Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Résistance microbienne au mercure'
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Durand, Alexis. "Diversité et caractérisation fonctionnelle des communautés microbiennes inféodées au peuplier et issues d'une friche industrielle enrichie en mercure." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCD037/document.
Full textSoil has a natural capital that gives it the capacity to produce ecosystem services, cultural as well as regulation or supply, it is essential to the Life as we know it and the development of human activities. However, anthropogenic activities and pollution, in particular by trace elements (ETs) such as mercury (Hg), disrupt the soil and modify in depth the organization of ecosystems. Facing these challenges, remediation and management projects for polluted sites and soils have emerged during the last decades with a view to future re-exploitation of these soils. This thesis is part of the ANR-BIOFILTREE and EC2CO FREIDI-Hg projects managed by the Chrono-Environnement laboratory. My Ph-D work explored the diversity of microorganism communities associated with a poplar plantation at a Hg-contaminated site managed by phytomanagement, combining approaches such as very high-throughput sequencing and conventional culture-based techniques. These combined methods revealed i) the diversity of the bacterial and fungal communities of the poplar plantation; ii) the groups of microorganisms particularly resistant to Hg (Trichoderma and Pseudomonas); and iii) plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). In addition, understanding the cellular mechanisms related to the accumulation of Hg by microorganisms was one of my objectives carried out in collaboration with the LIEC (University of Lorraine). The eukaryotic models Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Podospora anserina were used to test the potential role of some ion transporters in the entry of Hg into fungal cells. The results showed that the magnesium transporter Alr1 located on the plasma membrane could participate in the transport of Hg. In addition, a transcriptomic approach in Saccharomyces cerevisiae after a short exposure to Hg of mutant and wild strains has been implemented. To conclude, this work aims to be a reference work for future phytomanagement projects in Hg-contaminated environments, which highlights micro-organism communities and their fundamental roles
Ramond, Jean-Baptiste. "Etude des communautés microbiennes résistantes au mercure en milieu estuarien." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2008ROUES013.
Full textMetal-contaminated estuarine mudflats are environments where microorganisms play crucial roles in metals speciation, especially for mercury, and favourable places for the growth of metal-resistant bacteria. In order to evaluate the abundance of mercury resistant bacteria in such an environment, a molecular tool was developed, based on competitive-PCR, for the quantification of Gram negative bacteria merA genes, which encodes the key enzyme of the bacterial mercury resistance: the mercuric reductase. Sedimentary cores from mudflats of three European estuaries (Seine, Authie, Medway), presenting contrasted mercury contaminations, have been investigated. A multidisciplinary analysis of the results, integrating chemistry and hydrosedimentary data, revealed in the mudflat sediment a relationship between the abundance of merA genes and (i) erosion deposit/events, (ii) the anthropization of the watershed and (iii) the bioavaibility of mercury. A microcosm study suggests that the main determining factor in the occurrence of mercury-resistant bacteria seems to be the deposit of particle-attached allochtonous merA bacteria, and essentially faecal bacteria. Wastewater Treatment plants are sources of merA bacteria in the waters of the Seine estuary, where the mercury resistance level is higher in E. Coli (allochtonous faecal bacteria) than in Aeromonas (autochthonous bacteria) bacterial populations isolated from the Seine waters. Thus, the mercury resistance level of the E. Coli population isolated from the Seine River seems related to the ancient and important mercury exposure of the global watershed, extended to the human and animal compartments. A comparison with an E. Coli population isolated from the Oyapock River (Guyana), where human and animals are exposed to high levels of mercury, indicates that the E. Coli population mercury resistance level is significantly higher in the Seine estuary than in the Oyapock. As mer determinants are often linked with antibiotic resistance genes, these results suggest that the use of antibiotics could be favourable to the maintain of mercury resistance in the E. Coli populations of human and animals from the Seine watershed, which once discharged in the Seine river deposit onto mudflat surfaces
Van, Cuyck Gandré Hélène. "Contribution à l'étude de la résistance bactérienne au mercure." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10004.
Full textHébert, Laurent. "Étude de la résistance au lysozyme chez Enterococcus faecalis." Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN2010.
Full textOver the two last decades, Enterococcus faecalis has emerged as major cause of nosocomial infections. E. Faecalis is also a member of the few bacteria that are almost completely resistant to one of the most important and widespread compounds of the constitutive defence system: the lysozyme. Therefore, the bases of this high resistance to lysozyme were investigated within this thesis work. We identified two genes referred as EF0783 and EF1843, potentially involved in lysozyme resistance. Proteins encoded by these genes share homology with Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan O-acetyltransferase (OatA) and Streptococcus pneumoniae N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (PgdA), respectively. We constructed the corresponding mutants (DeltaEF0783 and DeltaEF1843) and the double mutant DeltaEF0783-DeltaEF1843. We showed that EF0783 mutation leads to the loss of O-acetyl groups from the peptidoglycan and to a decrease of the lysozyme resistance. On the other hand, no effect on lysozyme sensitivity could be associated to the EF1843 gene. Moreover, the EF0783 and/or EF1843 deletions significantly affect the ability of E. Faecalis to survive within murine macrophages. While EF0783 is involved in the lysozyme resistance, the peptidoglycan O-acetylation and de-N-acetylation are not the main mechanisms conferring high levels of lysozyme resistance to E. Faecalis. Experiments aiming to identify additional factors explaining this lysozyme resistance have to be considered
Percoco, Giuseppe. "Biomolécules et immunité cutanée en lien avec l'écologie microbienne de la peau." Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUES007.
Full textLarose, Catherine. "Interactions entre composition chimique et populations microbiennes de la neige : quelles sont les conséquences sur le cycle du mercure en Arctique ?" Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENU004.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to characterize the interactions between seasonal snow chemistry and microbial community structure in an arctic snowpack. In order to do so, the biotic and abiotic compartments of the snowpack must be first characterized. From snow and meltwater samples obtained during a two-month field study held in Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard, Norway, 78°56'N, 11°52'E) in 2007, we showed that the sequence diversity in arctic snow and meltwater libraries is elevated. We also examined the fate of Hg in an arctic snowpack, from its deposition during atmospheric mercury depletion events up until its transfer during snow melt and reported an increase in methylmercury concentrations in the snowpack during late spring. The results from this campaign highlighted the need to improve our knowledge on mercury speciation and led to the development of a mer-lux biosensor to measure the bioavailable fraction of mercury. We deployed the biosensor during a second two-month field campaign in Ny-Ålesund in spring 2008 and the results obtained led to a novel model for mercury methylation in oxic environments. In parallel, we followed changes in microbial community structure in snow and meltwater samples using a 16S microarray. We modeled the interactions between snow chemistry and community structure and found a significant co-structure. We also explored functional community changes due to mercury contamination of snowpacks. Based on our results, methylmercury affects community structure and function at concentrations much lower than previously reported. Our results provide a basis for further studies on the interaction between chemistry and microbial community structure
Hébert, Laurent. "Etude de la résistance au lysozyme chez Enterococcus faecalis." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00787051.
Full textChampier, Ludovic. "Caractérisation des protéines de régulation impliquées dans la résistance au mercure inorganique chez Ralstonia metallidurans CH34." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE10156.
Full textBocquet, Laetitia. "Les composés phénoliques du houblon, Humulus lupulus L. : Lutte contre la résistance microbienne et perspectives industrielles." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R027/document.
Full textHop, Humulus lupulus L. (Cannabaceae), is known for its antimicrobial properties. Female inflorescences are used by the brewing industry for beer conservation. This potential is however not exploited to fight against microbial resistance. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of female hop cones was assessed against human-pathogenic bacteria and some phytopathogens. By following a bioguided fractionation process, centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) allowed to purify antimicrobial products. Particular attention was focused on two prenylated chalcones: xanthohumol and desmethylxanthohumol, as well as one acylphloroglucinol derivative: lupulone. They raise promising prospects, especially in the fight against strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)
Barbier, François. "Diffusion de la résistance à la méticilline chez les souches communautaires de staphylocoques à coagulase négative." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077243.
Full textOur objectives were to appraise the epidemiological patterns of methiillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS) carriage in the community and to assess the role of MRCNS in the dissemination of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements in this environment. Rates of MRCNS nasal carriage ranged from 11% to 50% (6 distinct geographic regions). Chronic comorbidities and living with other persons at home were associated with an increased risk of carriage. MR Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) (from 32% to 78% of MRCNS isolates) were characterized by MLST and MLVA: a marked diversity was observed, suggesting that new strains commonly emerge in the community. SCCmec elements were highly polymorphic. SCCmec IV, the leading type in community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA), was the most frequent cassette in MRSE. Complete sequences of SCCmec IV from MRSE were >99% identical to those described in epidemic clones of CA-MRSA. These findings strongly suggest that CA-MRSE are a potential source of SCCmec IV for S. Aureus in the community. The Arginine Catabolic Mobile Element (ACME) found in 68% of CA-MRSE strains may esse their persistence in the skin and mucosal microbiota. The impact of antimicrobials on CA-MRCNS carriage was investigated in 479 primary care patients. CA-MRCNS acquisitions were more frequent in patients receiving penicillinase-resistant penicillins than in those treated by fluoroquinolones, macrolides or pristinamycin. These results point out that MRSE and other MRCNS are widely disseminated in the community, and form a dynamic reservoir of SCCmec elements in this environment
Jacquier, Hervé. "Impact des mutations aléatoires sur les bêta-lactamases : le paysage adaptatif de la résistance aux bêta-lactamines." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077082.
Full textThe evolution of enzymes is constrained by the effect of mutations on their activity. To unravel the molecular determinants of these effects, we produced and sequenced 10,000 random mutants of beta-lactamase TEM-1. We estimated the amoxicillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 990 mutants carrying each a unique missense mutation. Mutation type, solvent accessibility of residues and the predicted effect of mutations on protein stability contributed alone or in combination to explain changes in the MIC of mutants. The drastic modification of the distribution of mutations effects induced by the presence of the stabilizing mutation M182T, could be captured by a simple biophysical model centered on protein stability, that generates an integrated framework to study mutation effects and their epistastic interactions
Le, Jeune André. "Etude des facteurs sigma de fonction extracytoplasmique (ECF) et leur lien avec la résistance au lysozyme et la virulence chez Enterococcus faecalis : [thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN2021.
Full textThe lactic acid bacterium Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal member of human and animal flora of the gastro-intestinal tract. Over the past two decades, E. Faecalis has emerged as an opportunistic pathogen and one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections. In fact, problems occur when this organism gains access to sites it does not normally colonize. To cause diseases, opportunistic bacteria have to adapt and survive to the defence systems encountered within the host. One of the most important and widespread compounds of the host innate defence response against invading microorganisms is the lysozyme. A common method of adaptation to stress in bacteria is to switch the sigma factor used by the core RNA polymerase. The extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors constitute a distinct group of alternative sigma factors, which regulate gene expression in response to environnemental stress and pathogenesis. This study aimed to characterize the ECF sigma factors SigV, SigX and SigG of E. Faecalis. It is assumed that E. Faecalis is one of the few bacteria that are completely lysozyme resistant. In our work, we investigated the causes of this abnormal lysozyme resistance. Evidence was found that E. Faecalis displays an original model of lysozyme resistance mechanism in which SigV plays a key role. SigV is also importantly involved in virulence of E. Faecalis. Thereby, in absence of a general stress response regulator in the genome sequence of E. Faecalis, it appears that SigV can fulfil this role at least in part. This work revealed also the involvement of SigX and SigG, respectively in acid pH and heat shock treatments, and both contribute moderately to the virulence
Bahmed, Karim. "Teneur de la chitine des parois, relation avec la résistance des levures à l'amphotéricine B." Nancy 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NAN12505.
Full textRuppé, Etienne. "Épidémiologie, quantification et conséquences du portage intestinal d'entérobactéries multirésistantes." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077067.
Full textThe recent widespread of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria, especially those producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), has jeopardized the efficacy of currently advised treatments of the infections they cause. The intestinal microbiota might play a key role in this phenomenon as being the main reservoir for enterobacteria. Still, data about intestinal carriage of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria remain scarce for some aspects that could benefit to the patients. In the present work, we aimed to add knowledge to the different phases of the intestinal carriage of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria (pre-colonization, colonization and post-colonization). We first focused on the pre-colonization phase and studied the determinants that lead to the intestinal carriage of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria. We found that such bacteria had spread even in extremely remote places, and that at hospital admission, the prediction of their digestive carriage was poorly effective based on the clinical data available at that time. About colonization itself, we worked on the quantitative dimension of the carriage of ESBL-producing enterobacteria and introduced a new marker: the relative abundance i. E. The ratio between the intestinal densities of ESBL-producing enterobacteria and that of total enterobacteria. We observed the evolution of this marker after a short exposure to levofloxacin, a widely-prescribed fluoroquinolone. Furthermore about thé colonization phase, we developed a microbiological method to recover enterobacteria producing the OXA-48 carbapénémase, subsequently to its incidental detection in a patient with no obvious risk factors for carriage of such bacteria. Eventually, we studied the post-colonization phase (i) in establishing for the first time the link between the relative abundance of ESBL-producing enterobacteria and their occurrence in urinary-tract infections in women, and (ii) in observing the in vivo transfer of the KPC carbapenemase from a Greece-acquired strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae to a commensal K. Pneumoniae. In conclusion, our results highlighted the central role played by the intestinal microbiota and opened new, concrete perspectives of the management of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria
Guillot, Jean-François. "Eco-épidémiologie des Escherichia coli résistant aux antibiotiques chez les volailles." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10015.
Full textRamanandraibe, Rasoanarivo Nivoharisoa Elise. "Influence de l'amphotéricine B sur l'enveloppe cellulaire de deux souches de levures Kluyveromyces lactis." Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN12014.
Full textColin, Yannick. "Développement méthodologique pour l’étude de la diversité des micro-organismes sulfato-réducteurs et leur rôle dans la méthylation du mercure." Thesis, Pau, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PAUU3036/document.
Full textSulfate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB) represent a significant part of the standing microbial communities living in coastal sediments. This functional group is involved in the decomposition and the mineralization of organic matter as well as in the sulfur cycle. In addition, production of methylmercury was shown to be mainly driven by SRB in aquatic ecosystems. Environmental methylation of inorganic mercury constitutes a human health issue due to its neurotoxic effect and its biomagnification in aquatic food webs. In this context, sulfate-reducing diversity was evaluated in anoxic sediments, as well as in the water plume of the Adour estuary. SRB were characterized through a polyphasic approach including dsrAB genes analysis and high throughput isolations in 384-well microplates. As a result, the microplate approach contributed to assess a significant part of the sulfate-reducing community and provided complementary results to the molecular approach. High-throughput SRB isolation permitted a rapid access to numerous but also original strains and around 200 SRB were isolated and identified from the estuarine sediments and the estuarine plume. Beside, the mercury methylation potentials of 21 sulfate reducing strains were determined using a bacterial sensor. All strains were related to the Desulfobulbaceae family and the capacity to produce methylmercury varied a lot. This work permit to identify some methylating strains identified as abundant in the Adour estuarine sediments. On the long view, the use of the biosensor to assess the mercury methylation potential will offer a better knowledge on the distribution of methylating bacteria among the SRB and other functional groups and could help to identify the molecular determinism beside these transformations
Salauze, Damien. "Contribution à l'étude des gènes impliqués dans la biosynthèse des antibiotiques aminoglycosidiques chez "Bacillus circulans", "Micromonospora chalcea" et "Streptomyces fradiae" : analyse des gènes de résistance à ces antibiotiques." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P606.
Full textMonchy, Sébastien. "Organisation et expression des gènes de résistance aux métaux lourds chez Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210706.
Full textLe génome de cette bactérie contient un chromosome (3.6 Mb), un mégaplasmide (2.6 Mb) et deux plasmides pMOL28 (171 kb) et pMOL30 (234 kb) déjà connus pour porter des gènes de résistance aux métaux lourds.
Nous avons d'abord fait le catalogue des gènes impliqués dans la résistance aux métaux lourds et, ensuite, cherché à mesurer leur expression par deux approches transcriptomiques :RT-PCR et puces à ADN.
L'analyse du génome montre au moins 170 gènes relatifs à la résistance aux ions métalliques localisés sur les 4 réplicons, principalement sur les deux plasmides. Ces gènes codent essentiellement pour des systèmes d'efflux tel que les HME-RND (transport chimioosmotique avec flux de protons à contresens), les ATPases de type P ou encore pour le système de résistance aux ions Cu(II). Dans le génome de C. metallidurans, nous avons identifié 13 opérons qui codent pour des systèmes HME-RND, seuls trois, localisés sur les plasmides, sont surexprimés en présence de métaux lourds. Huit gènes codent pour des ATPases de type P, dont deux appartiennent à une classe dont les substrats ne sont pas métalliques. Deux ATPases appartiennent à une famille spécialisée pour l'efflux du Cu(II) et les quatre autres à une autre grande famille impliquée dans l'efflux des ions Cd(II), Pb(II) et Zn(II). Les analyses transcriptomiques montrent la surexpression des deux premières classes d'ATPases P en présence des métaux lourds. La mutagenèse du gène zntA (mégaplasmide), codant pour l'une des ATPases, provoque une diminution de la viabilité en présence de Zn(II), Cd(II) et dans une moindre mesure de Pb(II), Tl(I) et Bi(III).
Sur pMOL30, la résistance au cuivre implique un groupe de 19 gènes cop codant pour la résistance au cuivre au niveau du périplasme et du cytoplasme, et vraisemblablement pour une forme de stockage du cuivre essentiel. Ces 19 gènes sont surexprimés en présence de cuivre, mais une quinzaine de gènes proches semblent aussi requis pour une expression optimale de la résistance au cuivre.
L'annotation des plasmides a mis en évidence la parenté du plasmide pMOL28 avec le plasmide pHG1 (hydrogénotrophie, fixation du CO2) de C. eutrophus H16 et le plasmide pSym (fixation de l'azote) de C. taiwanensis, et chez pMOL30, la présence de deux îlots génomiques concentrant la plupart des résistances aux métaux lourds. Les puces montrent la surexpression de 83 sur 164 gènes dans pMOL28, et de 143 sur 250 gènes dans pMOL30. Elles montrent aussi que les gènes présents sur les deux plasmides sont davantage surexprimés que ceux localisés sur les deux mégaréplicons. Parmi les gènes surexprimés les plus intéressants du plasmide pMOL30, il faut mentionner des transposases tronquées et des gènes impliqués dans la synthèse des membranes (glycosyltransférases). L'analyse de l'expression des gènes plasmidiens de résistance aux métaux lourds montre la surexpression en présence de plusieurs ions métalliques ajoutés indépendamment et pas seulement par les substrats métalliques de ces opérons, ce qui suggère l'intervention de deux types de régulation dont les gènes correspondants sont aussi localisés sur le chromosome et le mégaplasmide.
Ce travail met en évidence la spécialisation de la bactérie dans la réponse à un grand spectre de concentrations de métaux lourds, jusqu'à la limite majeure de la toxicité observée pour les bactéries mésophiles hétérotrophes. Cette spécialisation correspond bien aux biotopes industriels de divers continents dans lesquels on l'a trouvée.
Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie moléculaire
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Paul-Pont, Ika. "Sensibilité et adaptation de populations de bivalves marins soumis à des stress multiples : infestation parasitaire, contamination microbienne et pollution métallique." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14008/document.
Full textIn coastal ecosystems, man-mediated activity and natural context induce a ?multistress? situation in aquatic organisms. Amongst potential perturbation sources, three of them were studied: metal contamination, bacterial infection and parasite infestation. An integrated approach of their interactions on genetic, protein, cellular and population dynamics responses in the cockle (Cerastoderma edule) and the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) was undertaken through field and laboratory studies. A two-years monitoring was conducted in four bivalve populations from different environments to estimate the fitness of populations (parameters of population dynamics), in relation with the baseline levels of stressors (metals, parasites) and with the adaptive responses implemented by bivalves in terms of detoxification and immunity. This approach allowed describing different scenarii concerning the relationship between bivalve populations and their environment. In laboratory, co-infection experiments (trematode parasite Himasthla elongata, bacteria Vibrio tapetis) were conducted on these populations in controlled condition with or without metal contamination (cadmium). They showed that the response of bivalves to stress is species-dependent. Combinations were not intuitively deduced from the "mono - stress" responses underscoring the concept of interactions. Despite the complexity and diversity of these interactions, some mechanisms predominated regardless of the studied species. While parasite infestation was not modulated by the presence of metal or bacteria in the environment, metal bioaccumulation in turn was strongly influenced by the presence of one or several pathogens. Beyond disrupting the accumulation of pollutants, the presence of pathogens interfered with the cellular detoxification mechanisms including impairment of the metallothionein (MT) synthesis. A focus on the response of MT in cockles exposed to a metal through the expression of isoform Cemt1 and protein synthesis confirmed the complementary of these observations (gene and protein). They also highlighted the need to analyze responses at different scales to obtain an overview of existing interactive process between pollutants and pathogens. Strong interactions were found: ?Cd x parasite? in the cockle and" bacteria x parasite "in the clam, at the genetic, protein and immune levels. Finally, these experiments highlighted the important role of life history on the sensitivity of organisms to pollutant-pathogen interactions
Vallance, Jessica. "Lutte biologique par utilisation de l’oomycète Pythium oligandrum : colonisation de la rhizosphère et influence sur la dynamique des populations microbiennes." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2030.
Full textBiocontrol efficacy is mainly limited by the variability of the rhizosphere competence of the inoculated microorganisms. This doctoral thesis focused on Pythium oligandrum, an oomycete acknowledged as an antagonistic organism able to protect plants from pathogenic attacks. The aim of this work was to study the colonisation and the persistence of P. Oligandrum after its introduction in the root system of tomato plants grown in soilless culture; and to assess its impact on microbial communities colonizing the rhizosphere and the greenhouse effluents. Three strains of P. Oligandrum were selected on the basis of their ability to produce oospores (resting structures) and production of tryptamine (an auxin like compound) and of oligandrin (a glycoprotein elicitor). Real-time PCR and plate counting demonstrated the persistence of large amounts of the antagonistic oomycete in the rhizosphere throughout the cropping season (April to September). Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) analysis showed that, among the three strains inoculated, the one producing the lowest amount of oospores was detected at 90%. Despite its abundance on roots, no traces of P. Oligandrum were detected in the different effluents of the soilless greenhouse. P. Clissotocum (ubiquitous tomato root minor pathogen) colonized the rhizosphere and the effluents only in summer. There was a reduction of P. Dissotocum populations in inoculated root systems. Single-Strand Conformational Polymorphism (SSCP) analysis revealed that the genetic structure of microbial communities (fungi and bacteria) colonizing the rhizosphere and the effluents, evolved throughout the cropping season. This temporal evolution was independent from the inoculation and the persistence of the antagonist P. Oligandrum. Effluents were also colonized by Archaeabacteria but roots, only during the last two months of culture. These populations grew independently from P. Oligandrum. Results previously described, rely on DNA extraction and amplification. This strategy suffers from the inability to investigate active microbial communities. DNA and RNA data obtained by SSCP analysis of three different genetic regions (ITS1, rRNA 28S, mitochondrial RNA large subunit) highlighted the interest of using different primers for having an exhaustive view of the fungal microflora
Ben, Sassi Meriem. "Impacts d’apports de composts de déchets urbains sur la résistance et la résilience de la microflore du sol à des évènements de type canicule/sécheresse." Thesis, Avignon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AVIG0639/document.
Full textCurrent climate change and increasing populations’ growth enhance soil and ecosystem services vulnerability. Meteorological models predicted an increase in summer drought and higher air temperature with more frequent occurrence of extreme events like heat-waves and drought. Intensity and duration of these events may affect structure and functions of ecosystems and thereby the biodiversity and the functions of soil. The amendment of soils with composts could be an alternative to prevent and mitigate the effects of drought and heat waves in the Mediterranean agroecosystems. The objectives of this work were to characterize the effects of short and long-term high temperature and/or drought perturbation on soil Mediterranean microbial communities (structures and functions) and to study the impacts of compost amendment on short and long-term functional and taxonomic responses of microbial communities subjected to drought and high temperature. Our work allowed us to evaluate the influence of each factor (drought or high temperature) within the combined perturbation (drought and high temperature) on microbiological and physico-chemical soil properties. The effects of this combined perturbation induced similar or different responses of each of perturbations applied individually involving positive and negative effects on the microbial community. This work had shown threshold resistance duration inducing a change in taxonomic and functional microbial community structure after high temperature and drought perturbation. This abrupt shift in the community response did not allow resilience. Compost amendments improved the physico-chemical soil structure and stimulated indigenous soil microorganisms. However, it seemed that seasonal soil variations history rather than compost amendment influences soil microbial stability
Fortin, Nathalie. "Système biphasique liquide-liquide : étude des échanges génétiques naturels : mise au point d'une technique analytique : l'impédancemétrie indirecte ventilée." Compiègne, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996COMPD863.
Full textHraiech, Sami. "Evaluation de stratégies thérapeutiques dans des modèles murins de pneumonie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5076/document.
Full textThe emergence multi-drug resistant bacteria hardens the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia. Our objective was to evaluate new therapeutic strategies and pathophysiological hypotheses in murine models of pneumonia.In a first model of acute lethal pneumonia with A. baumannii in rats, we compared the virulence of two hospital strains, one susceptible (ABCS) and the other resistant (ABCR) to colistin. We showed a reduction in mortality, pulmonary bacterial count, incidence of bacteremia and pulmonary histological lesions in animals infected with ABCR. This confirms the impaired virulence associated with the acquisition of resistance to colistin. In a second study, we developed a model of chronic pneumonia with P. aeruginosa in rats and showed thataerosols of squalamine permitted a reduction in pulmonary bacterial load and the number of histological lesions of pneumonia. In a third study, we evaluated the quorum quenching effects of a lactonase in vitro and in a model of acute lethal P. aeruginosa pneumonia in rats. We found a decrease in virulence gene activation and bacterial biofilm synthesis in vitro. This was associated with a decreased mortality from 75 to 20% in the treated animals.ConclusionsIn this work, we described the therapeutic potential of 2 molecules in P. aeruginosa pneumonia and illustratesd the loss of virulence associated with resistance to colistin in a clinical strain of A. baumannii
Bardet, Lucie. "Développement de nouveaux outils de détection des bacilles à Gram négatif résistants à la colistine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0596.
Full textThe recent discovery of mcr-1, the first plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene, highlighted the urgent need to implement the detection of colistin-resistant isolates in clinical microbiology laboratories, in order to isolate carrier patients. My thesis aimed to address this issue by developing and evaluating specific tools. A review was redacted to summarize the new tools developed to detect polymyxin resistance including the current phenotyping, susceptibility testing and genotyping methods. The LBJMR culture medium has been developed to detect all colistin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and also the vancomycin-resistant enterococci which represent another major problem of public health. The LBJMR medium allowed the detection of different bacteria of interest from the same clinical sample: colistin-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae and also a vancomycin-resistant E. faecium. This project led to a patent filing. The UMIC Colistine kit is a ready-to-use device based on the reference method to determine the polymyxin MIC. Evaluated in accordance with ISO 20776 standard, its sensitivity was excellent for the detection of colistin-resistant strains harboring the mcr-1 gene. The UMIC Colistin system is a rapid and reliable method to determine colistin MIC of clinical isolates in clinical microbiology laboratories. My thesis project also included the analysis of a colistin-heteroresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain, and the description of a new bacteril species, Pseudomonas massiliensis. These studies highlight the need to improve the detection of colistin-resistant strains by using reliable methods, suitable for diagnosis in clinical microbiology laboratories
El, Achkar Salam. "Prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis assessed by next-generation sequencing : an 18-month nationwide study in Lebanon." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S045.
Full textTuberculosis (TB) is the first killer infectious disease, with 10 million new cases estimated worldwide in 2017. TB drug resistance and its diagnosis are particularly problematic. Only 25% of the 450,000 incident multidrug resistant (MDR) TB patients estimated over the same year were diagnosed and treated as such.Although Lebanon is a low-TB burden country, significant challenges exist in terms of disease control. Lebanon is the country hosting the largest refugee population proportionally to its national population worldwide, with 1.5 million Syrian refugees as a consequence of the war in Syria, in addition to large populations of Palestinian refugees and migrant workers. Such populations are particularly vulnerable to risks of TB and emergence of drug resistance. The last national survey on the prevalence of drug resistant TB was done 15 years ago, well before the start of the Syrian crisis in 2011. Even most recent reported rates of MDR TB largely relied on estimates. Second-line drug susceptibility testing (DST) and individualized extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB treatments were not available in the country.In order to gain a more comprehensive view of the TB situation, we set up the first nationwide study combining phenotypic and extensive molecular testing to determine the prevalence and extent of TB drug resistance in the country. A total of 417 patients were included, corresponding to all confirmed TB cases reported to the national tuberculosis program between June, 2016 and November, 2017. Lowenstein-Jensen and/or MGIT culturing, and molecular testing using GeneXpert MTB/RIF and/or Anyplex MTB/NTM Real-time were used in Lebanon for diagnostic confirmation and DST. In Lille, we evaluated, for the first time on a nationally representative sample, a new deep sequencing assay called Deeplex-MycTB, for extensive drug resistance prediction and genotyping of patient isolates. MIRU-VNTR typing was used in combination for defining molecular clusters, potentially suggestive of endemically circulating or epidemically transmitted TB strains.For the first time in the country, out of the 354 culture positive TB cases with available DST, 3 XDR cases, resistant to at least rifampicin (RIF), isoniazid (INH), kanamycin (KAN)/amikacin (AMI) and levofloxacin (LFX) were detected, in addition to 5 MDR (resistant to at least RIF, INH) cases and one RIF mono-resistant case. Among the remaining cases, 3.4% (12/354) had resistance to INH and streptomycin (SM), 3.4% (12/354) mono-resistance to INH, 0.3% (1/354) mono-resistance to ethambutol (EMB), 8.5% (30/354) mono-resistance to streptomycin (SM), while 81.9% (290/354) were susceptible to all 4 first line drugs. While none of MDR and XDR TB cases were found in molecular clusters, a large cluster comprising 36 other patients was identified, suggestive of a highly endemic or actively transmitted drug susceptible strain.A total of 4184 out of 4407 (94.9%) possible phenotypes could be predicted by Deeplex-MycTB for 339/348 (97.4%) analyzable samples, of which 1282/1380 (92.9%) matched the available phenotypic results. Based on detectable resistance determinants, INH, RIF, EMB and SM resistance was concordantly predicted with 90.3%, 100%, 100%, 52.8% sensitivity, respectively, and susceptibility with 99.6%, 100%, 99.4%, 99.6% specificity, respectively. While predicted first and second-line drug resistance matched almost completely the available phenotypic profiles of the 8 MDR and XDR cases, mutations were additionally detected in all of these 8 cases in targets predicting supplementary pyrazinamide and/or ethionamide resistance, not phenotypically tested. Moreover, resistance to fluoroquinolones was also predicted in 34/339 (10%) non-MDR cases, not subjected to LFX DST. Finally, the use of advanced molecular testing allowed us to identify the first 12 (3.4%) zoonotic TB cases identified in the country [...]
Touat, Mehdi Benjamin. "Coût de l’antibiorésistance en France : évaluation à partir des bases de données médico-administratives." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASV005.
Full textAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global public health, makes infections more difficult to treat, and potentially jeopardizes medical progress and innovation. AMR is also associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Assessing the economic burden of AMR could highlight priorities in prevention, research and management for decision-makers. The main objective of this Ph.D. dissertation is to assess the economic impact of AMR in France based on data from the National Health Data System (SNDS) database. SNDS contains patient-level medical data and inpatient and outpatient care costs reimbursed by national health insurance. We thus used SNDS to analyse care pathways and associated costs among a population that included all hospitalized patients with acute bacterial infection (classified into 13 infectious sites). First, we investigated the hospital cost from the payer's perspective. Through a matched case-control design, we estimated an additional hospital cost of €110 million caused by AMR in 2015, with an extrapolation showing that the overall cost could reach €290 million. Second, we focused on the effects at 12 months of hospitalization with AMR. In this context, four studies were developed. (1) For patients with resistant infections, a sequence analysis identified five distinct hospital pathways. Longest hospital stays were observed for bone and joint infections, whereas patients with heart and mediastinum infections or lower respiratory tract infections had higher mortality rates. (2) Ambulatory expenditure was studied using a difference-in-difference approach and we showed a low overconsumption due to AMR, limited to the first month following hospitalization. (3) Hospital resource consumption measured by duration of hospitalization due to AMR was increased in acute care hospital stays for infection and in hospitalization at home. (4) Additional hospital cost due to antibiotic resistance during the year following initial hospitalization was estimated at €618 [IC95% 419; 817] per patient. In conclusion, using five economic criteria this Ph.D dissertation has shown that AMR bears a substantial cost burden on the French public health insurance system
Beye, Mamadou. "Génomique en temps réel appliquée aux isolats bactériens cliniques atypiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0558.
Full textRapid and accurate diagnosis, characterization and identification of pathogens are essential to guide treatment and detect transmission events or treatments failures. However, the biomedical field is confronted with emerging and re-emerging pathogens. Some of these clinical bacterial strains exhibit specificities concerning the virulence, contagiousness and / or resistance to antibiotics. High-throughput sequencing and comparative analysis of bacterial genomes is a reliable strategy enabling the rapid study of the characteristics of these emerging pathogens. In a short period, not exceeding 20 years, genomics has known a considerable revolution. In effect the introduction of the new high-throughput sequencingtechnologies and the increased concern of the scientist into this field, led to an exponential increase of number of available sequenced bacterial genomes in public databases. Real-time genomics is a strategy consisting on rapid analysis of the genome of a clinical bacterial strain in order to identify the genetic determinants justifying its unusual phenotypic characteristics. Thus, the objectives of this thesis project were: to rapidly exploit whole-genome sequencing data for identification of the virulence or resistance repertoire; to compare genomes from atypical clinical bacteria to those of other bacteria of the same species in order to identify their specific features; to use genomes as a taxonomic tool to rapidly describe the new bacterial species isolated in the laboratory by culturomics approach
Molitor, Alexander. "Régulation de la perméabilité membranaire chez les bactéries à Gram négatif et la relation avec la sensibilité aux antibiotiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20658/document.
Full textGenetic permeability plays an important role in antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria.Our work was to characterize and better understand of the genetic regulation of membranepermeability in E. aerogenes. We focused on two global regulators, mar and ram, in about 60clinical isolates. Alterations in the upstream region of ramA and in ramR but no mutations in marAnor marR were observed. Overexpression of ramA or ramR led to an altered antibiotic susceptibilityassociated to decrease of porins expression and over-expression of efflux-pumps. qRT-PCR pointedout the estimated importance of the ram-regulon in the regulation cascade.Another part of this work was to characterize the translocation of compounds through porins andthe role of porins in drug uptake in general. Measurement of the rate of antibiotic action of threecarbapenems in an E. coli strain solely expressing OmpF as porin clearly indicated the importanceof the aspartate at position 113 in antibiotic translocation. A multi-disciplinary three way approachof computer modeling, black-lipid-bilayer assays and measurement of antibiotic action, suggestedthat interactions with residue D113 of E. coli porin OmpF are rate-limiting for transport throughthe porin channel. Combination of biological and biophysical measurements with E. aerogenesporin Omp36 denoted that interactions between the porin channel and the antibiotic facilitate andaccelerate transport
Abedini, Amin. "Evaluation biologique et phytochimique des substances naturelles d’Hyptis atrorubens Poit. (Lamiaceae), sélectionnée par un criblage d'extraits de 42 plantes." Thesis, Lille 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL2S025/document.
Full textThis study focuses firstly on the extent of the antimicrobial activity of 42 medicinal plants that are traditionally used in Iran and Guadeloupe, against a panel of 36 pathogenic and multi-resistant bacteria and fungi. The results show presence of the antimicrobial agents in all plants.We finally selected Hyptis atrorubens Poit. which has a strong antimicrobial activity. In addition, this plant has never been studied in the literature. Phytochemical and biological analysis of the hydro-methanolic extract of stems, enabled us to find for the first time the four main active compounds of this plant: rosmarinic acid, methyl rosmarinate, quercetin-3-glucoside (isoquercetin) and quercetin-3-galactoside (hyperoside).The antibacterial activity of these compounds was evaluated by various microbiological values (MIC, MBC, synergy, kill-time and growth curves).The best inhibitory and bactericidal activity was found for methyl rosmarinate (0.3 mg/ml).This research suggests the high potential of antimicrobial activity for a combination of all four compounds (MIC = 70 µg/ml), which is very close to MICs of antibiotics.This work presents the main compounds of Hyptis atrorubens Poit. as new antimicrobial agents and as potentially useful tools against bacteria that are more and more resistant to antibiotics
Borselli, Diane. "Adjuvants pour limiter la consommation d'antibiotiques en médecine vétérinaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0093/document.
Full textThe constant increase of multidrug resistant bacteria is leaving clinicians and veterinarians with very limited options to treat bacterial infections. The main goal of my work was find a chemical solution to reduce the use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine, especially in swines, without affecting the health of the livestock. To achieve this goal, we have developed a drug combination approach based on the association of antibiotics with chemosensitizers, herein called adjuvants, some of which were polyamines derivatives from natural sources. To provide the proof of concept, combination of several derivatives from different chemical sources (marine sponges and plants) have been tested ex vivo on « ESKAPE » pathogens, which are among the most urgent bacterial threats. Results from these studies allowed us to develop procedures for screening antibacterial activities and methodologies for understanding the impact of the selected adjuvants on bacterial physiology.Florfenicol is a widely used antibiotic to treat respiratory infections in swine. Therefore, derivatives were further assessed in combination with florfenicol, and florfenicol adjuvants were identified. The mode of action of one chosen adjuvant on bacterial membranes was further investigated by using fluorescence and bioluminescence methods. Data showed that this molecule was able to potentiate the antibiotic activity by increasing its intracellular concentration (membranotrope activity and inhibition of efflux) but also causes inner membrane depolarization. Flagellar motility represents an important virulence factor which use PMF, and we showed a diminution of the motility's halo with our compound
Picard, Marion. "Étude de l'implication d’une voie MyD88/IL-22 dans le contrôle de la colonisation par la bactérie segmentée filamenteuse." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB107/document.
Full textThe mammalian intestine is heavily colonized by a huge microbial community. During a long coevolution process, the host has evolved mutualistic relationships with its microbiota. Thes relationships, mainly based on metabolstic advantages, also allow the full maturation of the host immune system, which development is initiated in utero by a genetic program. In mice, only SFB has been yet described to display strong immunostimulant properties allowing the coordination of a large panel of immune responses, more specifically IgA and Th17 responses, which preferential induction sites might be the Peyer's patches. The first part of my thesis contributed to complete a work dedicated to the characterization of the IgA et Th17 responses induced by SFB. We have underscored SFB capacity to stimulate the post-natal maturation of isolated lymphoid follicles and also tertiary lymphoid tissues that would substitute to Peyer's patches as inductors sites of both IgA and Th17 responses induced by SFB. However, this microbiote also constitutes a potential antigenic threat for the host integrity. Notably, the SFB could provoke chronic deleterious inflammation in peripheric compartment in genetically predisposed individuals. It suggests the establishment of highly regulated mechanisms regulating SFB colonization, to avoid compromising events for the host homeostasis. In a second part of my thesis, with the help of immunodeficient axenic mice, we have shown a role of TLR signaling pathways in the control of SFB colonization. However, antimicrobial peptides, IgA, IL-17 or IL-22 seem to be involved int eh control of SFB colonization
Périamé, Marina. "Caractérisation des mécanismes d'adaptation d'Enterobacter gergoviae aux conservateurs en cosmétique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5027.
Full textContaminations by Enterobacter gergoviae in various cosmetic formulations raise the problem of bacterial resistance to biocides of the species, which represent the third source of cosmetics bacterial contaminations. The collaborative cosmetic company was concerned by unrelated contaminations but some contamination events were due to persistence of isolates in internal system process, despite disinfection protocols and use of preservatives. At the maximum levels allowed by the European Commission, preservatives tested have bacteriostatic effects and do not exhibit synergistic effects in combination. Therefore, adaptation in cosmetics is facilitated. Various resistance mechanisms can be implemented by E. gergoviae: Enzymatic (peroxyredoxin synthesis), changes in the envelope (expression of external appendages: flagella or fimbriae/pili), changes in mobility and biofilm formation. The appearance of such mechanisms has also promoted a cross-resistance conservative / disinfectant - detergent
Diene, Seydina Mouhamadou. "Analyse génomique et moléculaire d'isolats cliniques de bactéries multi-résistantes aux antibiotiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5049.
Full textThe increase and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacteria especially Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter (E.P.A) species have become a major concern worldwide. The hospital-acquired infections caused by MDR bacteria have led not only to an increase in mortality, morbidity, and cost of treatment, but also continue to endanger the life of patients, especially those immunocompromised. Although the frequent misuse of antibiotic drug has greatly contributed to worldwide dissemination and resistance to antibiotics; recent studies have shown that these resistance determinants could emerge from ancient or environmental sources. Front of this worldwide concern, several studies have been reported with significant recommendations to conduct molecular epidemiology, and genomic studies, in order to control the increase and the dissemination of the antibiotic resistance. Moreover, during these last 10 years, we are witnessing the emergence and development of new technologies of high throughput sequencing and coinciding with an exponential increase of number of bacterial genomes sequenced today. Therefore, it is in this context that the project of this thesis was conducted with three essential objectives: (i) the genome sequencing of clinical MDR bacteria, the analysis and the identification of the mechanisms and the genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance (ii) the achievement of molecular epidemiology studies from clinical MDR bacteria responsible of outbreak (iii) the development and implementation of molecular tools for monitoring and diagnosis of potential MDR bacteria
Lusley, Pauline. "Compréhension des mécanismes directs et indirects de résistance à la pourriture racinaire du pois causée par Aphanomyces euteiches : influence du choix variétal et de la cohorte microbienne associée. Compared analysis of architectural symptoms and disease severity caused by Aphanomyces euteiches between winter and spring peas. Co-existence of Rhizobia and non-rhizobial bacteria in the nodules of Pisum sativum L. depending on cultivars and influencing mycelium growth of Aphanomyces euteiches. The microbial cavalry: how crop could be determinant to beneficially shape soil microbiome in the battlefield against Aphanomyces euteiches." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR091.
Full textPea, well-adapted to the Normandy pedoclimatic context, represents an important nutritional source of plant proteins. At present, protein crops are among the promoting crops in view of their many agronomical, economic, and environmental interests. Despite their multiple advantages, the cultivation of protein peas is not as successful, mainly due to strong attacks by various phytopathology. The most damaging is pea root rot caused by Aphanomyces euteiches leading to a significant drop in yield and thus can penalize farmers. As there is no effective treatment to date, numerous focus researches are in progress to develop efficient control methods, which requires a holistic understanding of the pathobiome. In this thesis, studies were focused on the understanding of some direct and indirect resistance mechanisms of pea root rot caused by A. euteiches. The contribution of biotic factors in this disease were studied, specifically the influence of varietal genotype and its associated phytobiome, and so the establishment of multiple interactions with microorganisms. The comparative analysis of disease severity and induced architectural modifications, showed a differential expression according to their affiliation to winter or spring group. The two winter pea cultivars characterized by a high cold tolerance presented two features of interest: a delayed impact on aerial part despite significant root damage and an increased growth of root system in response to infection. In addition, the study of intra-nodule bacterial diversity in these same cultivars showed that the diversity of their nodule microbiome varies according to varietal genotype. This study highlighted the strong biocontrol potential of intra-nodule bacterial endophytes, with a higher relative abundance of known antagonistic bacterial genera towards A. euteiches for two winter pea cultivars. The varietal genotype therefore constitutes a direct and indirect lever by the establishment of interactions with beneficial microorganisms, to fight against pea root rot. The last research line has demonstrated the strong influence of plant cultivated species on the microbial associations in the rhizosphere, specifically a modulation of the assemblage of beneficial populations. Shaping the microbial community composition though the cultivation of crops to the benefit of the next crop represents an additional argument in favor of crop rotation use as a lever against phytopathology. Several interesting alternatives were highlighted in this research work to effectively and efficiently manage A. euteiches: at the cultivar scale, by specific characteristics in relation to varieties’ genotype and their ability to select protective endophytes, and at the scale of crop rotation, by shaping microbiome in favor of pea. Great research perspectives are emerging, especially the efficiency of protection resulting from all potential isolated biocontrol agents, which would allow the development and implementation of beneficial consortia adapted to Normandy soils and to pea cultivars specificities
Poulain, Alexandre. "Transformations rédox et spéciation du Hg dans la neige et les eaux de surface de l'extrême arctique et de régions tempérées." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17081.
Full textGirard, Catherine. "Le mercure en Arctique, de l’environnement à la santé humaine : photodéméthylation aquatique, bioaccessibilité alimentaire et interactions avec le microbiome intestinal humain." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20592.
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