Journal articles: 'Resource intensification'

1

Raj, Abhishek. "Sustainable Intensification for Resource Conservation." Acta Scientific Microbiology 4, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2020.03.0742.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Shaldina, G. E. "The Intensification of Natural Resource Utilization and the Reproduction of Resources." Soviet Review 26, no. 3 (October 1985): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rss1061-1428260385.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Shaldina, G. E. "The Intensification of Natural Resource Utilization and the Reproduction of Resources." Problems in Economics 28, no. 2 (June 1985): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/pet1061-1991280280.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

V, Dr Suma. "Resource Intensification for Mobile Devices Using the Approximate Computing Entities." Journal of Trends in Computer Science and Smart Technology 2, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jtcsst.2020.1.003.

Full text

Abstract:

The mobile devices are termed to highly potential due to their capability of rendering services without being plugged to the electric grid. These device are becoming highly prominent due to their constant progress in computing as well as storing capacities and as they are very much closer to the users. Despites its advantages it still faces many problems due to the load balancing and energy consumption due to its limited battery limited and storage availability as some applications or the video downloading requires high storage facilities consuming majority of the energy in turn reducing the performance of the mobile devices. So as to improve the performance and the capability of the mobile devices the mobile cloud computing that integrates the mobile devices with the cloud paradigm has emerged as a promising paradigm. This enables the augmentation of the local resources for the mobile devices to enhance its capabilities in order to improve its functioning. This is basically done by proper offloading and resource allocation. The proposed method in the paper utilizes the optimal offloading strategy (Single and double strand offloading) and follows an Ant colony optimization based resource allocation for improving the functioning the mobile devices in terms of energy consumption and storage.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Павлов, К. В. "ЕКОНОМІЧНА ОЦІНКА ІНТЕНСИВНОГО ХАРАКТЕРУ ВИРОБНИЦТВА В УМОВАХ РОЗВИТКУ ПРИРОДНОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА." TIME DESCRIPTION OF ECONOMIC REFORMS, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/cher.2019.1.07.

Full text

Abstract:

This article discusses the methodical approach to definition of the influence of the process of intensification of social production on the economic assessment of natural resources. At the same time when assessing the impact are taken into account as different directions of intensification, as well as the process of intensification of production in general. The purpose of the research is an economic assessment of the intensive nature of production in the conditions of the development of the natural environment. The object of the research is the process of economic evaluation of the intensive nature of production in the conditions of the development of the natural environment. The methods used of the research are scientific, logical, and retrospective. The hypothesis of the research is the emergence of a system of contradictory relations both between different types of intensive use of resources, and between them and the process of environmental production. The statement of basic materials. The influence of each type of intensification on the economic evaluation of natural resources is considered. Intensification of cumulative social labor has two main directions: the intensification of living labor (in its quantitative and qualitative forms) and past work, which is substantiated in the means of production (also in two forms). Intensification of means of production coincides with the intensification of social labor. The originality and practical significance of the research. The peculiarity of the article is to assess the intensification of production specifically for the natural environment of the regions of North Russia. Conclusions of the research. It is necessary to distinguish the environmental consequences of the process of intensifying production, depending on its orientation on various objects, that is, the effects of labor, fund and resource-saving on-lines intensification.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

MAO, Li-li, Li-zhen ZHANG, Si-ping ZHANG, Jochem B. Evers, Wopke van der Werf, Jing-jing WANG, Hong-quan SUN, Zhi-cheng SU, and Huub Spiertz. "Resource use efficiency, ecological intensification and sustainability of intercropping systems." Journal of Integrative Agriculture 14, no. 8 (August 2015): 1542–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(15)61039-5.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Janetski, Joel C. "Fremont Hunting and Resource Intensification in the Eastern Great Basin." Journal of Archaeological Science 24, no. 12 (December 1997): 1075–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1996.0187.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Butler, Virginia L., and Sarah K. Campbell. "Resource Intensification and Resource Depression in the Pacific Northwest of North America: A Zooarchaeological Review." Journal of World Prehistory 18, no. 4 (December 2004): 327–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10963-004-5622-3.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Devendra, C. "Mixed farming and intensification of animal production systems in Asia." Outlook on Agriculture 26, no. 4 (December 1997): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709702600407.

Full text

Abstract:

Integrated crop-animal systems are important in Asia. Both ruminants and non-ruminants are used in a variety of combinations with annual and perennial crops in Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, China and Sri Lanka. These combined systems provide distinct economic benefits, and are more compatible with ecological and environmental sustainability. Increased investment in these systems is likely and research is needed on feed resources, use of indigenous animal genetic resources and livestock disease to increase livestock production. In addition, available research results should be applied and enabling policies developed to promote increased investment in livestock production and natural resource use and management in the rainfed warm humid/subhumid and arid/semiarid tropics.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Getz, Kelly D., Tamara P. Miller, Alix E. Seif, Yimei Li, Yuan-Shung Huang, Rochelle Bagatell, Brian T. Fisher, and Richard Aplenc. "Comparison of Resource Utilization in Children Discharged Versus Children That Remain Hospitalized Following Chemotherapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 3697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.3697.3697.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Treatment for pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) involves multiple courses of intensive chemotherapy leading to prolonged neutropenia with substantive infection risks. Patients are typically hospitalized at each course for the duration of chemotherapy and associated marrow aplasia. Evaluations of early discharge and outpatient supportive care in adult AML patients demonstrate comparable mortality and shorter lengths of stay compared to standard discharge. Similar data in the pediatric setting are limited. We used data from the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) to evaluate course-specific mortality and resource utilization in AML patients who were discharged prior to count recovery relative to comparable patients who remained hospitalized. We used a cohort of children treated for new onset AML at children's hospitals in the US contributing to PHIS. Analyses were restricted to patients considered eligible for discharge prior to count recovery. Patients were categorized at each course as early or standard discharge. Discharges within 3 days after chemotherapy completion were considered early. Course-specific follow-up started on the last day of chemotherapy and continued until the earliest of: start of the subsequent course, death, or 50 days after commencement of chemotherapy. Resource utilization was determined based on daily billing data and reported as days of use per 100 hospital days. Case fatality rates and duration of hospitalization were compared using chi-square and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Poisson regression with inpatient days as offset was used to compare resource use by discharge status. The study population included 996 patients representing 2358 courses. Fewer patients were discharged early following Induction I (7%) compared to subsequent courses (22-24%). Rates of early discharge varied greatly by hospital ranging from 0% to 100%. Across courses, patients discharged early experienced 8-12 fewer inpatient days (all p<0.001) despite readmission rates >90%. Case fatality rates were low across courses (0-1.3%) and did not differ significantly by discharge status. However, more early discharge patients required ICU level care at each course (7.2-18.1%) compared to standard discharge patients (2.0%-8.7%; all p <0.02). Table 1 presents resource utilization by discharge status with corresponding rate ratios (RR). Rates of antibiotic, vasopressor, and oxygen therapy use were each consistently elevated for early discharge patients. Following Intensification I and II, blood product use was also higher among those discharged early. The data suggest a similar overall survival and shorter hospitalization following early compared to standard discharge. However, based on increased rates of vasopressor and antibiotic use, early discharge patients may be at greater risk for life-threatening chemotherapy-related infectious complications. Table 1: Resource utilization (per 100 hospital days) by Discharge Status Early Discharge Standard Discharge Adjusted1 RR (95% CI) Antibiotics Induction I 153.6 131.5 1.17 (1.00, 1.36)* Induction II 146.7 89.7 1.64 (1.48, 1.81)* Intensification I 144.2 95.1 1.52 (1.38, 1.67)* Intensification II 162.4 117.0 1.39 (1.27, 1.52)* Antifungals Induction I 78.9 91.6 0.87 (0.72, 1.05) Induction II 84.1 90.2 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) Intensification I 79.3 87.9 0.90 (0.82, 1.00) Intensification II 80.6 84.1 0.96 (0.86, 1.07) Antivirals Induction I 6.2 11.6 0.56 (0.20, 1.56) Induction II 4.0 5.9 0.58 (0.41, 1.11) Intensification I 8.7 13.1 0.66 (0.39, 1.12) Intensification II 5.7 13.0 0.44 (0.19, 0.98) Blood Products Induction I 34.6 29.9 1.16 (0.99, 1.35) Induction II 26.9 24.2 1.12 (0.99, 1.26) Intensification I 28.4 20.5 1.38 (1.11, 1.72)* Intensification II 39.1 29.1 1.34 (1.17, 1.55)* Vasopressors Induction I 2.4 0.4 6.47 (2.67, 15.7)* Induction II 3.5 0.7 5.04 (2.13, 12.0)* Intensification I 3.6 0.5 6.62 (2.91, 15.0)* Intensification II 3.8 1.0 3.69 (1.74, 7.83)* Parenteral nutrition Induction I 14.5 17.0 0.85 (0.43, 1.70) Induction II 10.3 9.5 1.09 (0.64, 1.86) Intensification I 7.5 6.1 1.24 (0.76, 2.02) Intensification II 11.0 8.4 1.30 (0.87, 1.96) Supplemental Oxygen Induction I 4.6 0.9 4.95 (1.87, 13.1)* Induction II 2.0 0.5 3.86 (1.89, 7.92)* Intensification I 1.6 0.7 2.33 (1.15, 4.77)* Intensification II 4.7 1.6 2.93 (1.44, 5.93)* 1adjusted for age, race, sex, and insurance status; *statistically significant Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Rahimov, Bahromjon, and Mirzobobur Ibrokhimov. "INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE MARKET OF MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL RESOURCES AND METHODOLOGICAL BASES OF RESOURCE EFFICIENCY ASSESSMENT." INNOVATIONS IN ECONOMY 4, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9491-2021-7-10.

Full text

Abstract:

The establishment of market relations in agriculture requires the development of the system of material and technical resources on the basis of market principles. Weak financial situation of agricultural enterprises, weakening of economic relations with the manufacturer of equipment, transport costs, transit, high customs duties, devaluation of money, imbalances between prices for agricultural and industrial products and a number of other factors.Keywords:regions, efficiency, economy, agricultural production, forecast, production potential, intensification, resources, economic mechanism.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

BRANNON, ROBERT L. "Professionalization and Work Intensification." Work and Occupations 21, no. 2 (May 1994): 157–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0730888494021002001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Nguyen, Nguyen, and Jolly. "Is Super-Intensification the Solution to Shrimp Production and Export Sustainability?" Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 5277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195277.

Full text

Abstract:

The government of Vietnam has selected shrimp production and exports as the pillars of rural economic development. The targets set depend on high yields through production intensification. International and national public research communities have raised production intensification concerns related to environmental and climate change challenges, such as saltwater intrusion, water pollution, disease outbreaks, mangrove destruction, and natural resource degradation. Social snags such as user right conflicts of water resources, food safety problems, tariff barriers, and attempts to taint the industry’s image by competitors also plague the industry. These give rise to the problem of certification and questions about the influence of standards on the small-scale farming sustainability in a competitive global environment. The questions asked are, how can one bring together small-scale shrimp farmers to comply with international standards? Can small-scale shrimp farming co-exist with super-intensive producers to bring about a sustainable and competitive industry? A proposed model to horizontally organize the limited resource farmers into cooperatives to vertically integrate with large-scale firms producing shrimp using super-intensive production methods shows small-scale farmers adopting super-intensive production methods that can generate higher yields, income, profits, and is more environmentally friendly and requires less water and land. The capital requirements are high for limited resource farmers. However, with the interest showed by banks in financing models that are appropriate for small-scale farms integrated with larger firms engaged in super-intensive production systems, along with government assistance, these small-scale shrimp producing units can attain higher levels of sustainability than the open, less intensive production systems.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Lupo, Karen D., Jason M. Fancher, and Dave N. Schmitt. "The Taphonomy of Resource Intensification: Zooarchaeological Implications of Resource Scarcity Among Bofi and Aka Forest Foragers." Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 20, no. 3 (October 20, 2012): 420–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10816-012-9159-y.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Chen, Jieming, Bo Wang, Lynne Regan, and Mark Gerstein. "Intensification: A Resource for Amplifying Population-Genetic Signals with Protein Repeats." Journal of Molecular Biology 429, no. 3 (February 2017): 435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2016.12.003.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Sheehan, Oliver, Joseph Watts, Russell D. Gray, and Quentin D. Atkinson. "Coevolution of landesque capital intensive agriculture and sociopolitical hierarchy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 14 (March 19, 2018): 3628–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714558115.

Full text

Abstract:

One of the defining trends of the Holocene has been the emergence of complex societies. Two essential features of complex societies are intensive resource use and sociopolitical hierarchy. Although it is widely agreed that these two phenomena are associated cross-culturally and have both contributed to the rise of complex societies, the causality underlying their relationship has been the subject of longstanding debate. Materialist theories of cultural evolution tend to view resource intensification as driving the development of hierarchy, but the reverse order of causation has also been advocated, along with a range of intermediate views. Phylogenetic methods have the potential to test between these different causal models. Here we report the results of a phylogenetic study that modeled the coevolution of one type of resource intensification—the development of landesque capital intensive agriculture—with political complexity and social stratification in a sample of 155 Austronesian-speaking societies. We found support for the coevolution of landesque capital with both political complexity and social stratification, but the contingent and nondeterministic nature of both of these relationships was clear. There was no indication that intensification was the “prime mover” in either relationship. Instead, the relationship between intensification and social stratification was broadly reciprocal, whereas political complexity was more of a driver than a result of intensification. These results challenge the materialist view and emphasize the importance of both material and social factors in the evolution of complex societies, as well as the complex and multifactorial nature of cultural evolution.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Franke, Franziska. "Is Work Intensification Extra Stress?" Journal of Personnel Psychology 14, no. 1 (May 27, 2015): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000120.

Full text

Abstract:

There is increasing interest in investigating work intensification as a new job demand. However, its contribution beyond the state of work intensity remains unclear and is thus far limited to two specific occupations. In the present study, I examine work intensification and work intensity simultaneously in their relations to health complaints based on a representative sample of the German workforce. The results show that the feeling of intensified work has unique effects beyond the state of intense work and even amplifies the effect of work intensity on psychosomatic complaints. With regard to musculoskeletal complaints, the effects are weaker and the interaction is not significant. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Richerson, Peter J., Robert Boyd, and Robert L. Bettinger. "Was Agriculture Impossible during the Pleistocene but Mandatory during the Holocene? A Climate Change Hypothesis." American Antiquity 66, no. 3 (July 2001): 387–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694241.

Full text

Abstract:

Several independent trajectories of subsistence intensification, often leading to agriculture, began during the Holocene. No plant-rich intensifications are known from the Pleistocene, even from the late Pleistocene when human populations were otherwise quite sophisticated. Recent data from ice and ocean-core climate proxies show that last glacial climates were extremely hostile to agriculture—dry, low in atmospheric CO2, and extremely variable on quite short time scales. We hypothesize that agriculture was impossible under last-glacial conditions. The quite abrupt final amelioration of the climate was followed immediately by the beginnings of plant-intensive resource-use strategies in some areas, although the turn to plants was much later elsewhere. Almost all trajectories of subsistence intensification in the Holocene are progressive, and eventually agriculture became the dominant strategy in all but marginal environments. We hypothesize that, in the Holocene, agriculture was, in the long run, compulsory. We use a mathematical analysis to argue that the rate-limiting process for intensification trajectories must generally be the rate of innovation of subsistence technology or subsistence-related social organization. At the observed rates of innovation, population growth will always be rapid enough to sustain a high level of population pressure. Several processes appear to retard rates of cultural evolution below the maxima we observe in the most favorable cases.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

SAMIGULLINA, Aigul, and Marsel GATAULLIN. "FUNCTIONAL COST ANALYSIS: APPLICATION IN THE SOLUTION OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS." Vestnik BIST (Bashkir Institute of Social Technologies), no. 2(51) (June 30, 2021): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.47598/2078-9025-2021-2-51-82-90.

Full text

Abstract:

At the current stage of economic development, much attention is paid to improving the economic mechanism of a market society, which should ensure high economic results, comprehensive solutions to both social and economic problems, and transfer of the economy to intensive resource-saving areas of economic activity. The intensification of the economy, an increase in its efficiency should lead, first of all, to the fact that the rate of growth of production is higher than the cost of it, so that by involving relatively fewer resources in production, more can be achieved. One of the most important methods of intensification is the method of functional cost analysis (VCA) considered in the article.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Dewi, Maya Safira, and Yessi Oktavia Suwarno. "Pelaksanaan Ekstensifikasi Wajib Pajak dan Intensifikasi Pajak: Upaya Peningkatan Penerimaan PPH Orang Pribadi pada KPP Pratama Duren Sawit." Binus Business Review 5, no. 2 (November 28, 2014): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v5i2.1183.

Full text

Abstract:

The purpose of this study is to determine the expansion and intensification of the taxpayer and its effects on the revenue of Personal Income of Pratama Tax Office Duren Sawit Jakarta. Besides, this study aims to find out the obstacles that occur in the implementation of these activities. This study used qualitative method. Results of the research show that the expansion and intensification of taxpayer in Pratama Tax Office Duren Sawit, Jakarta, did not run optimally although the growth of the taxpayer and the tax revenues increased from 2010 to 2012. However, there was a slight decrease in tax revenues in 2012. Various efforts were made by Pratama Tax Office Duren Sawit Jakarta to maximize the implementation of the extensification and intensification of tax, such as socialization. To overcome problems occur in Pratama Tax Office Duren Sawit Jakarta, research’s suggestion is adding human resources if possible or optimization for effectiveness of the current resource to do outreach of taxpayers and expand cooperation with other parties.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Kubicek, Bettina, and Sara Tement. "Work Intensification and the Work-Home Interface." Journal of Personnel Psychology 15, no. 2 (April 2016): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000158.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. Two studies examined the main and interactive effects of work intensification and work-home segmentation (WHS) on work-to-home conflict (WHC) and enrichment (WHE). In Study 1 (N = 201), work intensification was positively related to WHC and negatively related to WHE. Moreover, WHS, assessed as an organizational supply, was associated with less WHC and reduced the negative relation between work intensification and WHE. In Study 2 (N = 169), these findings were partially replicated: work intensification and WHS, assessed as a boundary management strategy, were related to WHC. In terms of interactive effects, work intensification was associated with more time-based WHC and less WHE-development in the case of work-home integration but with more WHE affect in the case of WHS.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Prendergast, Mary E., Jiarong Yuan, and Ofer Bar-Yosef. "Resource intensification in the Late Upper Paleolithic: a view from southern China." Journal of Archaeological Science 36, no. 4 (April 2009): 1027–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2008.12.002.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Freeman, Jacob, and John M. Anderies. "Intensification, Tipping Points, and Social Change in a Coupled Forager-Resource System." Human Nature 23, no. 4 (October 5, 2012): 419–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12110-012-9154-8.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Broughton, Jack M. "Late Holocene Resource Intensification in the Sacramento Valley, California: The Vertebrate Evidence." Journal of Archaeological Science 21, no. 4 (July 1994): 501–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1994.1050.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

van der Lee, Jan, Laurens Klerkx, Bockline Bebe, Ashenafi Mengistu, and Simon Oosting. "Intensification and Upgrading Dynamics in Emerging Dairy Clusters in the East African Highlands." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 21, 2018): 4324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114324.

Full text

Abstract:

Based on farmer and value chain actor interviews, this comparative study of five emerging dairy clusters elaborates on the upgrading of farming systems, value chains, and context shapes transformations from semi-subsistent to market-oriented dairy farming. The main results show unequal cluster upgrading along two intensification dimensions: dairy feeding system and cash cropping. Intensive dairy is competing with other high-value cash crop options that resource-endowed farmers specialize in, given conducive support service arrangements and context conditions. A large number of drivers and co-dependencies between technical, value chain, and institutional upgrading build up to system jumps. Transformation may take decades when market and context conditions remain sub-optimal. Clusters can be expected to move further along initial intensification pathways, unless actors consciously redirect course. The main theoretical implications for debate about cluster upgrading are that co-dependencies between farming system, market, and context factors determine upgrading outcomes; the implications for the debate about intensification pathways are that they need to consider differences in farmer resource endowments, path dependency, concurrency, and upgrading investments. Sustainability issues for consideration include enabling a larger proportion of resource-poor farmers to participate in markets; enabling private input and service provision models; attention for food safety; and climate smartness.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Jensen, Erik Steen, Laurent Bedoussac, Georg Carlsson, Etienne-Pascal Journet, Eric Justes, and Henrik Hauggaard-Nielsen. "Enhancing Yields in Organic Crop Production by Eco-Functional Intensification." Sustainable Agriculture Research 4, no. 3 (June 18, 2015): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v4n3p42.

Full text

Abstract:

Organic agriculture faces challenges to enhance food production per unit area and simultaneously reduce the environmental and climate impacts, e.g. nitrate leaching per unit area and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per unit mass produced. Eco-functional intensification is suggested as a means to reach these objectives. Eco-functional intensification involves activating more knowledge and refocusing the importance of ecosystem services in agriculture. Organic farmers manage agrobiodiversity by crop rotation (diversification in time). However, sole cropping (SC) of genetically identical plants in organic agriculture may limit resource use efficiency and yield per unit area. Intercropping (IC) of annual grain species, cultivar mixes, perennial grains, or forage species and forestry and annual crops (agroforestry) are examples of spatial crop diversification. Intercropping is based on eco-functional intensification and may enhance production by complementarity in resource use in time and space. Intercropping is based on the ecological principles of competition, facilitation and complementarity, which often increases the efficiency in acquisition and use of resources such as light, water and nutrients compared to sole crops, especially in low-input systems. Here we show that IC of cereals and grain legumes in European arable organic farming systems is an efficient tool for enhancing total grain yields compared to their respective sole crops. Simultaneously, we display how intercropping of cereals and legumes can be used as an efficient tool for weed management and to enhance product quality (i.e. cereal grain protein concentration). We discuss how intercropping contributes to efficient use of soil N sources and minimizes losses of N by nitrate leaching via Ecological Precision Farming. It is concluded that intercropping has a strong potential to increase yield and hereby reduce global climate impacts such as GHG kg-1 grain. Finally, we discuss likely barriers and lock-in effects for increased use of intercropping in organic farming and suggest a roadmap for innovation and implementation of IC strategies in organic agriculture.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Vaarst, Mette. "The Role of Animals in Eco-functional Intensification of Organic Agriculture." Sustainable Agriculture Research 4, no. 3 (June 19, 2015): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v4n3p103.

Full text

Abstract:

Eco-functional intensification is understood as building synergies in multi-functional and resilient agricultural systems in harmony with their surrounding environment and human systems, to the benefit of diversified production of food and beyond, as in, for example, ecosystem services. Integration of animals into eco-functionally intensified agricultural systems to enhance agricultural, ecological and social systems, can contribute to driving a future sustainable development of organic agricultural and food systems. This approach may respond to challenges of an increasing industrialization of livestock in the global north, a process which has led to heavy reliance on external inputs, and, to a large extent, a detachment of animals from farming systems, especially in the global south. Animals are living sentient beings, but often not acknowledged as such. Complex, well-integrated systems can be organized so that they support the health and welfare of animals, and let these animals be valuable resources within the farming system. There must be an emphasis on diverse genetic inheritance and locally adapted species. Complex systems require complex knowledge which must be continuously developed to respond to current challenges in constantly changing environments, e.g., climate change. A necessary driver in transition towards more eco-functionally intensified agricultural and food systems is a governance system which protect the actors without a voice, e.g., ecosystems, pollinators, animals, and future generations through regulation of consumption patterns, flow of external inputs, and resource use. This requires a change in attitudes both acknowledgment of the importance of protecting the environment, consumption, resource use; and seeing agricultural systems as necessary and valuable contributors to nourishing both people and the earth.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Khanin, Semen, Svitlana Tulchynska, Olha Popelo, Marta Derhaliuk, and Tymur Ishchejkin. "Systematization of functional features of intellectual and innovative determinants of the intensification of the regional economic development." Laplage em Revista 7, no. 2 (July 20, 2021): 710–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-62202021721118p.710-720.

Full text

Abstract:

Within the article, economic essence, scientific approaches and modern interpretations of intellectual and innovative development of economic systems are considered. The conditions and measures of the activation of intellectual-innovative determinants of the intensification of the development of regional economic systems are determined. Distribution of resources in the region between individual territories is implemented according to investment strategies of intellectual and innovative development. Considering functional features and factors of influence of intellectual and innovative determinants, the author identifies the guidelines for their implementation in the intensification of development processes in the regions. This allowed to formulate directions for ensuring the effectiveness of intellectual and innovative determinants, which include intensifying cooperation and strengthening export positions, creating competitive advantages of an innovative nature, increasing and adapting competencies and digital skills in the population, balanced territorial development through the cognitive resource allocation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Shrivastava, SaurabhR, PrateekS Shrivastava, and Jegadeesh Ramasamy. "Childhood cancers in low-resource settings: Reinforcing the need for intensification of efforts." Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 10, no. 2 (2017): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1755-6783.196851.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Milner, Nicky, James Barrett, and Jon Welsh. "Marine resource intensification in Viking Age Europe: the molluscan evidence from Quoygrew, Orkney." Journal of Archaeological Science 34, no. 9 (September 2007): 1461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2006.11.004.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Riehl, S., E. Asouti, D. Karakaya, B. M. Starkovich, M. Zeidi, and N. J. Conard. "Resilience at the Transition to Agriculture: The Long-Term Landscape and Resource Development at the Aceramic Neolithic Tell Site of Chogha Golan (Iran)." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/532481.

Full text

Abstract:

The evidence for the slow development from gathering and cultivation of wild species to the use of domesticates in the Near East, deriving from a number of Epipalaeolithic and aceramic Neolithic sites with short occupational stratigraphies, cannot explain the reasons for the protracted development of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent. The botanical and faunal remains from the long stratigraphic sequence of Chogha Golan, indicate local changes in environmental conditions and subsistence practices that characterize a site-specific pathway into emerging agriculture. Our multidisciplinary approach demonstrates a long-term subsistence strategy of several hundred years on wild cereals and pulses as well as on hunting a variety of faunal species that were based on relatively favorable and stable environmental conditions. Fluctuations in the availability of resources after around 10.200 cal BP may have been caused by small-scale climatic fluctuations. The temporary depletion of resources was managed through a shift to other species which required minor technological changes to make these resources accessible and by intensification of barley cultivation which approached its domestication. After roughly 200 years, emmer domestication is apparent, accompanied by higher contribution of cattle in the diet, suggesting long-term intensification of resource management.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Belousov, Vadim, Irina Fateeva, and Antonina Deniskina. "Parametrical network models of distribution of limited resources in difficult systems." MATEC Web of Conferences 265 (2019): 07025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926507025.

Full text

Abstract:

In article effective methods of the temporary analysis and calculation of the generalized network models are offered. On their basis the class of parametrical network models is under construction and applications of such models to problems of distribution of limited resources of difficult systems in the conditions of an intensification of works are considered. A number of terms of scheduling is specified. Conditions of consistency and criteria of resource resolvability of some classes of tasks on such models are investigated.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

de la Vega-Leinert, Anne Cristina, and Peter Clausing. "Extractive Conservation." Environment and Society 7, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 50–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ares.2016.070104.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACTIn view of the Aichi international policy targets to expand areas under conservation, we analyze to what extent conservation has become an inherent element of extraction. We scrutinize the Land Sparing versus Land Sharing debate by explicitly incorporating environmental justice issues of access to land and natural resources. We contend that dominant conservation regimes, embedded within Land Sparing, legitimize the displacement of local people and their land use to compensate for distant, unsustainable resource use. In contrast, the Land Sharing counternarrative, by promoting spatial integration of conservation in agroecological systems, has the potential to radically challenge extraction. Common ground emerges around the concept of sustainable intensification. We contend that if inserted in green economy’s technocentric and efficiency-oriented framework, sustainable intensification will contribute to undermining diversified peasant agroecological systems by transforming them into simplified, export-orientated ones, thereby stripping peasant communities of the capacity to provide for their own needs.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Langlois, Alban, Anne-Laure Jacquemart, and Julien Piqueray. "Contribution of Extensive Farming Practices to the Supply of Floral Resources for Pollinators." Insects 11, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11110818.

Full text

Abstract:

Intensification of agricultural practices leads to a loss of floral resources and drives pollinator decline. Extensive agricultural practices are encouraged in Europe and contribute to the preservation of biodiversity. We compared three agricultural landscapes without extensive farming practices with three adjacent landscapes containing organic crops and extensively managed grasslands in Belgium. Nectar resource availability and plant–pollinator interactions were monitored from April to June. Flower density per plant species and plant–pollinator interactions were recorded in different landscape elements. In April, the main nectar resources were provided by linear elements such as hedgerows and forest edges. Nectar production peaked in May, driven by intensive grasslands and mass-flowering crops. Occurrence of extensive grasslands and organic crops significantly alleviated the nectar resource gap observed in June. Our results underscore the importance of maintaining landscape heterogeneity for continuous flower resources and highlight the specific role of extensive grasslands and organic crops in June.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Trubitsyn, D. "Resource and Territorial Factors of Modernization (on the Example of Arab Countries of North Africa)." World Economy and International Relations, no. 4 (2014): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-4-45-55.

Full text

Abstract:

The article is devoted to interdisciplinary problems of modernization. Through the comparative historical analysis of economics of Arab countries of North Africa in the second half of the 20th century, an attempt is made to prove that intensification sets in as a result of the lack of potentials for an extensive economic strategy. Comparing the data about population size, availability and condition of land resources, hydrocarbon reserves and their significance for economy, as well as the results of the industrial production development in these countries, the author comes to the conclusion that resource constraints are a necessary factor for modernization.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Chowhan, James, Margaret Denton, Catherine Brookman, Sharon Davies, Firat K. Sayin, and Isik Zeytinoglu. "Work intensification and health outcomes of health sector workers." Personnel Review 48, no. 2 (March 4, 2019): 342–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-10-2017-0287.

Full text

Abstract:

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the mediating role of stress between work intensification and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) focusing on personal support workers (PSWs) in home and community care.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis sample of 922 comes from the 2015 survey of PSWs employed in Ontario, Canada. The endogenous variable is self-reported MSDs, and the exogenous variable is work intensification. Stress, measured as symptoms of stress, is the mediating variable. Other factors shown in the literature as associated with stress and/or MSDs are included as control variables. Structural equation model regression analyses are presented.FindingsThe results show that stress mediates the effect of work intensification on PSW’s MSDs. Other significant factors included being injured in the past year, facing hazards at work and preferring less hours – all had positive and significant substantive effects on MSDs.Research limitations/implicationsThe survey is cross-sectional and not longitudinal or experimental in design, and it focuses on a single occupation in a single sector in Ontario, Canada and, as such, this can limit the generalizability of the results to other occupations and sectors.Practical implicationsFor PSW employers including their human resource managers, supervisors, schedulers and policy-makers, the study recommends reducing work intensification to lower stress levels and MSDs.Originality/valueThe findings of this study contribute to the theory and knowledge by providing evidence on how work intensification can affect workers’ health and assist decision makers in taking actions to create healthy work environments.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Sharma, Khem Raj. "Food Production: The Critical Role of Irrigation Water." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 3 (May 26, 2009): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v3i0.1918.

Full text

Abstract:

As food need rises, Nepal's reliance on irrigated agriculture does increase. Increased production to satisfy the food demand of the future must essentially come from intensification, not from expansion of agriculture. Intensification potential of irrigated agriculture is much higher than rainfed system. Technologies, professionals and farmers should go together to achieve greater impacts and ensure the country's food security. Key words: Irrigated agriculture, food security, farmer participation, conjunctive use, physical infrastructure, integrated water resource management, Nepal doi: 10.3126/hn.v3i0.1918 Hydro Nepal Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Issue No. 3, July 2008. Page 35-37

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Lai, Jingting. "The Application Prospects of Blockchain Technology in Human Resource Management." Modern Management Forum 4, no. 4 (December 10, 2020): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/mmf.v4i4.2782.

Full text

Abstract:

With the development of the times and the rapid progress of science and technology, blockchain technology has been widely used in various industries. With the intensification of social competitiveness, the employment situation in the job market in recent years is more severe. For employers, using blockchain technology to help human resource management can improve work efficiency while saving related resource costs. Therefore, blockchain technology has also been widely used in human resource management. This article will conduct a more in-depth analysis and research on the application prospects of blockchain technology in human resource management in the future.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Baveye, Philippe C. "Looming Scarcity of Phosphate Rock and Intensification of Soil Phosphorus Research." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 39, no. 3 (June 2015): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01000683rbcs20140819.

Full text

Abstract:

In recent years, many researchers have claimed that world reserves of rock phosphate were getting depleted at an alarming rate, putting us on the path to scarcity of that essential resource within the next few decades. Others have claimed that such alarmist forecasts were frequent in the past and have always been proven unfounded, making it likely that the same will be true in the future. Both viewpoints are directly relevant to the level of funding devoted to research on the use of phosphate fertilizers. In this short essay, it is argued that information about future reserves of P or any other resource are impossible to predict, and therefore that the threat of a possible depletion of P reserves should not be used as a key motivation for an intensification of research on soil P. However, there are other, more compelling reasons, both geopolitical and environmental, to urgently step up our collective efforts to devise agricultural practices that make better use of P than is the case at the moment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Kesh, Hari, Khushi Ram, and Kuldeep Jangid. "System of Rice Intensification: A Review on Resource Conserving Method of Rice Crop Establishment." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, no. 11 (November 10, 2017): 2315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.275.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Jerardino, Antonieta. "Shellfish processing along the Cape west coast, population increase and hunter-gatherer resource intensification." Quaternary International 544 (April 2020): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.05.002.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Duke, C. Trevor, Thomas J. Pluckhahn, and J. Matthew Compton. "Intensification revisited: assessing resource specialization at Crystal River (8CI1) and Roberts Island (8CI41), Florida." Southeastern Archaeology 39, no. 3 (April 24, 2020): 198–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0734578x.2020.1752612.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

López, José Manuel, Gustavo Neme, and Adolfo F. Gil. "Resource intensification and zooarchaeological record in the southern margins of pre-Hispanic Andean agriculture." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11, no. 10 (June 19, 2019): 5287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00857-w.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Oenema, Oene, Cecile de Klein, and Marta Alfaro. "Intensification of grassland and forage use: driving forces and constraints." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 6 (2014): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14001.

Full text

Abstract:

The increasing demand for safe and nutritional dairy and beef products in a globalising world, together with the needs to increase resource use efficiency and to protect biodiversity, provide strong incentives for intensification of grassland and forage use. This paper addresses the question: ‘Does intensification of grassland and forage use lead to efficient, profitable and sustainable ecosystems?’ We present some notions about intensification of agricultural production, and then discuss the intensification of grassland-based dairy production in The Netherlands, Chile and New Zealand. Finally, we arrive at some conclusions. External driving forces and the need to economise (the law of the optimum) provide strong incentives for intensification, that is, for increasing the output per unit surface area and labour. The three country cases illustrate that intensification of grassland use is a global phenomenon, with winners and losers. Winners are farmers who are able to achieve a high return on investments. Losers are small farmers who drop out of the business unless they broaden their income base. The relationship between intensification and environmental impact is complex. Within certain ranges, intensification leads to increased emissions of nutrients and greenhouse gases to air and use of water per unit surface area, but to decreased emissions when expressed per unit of product. The sustainability of a grassland-based ecosystem is ultimately defined by the societal appreciation of that system and by biophysical and socioeconomic constraints. In conclusion, intensification may lead to more efficient and profitable and, thereby, more sustainable grassland ecosystems. This holds especially for those systems that are currently not sustainable because they are either underutilised and of low productivity or over-exploited and unregulated, and as long as the adapted systems meet societal and ecological constraints.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Li, Changru. "Construction of the Reverse Resource Recovery System of e-Waste Based on DLRNN." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (September 23, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2143235.

Full text

Abstract:

The research on the reverse resource network of e-waste at home and abroad is still in its infancy, and most of it is only based on traditional forward logistics. Reverse resources are the process of moving goods from their typical final destination for recycling value or proper disposal. With the intensification of market competition and the strengthening of environmental protection legislation by the government, reverse resources are no longer a neglected corner in the supply chain. The DLRNN model of the e-waste reverse resource recovery system constructed in this paper can provide an important theoretical and empirical basis for the rational utilization of waste electronic products and fully tap the potential value of waste electronic products, which is of great significance to the recycling of natural resources. In this paper, a hybrid network framework DLRNN based on deep learning (DL) and cyclic neural network (RNN) is designed for problem classification. Experimental results show that the classification accuracy of this framework is improved by 2.4% on TREC and 2.5% on MSQC without additional word vector conversion tools.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Losonc, Alpar. "Nature as a resource in the neoliberal perspective." Privredna izgradnja 47, no. 3-4 (2004): 141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/priz0404141l.

Full text

Abstract:

Neoliberalism is to be analyzed as the intensification of the market-dependence of society and the normalization of the co modification of nature. In addition neoliberalism intends to broaden the market-like decision and incentive-structure to the fields that are non-economical. The backbone of the neoliberalisation is the privatization of commons in the perspective of the naturalisation of market and the specific resource regime concerning, for example, intellectual property rights. It is of importance to regard the fact neoliberalism coexists with the other societal projects and we are witnessing the simultaneity amongst the different projects. This does not deny the hegemonic intentions of neoliberalism. The naturalization of market-structures and the identification of the market with the competition produces intensified risk-related consequences for the society, actually, neoliberalism exposes the society to the environmental risk proved by concrete examples.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Pasichnyk, Mykhailo, and Olha Ilina. "Resource Factors of Health Tourism Development in Volyn Region." Bulletin of Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts. Series in Tourism 4, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 40–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31866/2616-7603.4.1.2021.235147.

Full text

Abstract:

The market of health tourism is actively developing in Ukraine and the world. Its infrastructure is expanding, new technologies and methods of disease prevention and treatment are emerging, and a healthy lifestyle is becoming popular. The article considers the main resource factors for the development of health tourism in the Volyn region, which include climatic, as well as the presence of mineral water sources and deposits of therapeutic mud. The analysis of the sanatorium-resort infrastructure, which is the basis of the development of this type of tourism, has been carried out. The connection between the development of health tourism and the existing natural and infrastructural prerequisites have been established. The directions of the development intensification of medical and health tourism in the region have been substantiated.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Yahaya, Iddrisu, Krishna P. Pokharel, Abdul-Fatahi Alidu, and Fred Amofa Yamoah. "Sustainable agricultural intensification practices and rural food security." British Food Journal 120, no. 2 (February 5, 2018): 468–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-01-2017-0021.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the impact of participation in sustainable agricultural intensification practices (SAIPs) on household food security status in Northwestern Ghana. Design/methodology/approach The study utilised the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) indicator for the measurement of food access data from 168 households in ten communities from the Northwestern region of Ghana for the analyses. Households were categorised into participating households (treatment) and non-participating households (control). The endogenous treatment effects model was employed to evaluate the impact of participation in SAIPs training on food insecurity access scale. Findings The results show that participation in SAIPs training lowers, on average, the household food insecurity access by 2.95 points, approximately an 11 per cent reduction in HFIAS score. Other significant factors found to influence household food insecurity access scale are age of household head, experience in farming, total acres owned by household, income level of the household and occupation of the head of the household. Research limitations/implications The training programme of participation in SAIPs has massive implications for food security, rural economy and farmers’ livelihoods. However, due to the unique conditions prevailing in Northwestern Ghana, the findings of this research are limited in terms of their generalisability. Future research direction in the area of SAIPs trainings and impact study replications in all qualifying rural food production areas in Ghana, which are susceptible to household food insecurity, will provide a national picture of the efficacy of SAIPs trainings on household food insecurity. Practical implications A proven means to decrease natural resource degradation, increase crops yields, and increase subsistence farmers’ income, and food security is an important intervention to resolve the seasonal food shortage, which last for five months in a typical year for agro-food-dependent farming communities in Northwestern Ghana. Social implications Ensuring household food security improvement and environmental sustainability will help improve living standards of food producers and reduce the adverse social challenges associated with food insecure communities such as health problems due to food deficiencies, social inequalities, environmental pollution and natural resource degradation in Northwestern Ghana. Originality/value The contribution of this paper is the novel thought and approach to examine the impact of the SAIPs trainings on household food security in Northwestern Ghana using the household food insecurity access scale indicator. The study also examined the factors that affect household food security using the endogenous treatment model, which also evaluates the impact of the training programme on the outcome variable.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Valentin, Frédérique, Estelle Herrscher, Fiona Petchey, and David J. Addison. "An Analysis of the Last 1000 Years Human Diet on Tutuila (American Samoa) Using Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotope Data." American Antiquity 76, no. 3 (July 2011): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.76.3.473.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper reports the first set of isotopic data relating to human diet from the Samoan Archipelago. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope data measured on bone collagen were used to assess dietary patterns of prehistoric communities on Tutuila Island, American Samoa. We examined 14 human bones from three sites dated to three distinct periods: ~1,000 years ago (N = 5); -500 years ago (N = 8) and -150 years ago (N = 1). The isotopie data suggest that the human diet on Tutuila over the last 1,000 years was composed mainly of terrestrial resources with some consumption of coastal reef products. These data suggest a possible dietary change over time, with a higher dependence on marine resources in the earlier period shifting to a more terrestrial diet in the later period. Several possibilities for this dietary shift are suggested including: change in community specialization; marine resource depression; disintensification of marine procurement; intensification of horticultural production; and cultural or social changes in resource allocation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Ma, Liang, and Xiao Jun Chi. "Sustainable Use of Sediment Resource in Irrigation Districts from the Lower Yellow River." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 3000–3004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.3000.

Full text

Abstract:

Large amount of sediment is brought into the canal system along with the Yellow River water irrigation, which causes deposition in ditches, encroachment of arable land, intensification of soil desertification, blocking of drainage riverway and other environmental damages. On the analysis of sediment properties as a natural resource, this article introduces sediment utilization approaches at present such as farmland improvement, embankment reinforcement, construction use and subsidence land filling, which produce ecological and economic benefits and set good examples for the future sustainable utilization of sediment resource in irrigation districts.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Resource intensification'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles