Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Résolution de problème chez l'enfant'
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Porcheron, Jean-Louis. "Production d'inférences dans la résolution de problèmes additifs." Paris 8, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA081494.
Full textIN THIS THESIS WE WANT TO DEFEND THE IDEA THAT, BY TRYING TO UNDERSTAND A PROBLEM STATEMENT, THE PUPIL (AT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL) MUST PRODUCE INFERENCES WHICH ARE COMPOSED AT ONE HAND OF TAKING INTO ACCOUNT QUANTIFIABLE CHARACTERISTICS AND OBIECTS OR CONCEPTS TO WHICH THEY APPLY AND, AT THE OTHER HAND, OF TRYING TO DETERMINE THESE CHARACTERISTICS SPECIFICALLY THROUGT VALUES WHEN THEY ARE NOT SO IN THE PROBLEM STATEMENT. SEVERAL WAYS OF PRODUCING THESE INFERENCES HAVE BEEN STUDIED : - IMAGINATION OF THE SITUATION DESCRIBED IN THE PROBLEM STATEMENT ( WITHOUT ANY QUESTIONS ); - REQUEST FOR INTERPRETATION OF A NUMERICAL DATA OR OF THE VALUE OF THE RESULT OF A CALCULATION - CALCULATION AT THE READER'S, INITIATIVE AND ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN THE RESULT; - INDIRECT PRUNING THROUSH RISING A QUESTION ON THE QUANTIFICATION OF ANOTHER QUANTITY; - EXPLICIT QUESTION. THE METHODOLOGY WE USED MOSTLY CONSISTS IN COMPARING THE INFERENCES PRODUCED IN VARIOUS CONDITIONS. OUR UNALYSIS IS BASED ON THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN A CHARACTERISTIC DETERMINED BY A MESURE, DETERMINED BY A CALCULATION FORMULA OR DEFINED IN GENERIC TERM without ANY POSSIBILITY TO IMMEDIATELY ATTRIBUTE A VALUE TO IT. IN COMBINATION PROBLEMS, THE RESULTS OF OUT STUDY SHOW THAT SUCH A CHARACTERISTIC MAY NOT BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE UNKWOWN PART WHEN A QUESTION ABOUT ITS QUANTIFICATION IS NOT PUT. A REFLECTION IS OPEN ABOUT THE ROLE OF THE QUESTION IN SIMPLE OR MULTI STEPS PROBLEMS AND ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY TO PRODUCE INFERENCES AFTER A PRIMING OF ARITHMETIC OPERATION WHEN READINS A PROBLEM STATEMENT
Blanc, Maxime. "Etude différentielle de fonctionnement cognitif de sujets de 8-9 ans dans des tâches de type scolaire comportant une pluralité de contraintes." Aix-Marseille 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX10027.
Full textClavel, Béatrice. "Analyse des paliers d'équilibrations fonctionnels dans la construction des régulations intersubjectives : de l'hétéronomie à la coopération." Lyon 2, 2001. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/clavel_b.
Full textKanellaki-Agathos, Sophie. "Planification et organisation d'action chez l'enfant : /." Paris 8, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA080868.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to study the planing and the organisation of the action that children of 3 to 7 years old, use to solve two types of problems : a) the ones called and b) complexed problems. The material used was that of the hanoi tower and its various versions. The study of the simulation of the individual protocols gave us the chance of testing a model cognitive fonctioning of the solving, based on the notion of constraint. Our results show that : 1) the model proposed by us is valid ; 2) children can plan their actions in the problems called ; 3) the planing is difficult in the hanoi tower problem given that there are particular constraintes on the displacement ; 4) in the case that the constraint of the size does not exist anoymore (version of the hanoi tower problem) the organisation of the action is more easy to make
Lamour, Jacques. "L'évolution des niveaux de compétence dans l'appréhension des problèmes additifs chez les enfants de CM2." Rennes 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999REN20016.
Full textResearches deal with additive problems are realized generally as part of solving paradigm. This type of paradigm aim at revealing the nature of difficulties encountered by children according to problems it as well procedures that they use to solve them. Others studies using creation of terms or the recall's tests put the emphasis on information's organization stocked in memory. This research come forward to put in touch this three approaches in order to contribute at a better understanding of knowledge built by subjects with regard to additive problems. As previous works show it, solving, recall and creation of problems constitute three interesting approaches of cognitive representations binded to additive problems. The interest of this studies have been to try to put in touch this sources of information with the same subjects, in order to distinguish involved knowledge, we expect an instancing of schema which the level of elaboration is binded to degree of children ability. Results show : 1) problem's schemas seem to be formed with three schemas called: schema of structure, schema of situation and schema of solution;2) differences of expertise of children (5th grade) not proceed of nature of knowledge stocked in memory but in the articulation of schemas; 3) it is possible to set specific training in order to expertise level of children. We may improve, for low level children, relations between the constituent elements of schema of structure, for middle level of children, relations between schema of situation and schema of structure, and for high level children, abstraction between the different schemas
Maury, Sylvette. "Contribution à l'étude didactique de quelques notions de probabilité et de combinatoire à travers la résolution de problèmes." Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20110.
Full textPusstinen, Minna. "Les conduites de questionnement en situtation de résolution de problèmes : le développement de l'autorégulation." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05H038.
Full textThe objective was to study the development of self-regulation in children's academic helpseeking behavior in a vygotskian framework. Two experimental studies were conducted. The first, a preliminary one, aimed at testing a new interactive method for studying help-seeking behavior, and examined the relation between children's help-seeking behavior and their perceived self-efficacy. The second one, using the new method, studied the development of self-regulation in children's academic helpseeking behavior. The results show that the level of internal regulation in children's academic help-seeking behavior is related to both the children's age or school level, and the level of their academic achievement. High-achieving 4th-graders turned out to be the best self-regulators, and lowachieving 2nd-graders were the poorest self-regulators. Low-achieving 4th-graders showed signs of resignation
Martin, Jean-Paul. "L'utilisation des processus mentaux rationnels lors d'une résolution de problèmes à l'aide d'un organigramme." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29120.
Full textThifault, Céline. "Liens entre les habiletés de résolution de problèmes interpersonnels de l'enseignant, du parent et de l'enfant de maternelle." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25725/25725.pdf.
Full textLemétayer, Fabienne. "Tutelles parentales et déficience mentale : étude comparative d'une activité conjointe d'encastrements chez de jeunes enfants trisomiques 21 et non déficients." Rennes 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997REN20020.
Full textTutoring interactions refer to the Vygotsky's concept of zone of proximal development, in which the infant's developmental potential is supported by a more competent partner. Most empirical studies investigating the vygostskyan thesis focuses on parental instructional behavior fostering the child's development. On the other hand, researches on the influence of the child himself or his characteristics on parental scaffolding are scarce. So, the purpose of this study is to explore if, independently of a parental responsiveness on the developmental level of child, parental scaffolding can be influence by the child's characteristics, like among the down syndrome children, for example. Three groups of 12 non deficient children (14, 18 and 22 months) and three groups of 12 down syndrome children matched on mental age, have been videotaped with their parent during a problem solving situation (sorter task). The results indicate that, with young children of equivalent developmental level, parent's behaviors change according to they're in interaction with non deficient children or down syndrome children. Indeed, parent's instructions of non deficient children change as infants gain more mastery, providing more concrete and specific instructions with youngest and less explicit, less concrete and more verbal at the end of the second year. On the contrary, parent's of down syndrome children request, even at earlier ages, a self-governing action. The discussion closely examines the implications of influence of characteristics of down syndrome children on parental scaffolding
Claracq, Ingrid. "Améliorer les performances en résolution de problèmes arithmétiques à l'école élémentaire : agir sur la compréhension des énoncés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSHS/2024/2024ULILH030.pdf.
Full textWord problem solving (RDPA) is a frequent source of failure regardless of the level and country concerned (PISA 2015; OECD, 2015; TIMSS 2015).More particularly, in France, recent national assessments showed that students have difficulty solving problems (Desclaux et al., 2024; Bourgeois et al., 2024). In grade 4, it is the skill which shows the greatest gap in performance depending on the school socio-economical environment (advantaged vs. disadvantaged) (priority education versus non-priority education) and it is still 40% of students who do not reach a satisfactory level of skill (Bourgeois et al., 2024). Thus, even today after forty years of research and interventions attempts to improve student performance, RDPA still remains an active field of study for researchers and practitioners. Previous work (Muth, 1984; Lin, 2021; Cummins et al., 1988; Swanson, 2017; Fuchs et al.; 2014, 2019) have gradually identified understanding as an intervention parameter likely to improve the performance of students. However, the interventions carried out to date only manipulate understanding in an indirect and localized manner. In our work, we proposed and implemented with the support of teachers an innovative approach which aimed at targeting understanding in a holistic manner to improve student performance in RDPA. For this, we implemented for three successive years and at three different levels - the first year in grade 3 (CE2), the second year in grade 4 (CM1) and finally the third year in grade 5 (CM2) - a large-scale protocol which tested the following general hypothesis: prioritizing the comprehension activity before introducing numerical data makes it possible to improve student performance in RDPA. The three carried out studies provide two main types of results. A first one is linked to performance. There, the approach allows students in the experimental group and more particularly in priority education classes to improve their performance significantly more than with a traditional approach in the control group, while the two groups are given the same problems, in the same order. Furthermore, these improvements remain stable over time at all levels. Then a second type refers to inequalities. While GE students progress significantly more than GCA students, the students from disadvantaged backgrounds and those whom initial levels of understanding are the lowest progress the most. Therefore, this suggests a reduction in inequalities. This result is even more pronounced in grade 3 (CE2), since the approach without digital data narrows the gaps in priority education, while a traditional approach tends to widen them
Gamo, Sylvie. "Rôle des effets de contenu dans la catégorisation des problèmes arithmétiques à plusieurs solutions : recodage sémantique et transfert de procédures." Paris 8, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA083141.
Full textThis thesis concerns the content effects in solving arithmetic problems through several solving strategies. We claim that these effects are the result of the knowledge of the depicted situation when the wording is in favor of some coding of the problem element; such coding gives rise to a particular solving strategy and inhibits all the others. We show that the nature of the variable involved in the problem (number of elements, age, …) influences the spontaneous implementation of a strategy and hides the capacity to perceive other ones ; it is possible with modification of the possible scenario of situations suggested by the variables to inflect the implementation of the spontaneous strategy in favor of an alternative strategy although that change still also depends on the nature of the variables. To conceive that several codings are possible and to understand the equivalence between strategies is a difficult step which needs work. We study the learning possibilities by using semantic re-encoding of the properties of the situation which is to be solved i. E. By an abstractive approach in relation to the semantic structures of the wording. We show that such teaching has enabled 10-11 year old pupils. To transfer strategies between problems sharing the same formal structure, it is facilitated by a semantic recoding that makes evident the structural similarities between the problems. In conclusion, it is possible to make acquiring the coding with regard to the deeper structure, by taking into account the relations between induced structures and deeper structures. Learning to categorize at a good level of abstraction facilitates the construction of the adequate representation
Chaillet, Valentine. "Les déterminants de la résolution de problèmes arithmétiques : Influence du caractère statique ou dynamique de l'énoncé sur le choix de la procédure et la nature des erreurs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA080035.
Full textThis thesis studies the arithmetic word problems dynamic or static nature influence on solving procedures, as well as on errors. 772 children from 4th and 5th grades solved complex problems of two different types, combination problems and change problems. Their specificity is they can be solved by two different procedures: the complementation procedure consisting in a step by step computation, and the matching procedure, consisting in the computation of the difference between homologous quantities. The first experiment results support the hypothesis that the combination problem static nature leads to a complementation procedure, whereas the change problem dynamic nature leads to a matching procedure. The second experiment results are consistent with the first experiment, in addition, they show that when children are asked to guess the question to a problem, they give their preference to a question related to the whole rather than to the part, especially for change problems. The errors extracted from the protocols enabled us to build a typology of errors. Protocols from pupils with learning difficulties and attending an adapted Junior High School class were studied, and their errors were classified in our typology. This study revealed that some types of errors occurred more often in one or the other type of problems. The results pointed out that the statement static or dynamic nature influences the solving procedures, either correct or erroneous
Matalliotaki, Eirini. "Les pratiques graphiques à l'école maternelle dans un contexte de résolution de problèmes." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05H107.
Full textThe reported research focuses on the functions of graphical representations in a context of problem solving by young children (5 to 6,6 yrs old). A study based on 23 mathematical exercises utilising drawings, taken from books for chiidren ofupper kindergarten-age, shows that the inferential function of drawjngs was very littie exploited, contrary to the referential one. Two studies have been carried out with 55 children of medium and upper kindergartenage; One that evaluates the children’s capacity to utilise quantitative notations after being requested to make a calculation (Dénoréco), and another that examines the inference of quantities by the use of quotitive division when initial quantity information is presented verbally and subsequently graphically. The results show that a great part of the chiidren were capable ofutilising efficiently the external graphical representations provided to them, When the exercises were represented graphically, the chiidren were able to demonstrate resolution techniques with gestures, contrary to the verbal representation case, where very few resolution strategies could be clarified. This thesis on its whole provides arguments supporting the early use of external graphical representation within the school-learning frame
Gauducheau, Nadia. "Les inférences sur les états mentaux du partenaire en situation de résolution de problèmes à plusieurs par des enfants d'âge scolaire." Paris 10, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA100107.
Full textThis research focuses on inferences about "the others" mental states related to a socio-cognitive interaction. The participants were 125 ten-year-olds children and 71 adults. Our goal is to describe those inferences and to identify the verbal and nonverbal cues used by children to construct those inferences. Moreover, we compare children inferences with adults' ones and we examine the link with school performance. The results show a variation of inferences depending on the different types of interaction (conflict, agreement, etc. ). They point out the importance of nonverbal behaviours to product those inferences. The children's ability to infer mental states evolves but seems not to be connected with school performance
Allard, Andrée. "Une expérience d'intégration de l'ordinateur dans une classe de quatrième année favorisant les habiletés de la résolution de problèmes et le développement de l'autonomie." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29258.
Full textDamasceno, Jose Antonio Elias. "Étude exploratoire des conceptions probabilistes correspondant aux niveaux de Green." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37347.
Full textQuébec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2019
Brissiaud, Rémi. "Enseignement et développement des représentations numériques chez l'enfant : penser les divers chemins vers le nombre." Paris 8, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA080946.
Full textThe defended thesis is that there exists many ways of constructing arithmetical knowledge for the child and that pathways to number that have been mainly studied until now might not be the most relevant in regard to the nature of knowledge to be constructed. Concerning the construction of the number and the memorization of number facts, it is argued that recent researches have abusively privileged verbal counting where as another manners, in which the child precociously uses strategies of deceomposition, is more relevant. A child monograph and a cases study about 3 deaf children, are presented in order to support this thesis. Concerning the construction of the sign"-" as an authentic arthmetical sign for substraction, it is hypothetized that errors that are observed for "missing addend" problems, are due to the fact that children are almost systematically confronted with a situation of "forced choice" of the right operation (is-it necessary to write a sing "+" or a sign "=" ?). An other way is proposed where the child is not confronted with such a situation and where he "invents" the use of the sign "-" to solve this type of problem. The possibility of this "invention" is proved experimentally. These data are articulated within a framework inspired on the one hand, by developmental theories of bruner and vygotsky (one uses natably the notion of proximal zone of development) and on the other hand, by recent works on memory and learning (one uses notably the distinction between implicit and explicit learming)
Martin, Bruno. "Diagnostic comportemental et cognitif des erreurs dans la résolution de problèmes arithmétiques." Thesis, Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080084/document.
Full textResearch in psychology and in Intelligent Learning Environment (ILE) share the goal of a better understanding of the subject, more precisely in its modeling with strong educative perspectives. This Ph.D. Thesis, intrinsically interdisciplinary, aims to strengthen the link between experimental psychology and ILEs, especially in the domain of arithmetical word problem solving (WP) while addressing the more general issue of the integration of cognitive models in the ILEs. In the first part, a behavioral diagnostic module is presented, with a test-based methodology to assess its relevance in the context of experimental psychology studies. A better understanding of word problem solving behavior is a prerequisite of the development of any cognitive diagnostic module. This is the core of the second part, which presents the cognitive models put in place and compare their productions with human data. It has been shown that a large part of WP solving behavior can be explained via the light of keyword-based strategy and the alteration of the meaning of textual propositions. In the last part, in order to address the issue of individual cognitive diagnosis, a metric quantifying the fit of the diagnosis has been developed. A software has also been developed, allowing to build and test simple cognitive models over data coming from ILEs. This metric and this software have been used concretely within the context of an experimentation involving word problem solving
Gaiffe, Corinne. "Etude de mécanismes d'apprentissage en situation dyadique symétrique et légèrement asymétrique de résolution de problèmes : modalités de l'entraînement au partenaire et à la situation." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05H023.
Full textThe aim of the present study, which lies within the theoretical framework of psychology of cognitive construction, was to investigate mechanisms involved in dyadic resolution of logical reasoning tasks and its effects on knowledge acqisition in children aged 9 to 10 years. Two complementary studies were carried out to evaluate children's interactions. The first one was intended to observe dyads which were either symmetrical or slightly asymmetrical with regard to age. The second study was aimed at measuring the effect of training by comparing children meeting each other for the first time, with children used to working together either with the same or a new partner. (. . . )
Chaillet, Valentine. "Les déterminants de la résolution de problèmes arithmétiques : Influence du caractère statique ou dynamique de l'énoncé sur le choix de la procédure et la nature des erreurs." Thesis, Paris 8, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA080035.
Full textThis thesis studies the arithmetic word problems dynamic or static nature influence on solving procedures, as well as on errors. 772 children from 4th and 5th grades solved complex problems of two different types, combination problems and change problems. Their specificity is they can be solved by two different procedures: the complementation procedure consisting in a step by step computation, and the matching procedure, consisting in the computation of the difference between homologous quantities. The first experiment results support the hypothesis that the combination problem static nature leads to a complementation procedure, whereas the change problem dynamic nature leads to a matching procedure. The second experiment results are consistent with the first experiment, in addition, they show that when children are asked to guess the question to a problem, they give their preference to a question related to the whole rather than to the part, especially for change problems. The errors extracted from the protocols enabled us to build a typology of errors. Protocols from pupils with learning difficulties and attending an adapted Junior High School class were studied, and their errors were classified in our typology. This study revealed that some types of errors occurred more often in one or the other type of problems. The results pointed out that the statement static or dynamic nature influences the solving procedures, either correct or erroneous
Aloumba, Alexandre. "Approche interculturelle et développement de la résolution des problèmes de manipulation concrète d'objets ou d'images d'objets chez l'enfant." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA05H130.
Full textThis research concerns problem solving about manipulation of real objects and images in congolese and french children. It aims at analysing and comparing the solving behaviours, taking in consideration the experimental situation, the type of problem, the ethnic groups, the school level. The pilot experiment concerns 252 subjects. Six problems are presented individually. For all inter ethnic comparisons between children attending school, the school level is the same in french and congolese groups. The findings confirm the hypothesis. In the spontaneous solving situation, more systematic solving behaviors are observed in french subjects than in congolese subjects. No significiant differences for the systematicity of behaviours are observed between 4-5 years-old congolese attending school and those not attending school. In the tutored solving situation, systematic solving behaviours are more frequent than in spontaneous solving situation, as well in french children as in congolese children. Nevertheless improvement in tutored solving is greater for congolese children than for french children and it is greater for congolese attending school than for those not attending school. In both ethnic groups and in both experimental situations, age and school influence solving behavior
Morin, Émélie. "La construction des relations sémantiques en résolution de problèmes mathématiques au deuxième cycle du primaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27800/27800.pdf.
Full textTrompat, François. "Comportements d'aides envers un jeune enfant en situation de résolution de problème sur ordinateur : définition d'un système d'aide intégré au didacticiel." Compiègne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995COMPD820.
Full textMengue, Metoule Evelyne. "Résolution des problèmes arithmétiques : rôle intermédiaire des situations de changement d'état par rapport à celle de type ensembliste et temporel." Thesis, Paris 8, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA080037/document.
Full textThis thesis examines semantic factors in additive problem solving and the related differences in difficulties. The problems studied can be solved by two strategies: the complementation strategy, based on a step by step procedure; and the matching procedure, based on the analogy between homologous elements. The two objectives of this work are: (i) to show that change problems are intermediate between combination problems with frequency contexts and combination problems with age contexts; (ii) to transfer to age problems the complementation procedure usually applied to frequency problems, and transfer to frequency problems the matching strategy usually applied to age problem. The experiments were conducted with children of 4th and 5th grades. The first experiment demonstrates that the change situations are intermediate between frequency and age problems. less often solved by a complementation strategy than frequency problems and less often solved by a matching strategy than age problems. In the second experiment, two teaching situations were tested. The first consisted in giving written instruction, in order to transfer the matching strategy to frequency problems, and to transfer the complementation procedure to age problems the transfer was observed for the matching strategy but not for the complementation strategy. The second teaching method consisted in oral lessons in class, the goal bieing similar: a massive effect of transfer of both procedures was observed as well as a generalization effect to problems with other contexts
Rhéaume, Stéphanie. "Les prises de décision des élèves du 3e cycle du primaire lors de la résolution de problèmes de proportion : une analyse des contrôles mobilisés." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40080.
Full textThe development of the ability to solve mathematical problems remains a lively question in education. Many authors (Fagnant and Vlassis, 2010; Houdement, 2011; Lajoie and Bednarz, 2014; Scott, 2015) and organizations (OECD, 2014b; UNESCO, 2015) observe that in order to solve mathematical problems, it is essential to go beyond specific content knowledge and ensure the development of skills and abilities related to problem solving. With this in mind, the notion of control becomes an important support to the student when the time comes to make decisions regarding the mathematical resources to favour when solving a problem (reasoning, mathematical knowledges, procedures, methods). Nevertheless, to date, little is known about the components which guide elementary school students during problem solving. To this end, this research aims to document and understand the decisions made by elementary school students when they are solving a mathematical problem from the standpoint of mobilized control. Based on the notion of control by Saboya (2010) and on an inductive analysis favouring the emergence of complementary categories supported by works from mathematics didactics, Mathematics Education, educational psychology and cognitive psychology on problem solving (Clément, 2009; Focant and Grégoire, 2008; Julo, 1995, 2002; Richard, 2004; Schoenfeld, 1985, 1992; Verschaffel and De Corte, 2008), we designed a conceptual model to define and study the mobilization of control by elementary school students when they are solving mathematical problems. In order to reach our goal to document and understand, in terms of mobilized control, elementary school students’ decisions when they are solving mathematical problems, we conducted a qualitative research on eighteen fifth grade students from three classes located in three different schools. Explicitation interviews were conducted with these students in an effort to achieve better knowledge on the decisions they made while working on three problems that focused on proportionality. For the most part, their explicitations on decision-making shed light on proportionality problem solving for students in Cycle Three of elementary education in terms of control. Analyses show how they mobilize several components of control which were identified in previous research, such as anticipation, verification, discernment and semantic control. Moreover, inductive analysis leads to the proposition of an analysis framework and to the identification of three types of control that may be exercised by elementary school students: structural control, operational control and restrictive control. This inductive analysis also guided the development of a control analysis grid. Furthermore, the analysis of these results leads to many other observations. For instance, we notice that some students ignore how to mobilize one form of control, such as verification. In addition, the analysis demonstrates that control does not guarantee success in solving a problem: students can use one or many components of control without getting the right answer, perhaps even give up on the problem. We also observe that the presence of certain variables in the situational problems influences the students’ mobilization of control components. Finally, the analysis brought to light two roles that are inherent to control and have an impact on decision-making as well: the role of a control that is internal to the student, and the role of a control that is external to the student. The former, internal control, conveys the deliberate involvement of the student in the problem, while the latter, external control, emphasizes the importance of beliefs and academic expectations in the students’ decisions when solving problems. From a theoretical perspective, this thesis broadens our understanding of the notion of control in mathematics, specifically in the decisions that are made when solving problems. It illustrates the importance of control by, amongst other things, the enrichment of the previously suggested frameworks and by the identification of three types of control. From a methodological perspective, it provides a grid to analyze control when solving mathematical problems. From a practical perspective, this research comes to the conclusion that control mobilization in mathematical problems solving is a central issue that must be considered when teaching and learning to solve mathematical problems, notably by considering the existence of a control that negatively restricts the student’s mathematical activity and by the importance of the development of control tools by the students. These issues deserve the attention of the research and mathematics teaching communities.Key words: mathematical problems solving, decision-making, control, elementary school, proportionality.
Thomazet, Serge. "Acquisition des connaissances chez les enfants de classes élémentaires en situations scolaires et non scolaires : points de ressemblance, points de différence." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CLF20103.
Full textTeachers frequently not significant differences in their pupils' attainments according to test situations. The variability of individual behaviour in learning situations is problematical for more than one psychological theory. Recent work carried out in the field of social psychology leads us to espouse a socio-cognitive conception of human cognitive functions according to which learning processes depend greatly on the situations in which they are axted out. The questions thus raised have led us to studies in the fiels of psychology (on the link between context and cognition) and in that of pedagogy in as far as the relationship between school and non-school learning situations is concerned. An example is given of an empirical study carried out using addition problems in school and nonschool situations. The results obtained show that only a small number of real life situations enable children in their first year at primary school to acquire certain mathematic skills. The solution to the problem involves a whole range of strategies operating, in particular, on a local level (that is to say, specifically linked to the context). School-elaborated strategies, when they are used, are not necessarily the most appropriate, even though they are indispensable in new situations
Turcotte, Brigitte. "Le développement de la compétence à résoudre des problèmes en mathématique et le développement d'habiletés sociales." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40083.
Full textOne of the skills to be developed in mathematics for elementary school students is the skill of solving mathematical problems. As this skill generally represents a challenge for them, we are interested in the role of students' social skills (Goldstein and Mcginnis, 1997; Hanin and Van Nieuwenhoven, 2018), in its development. Thus, for the experimental phase, we proposed five problem situations to solve to two subgroups of four 10-year-old students. These problem situations were first worked on an individual basis. The interactions between the students of each team were recorded and transcribed in verbatim for analysis. Observation grids of the manifestations of the different types of social skills supplemented this study. The analysis of interactions, grids and productions tend to show that social skills of an organizational, functional, emotional and social type, evolve more or less closely with the productions produced by the members of the two groups.
Remigereau, Chrystelle. "L'utilisation d'outil chez l'enfant : approche neuropsychologique du développement normal et du Trouble de l'Acquisition de la Coordination." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0045/document.
Full textDeficits in daily living activities are one of the diagnostic criteria of the Developmental Coordination Disorder(DCD). Despite their impact on child’s autonomy, tooluse disorders involved in these daily activities remainunder-assessed (e.g., underlying processes,interpersonal profiles, persistence disease). To ourknowledge, there is no theoretical framework of tool useformulated in a specifically developmental perspective.This concept actually remains at the crossroads between models of the perceptual-motor development and theories about cognitive processes of problem resolution in children. Recent models developed inadults with apraxia suggest that tool use is a dialectical process between a technical reasoning (i.e., abstractanalysis of technical means and ends) and sensory motorskills (i.e., managed by the representations on the mechanical transformations to be operated). According to these models, we first aim to analyze the typical development of tool use and the underlying processes.We then explore the assumption of an atypical development of tool use in children with DCD. Ourfindings provide evidence for the involvement of technical reasoning in typical development of tool use.From a clinical perspective, the analysis of tool use impairment and underlying deficits confirm the relevance of such an assessment for the validation of the diagnostic criteria of the DCD
Bélanger, Jean-Philippe. "L'imagination créative pour interpréter des productions d'élèves en mathématiques de la fin du primaire et du début du secondaire en résolution de problèmes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30585/30585.pdf.
Full textBorjon, Florence. "Flexibilité cognitive et résolution de problèmes : au-delà des aspects développementaux, confronter son point de vue à un autre." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2057/document.
Full textSolving a problem easily, that is to say finding a fast and effective procedure leading to a solution, requires considering the situation from several points of view in order to choose the most appropriate one. However, this also requires being able to switch point of view when faced with a standstill ̶ which can be interpreted as an expression of cognitive flexibility. An adaptation of Luchins’ water jar experiment was presented to 486 school children from French CM1 and CM2 classes (England: Year 5 and Year 6), with the aim of observing their capacity to put cognitive flexibility into practice. Then, following a draw, several tests and levels were presented to 100 children from the group throughout two individual meetings. Indeed, the aim of this study is demonstrating that, for children who are at the stage of concrete operations, cognitive flexibility, which enables them to elaborate various cognitive strategies and question their initial point of view, is linked both to their operational development level and to their ability to take into account a point of view which differs from theirs, in association with their decentration abilities and the presence of a theory of mind. Furthermore, the goal of this study is also demonstrating that, beyond these developmental aspects, cognitive flexibility is also linked to the ability to confront one’s point of view with another one, which means not only taking into account someone else’s point of view but also having the ability to consider both perspectives simultaneously, appreciating that these two points of view on the same reality may co-exist. Consequently, displaying cognitive flexibility is supposedly linked to the capacity to confront one’s point of view with another one, by looking at things from the other’s perspective while also remaining ourselves and bearing the challenge that this implies ̶ and therefore linked to one’s self-esteem and empathetic capabilities. This exploratory research has enabled us to partially validate our hypotheses and has revealed, particularly through a modelling trial, some differences linked to gender
Cantonny-Dumontet, Mireille. "Un problème de santé publique : les accidents domestiques chez l'enfant." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR2P023.
Full textDulac, Stéphanie. "L'obésité de l'enfant : un problème de santé publique." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2P083.
Full textSorsana, Christine. "Relations affinitaires et co-résolution de problème chez des enfants de six-huit ans : perspectives nouvelles." Aix-Marseille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX10047.
Full textThe general perspective of this work takes place in a research trend which showed the constructive impact of children's interactions for cognitive development. The original contribution of this study is to investigate how non-cognitive characteristics, namely the quality of relationships shared between children, determine particular behaviors which would promote a specific meaning for children's cognitive development : the "affine" peer is not just anybody in the reference group. Using both a sociometric questionnaire for children (a free-choice questionnaire based on five choice criteria versus reject criteria) and teacher interviews, we selected children's dyads who like each other and children's dyads who don't like each other. Then, we compared performance and socio-cognitive and affectivo-relational managements, observed in these two kinds of dyads, in two problem solving situations. Two post-tests permitted an evaluation of individual cognitive benefits derived from the situation. The new insight proposed in this study should contribute to the elaboration of a more lucid research trend, especially due to a greater knowledge of the interactive dynamic emerging from this analysis of interactions
Camus-Musquer, Agnès. "Pour une approche pédagogique et didactique de la résolution de problèmes arithmétiques chez les élèves de CE2 : du processus de symbolisation à l'activité de schématisation réfléchie." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT3003.
Full textThe learning of mathematics and particularly the solving of arithmetic problems is based more often than not on the quality of its representation that the pupils build in their mind. The closer the representation of the problem in pupils’ minds is to the task in hand, the more relevant is the solving of this problem. However, some behavioural deficiencies in the learning process, such as the ability to explore to compare, to infer and to check prevent the creation of any organized problem solving. The realization that the procedure demands an association of the abstract and the concrete through symbols forms the basis of a well-thought-out schematization. It is this that we must consider when experimenting with the teaching and educational conditions likely to encourage the use of the four learning process required to the construction of viable problem-solving space. This thesis aims at organizing the activity of a “thought-out schematization of problems” by distinguishing the teaching and the educational elements. The experimental devices put into play reveal positive consequences and repercussions of a thought –out schematization on the solving of arithmetic problems. This , until now, new activity also brings to light a new approach to teaching “arithmetic problems “ by taking into account four elements :the learner, the subject or situation in this case of arithmetic problems, the learning process, and also teaching skills
Jeanrot-Gouzy, Nicole. "Ontogenèse normale et pathologique de la fonction visuelle chez l'enfant : pouvoir de résolution et vision binoculaire." Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU30198.
Full textVaivre-Douret, Laurence. "L'émergence du saut chez le jeune enfant : résolution des contraintes et ajustements posturaux." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05H064.
Full textIssues concerning motor control, biomechanical constraints in the child development, and new methods of movement analysis led us to look at how emerge this "ordinary" skill : the jump considered more often as the result of exercices or uncontrolled learning. The purpose of the research is (1) to identify the onset and the patterns of jumping (2) to determine the constriants for the jump down, which allow not to underestimate the importance of the vertical dimension in the realisation and the representation to the activity (3) to look at two main difficulties of spontaneous jump : the thrust and the stopping movement. It has been demonstrated that the difficulty to realize a flight could be explained by the absence of the stage in preparatory jump before 26 monts and that, this constraint is overcome by a new postural dynamic organization before the stopping movement. This research was carried out on children aged from 2 to a 3, period during which jump emerges and stabilizes. However, the anticipated representation of action does not seem to allow a generalization and a felxibility similar to those of adults
Tardif-Couture, Roxanne. "Résolution de problèmes en mathématiques chez les élèves allophones du primaire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27352.
Full textManoochehri, Mana. "Enregistrement simultané par EEG haute résolution et signal optique rapide (fast NIRS) chez l'enfant épileptique." Thesis, Amiens, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AMIE0034.
Full textInterictal epileptic spikes (IES) represent a signature of the transient synchronous and excessive discharge of a large ensemble of cortical heterogeneous neurons and are widely accepted diagnostically as a signature of an epileptic underlying network. In this study, changes on neural configuration were observed in an animal and human models during the IES. For the first time, these changes were detected using Fast Optical Spectroscopy (FOS), which correspond to variations of scattered light from neural tissue during activation. These chages [i.e. changes] are associated with cellular mechanisms rather than hemodynamic responses with high spatial and temporal resolution. To investigate IES mechanism, a multimodal simultaneous analysis of the fast optical (FOS) and electrical (EEG/ECoG: time and frequency domain) changes was developed in both animal (15 rats) and human models (frontal IES, 3 children). To independently evaluate our methods, a control somatosensory evoked potential and optical response was designed in both animal and human models (5 healthy volunteers). The results suggest a relationship between (de)synchronization and optical changes whatever the epileptic model. This also proposed that changes in the fast optical signal which reflect changes in membrane configuration, are associated with the complex perturbations of the neuronal activation of the epileptic networks. We demonstrated that this non-invasive multiscale multimodal approach (FOS, ECoG/EEG) is suitable to study the pathophysiology of the IES in patients and shed new light on the mechanisms that propel neurons to the hypersynchronization in both animal and human epileptic models
Langevin, Paul. "Potentiel créatif, comportements de découverte et originalité du produit chez le photographe amateur : II. La résolution du problème photographique." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1998. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/4789/1/000642318.pdf.
Full textOumri, Farah. "Modélisation mathématique, simulation numérique et application en tomographie optique chez l'enfant prématuré." Thesis, Reims, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021REIMS003.
Full textIn the ANR-15-CE23-0009 project, entitled MAIA (Multiphysics image-based Analyzes for premature brAin development understanding) which deals with different techniques of medical imaging for newborns, my thesis work focuses on the mathematical modeling of Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT). Diffuse optical tomography is a method of medical imaging based on the absorption of light by biological tissue in the near infrared scale, and in particular those of the brain. This non-invasive and non-irradiating technique can be used for bedside monitoring and is thus particularly suitable for newborns or premature babies. To this end, a helmet is placed on the children's head, equipped with optodes which serve both as light sources and detectors. After passing through the various tissues that make up the head, the amount of light arriving at the detector is measured. This measurement constitutes the observable quantity of this technique and then makes it possible to reconstruct the optical parameters of the tissues.First, we are interested in the mathematical modeling and numerical simulation in 2D and 3D of the direct problem of light propagation. For this, we use the diffusion approximation to model the phenomenon. We are then studying the possibility of detecting the presence of inclusions with different optical properties in a mono- and multi-layer medium and of finding their localization. We show by the study of the mathematical sensitivity that the presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) prevents this localization, since we are at the limit of validity of the diffusion model.We then develop a new model to better take into account the CSF layer. This layer indeed contains arachnoid trabeculae which act as discrete scatterers. We apply a homogenization process in order to substitute the two-phase layer by an equivalent homogeneous medium. We show simulations for circular and spherical models as well as for a realistic neonatal mesh. Analysis of the results shows that this new model improves the sensitivity of the measurements to inclusion.Finally we define the inverse problem which allows to reconstruct the optical properties of the media from boundary data. A first series of results show that it is possible to reconstruct the values of the absorption and diffusion coefficients in an inclusion whose geometry is known. The resolution of the inverse problem for variable optical parameters strongly depends on the choice of the regularization parameters. Numerous 2D and 3D tests with a single-layer medium are given: one or more inclusions, without inverse crime, with different noise levels. The first results in a 2D multi-layer configuration show that the homogenized model improves the reconstruction
Audo, Béatrice. "La morphine aux urgences pédiatriques : problème ou solution ?" Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR2M003.
Full textRenoult, Catherine. "Etudes de quelques tâches de résolution de problèmes chez des stagiaires adultes : Aspects cognitifs, conatifs et linguistiques." Rouen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1995ROUEL204.
Full textProblem-solving is studied more and more by cognitivist psychologists. My target was to discover the weight of a few conative and cognitive features of adult learners who have an individualized pedagogy (in a group of about 12 people). I have used two types of examination : - test-papers : consistent tests, a questionnaire and problem-solving tasks - oral examination : an exploratory interview. I have gathered a considerable amount of data about : - social profile : age, sex, family status, job status. . . - conative profile : * representation of french and mathematics courses, and of reading activity * attitude relating to their training * self image - cognitive profile : * past schooling, precise educational level * reasoning level * ability to understand logical sentences - linguistic profile : * psycholinguistical study of the interviews. I have tried to discover the origin of the solving errors from the learners' written and oral explanations. I have also tested the influence of the form of the utterances on their problem-solving ability. Then, i have suggested some didactic advice after having pointed out specific and non specific difficulties in problem solving
Abderrazak, Alaoui Driss. "Contribution à ĺétude des interactions agressives en milieu scolaire : conflits et modes de résolution des conflits." Paris 8, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA080906.
Full textThe autor of the following (the present) study intends to analyse the interactions in agressive behaviour among school children while at school. The analysis stresses signification given to agressive behaviour by the participants themselves as they see it (here and there). In this context i consider that the underlying interactions are significant factors. In fact, in social violence, three actors are usualley involved, the assailant, the victim and, often, a third person. Each of these actors views the situation differently, has his own prospect and strategy. They are all active participants in the construction as well as in the deconstruction of the situation one intention of this study is to analyse the interactions of signigicances and conflits brought forward by the confrontation of siffering definitions of the situation. This analyses brings you beyond the very moment when violent behaviour actually occurs. The agressive interaction is analysed within a larger context of conflictual interactions. The present approach ( multireferencial) is related to a number of references, its target is to multiply the points of view on this single subject
Bezeau, Anne-Marie. "Étude descriptive corrélationnelle sur les habiletés de résolution de problème reliées au contrôle du diabète chez un groupe de personnes adultes atteintes de diabète de type 2." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24805/24805.pdf.
Full textMoreno, Torres Mayilin. "La relation gestes-parole dans la planification de la résolution du problème de la Tour de Hanoï chez des enfants, adolescents et adultes colombiens." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU20111/document.
Full textWhen we speak, we move our hands, we make gestures. Gestures help to communicate with others but also to better express our thoughts. Gestures and speech are two dimensions that are part of a unified system of communication based on shared cognitive representations: when a speaker produces a message, most of the information he wants to share is certainly conveyed by speech, but also by gestures (McNeil, 1992). Sometimes this information between gestures and speech is discordant. Goldin-Meadow and Garbert (2002) showed that when participants explain their resolution of the Tower of Hanoi task, the mismatch between the information conveyed by the gesture and the information transmitted orally, may occur either at key moments, indicating the ability to provide two problem-solving strategies, or at uncertain times, showing that participants are torn between several solving strategies. We conducted a study in Colombia among to 144 participants from two contrasting socio-economic backgrounds. The study of the development of planning through the gesture-speech "mismatch" remains understudied despite wide research conducted by Goldin-Meadow. We tried to fill this gap by examining the effects of age, socio-economic background and the complexity of the Tower of Hanoi task upon gesture-speech “mismatches” regarding explanations anticipating the resolution. Our results suggest the existence of an effect of the complexity of the task and limited age and socio-economic background effects
Denoux, Armelle. "Le handicap du petit enfant et le problème de sa prise en charge initiale." Caen, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990CAEN3119.
Full textProcyk, Emmanuel. "Apprentissage et résolution de problèmes séquentiel chez le singe Rhésus : étude comportementale et enregistrement unitaires dans les aires oculomotrices frontales et le cortex cingulaire antérieur." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1T092.
Full textOval-Soto, Carmen Paz. "Les pratiques d'enseignement en Mathématiques : Une analyse de l'enseignement de la résolution de problèmes ayant une structure additive chez les élèves du primaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30165/30165.pdf.
Full textIn this study, we sought to better understand the way that problem solving practices must be taught during math class in primary school. The understanding of this issue comes from the need for consideration of the various components that are involved in this practice, and from the planning of the effective actions that the teacher guides must take into account in class. To achieve this goal, we analyzed the activity of four teachers of second grade classes during two sessions concerning the teaching problem solving with an additive structure. The observations were supplemented by interviews with each teacher (before and after teaching). In-depth analysis, for each case, classroom sessions and interviews helped to highlight the different characteristics of teaching problem solving when considering practices that underlay them (which guide the planning and classroom practice), showing the consistency of this practice. Analysis of class sessions also allowed highlighting the fact that although education teachers' conceptions are not quite the same, we noted that teaching strategies are considered similar in real action in the classroom, around different tasks. Finally, the characteristics that emerge from the analysis of these four different practices around the teaching of problem solving come to illuminate the role of the teacher in learning problem solving by students and that those teachers consider being important to learn.
Hennebel, Jean-Michel. "Le problème philosophique de la rééducation : le cas particulier de l'enfant cérébro-lésé, au croisement des savoirs : philosophie des sciences cognitives, phénoménologie et philosophie de l'éducation." Lille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL30083.
Full textRe-education practices are rarely pervaded with any philosophical thought, since those evry practices seem to hinder the development of suchan idea. Nevertheless, some elements may indicate thet more and more people are taking into account the need to implement such a reflexion within medical care so as to perceive re-education itself as a philosophical problem. The re-education of mentally impaired children implies mutually dependent areas of knowledge, namely : phenomenology, the philosophy of education, and the philosophy of cognitive sciences focusing on mental processes. Our work, which is based on this interdependence, consists in providing a conceptual framework thet we deem to be paramount for the support of our specific area of medical care. Mentally impaired children are involved in pathological events which definitely affect their lives. Those events tragically belong to a logical process involving trauma, cerebral plasticity, and resilience whose connections have to be scrutinized. Furthermore, the quality of the human relations involved in medical care relies on our recognition of the paradoxical value found in the strong desire for the children to maintain their autonomy. Finally, a philosophy of re-education cannot be complete without being linked to a philosophy of education