate senescence stability under the control of mTOR. Proteomics approaches to define senescence heterogeneity and chemotherapy response Chemotherapy-induced senescence, an adaptive mechanism driving resistance and tumor heterogeneity." Thesis, Angers, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ANGE0005.
Full textSenescence is induced as a result of telomeric shortening, activation of oncogenes or in response to chemotherapy. This tumour suppression mechanism prevents the proliferation of abnormal cells and transformation. However, some studies have shown that in response to chemotherapy, senescence is more of an adaptation mechanism allowing tumour cells to escape. Thus, we have characterized new escape mechanisms allowing to define senescence heterogeneity. During our studies, we observed that the stability of this suppressive mechanism is epigenetically regulated by EZH2. This methylase modulates the expression of AP2M1, an endocytosis protein required for escape. The stability of senescence is also modulated by secreted SASP factors such as TSP1. By interaction with its receptor CD47, this glycoprotein limits the emergence of persistent cells. The reduction in the expression of this receptor then favours the escape of senescence. Finally, tRNA biosynthesis also modulates the stability of this suppressive mechanism. During the emergence of persistent cells, mTOR promotes the expression of specific tRNAs and the resolution of protein stress. The expression of the corresponding tRNA ligases is then required for escape. Thus, senescence is more heterogeneous than initially described. Its stability is disturbed by the expression of epigenetic regulators, endocytosis proteins, specific receptors and by the deregulation of tRNA biosynthesis
Gourdier, Isabelle. "Exploration de la résistance à l'oxaliplatine dans les cancers colorectaux : implication de la voie apoptotique mitochondriale." Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON13520.
Full textTumor resistance to chemotherapy limits considerably the efficacy of colorectal cancer treatment. The aim of this thesis was to identify major cellular mechanisms leading to oxaliplatin resistance of colorectal cancers. For this purpose, we developed cellular models to study resistance, submitting several human colorectal cell lines to increasing concentrations of oxaliplatin. In this study, oxaliplatin resistance was found to be associated with a mitochondrial apoptosis defect, first in the HCT116 cellular model and then in a second cellular model: SW620. Indeed, oxaliplatin resistance was found to be associated with functional alterations in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway (cross-resistance to apoptosis inducers acting directly on the mitochondria). In some cases, apoptosis alterations were found to be associated with a dysregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax at several levels: genetic (Bax mutation), transcriptional (over-expression of Bax transcripts) and/or proteomic ( dawn-expression or complete loss of expression of Bax protein). Identification of these alterations in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in relation to acquisition of oxaliplatin resistance opens new clinical horizons among which are:(i) the development of a method to predict oxaliplatin resistance, based on the identification of tumor markers of mitochondrial apoptosis defects, and (ii) the conception of a therapeutic strategy designed to increase oxaliplatin efficacy by addition of a substance able to modulate phenomena of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis resistance
Nicolas-Chanoine, Marie-Hélène. "Étude génétique de la résistance aux céphalosporines de troisième génération chez "Enterobacter cloacae" et "Klebsiella pneumoniae"." Paris 11, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA114818.
Full textStruski, Stéphanie. "Intérêt de l'hybridation génomique comparative pour la caractérisation de déséquilibres chromosomiques tumoraux : application à des lignées cellulaires chimiorésistantes." Reims, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REIMM204.
Full textAcquired chemotherapy resistance is a major problem in the treatment of many human cancers. This process is difficult to assess because mechanisms of resistance often implicate a panoply of genes. The Comparative Genomic Hybridization identifies quantitative abnormalities present in a genome. CGH interest is thus evident for the targeting of amplified or deleted genes, as testify the review of literature presented in this work. After the optimization of the CGH, we applied it to different chemoresistant tumor cell lines: a ALL-T cell line resistant to vinblastine, mediated by the classical way of P-gp/MDR1; 3 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines resistant to increasing concentrations of etoposide, implicating some process independent to the P-gp way; and finally, 4 ovarian adenocarcinoma cell lines presenting a resistance to various concentrations of vincristine, and a loss of tumorigenicity properties. The CGH reveals new chromosomal loci in these tumor chemoresistant genomes
Guillon, Hélène. "Activité carbapénémase des β-lactamases de type AmpC." Amiens, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AMIED003.
Full textOwing to several clinical reports, it appears that AmpC-type β-lactamases (cephalosporinases) account frequently for carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. The aim of this study was to perform a phenotypic, biochemical, and molecular characterization of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing activity of AmpC-type β-lactamases. First of all, the genes encoding the five main plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases were cloned and transferred into the porin-deficient Escherichia coli HB4 strain. Phenotypic and molecular comparison of the recombinant strains revealed that only CMY-2, ACT-1, and DHA-1 conferred resistance to carbapenems and had an asparagine residue at position 346 (Asn 346), located in the vicinity of the active site. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments were performed to replace the Asn 346 residue of CMY-2 β-lactamase by amino acids differing in size, charge, and polarity. It confirmed the contribution of Asn 346 to the carbapenem-hydrolysing activity of cephalosporinases. Biochemical characterization of three variants revealed that Asn 346 assisted the binding of imipenem. The analysis of the carbapenem-hydrolyzing activity of chromosomal extended-spectrum AmpC β-lactamases (ESAC) constitutes the second part of this thesis. Sequencing, cloning and biochemical characterization of a novel ESAC produced by an ertapenem-resistant E. Coli clinical isolate demonstrated that the extension of the hydrolysis spectrum of cephalosporinases, which was due to increased affinity, may also contribute to carbapenem resistance
Tyagi, Rajeev Kumar. "Etude de l'immunité innée et de la chimiorésistance aux anti-paludéens dans un modèle de souris immunodéficiente humanisée infectée par plasmodium falciparum." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T006.
Full textMalaria remains a major public health problem; among the many hurdles of research in this field, a major one is the lack of experimental mouse models to study in vivo the infection by Plasmodium falciparum, the species responsible for severe malaria, hence for almost all of the mortality. Such models would be most helpful to study new anti-malarial drugs, new drug combinations, and to evaluate candidate vaccines. Recent progress has been made to obtain a long-lasting graft of human red blood cells (hu- RBCs, the natural hosts of asexual blood forms of P. Falciparum) in immunodeficient mice. Previous works in the laboratory have shown that combining an additional immunosuppression of the residual innate immunity of these mice with the intraperitoneal injection of parasitized hu-RBCs, allowed to obtain long-lasting parasitemias, but only in a small percentage of mice. Thus, our efforts were aimed at improving this “intraperitoneal” model. The first part of the work deals mainly with the parameters enabling a better engraftment of hu-RBCs and with the study of different cellular populations involved in innate immunity. We then performed a systematic analysis of various protocols of modulation of residual innate immunity. However, limited success rate and chronic problem of transperitoneal passage of hu-RBCs into the blood stream in this model prompted us to shift to intravenous injections (IV model). The impaired innate immunity of aged mice and the immunosuppressive effect of inosine brought significant control over inflammatory reactions and therefore improved the development of P. Falciparum in vivo. The second part validates the stability, reproducibility and long-standing tendency of parasitaemia in the IV model using the NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ-null mouse (NSG), a mous strain with profoundly deficient adaptive and innate immunity (NSG-IV model). We took advantage of this model to select artesunate resistant mutants of P. Falciparum through prolonged exposure of the parasite to increasing levels (step wise) of the drug, and to examine in vitro and in vivo the cross-resistance to quinine and amodiaquine in these artesunate resistant strains
Pillon, Marine. "Ligands des ions fer(III) de structure pipérazinique : synthèse, étude physico-chimique et évaluation de leurs propriétés antibactériennes." Amiens, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AMIED005.
Full textAntibiotic resistance is becoming a major health problem. The research for new strategies is important to counter the bacterial resistance. Fe(III) is an essential nutrient for bacteria as involved in many metabolic reactions. Biological environments are depleted in iron, bacteria have therefore developed methods to acquire the Fe(III). One of these strategies is to synthesize low molecular weight molecules called Siderophores having a high affinity for Fe(III) and recognized by specific receptors on the membranes of bacteria. In literature, several strategies have been developped using Siderophores way to fight against bacterial resistance including the method of the “Trojan horse” with the formation of iron chelator-antibiotic conjugates or the use of iron chelator-Ga(III) complex. The objective of this thesis is to synthesize the original ligands, rhodotorulic analogues (siderophore of piperazine structure), to study their complexing power towards the Fe(III) and to evaluate their antibacterial activity. In the first place, we have synthesized piperazine-1,4-di-substituted with iron chelator groups to study their physicochemical properties and their antibacterial activities. Then, we have developped the synthesis of key intermediates of 2,5-di-oxopiperazines and 2-oxopiperazines. Thereafter, these analogues may be coupled to antibiotics or complexed to Gallium to counter the bacterial resistance phenomena
Nora, Tamara. "La diversité génétique et phénotypique des populations virales issues de patients infectés par VIH - 1." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077187.
Full textDuring my thesis, we developed a new technique for study the genetic diversity of HIV. This method is based on the isolation of infectious clonal viruses directly resulting from single plasma-derived infections events. A comparison of the genomic sequences of clonal viruses from six patients demonstrated strong evidence for extensive recombinaison in vivo, showed that recombination could increase the diversity of drug resistant genotypes and reveals that recombination contributes to the generation and preservation of the HIV-1 diversity. The isolation of clonal viral populations from five different patients permits to evaluate the phenotypic properties of Env proteins exprimed by clonal viruses. Even when comparaisons were restricted to viruses from a same patient with similar tropism, genetically diverses Env proteins exhibited a remarkable fonctionnal diversity, included a wide range of infectivities for a given target cell, differences in their relative ability to infect different target cells and differences in sensibility to inhibition by some entry inhibitors. No correlation was observed between viral infectivity and inhibition by entry inhibitors, indicating that theses properties can be dissociated
Méar, Jean-Baptiste. "Etude de la modulation de la virulence de Pseudomonas aeruginosa par Candida albicans dans un modèle de pneumonie." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL2S013/document.
Full textPseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans are two pathogens frequently encountered in the intensive care unit microbial community. We have demonstrated that C. albicans airway exposure protected against P. aeruginosa-induced lung injury. The goal of this study was to characterize the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated to C. albicans-induced protection. Airway exposure by C. albicans led to the recruitment and activation of NK cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILC), macrophages and dendritic cells. This recruitment was associated with the secretion of IL-22 whose neutralization abolished C. albicans-induced protection. We identified, by flow cytometry, ILCs as the only cellular source of IL-22. Depletion of ILCs by anti-CD90.2 antibodies was associated with a decreased IL-22 secretion and an impaired survival after P. aeruginosa challenge. Our results demonstrate that production of IL-22, mainly by ILCs, is a major and inducible step in protection against P. aeruginosa-induced lung injury. This cytokine may represent a clinical target in Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced lung injury
Skrypek, Nicolas. "Rôles de la mucine membranaire MUC4 et de son partenaire ErbB2 sur les propriétés biologiques des cellules humaines d'adénocarcinomes pancréatiques : implication dans la chimio-résistance à la gemcitabine et aux drogues du protocole FOLFIRINOX." Thesis, Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL2S017.
Full textThe membrane-bound mucin MUC4/oncogenic receptor ErbB2 complex is thought to participate in pancreatic cancer progression and in tumor cell resistance to chemo-therapeutic drugs. MUC4 and ErbB2 appear as markers and targets of interest in this cancer as MUC4 is neo-expressed in the early stages of pancreatic carcinogenesis and ErbB2 is overexpressed. The aim of this work was to study the respective roles of the two partners on the biological and chemo-resistance properties of human pancreatic cancer cells.We first showed in vitro the interaction between the Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)-like domains of the human mucin MUC4 and ErbB2. The loss of MUC4 in CAPAN-2 cells (MUC4-KD) induces the decrease of proliferation, a reduction of migration properties and an increase of invasive properties. The loss of ErbB2 (ErbB2-KD) sensitizes cells to apoptosis and decreases proliferation rate, while migration and invasive properties are not altered (Jonchkeere N., Skrypek N., et al., PLoS One, 2012).We then showed that MUC4-KD clones were more sensitive to gemcitabine, with alteration of apoptotic markers, than cells expressing MUC4. This was correlated to the increase of the Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 (hCNT1) and hCNT3 and the Multidrug Resistance Related-Protein 3 (MRP3/ABCC3) channel while MRP4 (ABCC4) was decreased. Mechanistic studies indicate that these effects are mediated by the Nuclear Factor-kB (NF-kB) pathway. Finally, we observed a converse correlation between the expression of MUC4 and hCNT1 in a small cohort of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (Skrypek N. et al., Oncogene, 2012).The implication of MUC4 in chemo-resistance was then extended to FOLFIRINOX drugs (5-fluorouracile (5-FU), Oxaliplatin and Irinotecan/SN-38). We showed that the loss of MUC4 sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to 5-FU and increases their resistance to oxaliplatin. The loss of MUC4 increases the expression of the dyhidropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) and decreases Copper Transporter 1 (CTR1). Moreover, the decrease of NF-kB pathway increases 5-FU sensitivity while the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, decreased in MUC4-KD clones, decreases oxaliplatin sensitivity.In conclusion, this work indicates that the MUC4 mucin is a modulator of the biological properties of human pancreatic cancer cells and is an actor of resistance to chemo-therapies. All together, these findings allow us to propose MUC4, as well as ErbB2, hCNT1, CTR1 markers and NF-kB and JNK pathways, as potential therapeutic targets and/or predictive markers to improve response to chemo-therapies and prognostic of patients with pancreatic cancer
Toubiana, Julie. "Signalisation de TLR2, organisation et variabilité de la réponse immunitaire innée." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T016.
Full textHost invasion by micro-organisms induces an innate immune response that leads to cell activation, inflammation and potentially to the initiation of an adaptative response. Major differences are found within the organisation of innate immune responses depending on the pathogen, the invaded cell-type and the host itself. Initiation and organisation of innate immune responses facing bacteria, parasites, or fungi need the cooperation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) with TLR1 or TLR6, and multimolecular complexes in lipid rafts that determine a specific response. However, our understanding of molecular interactions within lipid rafts remains cryptic. Specifically, little is known regarding the composition of signaling complexes induced by distinct pathogens and the activation mechanisms involved in the initiation and regulation of a potent inflammatory response. The aim of this research project was to investigate the mechanisms involved in recognition and signaling downstream TLR2, and factors that account for variability of the inflammatory phenotype. For this purpose, we established a differential proteomic strategy to identiy the composition of TLR2 activation cluster and post-translationnal modifications of proteins after the recruitment of TLR2 dimers to lipid rafts. This approach enabled us to identify tyrosine-kinase Lyn and IMPDHII as essential regulators of TLR2 signaling. In a translational approach, we studied the effect of an haplotype of IRAKI gene, which codes for a key signaling protein downstream TLRs, on clinical variability in patients with septic shock. Our results provide new insights in ogranisation, regulation and variability of innate imune response
Everaere, Laëtitia. "Rôle des cellules lymphoïdes dans l’exacerbation de l’asthme par des co-facteurs environnementaux." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S001.
Full textThe prevalence of asthma has increased twice in Western countries since about 1980. An alarming growth which correlates with lifestyle changes: sanitary conditions (exposure to infectious agents), nutrition, or pollution. These elements are risk co-factors, involved in asthma development or aggravation. However, no clear mechanism is determined to date. This work focused on the role of central players in the immune response, the innate and adaptive lymphoid populations in asthma exacerbation by these different cofactors.Obesity is associated with an increased prevalence of asthma. Recently, the innate lymphoid cells (ILC) were involved in these 2 pathologies. The main focus of my work was to characterize the T cells compared to ILC contribution in a murine model of asthma exacerbation induced by mite allergens linked to obesity. A high fat diet leads to the exacerbation of the main asthma features, including bronchial hyperresponsiveness, humoral response, recruitment of circulating and tissue eosinophils. In parallel to the exacerbation of Th2 and Th17 profiles, the amount of activated ILC2 and ILC3 is amplified in the lung of obese asthmatic mice and associated with increased expression of IL-33, IL-1β and reduced ILC markers in visceral adipose tissue. ILC depletion in this model confirmed their involvement in asthma exacerbation in obese mice, especially through Th2 and Th17 profiles activation.On the other hand, we evaluated the impact of PAH, pollutants from diesel exhaust, by monitoring the molecular characteristics of severe asthma. Among the activated blood mononuclear cells, diesel exhaust particles (DEP)-PAH and those of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) enhance IL-22 production in asthmatic allergic patients (AA), and decrease IL-17A. Th22 cells are the major source of this IL-22 production and its induction mechanism is mainly dependent on AhR under the effect of DEP-PAH contrary to B[a]P.Finally, we investigated the impact of infections. NOD1 priming of human dendritic cells (DC), independently of the allergen presentation, promoted a Th2 polarization profile which involved the production of both CCL17 and CCL22 in nonallergic subjects but only CCL17 in allergic patients. Moreover, NOD1-primed DC from allergic donors exhibited enhanced maturation that led to abnormal CCL22 and IL-10. In mice, systemic NOD1 activation exacerbates allergic asthma, via the increase in pulmonary Th2 response depending on CCL17.In another study, the costimulation of human immature DC, by dog allergen and TLR3 or TLR9 ligands, increases the DC differentiation, expression of activation markers and cytokine production, with the induction of a Th22/Th1 profile in healthy subjects, unlike a Th22/Th17/Th2 profile in AA patients. This specific DC activation, induced by costimulation in AA patients, leads to the IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-13 secretion, as well as the amplification of IL-22 production by Th22 cells. All this suggests that costimulation by certain allergens and/or pathogens can induce Th22 and Th17 response in asthmatic subjects, and may contribute to the severity of some asthma cases.Taken together, the results presented in this work establish new apprehensions of potential asthma determinants, as well as new concepts of molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the immune response
Endougou, Effa Anne Marie. "Neoboutonia melleri var velutina (Prain) Pax & K. Hoffm (Euphorbiaceae) : évaluation des propriétés hépatoprotectrice et antioxydante." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S050/document.
Full textHepatitis is a liver inflammation caused by different agents. It remains a public health problem worldwide since current treatment methods are increasingly expensive. Medicinal plants are known as an important source of new molecules. A better knowledge of these natural resources appears interesting to develop alternative treatments. The aim of this study was then to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Neoboutonia velutina (NV), a Cameroonian medicinal plant, and decipher underlying mechanisms.NV aqueous (NVH) and ethanol (NVE) extracts have been prepared referring to the traditional use. Phytochemical and toxicological analyses were performed in vitro and in vivo. Similarly, extracts antioxidant and antiinflammatory potential was assessed on cells (or not) and in mice. Acute hepatitis was induced with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or Concanavalin A (ConA), in mice receiving or not different extracts doses by gavage. NVH fractionation was done to identify active compounds.NVE was containing sterols and polyterpens. Though it displayed a high radical scavenging capacity compared to NVH, it appeared more toxic. Thus, for assays, priority was given to NVH, containing saponins and glycosides. NVH showed a radical scavenging capacity with a very low toxicity. It remarkably protected mice from CCl4-induced liver injuries. As shown by significant dose dependent transaminases serum level decrease and liver injury important limitation. These, associated with NVH anti-inflammatory capacity. Furthermore, NVH fractionation led to a radical scavenging compound isolation. Otherwise, in ConA model NVH displayed weak effects. These findings suggested a selective NVH efficacy. In summary, we showed that NVH presents a model dependent hepatoprotective effect that may be mediated at least, through its radical scavenging property. Our findings are in line with Neoboutonia velutina traditional use and provide the first scientific arguments in favor of the traditional use of NV against hepatitis. Additional studies are needed to better understand NV mechanisms of action and then ensured its safe use. NVE mimics the traditional preparation. Even though that extract appeared toxic, it exhibited a therapeutic potential that could be interesting at very low doses
Raynal, Caroline. "Etude du rôle du récepteur des xénobiotiques PXR dans la réponse à la chimiothérapie du cancer colorectal." Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON13523.
Full textDespite numerous pharmacogenetic studies, clinical efficacy of chemotherapy in colorectal cancer is subjected to broad inter-individual variations leading to the inability to predict outcome and toxicity. Fluoropyrimidines, oxaliplatine and irinotecan are worldwide approved for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer and undergoe extensive peripheral and tumoral metabolism. Considering their metabolic profiles and the tissue distribution of Pregnane X Receptor (PXR), we hypothesized that PXR could play a key role in colon cancer cell response to those cytotoxic agents. PXR is a xenoreceptor activated by many drugs and environmental compounds regulating the expression of drug metabolism and transport genes in detoxification organs such as liver and gastrointestinal tract. Stable transfection of hPXR cDNA in human colorectal cancer cells LS174T, SW480 and SW620 led to a marked chemoresistance to the active metabolite SN38 correlated with PXR expression level. Metabolic profile of SN38 showed a strong enhancement of SN38 glucuronidation to the inactive SN38G metabolite in PXR-expressing cells, related to an increase of UDP-glucuronosyl transferases UGT1A1, UGT1A9 and UGT1A10 mRNAs. Inhibition of PXR expression by lentivirus-mediated shRNA, led to SN38 chemoresistance reversion concomitantly to a decrease of UGT1A1 expression and SN38 glucuronidation. We also showed that PXR was expressed with a strong variability in both normal and neoplastic human colon tissues and highlighted a strong correlation between PXR and UGT1A1 in tumors. Our results suggest that tumoral metabolism of SN38 is affected by PXR and that this should be taken into account in the prediction of irinotecan response as environmental compounds, nutrition and diet affect PXR expression and/or activity
Faure, Emmanuel. "Implications de la reconnaissance de Pseudomonas aeruginosa par le NLRC4-Inflammasome." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01060187.
Full textPorte, Rémi. "Caractérisation des propriétés anti-infectieuses de la flagelline, agoniste du Toll-like receptor 5." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S065/document.
Full textWith its ability to sense micro-organisms and to induce a rapid defense against infections, innate immunity represents the first line of host’s defense. The innate immune response is triggered by universal and conserved microbial molecular patterns recognized by innate receptors including the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Activation of these receptors induces local inflammation and antimicrobial response against pathogens. These biological properties have allowed considering the use of TLR as anti-infective therapeutic target. In this context it has been shown that flagellin, the major component of bacterial flagella and the agonist of TLR5, had anti-infectious properties. It was shown that flagellin induces a strong production by innate lymphoid cells of IL-22, a cytokine involved in the protection of mucosa. Furthermore, the strong expression of TLR5 by epithelial cells suggests a role for these cells in the anti-infectious properties of flagellin. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the antimicrobial effects of the TLR5 agonist remained to be defined.In this thesis, we studied the anti-infectious properties of flagellin in two infectious murine models. We first showed that systemic administration of flagellin, prior to infectious challenge, protect against an intestinal infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The protection induced by flagellin is observable upon infection by mucosal route but is absent during a challenge by the systemic route, thus demonstrating the role of the mucosa for the protection. The anti-bacterial effect in this model is dependent on the expression of TLR5 and independent of the innate lymphoid cells’ IL-22 production. This study suggests a novel mechanism of flagellin-mediated protection, independent of the IL-22.We also analyzed the anti-infectious abilities of flagellin in a murine model of respiratory infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae. In particular, we showed that flagellin could be used in therapy when combined to an antibiotic. Indeed, the combination of amoxicillin or co-trimoxazole with flagellin protected mice infected with a lethal dose of S. pneumoniae compared to antibiotic standalone. The effectiveness of this therapy was dependent on the activation of TLR5 and was associated with pulmonary infiltration of neutrophils. This combinatory treatment also improved the protection in a model of post-influenza pneumococcal superinfection. These results show that the combination of TLR5 agonist / antibiotic ameliorates pulmonary anti-infectious response and allow to consider new antibacterial strategies against infections when antibiotics reach their limits (nosocomial infections, multiresistant bacteria ...)
Blandin, Anne-Florence. "Rôle de l'intégrine α5β1 dans la biologie du glioblastome et dans la résistance aux thérapies anti-EGFR." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ066/document.
Full textGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor. Alteration of the EGFR pathway and high invasive potential are hallmarks of GBM. Unfortunately, trials using anti-EGFR therapies for the treatment of GBM reveal limited efficacy. We previously showed that overexpression of the fibronectin receptor, α5β1 integrin, is associated with a poor prognosis for patients and is responsible for chemoresistance to temodal. Integrins can cross-talk with growth factor receptors and amplified their oncogenic activity. Here, we sought to determine the potential role of α5 integrin in resistance to anti-EGFR therapy. Using U87 GBM cell line, we first confirmed that fibronectin-mediated integrin activation potentiated EGFR signaling. Loss of α5 integrin expression sensitized U87 cells to anti-EGFR drugs (cetuximab, gefitinib) in soft agar clonogenic assay. α5 expression can trigger resistance to both drugs on cell migration. To go further, we developed a new assay based on the quantification of cell evasion from tumor spheroids. α5 depletion increased U87 cell sensitivity to gefitinib and erlotinib, 2 EGFR-selective reversible TKI, but had not effect on lapatinib efficacy, an irreversible TKI that target EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4. Confocal microscopy revealed a strong impact of gefitinib on EGFR and integrin endocytosis. These results suggested that α5 expression may trigger resistance to TKI either by activating ErbB pathways or by controlling EGFR membrane trafficking. We also showed that to promote cell adhesion, α5 integrin stimulated fibronectin fibrillogenesis. As cells moved away from the spheroids, α5 became strictly engaged in cell-substratum adhesion sites where it recruited activated FAK. Our work highlights the pivotal role of fibronectin/α5β1 integrin in invasivity of GBM and resistance to anti-EGFR drugs
Reboul, Angéline. "Rôle des systèmes à deux composants dans le cycle de la peste." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL2S038.
Full textPlague bacillus, Yersinia pestis has a parasitic lifestyle in which it is mainly transmitted between mammilian hosts through the bite of infected fleas, and in rare cases through infected droplets. Thus, Yersinia pestis must rapidly sense and respond to wide and brutal changes of its environment in order to survive. We aimed at decipher the role of two component regulatory systems in plague, as they are known to be key players in bacterial adaptation to the environment. In addition to the already described PhoP-PhoQ system, we found out that four systems are required for plague cycle. We showed that one of these systems is important for an optimal colonization of the flea's digestive tract, while the three others are required for biofilm production, an essential step in the bacillus transmission by the fleas. We also found out that OmpR-EnvZ, in addition to PhoP-PhoQ, is the only one to be important to produce bubonic, septicemic and pulmonary plague. Our in vitro, ex-vivo and in vivo works suggest that the OmpR-EnvZ system would be to protect bacterial against toxic effectors that are produced by polymorphonuclear leukocytes all along the infectious process
Richeval, Camille. "Développement d’outils analytiques de mise en évidence de biomarqueurs d’une exposition aux nouvelles substances psychoactives (NPS) : approches in vivo, in silico, in vitro." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S024/document.
Full textOwing to wild e-commerce diffusion, alleging safety and legal alternative to usual drugs of abuse arguments, the new psychoactive substances (NPS) are emerging phenomenon in the world. In our societies, through various consecutive challenges (legislation, prevention, …), the ability to identify NPS in biological samples exhibits numerous analytical pitfalls: new substances which are not referenced in the usual commercial mass spectrometric libraries, unknown metabolism (with sometimes active metabolites), sometimes very low active dosages and consecutively low concentrations in blood or urine. In this context, clinical and forensic toxicological analyses in biological samples are routinely performed in our laboratory using two main analytical devices: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for targeted screening and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for non-targeted screening. This last technique is based on the accurate mass (together with isotopic pattern and retention time) of sample components, from which the chemical formula is calculated and searched against a database of mass spectra using dedicated software. The aim of my thesis is to characterize NPS and metabolites (in order to increase the spectral database) using a strategy combining in vitro, in silico, and in vivo approaches. Therefore, the main goal is to increase the detection sensitivity of the NPS use by focusing on the metabolites that are most often the major products of NPS elimination. For this purpose, an in vitro method designed to produce NPS metabolites using human liver microsomes incubations was applied. Obtained metabolites, after confrontation with metabolites in silico predicted, were saved in database. This approach was subsequently confronted with analysis of tablets or other non-biological product containing NPS, but also, with in vivo observed data from NPS exposure: intoxication cases, experimental studies and prospective and retrospective epidemiological studies in targeted population or not … All in all, this work based on this in vitro, in silico and in vivo strategy allowed me to enhance our high resolution spectra database (HRMS) for non-targeted screening and also our spectra database for targeted screening (MS/MS). Today, our HRMS device, with a database that was increased with 83 new NPS and 281 metabolites for the duration of my thesis, is an efficient analytical tool for NPS use detection
Negrel, Lise. "Analyse intégrée de la réponse de la vigne à l'infection par Plasmopara viticola : par l'étude d'un cas de contournement de résistance." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ021/document.
Full textOptimal deployment of resistant varieties requires an excellent knowledge of the relationship between grapevine and P. viticola. This fundamental knowledge can then feed the strategies for the development of grapevine varieties with sustainable resistance. Bianca is a downy mildew-resistant grapevine variety, due its Rpv3 resistance gene. This variety is resistant to most strains of P. viticola. However, a virulent strain capable of infecting Bianca has recently been isolated. In this project, we use this original pathosystem to obtain a complete picture of the impact P. viticola infection on grapevine, by combining physiopathological studies with metabolomic analyses. In addition, the identification of specific metabolites and gene sequences from P. viticola has allowed the development of original methods for dynamic monitoring of the infection process, through quantitative PCR and quantification of specific lipids
Gouju, Julien. "Importance de la voie Cdk4-EZH2 dans l'échappement à la sénescence induite par la chimiothérapie." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0056/document.
Full textChemotherapy-induced senescence enables to trigger a durable division arrest of tumor cells. However, this tumor suppressor mechanism is neutralized in some treated cells leading mostly to cancer relapse in patients. Recently, we have described a MCL1-dependent mechanism of escape in SN-38-induced senescence from colorectal cell lines. In this study, we showed that senescent cells (PLS cells) promoted the non senescent cells (PLD cells) proliferation through mitogenic signals stimulating Cdk4 kinase activity and subsequently the cell cycle. We demonstrated that Cdk4 phosphorylated Rb on the serine 780 to inhibit its activity, allowing E2F- family transcriptional functions activation on cell cycle targets. Loss of Cdk4 expression or activity induced by RNA interference or Palbociclib reduced the emergence of proliferating clones. TheEZH2-methyltransferase, a E2F transcriptional target, is only expressed by PLD cells and this expression depends on Cdk4 activity. Moreover, loss of EZH2 expression or activity, by RNA interference or by DZNepA and GSK343 inhibitors, reduced the emergence of proliferating cells. Finally, EZH2 inhibition promotes both cell division arrest and senescence in response to Palbociclibin the SN-38-escaped cells. To conclude, this study enabled to highlight a major role of EZH2 as effector of Cdk4 in the escape mechanism induced by SN-38 a signaling pathway offering newtargeted cancer therapies
Kovalenko, Lesia. "Sélection et caractérisation de molécules ciblant la protéine de la nucléocapside de VIH-1." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ086.
Full textHighly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) is successfully used for HIV-1 treatment, but is hampered by the appearance of drug resistance. Thereby, alternative drug targets are required. One of the most promising target is the nucleocapsid protein (NC), which is highly conserved and plays essential role in HIV life cycle. In this context, the European project THINPAD was organized with the aim to develop NC inhibitors. To fulfil this objective, several approaches were used, including virtual screening, in vitro secondary screening, in cellulo antivirals tests, and toxicity evaluation. For in vitro screening, the specific NC-promoted cTAR destabilization assay was used. Five series of molecules were selected by the first screenings and antiviral tests. After structure-activity relationship studies, only one series was continued until efficacy testing in mice. The compounds of this series exhibit antiviral activity at nanomolar concentrations but are not active in the murine model. The mechanisms of action studies revealed that their antiviral activity was indeed consecutive to the targeting of the NC
Vittu, Anaïs. "Outils bioinformatiques pour l'analyse génétique de la résistance du moustique Anopheles gambiae vis-à-vis des parasites du paludisme." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ096/document.
Full textDuring my PhD, I developed and implemented new methods and tools using the latest technologies of the Next Generation Sequencing, bioinformatics tools and the « reciprocal allele-specific RNA interference » (rasRNAi) method with the aim of identifying genetic and non-genetic factors responsible for the resistance of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae to the mouse malaria parasites Plasmodium berghei. I have implemented a strategy for identifying polymorphisms in the resistant and susceptible lines to (1) select genetic markers for future genetic analysis and (2) list the polymorphicgenes. I contributed to the development of a new allele-specific dsRNA probe for the rasRNAi method by identifying how mosquitoes process the injected dsRNA by the analysis of sequenced small RNAs from the injected dsRNA. I developed a pipeline to identify the microbiota composition in susceptible and resistant lines in order to compare them
Moreau, Marie. "Les cellules sénecentes comme niche de survie : rôle de la voie TSP1-CD47." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0078.
Full textActivated by chemotherapy, senescence is a suppressive mechanism that prevents tumor progression. However some cancer cells can emerge and induce clinical relapse. We have recently described that emergent cells resist toanoikis and depend on Mcl-1. This survival pathway is activated by Akt kinase that inhibits Noxa and apoptosis. One of the caracteristics of senescence is the appearance of the secretory phenotype called SASP that can induce deleterious effects to neighboring cells. In this study, we observed that the secretome of persistant cells induces anoïkis resistance, migration and invasion of parental cells. Proteomics analysis performed at laboratory showed that TSP-1 is over expressed in advanced stages of colon and breast tumors. During persistance, TSP-1 and its receptor CD47 are more expressed by senescent cells. Blockade of TSP-1 or its binding on CD47 increases persistence and induces spheroïds generation showing an increase in the proportion of stem cells. Self-renewal factors Nanog and Klf4 are early expressed following treatment. Following CD47 inactivation or stimulation withTSP-1, the expression of Nanog is blocked. The inhibition of Nanog or Klf4 reduces emergence. So, in senescent cells, CD47 could activate self-renewal and could promote emergence. By linking to its receptor, TSP-1 could block these processes et coud act as a tumor suppressor
Vetillard, Alexandra. "Rôle de la kinase Akt dans la chimiorésistance : Régulation de l’équilibre Apoptose-Sénescence." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0078.
Full textActivated by chemotherapy, senescence is a tumor suppressive mechanism that prevents tumor progression. However, some cancer cells can emerge to induce clinical relapse. The mechanisms set up by cells to escape senescence are not yet clearly known. We have recently described that cells that escape senescence are more transformed than non treated parental cells ; they resist anoikis and depend on Mcl-1. In this study, we further characterize this emergence in response to irinotecan, a first line treatment used in colorectal cancer. Our results indicate that the Akt kinase was activated as a feedback pathway during the early step of senescence and also during emergence. Inhibition of the kinase with GSK690693 prevented cell emergence and improved treatment efficacy, both in vitro and in vivo. This improvement was correlated with senescence inhibition, p21waf1 down regulation and a concomitant activation of apoptosis due to Noxa upregulation and Mcl-1 inactivation. Indeed, Noxa inactivation prevented apoptosis and increased the number of emergent cells. Moreover, using p21waf1-deficient cells, we further confirmed that an intact p53-p21-senescence pathway favored cell emergence and that its down regulation improved treatment efficacy through apoptosis induction. These results highlight that Akt inhibition improves irinotecan treatment and prevent cell emergence by switching the senescence response to apoptosis. Therefore, we propose that use of Akt inhibitors in sequential therapies should be considered in future to improve the treatment of irinotecan-refractory colorectal cancers
Mezher, Joelle. "Immunité innée et contre-mesures virales : études structurales et biophysiques du complexe formé entre la cytidine désaminase humaine APOBEC3G et le facteur d'infectivité virale du VIH-1." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ053/document.
Full textAPOBEC3 are human antiviral cytidine deaminase and RNA/DNA-editing enzymes that belong to the innate immune defense system, targeting retroviruses or retrotransposons. Among all APOBEC3 proteins, hA3B, hA3C, hA3DE, hA3F and hA3G are able to interfere negatively with HIV-1 infectivity: they induce a deamination of dC to dU in the minus strand DNA, resulting in G to A hypermutation in the plus strand DNA. This hypermutation results either into a degradation of U-rich DNA strands by the uracyl-DNA glycosylase or into the production of aberrant viral protein. In addition, a deaminase-independent mechanism is able to inhibit the HIV-1 reverse transcription through a yet unknown mechanism.To evade the host defense system, HIV expresses the virion infectivity factor, Vif, which causes the degradation of APOBEC3G by the proteasome by recruiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex composed of the CBFβ, EloB, EloC, Cullin5, Rbx2 proteins. The goal of this study will be the determination of the X-ray structure of the Vif/APOBEC-3 complex. Understanding this molecular recognition might be useful to direct structure-based design of anti-HIV drugs that act by inhibiting the action of Vif and lead to new anti-HIV drugs.To overcome the solubility problems of Vif and APOBEC3G/F, a co-expression strategy had been applied with the different E3 ubiquitin ligase proteins both in prokaryotic (E. coli) and eukaryotic (BHK21) systems. Once the complex obtained, we will perform several structural and biophysical studies as well as crystallization trials.In E. coli, I managed to obtain the Vif/CBFβ/EloB/EloC/Cul5 complex in vivo and in vitro, soluble, monodisperse and in good quantities for structural studies. The protein A3G was not obtained in E. coli even by co-expression with the complex.On the other side, I succeeded in obtaining the polyprotein Vif-CBFβ-EloB-EloC-A3G/F complex in the hamster cells (BHK21) by applying the vaccinia virus strategy. Optimizing the yield and the purity is necessary for crystallization and more structural studies
Lepiller, Quentin. "Rôle de l'indoléamine-2,3-dioxygénase dans la persistance des infections virales." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ008/document.
Full textIndoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme that plays a dual role during infectious diseases by contributing to the innate defenses against pathogens and by regulating the immune response. IDO is expressed in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, the molecular mechanism of IDO induction in HCV infection and its role in the antiviral immune response remain unknown. Using primary human hepatocytes, we have shown that HCV infection stimulates IDO expression. IDO gene induction was transient and coincided with the expression of type I and type III interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in HCV-infected hepatocytes. IDO expression was also stimulated when the hepatocytes were incubated with IFN-γ-secreting CD4+ T cells. Expression of IDO prior to HCV infection significantly impaired HCV replication in hepatocytes, suggesting that IDO limits the spread of HCV in the liver. By using siRNA-mediated IDO knockdown experiments, we have shown that IDO contributes to the IFN-α-antiviral effect on HCV replication. IDO expression was regulated by IRF-1 and STAT-1 in HCV-infected hepatocytes. Hepatic IDO expression also had a significant inhibitory effect on CD4+ T cell proliferation, suggesting an immunoregulatory role of IDO during HCV infection. Our data suggest that hepatic IDO plays a dual role during HCV infection by retarding viral replication and also regulating host immune responses. This work paves the way for in vivo experiments and clinical studies aiming to determine the relevance of pharmacological inhibition of IDO during HCV infection
Tanguy, Schmidt Aline. "Les leucémies aiguës lymphoblastiques en 2015 : contribution des facteurs de risque cytogénétiques et moléculaires à une thérapeutique adaptée." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0041/document.
Full textAcute leukemias are a heterogeneous groups of malignant hematological diseases due to the clonaloncogenic transformation of hematopoietic stem cells(HSTs). We distinguish acute myeloblastic leukaemiafrom acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). ALLs are classified according to the type of lymphoid precursoraffected, its degree of maturity, and with associated cytogenetic abnormalities.Treatment incorporating induction therapy,consolidation, and intensification – delayedintensification or allogeneic stem cell transplantation(SCT) according to prognostic factors – enable 80 to 90% of complete remission (CR). Nevertheless, long-termoverall survival is only 40 to 50% because of relapseand treatment-related toxicity. Different prognosticgroups based on cytogenetic abnormalities andmolecular biology are emerging and patients from eachprognostic group can benefit from adapted therapies.In chromosome Philadelphia-positive ALL (Ph+ ALL) which used to be of particular bad prognosis, tyrosinekinase inhibitors (TKIs) enables 80% of CR but with ahigh-relapse risk. We demonstrated that high-dosetherapy followed by autologous SCT enables prolongedlong-term survival with less drug-related toxicity ascompared to allogeneic SCT in patients with undetectable minimal residual disease. By showing the implication of autotaxine in the resistance to TKIs inPh+ LAL, we enable the use of novel therapeutics inclinical practice.T-cell ALL is considered of poor prognosis as one thirdof patients relapse. In this group of patients we showedthat the absence of a Notch and/or a FBXW7 mutation or the presence of mutations in RAS or PTEN identified a subgroup of patients in whom the treatmentmust be intensified. Our research has contributed to the identification of prognostic groups in ALL and to theadjustment of treatment according to potential survival