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3
Wolfgang, Seeger. Strategies of microsurgery in problematic brain areas with special reference to NMR. Wien: Springer, 1990.
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4
Cheng, H. N. NMR spectroscopy of polymers: Innovative strategies for complex macromolecules. Edited by American Chemical Society. Division of Polymer Chemistry. [Washington, D.C.]: American Chemical Society, 2011.
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6
Bigler, Peter. NMR-Spectroscopy: Processing Strategies. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2008.
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7
Bigler, Peter. NMR Spectroscopy: Processing Strategies. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2008.
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8
Bigler, Peter. NMR Spectroscopy: Processing Strategies. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2007.
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9
Sauers, Robert, and Ruth Whitehurst. In Office MRI: Assessment and Implementation Strategies. HCPro, Inc., 2005.
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10
Psychiatric Neuroimaging Research: Contemporary Strategies. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2001.
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11
Schwitter, Juerg, and Jens Bremerich. Cardiac magnetic resonance in the intensive and cardiac care unit. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0023.
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Current applications of cardiac magnetic resonance offer a wide spectrum of indications in the setting of acute cardiac care. In particular, cardiac magnetic resonance is helpful for the differential diagnosis of chest pain by the detection of ischaemia, myocardial stunning, myocarditis, and pericarditis. Also, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and acute aortic diseases can be evaluated by cardiac magnetic resonance and are important differential diagnoses in patients with acute chest pain. In patients with restricted windows for echocardiography, according to guidelines, cardiac magnetic resonance is the method of choice to evaluate complications of an acute myocardial infarction. In an acute myocardial infarction, cardiac magnetic resonance allows for a unique characterization of myocardial damage by quantifying necrosis, microvascular obstruction, oedema (i.e. area at risk), and haemorrhage. These features will help us to understand better the pathophysiological events during infarction and will also allow us to assess new treatment strategies in acute myocardial infarction. To which extent the information on tissue damage will guide patient management is not yet clear, and further research, e.g. in the setting of the European Cardiovascular MR registry, is ongoing to address this issue. Recent studies also demonstrated the possiblity to reduce costs in the management of acute coronary syndromes when cardiac magnetic resonance is integrated into the routine work-up. In the near future, applications of cardiac magnetic resonance will continue to expand in the acute cardiac care units, as manufacturers are now strongly focusing on this aspect of user-friendliness. Finally, in the next decade or so, magnetic resonance imaging of other nuclei, such as fluorine and carbon, might become a reality in clinics, which would allow for metabolic and targeted molecular imaging with excellent sensitivity and specificity.
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Schwitter, Juerg, and Jens Bremerich. Cardiac magnetic resonance in the intensive and cardiac care unit. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0023_update_001.
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Current applications of cardiac magnetic resonance offer a wide spectrum of indications in the setting of acute cardiac care. In particular, cardiac magnetic resonance is helpful for the differential diagnosis of chest pain by the detection of ischaemia, myocardial stunning, myocarditis, and pericarditis. Also, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and acute aortic diseases can be evaluated by cardiac magnetic resonance and are important differential diagnoses in patients with acute chest pain. In patients with restricted windows for echocardiography, according to guidelines, cardiac magnetic resonance is the method of choice to evaluate complications of an acute myocardial infarction. In an acute myocardial infarction, cardiac magnetic resonance allows for a unique characterization of myocardial damage by quantifying necrosis, microvascular obstruction, oedema (i.e. area at risk), and haemorrhage. These features will help us to understand better the pathophysiological events during infarction and will also allow us to assess new treatment strategies in acute myocardial infarction. To which extent the information on tissue damage will guide patient management is not yet clear, and further research, e.g. in the setting of the European Cardiovascular MR registry, is ongoing to address this issue. Recent studies also demonstrated the possiblity to reduce costs in the management of acute coronary syndromes when cardiac magnetic resonance is integrated into the routine work-up. In the near future, applications of cardiac magnetic resonance will continue to expand in the acute cardiac care units, as manufacturers are now strongly focusing on this aspect of user-friendliness. Finally, in the next decade or so, magnetic resonance imaging of other nuclei, such as fluorine and carbon, might become a reality in clinics, which would allow for metabolic and targeted molecular imaging with excellent sensitivity and specificity.
13
Schwitter, Juerg, and Jens Bremerich. Cardiac magnetic resonance in the intensive and cardiac care unit. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0023_update_002.
Full textAbstract:
Current applications of cardiac magnetic resonance offer a wide spectrum of indications in the setting of acute cardiac care. In particular, cardiac magnetic resonance is helpful for the differential diagnosis of chest pain by the detection of ischaemia, myocardial stunning, myocarditis, and pericarditis. Also, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy and acute aortic diseases can be evaluated by cardiac magnetic resonance and are important differential diagnoses in patients with acute chest pain. In patients with restricted windows for echocardiography, according to guidelines, cardiac magnetic resonance is the method of choice to evaluate complications of an acute myocardial infarction. In an acute myocardial infarction, cardiac magnetic resonance allows for a unique characterization of myocardial damage by quantifying necrosis, microvascular obstruction, oedema (i.e. area at risk), and haemorrhage. These features will help us to understand better the pathophysiological events during infarction and will also allow us to assess new treatment strategies in acute myocardial infarction. To which extent the information on tissue damage will guide patient management is not yet clear, and further research, e.g. in the setting of the European Cardiovascular MR registry, is ongoing to address this issue. Recent studies also demonstrated the possiblity to reduce costs in the management of acute coronary syndromes when cardiac magnetic resonance is integrated into the routine work-up. In the near future, applications of cardiac magnetic resonance will continue to expand in the acute cardiac care units, as manufacturers are now strongly focusing on this aspect of user-friendliness. Finally, in the next decade or so, magnetic resonance imaging of other nuclei, such as fluorine and carbon, might become a reality in clinics, which would allow for metabolic and targeted molecular imaging with excellent sensitivity and specificity.
14
Algar, Walter Russell. Towards multi-colour strategies for the detection of nucleic acid hybridization using quantum dots as energy donors in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). 2006.
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15
Felbaum, Daniel R., Jonathan H. Sherman, and Walter C. Jean. Pineal Tumors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0003.
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Pineal region tumors can include a variety of histologies including pineal parenchymal tumor, germ cell tumor, glial tumor, metastasis and meningioma. The workup for pineal region tumors includes standard magnetic resonance imaging for anatomic imaging, as well as cerebrospinal fluid markers to assess for certain germ cell tumors. Cerebrospinal fluid diversion may be necessary if patients present with hydrocephalus. If surgical resection is indicated based on the suspected diagnosis, magnetic resonance venogram is an important study that influences the surgical trajectory. This chapter reviews common pineal region tumors in the setting of a case presentation. Management strategies and surgical approaches are also discussed in this chapter. Pearls for how to select the surgical approach and complication avoidance are also presented.
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Snaith, Holly. Depoliticization as a Coordination Problem. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748977.003.0008.
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Although work on depoliticization arises most frequently from the literature on governance as a function of the differentiated polity, it also has resonance with that on multilevel governance (MLG). This indicates a distinction between ‘two types’ of MLG: from forms of territorialized federal governance and from more ad hoc actions of delegated governance. Setting the literature on arena-shifting within a framework inspired by the MLG literature on the European Union demonstrates that depoliticization may be fostered at the nexus of different types of policy devolution, due to the functional interdependence between policy fields. The fundamental argument of this chapter is that depoliticization assumes intention on the part of key actors to effect strategies of depoliticization, and this assumption is problematic. The example of monetary and fiscal governance is (re)used to demonstrate the strategic interactions between territorialized and a-territorialized forms of policy governance and the problems that arise between the two.
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Boldt, A., B. Schulte, and D. Beyer. MRT des Herzens und der Gefäße: Indikationen - Strategien - Abläufe - Ergebnisse. Springer, 2005.
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20
Hausenloy, Derek, and Derek Yellon, eds. Coronary No-Reflow and Microvascular Obstruction. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199544769.003.0005.
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• Following an AMI, the restoration of TIMI III coronary blood flow using thrombolytic therapy or primary percutaneous coronary intervention does not guarantee actual myocardial perfusion• In 40–60% of reperfused AMI cases, myocardial perfusion is impeded at the level of the capillaries due to microvascular obstruction (MVO)- a phenomenon termed coronary no-reflow• The presence of coronary no-reflow can be detected as impaired myocardial perfusion using non-invasive imaging modalities such as nuclear myocardial perfusion scanning, myocardial contrast echocardiography or contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging• The presence of microvascular obstruction post-AMI is associated with a larger infarct size, impaired LV ejection fraction, adverse LV remodelling and poorer clinical outcomes• Current treatment strategies include; vasodilator therapy such as adenosine, calcium-channel blockers, and nitrates; distal protection to prevent microemboli; and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors• Novel treatment strategies are required to prevent and treat coronary no-reflow, thereby improving myocardial perfusion, reducing myocardial infarct size, preserving LV ejection fraction, preventing LV remodeling and improving clinical outcomes.
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Zawiszewski, Adam. Processing Ergativity: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.28.
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So far ergativity has been mostly studied from a language-theoretic perspective and the evidence on how it is processed and represented is rather scarce. In this paper I provide an insight into ergativity from an experimental approach. First, I present an overview of the experimental methods used to investigate ergativity (self-paced reading, event-related potentials and functional magnetic resonance imaging) and next I review studies that examined behavioral, electrophysiological and neuroanatomical correlates of ergativity in both native and non-native speakers, as well as those focused on the universality of processing strategies in ergative languages. Finally, I also review and discuss the experimental data from works that dealt with syntactic and semantic aspects of ergativity and discuss the implication of the results for future research.
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Schwitter, Juerg. Coronary artery disease. Edited by Dudley Pennell. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0105.
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In the work-up of suspected or known coronary artery disease (CAD), cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is an established technique and it is recommended by most recent guidelines. Stress dobutamine and stress perfusion CMR yield sensitivities and specificities to detect anatomically defined CAD (>50% coronary stenoses) ranging from 83% to 91% and from 83% to 86%, respectively, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) of 0.80–0.93. Multicentre trials report AUCs of 0.75–0.91 to detect CAD and showed superiority over scintigraphic techniques. Increasing evidence in thousands of patients demonstrates the highly predictive value of CMR. Exclusion of ischaemia by CMR goes along with excellent event-free survival rates of 0.5–0.9%/year. Cost analyses in large data sets (e.g. in the European CMR registry), suggest considerable cost savings for CMR over first-line invasive strategies in suspected CAD. Tissue characterization by CMR to detect scar, necrosis, oedema, microvascular obstruction, or haemorrhage is of particular importance in the setting of acute coronary syndromes and this application is emerging as the number of centres offering CMR increases.
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Dorbala, Sharmila, and Katarina H. Nelson. Inflammatory and Infiltrative Diseases and Tumors. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0026.
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This chapter highlights some of the novel clinical radionuclide imaging strategies beyond perfusion imaging including inflammatory diseases, infiltrative diseases and tumors. Targeted molecular imaging techniques to evaluate cardiac amyloidosis as well as myocardial and vascular inflammation are addressed. Clinical 18F-FDG imaging of cardiac sarcoidosis, cardiovascular prosthetic valve and device infections, systemic vasculitis, and tumors are discussed in detail. For each of these pathologies, a concise overview of the disease pathophysiology and management pertinent to understanding of imaging techniques is provided followed by details of imaging including radiotracers, imaging techniques and image interpretation with a reference to societal guidelines. The published data on the utility of radionuclide imaging tests to assess diagnosis, prognosis and to monitor response to therapy are discussed. Clinical scenarios and available societal recommendations on the use of imaging are illustrated. The strengths and limitations of radionuclide techniques are discussed in the context of a comparison to echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, cardiac CT and endomyocardial biopsy. Future directions in imaging and ongoing clinical trials in these areas are listed at the end of each section.
24
Zamarian, L., and Margarete Delazer. Arithmetic Learning in Adults. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.007.
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Neuroimaging has significantly contributed to our understanding of human learning by tracking the neural correlates underlying the acquisition of new expertise. Studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) suggest that the acquisition of arithmetic competence is reflected in a decrease of activation in frontal brain regions and a relative increase of activation in parietal brain regions that are important for arithmetic processing. Activation of the angular gyrus (AG) is related to fact learning, skilled retrieval, and level of automatization. fMRI investigations extend the findings of cognitive studies showing that behavioural differences between trained and untrained sets of items, between different arithmetic operations, and between different training strategies are reflected by specific activation patterns. fMRI studies also reveal inter-individual differences related to arithmetic competence, with low performing individuals showing lower AG activation when answering calculation problems. Importantly, training attenuates inter-individual differences in AG activation. Studies with calculation experts suggest that different strategies may be used to achieve extraordinary performance. While some experts recruit a more extended cerebral network compared with the average population, others use the same frontoparietal network, but more efficiently. In conclusion, brain imaging studies on arithmetic learning and expertise offer a promising view on the adaptivity of the human brain. Although evidence on functional or structural modifications following intervention in dyscalculic patients is still scarce, future studies may contribute to the development of more efficient and targeted rehabilitation programmes after brain damage or in cases of atypical numerical development.
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Sinagra, Gianfranco, Marco Merlo, and Davide Stolfo. Dilated cardiomyopathy: clinical diagnosis and medical management. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0356.
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Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a relatively rare primary heart muscle disease with genetic or post-inflammatory aetiology that affects relatively young patients with a low-risk co-morbidity profile. Therefore, DCM represents a particular heart failure model with specific characteristics and long-term evolution. The progressively earlier diagnosis derived from systematic familial screening programmes and the current therapeutic strategies have greatly modified the prognosis of DCM with a dramatic reduction of mortality over recent decades. A significant number of DCM patients present an impressive response to pharmacological and non-pharmacological evidence-based therapy in terms of haemodynamic improvement with subsequent left ventricular reverse remodelling, which confer a favourable long-term prognosis. However, in some DCM patients the outcome is still severe. This prognostic heterogeneity is possibly related to the aetiological variety of this disease. Maximal effort towards an early aetiological diagnosis of DCM, by using all diagnostic available tools (including cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, endomyocardial biopsy, and genetic testing when indicated), as well as the individualized long-term follow-up appear crucial in improving the prognostic stratification and the clinical management of these patients.
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Adapa, Ram, and Anthony Absalom. Central nervous system physiology in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0006.
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How and where consciousness is generated and maintained remains an unsolved scientific mystery, and this has impeded progress in understanding anaesthesia. In recent years, however, significant progress has been made in understanding the neurobiology of anaesthetic-induced loss of consciousness. This has been made possible by advances in molecular biology techniques, which have helped shed light on the molecular mechanisms of action of the anaesthetic agents. In parallel, the development of neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography, has also provided an enormous impetus. These techniques are providing new insights into the neural correlates of consciousness, and new insights into the alterations in neurophysiology associated with impaired consciousness caused by sleep, sedation, and anaesthesia. The information being gained from these studies on the neurobiology of impairments of attention, awareness, and memory will hopefully eventually not only lead to improvements in our understanding of consciousness and anaesthesia, but also to better clinical care. Understanding of memory functions during sedation and anaesthesia may, for example, lead to better strategies for preventing awareness with subsequent explicit recall of intraoperative events. Further, a better understanding of the neurobiology of anaesthetic-induced unconsciousness may inform future development of better anaesthetic agents, with a broader therapeutic index, and fewer unwanted effects.
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Andres, Michael, and Mauro Pesenti. Finger-based representation of mental arithmetic. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.028.
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Human beings are permanently required to process the world numerically and, consequently, to perform computations to adapt their behaviour and they have developed various calculation strategies, some of them based on specific manipulations of the fingers. In this chapter, we argue that the way we express physically numerical concepts by raising fingers while counting leads to embodied representations of numbers and calculation procedures in the adult brain. To illustrate this, we focus on number and finger interactions in the context of simple arithmetic operations. We show that the fixed order of fingers on the hand provides human beings with unique facilities to increment numerical changes or represent a cardinal value while solving arithmetic problems. In order to specify the influence of finger representation on mental arithmetic both at the cognitive and neural level, we review past and recent findings from behavioural, electrophysiological, and brain imaging studies. We start with anthropological and developmental data showing the role of fingers in the acquisition of arithmetic knowledge, then address the issue of whether number and finger interactions are also observed in adults solving arithmetic problems mentally. We suggest that arithmetic performance depends on the integrity of finger representations in children and adults. Finally, we overview the results of recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies showing a common brain substrate for finger and number representations during and after the acquisition of arithmetic skills.
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Authors, Multiple. Creating an Effective Marketing Message: Leading Marketing Executives on Developing Communication Strategies That Articulate the Brand and Resonate with Target Audiences. Thomson Reuters Westlaw, 2012.
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29
Thuny, Franck, and Didier Raoult. Pathophysiology and causes of endocarditis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0160.
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Endocarditis is defined as an inflammation of the endocardial surface of the heart. This may include heart valves, mural endocardium or the endocardium that covers implanted material, such as prosthetic valves, pacemaker/defibrillator leads and catheters. Infective and non-infective-related causes must be distinguished. In most cases, the inflammation is related to a bacterial or fungal infection with oral streptococci, group D streptococci, staphylococci and enterococci accounting for 85% of episodes. Infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious disease with an incidence ranging from 30 to 100 episodes/million patient-years. From various portals of entry (e.g. oral, digestive, cutaneous) and a subsequent bacteraemia, pathogens can adhere and colonize intracardiac foreign material or onto previously damaged endocardium due to numerous complex processes based on a unique host–pathogen interaction. Rarely, endocarditis can be related to non-infective causes, such as immunological or neoplastic. Mortality is high, with more than one-third dying within a year of diagnosis from complications such as acute heart failure or emboli. This disease still remains a diagnostic challenge with many cases being identified and subsequently treated too late. Diagnosis of IE usually relies on the association between an infectious syndrome and recent endocardial involvement. Blood cultures and echocardiography are the main diagnostic procedures, but are negative in almost 30% of cases, requiring the use of more sophisticated techniques. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography are promising imaging modalities. Improved understanding of its pathophysiology and the development of relevant diagnostic strategies enables accelerated identification and treatment, and thus an improved prognosis.
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Penney, Joel. Self-Labeled and Visible Identities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190658052.003.0003.
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This chapter focuses on the identity politics of social movements and uses the case study of gay and lesbian activism to examine how citizen media participation is mobilized in strategic projects of public visibility. It charts how citizens use mediated acts of self-labeling, such as changing profile pictures on social media, to announce the presence of their identities and attempt to influence perceptions of social and political reality. This model of “coming out” may have particular resonance for the LGBT community that has long sought to end its historical invisibility, yet it has also been adopted by a wide range of constituencies who seek to challenge notions of who “the people” truly are. Public visibility campaigns may also contribute to a flattening of differences as social identities become branded with a homogenized set of symbolic artifacts, suggesting the potential limits of visibility as a strategy for inducing social and political change.
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Meyer, John M. Sacrifice and the Possibilities for Environmental Action. Edited by Stephen M. Gardiner and Allen Thompson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199941339.013.47.
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A key political-strategic question facing those aiming to foster environmental action is, When and how do environmental concerns resonate widely with citizens? This question invites reflection upon the rhetoric of “sacrifice,” especially as often deployed within wealthy consumer societies. This rhetoric has become a political sticking point that often entangles environmental discourse in a false dichotomy between sacrifice and self-interest and thereby constrains the political imaginary. By challenging this dichotomy we can draw attention to the ubiquity of notions of sacrifice in everyday life, thereby defusing its ability to shut down ambitious proposals for action. We might use this insight to reorient talk about sacrifice in a manner that expands our imaginary and opens up broader possibilities for democratic change.
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Tew, Yvonne. Constitutional Statecraft in Asian Courts. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198716839.001.0001.
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Constitutional Statecraft in Asian Courts explores how courts engage in constitutional state-building in aspiring yet deeply fragile democracies in Asia. Yvonne Tew offers an in-depth look at contemporary Malaysia and Singapore, explaining how courts protect and construct constitutionalism even as they confront dominant political parties and negotiate democratic transitions. This richly illustrative account offers at once an engaging analysis of Southeast Asia’s constitutional context, as well as a broader narrative that should resonate in many countries across Asia that are also grappling with similar challenges of colonial legacies, histories of authoritarian rule, and societies polarized by race, religion, and identity. The book explores the judicial strategies for statecraft in Asian courts, including an analysis of the specific mechanisms that courts can use to entrench constitutional basic structures and to protect rights in a manner that is purposive and proportionate. Tew’s account shows how courts in Asia’s emerging democracies can chart a path forward to help safeguard a nation’s constitutional core and to build an enduring constitutional framework.
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Fay, Jessica. Wordsworth's Monastic Inheritance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816201.001.0001.
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This is the first extended study of Wordsworth’s complex, subtle, and often conflicted engagement with the material and cultural legacies of monasticism. It reveals that a set of topographical, antiquarian, and ecclesiastical sources consulted by Wordsworth between 1806 and 1822 provided extensive details of the routines, structures, landscapes, and architecture of the medieval monastic system. In addition to offering a new way of thinking about religious dimensions of Wordsworth’s work and his views on Roman Catholicism, the book offers original insights into a range of important issues in his poetry and prose, including the historical resonances of the landscape, local attachment and memorialization, gardening and cultivation, Quakerism and silence, solitude and community, pastoral retreat and national identity. Wordsworth’s interest in monastic history helps explain significant stylistic developments in his writing. In this often-neglected phase of his career, Wordsworth undertakes a series of generic experiments in order to craft poems capable of reformulating and refining taste; he adapts popular narrative forms and challenges pastoral conventions, creating difficult, austere poetry that, he hopes, will encourage contemplation and subdue readers’ appetites for exciting narrative action. This book thus argues for the significance and innovative qualities of some of Wordsworth’s most marginalized writings. It grants poems such as The White Doe of Rylstone, The Excursion, and Ecclesiastical Sketches the centrality Wordsworth believed they deserved, and reveals how Wordsworth’s engagement with the monastic history of his local region inflected his radical strategies for the creation of taste.
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Vinter, Maggie. Last Acts. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823284269.001.0001.
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Last Acts: The Art of Dying on the Early Modern Stage argues that the Elizabethan and Jacobean theater offered playwrights, actors, and audiences important opportunities to practice arts of dying. Early modern plays also engage with devotional traditions that understand death less as an occasion for suffering or grieving than as an action to be performed, well or badly. Active deaths belie the narratives of helplessness and loss most often used to analyze representations of mortality and instead suggest ways that marginalized and constrained subjects might participate in the political, social, and economic management of life. Some of these strategies for dying resonate with ecclesiastical forms or with descriptions of biopolitics within the recent work of Giorgio Agamben and Roberto Esposito. Yet the art of dying is not solely a discipline imposed upon recalcitrant subjects. Since it offers suffering individuals a way to enact their deaths on their own terms, it discloses both political and dramatic action in their most minimal manifestations. Rather than mournfully marking what we cannot recover, the practice of dying reveals what we can do, even in death. By analyzing representations of dying in plays by writers including Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson alongside both devotional texts and contemporary biopolitical theory, Last Acts shows how theater reflects, enables, and contests the politicization of life and death.
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Scheible, Kristin. Reading the Mahavamsa. Columbia University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231171380.001.0001.
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Vamsa is a dynamic genre of Buddhist history filled with otherworldly characters and the exploits of real-life heroes. These narratives collapse the temporal distance between Buddha and the reader, building an emotionally resonant connection with an outsized religious figure and a longed-for past. The fifth-century Pali text Mahāvamsa is a particularly effective example, using metaphor and other rhetorical devices to ethically transform readers, to stimulate and then to calm them. Reading the Mahāvamsa advocates a new, literary approach to this text by revealing its embedded reading advice (to experience samvega and pasada) and affective work of metaphors (the Buddha's dharma as light) and salient characters (nagas). Kristin Scheible argues that the Mahāvamsa requires a particular kind of reading. In the text’s proem, special instructions draw readers to the metaphor of light and the nagas, or salient snake-beings, of the first chapter. Nagas are both model worshippers and unworthy hoarders of Buddha’s relics. As nonhuman agents, they challenge political and historicist readings of the text. Scheible sees these slippery characters and the narrative’s potent and playful metaphors as techniques for refocusing the reader’s attention on the text’s emotional aims. Her work explains the Mahāvamsa’s central motivational role in contemporary Sri Lankan Buddhist and nationalist circles. It also speaks broadly to strategies of reading religious texts and to the internal and external cues that give such works lives beyond the page.
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Hansen, Lene. Poststructuralism and Security. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.278.
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Poststructuralism is an International Relations (IR) theory that entered the domain of Security Studies during the Second Cold War. During this period, poststructuralists engaged with power, security, the militarization of the superpower relationship, and the dangers that the nuclear condition was believed to entail. Poststructuralism’s concern with power, structures, and the disciplining effects of knowledge seemed to resonate well with the main themes of classical realist Security Studies. At the same time, the discursive ontology and epistemology of poststructuralism set it apart not only from Strategic Studies, but from traditional peace researchers who insisted on “real world” material referents and objective conceptions of security. The unexpected end of the Cold War brought challenges as well as opportunities for poststructuralism. The most important challenge that arose was whether states needed enemies. The terrorist attacks of September 11 and “The War on Terror” also had a profound impact on poststructuralist discourse. First, poststructuralists held that “terrorism” and “terrorists” had no objective, material referent, but were signs that constituted a radical Other. They viewed the actions on September 11 as “terror,” “acts of war,” and “orchestrated,” rather than “accidents” committed by a few individuals. The construction of “terrorists” as “irrational” intersected with poststructuralist deconstructions of rational–irrational dichotomies that had also been central to Cold War discourse. These responses to “the War on Terror” demonstrated that poststructuralist theory still informs important work in Security Studies and that there are also crucial intersections between poststructuralism and other approaches in IR.