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Journal articles on the topic 'Respiration Blood gases'
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1
Riley, R. L., R. E. Dutton, F. J. D. Fuleihan, S. Nath, H. H. Hurt, C. Yoshimoto, J. H. Sipple, S. Permutt, and B. Bromberger-Barnea. "REGULATION OF RESPIRATION AND BLOOD GASES*." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 109, no. 2 (December 15, 2006): 829–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb13509.x.
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Franklin, Karl A., Erik Sandström, Göran Johansson, and Eva M. Bålfors. "Hemodynamics, cerebral circulation, and oxygen saturation in Cheyne-Stokes respiration." Journal of Applied Physiology 83, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 1184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.83.4.1184.
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Franklin, Karl A., Erik Sandström, Göran Johansson, and Eva M. Bålfors. Hemodynamics, cerebral circulation, and oxygen saturation in Cheyne-Stokes respiration. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(4): 1184–1191, 1997.—Because cardiovascular disorders and stroke may induce Cheyne-Stokes respiration, our purpose was to study the interaction among cerebral activity, cerebral circulation, blood pressure, and blood gases during Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Ten patients with heart failure or a previous stroke were investigated during Cheyne-Stokes respiration with recordings of daytime polysomnography, cerebral blood flow velocity, intra-arterial blood pressure, and intra-arterial oxygen saturation with and without oxygen administration. There were simultaneous changes in wakefulness, cerebral blood flow velocity, and respiration with accompanying changes in blood pressure and heart rate ∼10 s later. Cerebral blood flow velocity, blood pressure, and heart rate had a minimum occurrence in apnea and a maximum occurrence during hyperpnea. The apnea-induced oxygen desaturations were diminished during oxygen administration, but the hemodynamic alterations persisted. Oxygen desaturations were more severe and occurred earlier according to intra-arterial measurements than with finger oximetry. It is not possible to explain Cheyne-Stokes respiration by alterations in blood gases and circulatory time alone. Cheyne-Stokes respiration may be characterized as a state of phase-linked cyclic changes in cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions probably generated by variations in central nervous activity.
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PIVARNIK, JAMES M., WESLEY LEE, THOMAS SPILLMAN, STEVEN L. CLARK, DAVID B. COTTON, and JOANNA F. MILLER. "Maternal respiration and blood gases during aerobic exercise performed at moderate altitude." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, no. 8 (August 1992): 868???872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199208000-00007.
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Kline, David D., Tianen Yang, Daniel R. D. Premkumar, Agnes J. Thomas, and Nanduri R. Prabhakar. "Blunted respiratory responses to hypoxia in mutant mice deficient in nitric oxide synthase-3." Journal of Applied Physiology 88, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 1496–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.4.1496.
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In the present study, the role of nitric oxide (NO) generated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS-3) in the control of respiration during hypoxia and hypercapnia was assessed using mutant mice deficient in NOS-3. Experiments were performed on awake and anesthetized mutant and wild-type (WT) control mice. Respiratory responses to 100, 21, and 12% O2and 3 and 5% CO2-balance O2were analyzed. In awake animals, respiration was monitored by body plethysmography along with O2consumption (V˙o2) and CO2production (V˙co2). In anesthetized, spontaneously breathing mice, integrated efferent phrenic nerve activity was monitored as an index of neural respiration along with arterial blood pressure and blood gases. Under both experimental conditions, WT mice responded with greater increases in respiration during 12% O2than mutant mice. Respiratory responses to hyperoxic hypercapnia were comparable between both groups of mice. Arterial blood gases, changes in blood pressure,V˙o2, andV˙co2during hypoxia were comparable between both groups of mice. Respiratory responses to cyanide and brief hyperoxia were attenuated in mutant compared with WT mice, indicating reduced peripheral chemoreceptor sensitivity. cGMP levels in the brain stem during 12% O2, taken as an index of NO production, were greater in mutant compared with WT mice. These observations demonstrate that NOS-3 mutant mice exhibit selective blunting of the respiratory responses to hypoxia but not to hypercapnia, which in part is due to reduced peripheral chemosensitivity. These results support the idea that NO generated by NOS-3 is an important physiological modulator of respiration during hypoxia.
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Shams, H., and P. Scheid. "Respiration and blood gases in the duck exposed to normocapnic and hypercapnic hypoxia." Respiration Physiology 67, no. 1 (January 1987): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-5687(87)90002-8.
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Khalifa, Mohammed S., Reda H. Kamel, Mona Abu Zikry, and Tarek M. Kandil. "Effect of enlarged adenoids on arterial blood gases in children." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 105, no. 6 (June 1991): 436–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100116238.
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AbstractThe enlarged adenoid is a common disorder in children resulting in nasopharyngeal obstruction. Many authors suggest that increased nasal resistance to respiration may cause disturbances in the pulmonary ventilation and carry the risk of obstructive sleep apnoea and/or cardiopulmonary syndrome.This study comprised 30 children complaining of long-standing nasal obstruction due to enlarged adenoids. Adenoidectomy was performed and the arterial blood gases were measured before and one month after surgery. Twelve normal children were also included as controls. Statistical evaluation of the results showed that O2 saturation and arterial O2 tension (PaO2) were significantly low before the operation, and increased significantly after surgery. Arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) was insignificantly low before operation, but decreased significantly after adenoidectomy. It was concluded that enlarged adenoid may be associated with ventilatory impairment which is reversible after adenoidectomy.
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Sanocka, U. M., D. F. Donnelly, and G. G. Haddad. "Autoresuscitation: a survival mechanism in piglets." Journal of Applied Physiology 73, no. 2 (August 1, 1992): 749–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.2.749.
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Piglets were studied to determine 1) the cardiovascular and neurophysiological effects of prolonged laryngeal-induced respiratory inhibition (n = 7) and 2) whether these effects were modulated by autonomic blockade (n = 6). Respiration, electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram (EEG), and blood pressure were recorded, and blood gases were measured. During continuous laryngeal stimulation in the presence of light anesthesia, apnea was interrupted every 1–2.5 min by clusters of two to six breaths. Compared with control, these breaths had a significantly greater tidal volume (430 +/- 30% of control), shorter inspiratory time (87 +/- 5%), and longer expiratory time (124 +/- 15%) and, thus, were of a gasping nature. With each cluster of gasps, arterial PO2 increased from 15 +/- 2 to 56 +/- 5 Torr, heart rate from 84 +/- 7 to 161 +/- 5 beats/min, and mean blood pressure from 48 +/- 4 to 106 +/- 6 mmHg. The EEG became flat by 1 min after the onset of apnea and remained isoelectric throughout the stimulus period. Cyclical gasps were not affected by sympathetic or parasympathetic blockade. These data show that, despite EEG silence, piglets can autoresuscitate by initiating gasps that are not dependent on autonomic integrity. These gasps markedly improve cardiovascular status and may sustain animals for a prolonged period of time.
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Peeters, M. E., D. Gil, E. Teske, V. Eyzenbach, W. E. v. d. Brom, J. T. Lumeij, and H. W. de Vries. "Four methods for general anaesthesia in the rabbit: a comparative study." Laboratory Animals 22, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367788780746197.
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The efficacy and safety of pentobarbitone, ketamine/xylazine, fentanyl/fluanisone/diazepam, and halothane/nitrous oxide anaesthesia were compared in 4 groups of six New Zealand White rabbits. Heart and respiratory rates, body temperature, reflexes, blood pressure and blood gases were measured. Pentobarbitone appeared to be unsuitable for anaesthesia in rabbits, as 5 of the 6 rabbits to whom it was administered, required artificial respiration or died. The combinations of ketamine/xylazine and fentanyl-f1uanisone/diazepam both produced unpredictable levels of anaesthesia together with a substantial decline in arterial blood pressure and Po2. Despite a severe drop in blood pressure (up to 37·5%), anaesthesia with halothane and nitrous oxide was found to be superior to the other anaesthetic agents.
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Glass, M. L., R. G. Boutilier, and N. Heisler. "Effects of Body Temperature on Respiration, Blood Gases and Acid-Base Status in the Turtle Chrysemys Picta Bellii." Journal of Experimental Biology 114, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.114.1.37.
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Freshwater turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii Gray) were acclimated to temperatures of 5, 10, 20 and 30°C for at least 12 days, and pulmonary ventilation, oxygen uptake and arterial pH, PCOCO2 and POO2 were determined in completely unrestrained specimens. Oxygen uptake (V·OO2) increased overproportionately (6.7-fold) as compared to pulmonary ventilation (V·1, 4.4-fold) when the temperature increased from 10 to 30°C. The observed rise in arterial PCOCO2 from 13 (5°C) to 32mmHg (30°C) was the result of a decrease in V·1/V·OO2, whereas an increase of arterial POO2 from 12Torr at 5°C to about 60Torr at 20 and 30°C mainly resulted from the effects of intracardiac blood shunting combined with temperature-dependent shifts of the oxygen dissociation curve. Arterial pH fell with rising temperature significantly less (ΔpH/Δt =−0.010U/°C) than required for constant relative alkalinity and for constant dissociation of imidazole. The changes of cerebrospinal fluid pH with temperature, calculated from the mean arterial PCOCO2 values, were even smaller [ΔpH/ΔtCSF = −0.008). It is concluded that the observed temperature dependence of the acid-base status is not in agreement with the alphastat hypothesis.
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Miyamura, Miharu, Kinya Nishimura, Koji Ishida, Keisho Katayama, Midori Shimaoka, and Shuichi Hiruta. "Is Man Able to Breathe Once a Minute for an Hour?: The Effect of Yoga Respiration on Blood Gases." Japanese Journal of Physiology 52, no. 3 (2002): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2170/jjphysiol.52.313.
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Tatsumi, K., M. Mikami, T. Kuriyama, and Y. Fukuda. "Respiratory stimulation by female hormones in awake male rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 71, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.1.37.
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The respiratory effect of progestin differs among various animal species and humans. The rat does not hyperventilate in response to exogenous progestin. The present study was conducted to determine whether administration of combined progestin and estrogen prompts ventilatory stimulation in the male rat. Ventilation, blood gases, and metabolic rates (O2 consumption and CO2 production) were measured in the awake and unrestrained male Wistar rat. The combined administration of a synthetic potent progestin (TZP4238) and estradiol for 5 days significantly increased tidal volume and minute expiratory ventilation (VE), reduced arterial PCO2, and enhanced the ventilatory response to CO2 inhalation (delta VE/delta PCO2). On the other hand, respiratory frequency, O2 consumption, CO2 production, and body temperature were not affected. The arterial pH increased slightly, with a concomitant decrease in plasma [HCO3-]. Administration of either TZP4238 or estradiol alone or vehicle (Tween 80) had no effect on respiration, blood gases, and ventilatory response to CO2. The results indicated that respiratory stimulation following combined progestin plus estradiol treatment in the male rat involves activation of process(es) that regulate tidal volume and its augmentation during CO2 stimulus.
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Sicard, Kenneth, Qiang Shen, Mathew E. Brevard, Ross Sullivan, Craig F. Ferris, Jean A. King, and Timothy Q. Duong. "Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and BOLD Responses in Conscious and Anesthetized Rats under Basal and Hypercapnic Conditions: Implications for Functional MRI Studies." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 23, no. 4 (April 2003): 472–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wcb.0000054755.93668.20.
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Anesthetics, widely used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies to avoid movement artifacts, could have profound effects on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular coupling relative to the awake condition. Quantitative CBF and tissue oxygenation (blood oxygen level–dependent [BOLD]) were measured, using the continuous arterial-spin-labeling technique with echo-planar-imaging acquisition, in awake and anesthetized (2% isoflurane) rats under basal and hypercapnic conditions. All basal blood gases were within physiologic ranges. Blood pressure, respiration, and heart rates were within physiologic ranges in the awake condition but were depressed under anesthesia ( P < 0.05). Regional CBF was heterogeneous with whole-brain CBF values of 0.86 ± 0.25 and 1.27 ± 0.29 mL · g–1 · min–1 under awake and anesthetized conditions, respectively. Surprisingly, CBF was markedly higher (20% to 70% across different brain conditions) under isoflurane-anesthetized condition compared with the awake state ( P < 0.01). Hypercapnia decreased pH, and increased Pco2 and Po2. During 5% CO2 challenge, under awake and anesthetized conditions, respectively, CBF increased 51 ± 11% and 25 ± 4%, and BOLD increased 7.3 ± 0.7% and 5.4 ± 0.4%. During 10% CO2 challenge, CBF increased 158 ± 28% and 47 ± 11%, and BOLD increased 12.5 ± 0.9% and 7.2 ± 0.5%. Since CBF and BOLD responses were substantially higher under awake condition whereas blood gases were not statistically different, it was concluded that cerebrovascular reactivity was suppressed by anesthetics. This study also shows that perfusion and perfusion-based functional MRI can be performed in awake animals.
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Inoue, Naoki, Shintaro Kinugawa, Tadashi Suga, Takashi Yokota, Kagami Hirabayashi, Satoshi Kuroda, Koichi Okita, and Hiroyuki Tsutsui. "Angiotensin II-induced reduction in exercise capacity is associated with increased oxidative stress in skeletal muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 302, no. 5 (March 1, 2012): H1202—H1210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00534.2011.
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Angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced oxidative stress has been known to be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. We have reported that the oxidative stress in skeletal muscle can limit exercise capacity in mice ( 16 ). We thus hypothesized that ANG II could impair the skeletal muscle energy metabolism and limit exercise capacity via enhancing oxidative stress. ANG II (50 ng·kg−1·min−1) or vehicle was infused into male C57BL/6J mice for 7 days via subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps. ANG II did not alter body weight, skeletal muscle weight, blood pressure, cardiac structure, or function. Mice were treadmill tested, and expired gases were analyzed. The work to exhaustion (vertical distance × body weight) and peak oxygen uptake were significantly decreased in ANG II compared with vehicle. In mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscle, ADP-dependent respiration was comparable between ANG II and vehicle, but ADP-independent respiration was significantly increased in ANG II. Furthermore, complex I and III activities were decreased in ANG II. NAD(P)H oxidase activity and superoxide production by lucigenin chemiluminescence were significantly increased in skeletal muscle from ANG II mice. Treatment of ANG II mice with apocynin (10 mmol/l in drinking water), an inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase activation, completely inhibited NAD(P)H oxidase activity and improved exercise capacity, mitochondrial respiration, and complex activities in skeletal muscle. ANG II-induced oxidative stress can impair mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle and limit exercise capacity.
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Khoo, M. C., A. Gottschalk, and A. I. Pack. "Sleep-induced periodic breathing and apnea: a theoretical study." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 2014–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.5.2014.
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To elucidate the mechanisms that lead to sleep-disordered breathing, we have developed a mathematical model that allows for dynamic interactions among the chemical control of respiration, changes in sleep-waking state, and changes in upper airway patency. The increase in steady-state arterial PCO2 accompanying sleep is shown to be inversely related to the ventilatory response to CO2. Chemical control of respiration becomes less stable during the light stage of sleep, despite a reduction in chemoresponsiveness, due to a concomitant increase in "plant gain" (i.e., responsiveness of blood gases to ventilatory changes). The withdrawal of the "wakefulness drive" during sleep onset represents a strong perturbation to respiratory control: higher magnitudes and rates of withdrawal of this drive favor instability. These results may account for the higher incidence of periodic breathing observed during light sleep and sleep onset. Periodic ventilation can also result from repetitive alternations between sleep onset and arousal. The potential for instability is further compounded if the possibility of upper airway occlusion is also included. In systems with high controller gains, instability is mediated primarily through chemoreflex overcompensation. However, in systems with depressed chemoresponsiveness, rapid sleep onset and large blood gas fluctuations trigger repetitive episodes of arousal and hyperpnea alternating with apneas that may or may not be obstructive. Between these extremes, more complex patterns can arise from the interaction between chemoreflex-mediated oscillations of shorter-cycle-duration (approximately 36 s) and longer-wavelength (approximately 60-80 s) state-driven oscillations.
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Owen, Medge D., Can B. Unal, Michael F. Callahan, Kavita Trivedi, Catherine York, and William R. Millington. "Glycyl-glutamine inhibits the respiratory depression, but not the antinociception, produced by morphine." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 279, no. 5 (November 1, 2000): R1944—R1948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.5.r1944.
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Glycyl-glutamine (Gly-Gln; β-endorphin30–31) is an endogenous dipeptide that is synthesized through the posttranslational processing of β-endorphin in brain stem regions that control respiration and autonomic function. This study tested the hypothesis that Gly-Gln administration to conscious rats will prevent the respiratory depression caused by morphine without affecting morphine antinociception. Rats were administered Gly-Gln (1–100 nmol) or saline (10 μl) intracerebroventricularly followed, 5 min later, by morphine (40 nmol icv). Arterial blood gases and pH were measured immediately before Gly-Gln and 30 min after morphine injection. Gly-Gln pretreatment inhibited morphine-induced hypercapnia, hypoxia, and acidosis significantly. The response was dose dependent and significant at Gly-Gln doses as low as 1 nmol. In contrast, Gly-Gln (1–300 nmol) had no effect on morphine-evoked antinociception in the paw withdrawal test. When given alone to otherwise untreated animals, Gly-Gln did not affect nociceptive latencies or blood gas values. These data indicate that Gly-Gln inhibits morphine-induced respiratory depression without compromising morphine antinociception.
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Temma, Takashi, Makoto Yamazaki, Jun Miyanohara, Hisashi Shirakawa, Naoya Kondo, Kazuhiro Koshino, Shuji Kaneko, and Hidehiro Iida. "Sequential PET estimation of cerebral oxygen metabolism with spontaneous respiration of 15O-gas in mice with bilateral common carotid artery stenosis." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 37, no. 10 (February 9, 2017): 3334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x17692815.
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Positron emission tomography with 15O-labeled gases (15O-PET) is important for in vivo measurement of cerebral oxygen metabolism both in clinical and basic settings. However, there are currently no reports concerning 15O-PET in mice. Here, we developed an 15O-PET method applicable to mice with spontaneous respiration of 15O-gas without a tracheotomy catheter. Sequential 15O-PET was also performed in a mouse model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion with bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) induced by placement of microcoils. 15O-gas with isoflurane was supplied to the nose of mouse with evacuation of excess 15O-gas surrounding the body. 15O-PET was performed on days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after surgery. Cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume, oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) were calculated in whole brains. A significant decrease in CBF and compensatory increase in OEF in the BCAS group produced CMRO2 values comparable to that of the sham group at three days post-operation. Although CBF and OEF in the BCAS group gradually recovered over the first 28 days, the CMRO2 showed a gradual decrease to 68% of sham values at 28 days post-operation. In conclusion, we successfully developed a noninvasive 15O-PET method for mice.
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Schrage, William G., Brad W. Wilkins, Christopher P. Johnson, John H. Eisenach, Jacqueline K. Limberg, Niki M. Dietz, Timothy B. Curry, and Michael J. Joyner. "Roles of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase in leg vasodilation and oxygen consumption during prolonged low-intensity exercise in untrained humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 109, no. 3 (September 2010): 768–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00326.2010.
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The vasodilator signals regulating muscle blood flow during exercise are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that in young adults leg muscle vasodilation during steady-state exercise would be reduced independently by sequential pharmacological inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) with NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) and ketorolac, respectively. We tested a second hypothesis that NOS and COX inhibition would increase leg oxygen consumption (V̇o2) based on the reported inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by nitric oxide. In 13 young adults, we measured heart rate (ECG), blood pressure (femoral venous and arterial catheters), blood gases, and venous oxygen saturation (indwelling femoral venous oximeter) during prolonged (25 min) steady-state dynamic knee extension exercise (60 kick/min, 19 W). Leg blood flow (LBF) was determined by Doppler ultrasound of the femoral artery. Whole body V̇o2 was measured, and leg V̇o2 was calculated from blood gases and LBF. Resting intra-arterial infusions of acetylcholine (ACh) and nitroprusside (NTP) tested inhibitor efficacy. Leg vascular conductance (LVC) to ACh was reduced up to 53 ± 4% by l-NAME + ketorolac infusion, and the LVC responses to NTP were unaltered. Exercise increased LVC from 4 ± 1 to 33.1 ± 2 ml·min−1·mmHg−1 and tended to decrease after l-NAME infusion (31 ± 2 ml·min−1·mmHg−1, P = 0.09). With subsequent administration of ketorolac LVC decreased to 29.6 ± 2 ml·min−1·mmHg−1 ( P = 0.02; n = 9). While exercise continued, LVC returned to control values (33 ± 2 ml·min−1·mmHg−1) within 3 min, suggesting involvement of additional vasodilator mechanisms. In four additional subjects, LVC tended to decrease with l-NAME infusion alone ( P = 0.08) but did not demonstrate the transient recovery. Whole body and leg V̇o2 increased with exercise but were not altered by l-NAME or l-NAME + ketorolac. These data indicate a modest role for NOS- and COX-mediated vasodilation in the leg of exercising humans during prolonged steady-state exercise, which can be restored acutely. Furthermore, NOS and COX do not appear to influence muscle V̇o2 in untrained healthy young adults.
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Musch, T. I. "Elevated diaphragmatic blood flow during submaximal exercise in rats with chronic heart failure." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 265, no. 5 (November 1, 1993): H1721—H1726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1993.265.5.h1721.
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The exercise blood flow response of muscles involved in respiration was determined in rats with a myocardial infarction (MI), which was produced by tying the left main coronary artery, and in rats that underwent sham operations (Sham). Arterial blood gases, acid-base parameters, and blood flow (ml/100 g of tissue) to the diaphragm, intercostals, and transverse abdominis muscles were measured during steady-state treadmill exercise (20% grade, 28 m/min). The responses of MI rats that were classified as having a small (MIS < 25%, n = 7), medium (25% < or = MIM < or = 35%, n = 8), and large (MIL > 35%, n = 7) infarct were compared with those of Sham (n = 12) rats using analysis of variance techniques. Results demonstrated that arterial PO2 and PCO2 were similar for all groups during exercise (PaO2 = 110-112 mmHg; PaCO2 = 28-29 mmHg) even though the MIM and MIL groups had developed a significant amount of pulmonary congestion, and the MIL group demonstrated indicators of severe left ventricular dysfunction. Blood flow to the diaphragm during exercise was significantly greater for the MIL group of rats, although blood flow to the intercostals and transverse abdominis muscles was similar across the different groups. Results from this study support the contention that MI rats (including rats with decompensated heart failure) will achieve the same effective alveolar ventilation during exercise as that found for Sham rats and in the process maintain arterial O2 saturation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Orr, J. A., H. Shams, M. R. Fedde, and P. Scheid. "Cardiorespiratory changes during HCl infusion unrelated to decreases in circulating blood pH." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 2362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.6.2362.
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To test the hypothesis that infusion of HCl changes blood pressure and respiration independent of decreases in circulating blood pH, an extracorporeal arteriovenous shunt (20 ml/min) between the femoral artery and vein was installed in anesthetized cats. Into this loop, acid (0.25 M HCl) and, approximately 10 cm downstream, base (0.25 M NaOH) could be infused simultaneously. Likewise, either acid or base could be infused individually. Right ventricular (Prv) and arterial (Pa) blood pressure, tidal volume (VT), and respiratory frequency (fresp) were recorded as well as blood gases and pH in arterial, right ventricular, and shunt loop blood at the reentrance into the animal. When HCl and NaOH were infused simultaneously and at equimolar rates (0.2 mmol/min for 10 min), there was a large increase in Prv, with little change or decrease in Pa. Respiratory frequency was increased, but total ventilation was not elevated because of a concomitant fall in VT. The rise in Prv and increase in fresp were transient in that they could only be evoked during the first HCl-NaOH infusion in a given animal. Repetitive infusions of HCl-NaOH into the same animal failed to elicit the response. Similar transient acid effects were evoked when HCl was infused without NaOH but not when NaOH was infused without HCl. During the second and third infusion of HCl, ventilatory responses were elicited that were explainable by stimulation of known chemoreceptors. The transient rise in Prv and fresp evoked by acid infusion might be explained by release of an agent from blood elements at the tip of the HCl infusion catheter, which in turn would constrict pulmonary vessels and influence breathing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Chaney, Leslie A., Robin W. Rockhold, and Arthur S. Hume. "Cardiorespiratory Effects Following Acute Exposure to Pyridostigmine Bromide and/or N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in Rats." International Journal of Toxicology 21, no. 4 (July 2002): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810290096450.
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The acute lethal interaction that occurs in rodents when high doses of a peripherally restricted cholinesterase inhibitor, pyridostigmine bromide (PB), and the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) are combined was first described during studies of chemical mixtures that were targeted as potential causative agents of Gulf War illnesses. This study was intended to provide insight into possible mechanisms of that lethal interaction. Following a single intraperitoneal injection of PB (2 mg/kg) and/or DEET (300 or 500 mg/kg), respiratory activity was measured in conscious freely moving rats using whole-body plethysmography. Cardiovascular function was also monitored simultaneously through an arterial catheter. PB (2 mg/kg) given alone stimulated respiration and increased blood pressure. Arterial pH levels were decreased, whereas pO2 and pCO2 remained at control levels. Administration of DEET (300 mg/kg) alone increased tidal volume and decreased blood pressure. Blood gases and pH levels were unaltered. A higher dose of DEET (500 mg/kg) also decreased respiratory and heart rate. Coadministration of PB (2 mg/kg) and DEET (300 mg/kg) increased tidal volume, decreased arterial pH, and elevated pCO2. Heart rate and blood pressure declined progressively after drug coadministration. Pretreatment with atropine methyl nitrate (AMN), a peripherally selective competitive antagonist at nicotinic and muscarinic receptor sites, reduced the individual effects of PB or DEET, and significantly increased survival after co-exposure to these agents. Although changes in respiratory function may have contributed to the lethal interaction, it was concluded that the primary cause of death was circulatory failure.
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Perlini, S., P. L. Solda, M. Piepoli, G. Sala-Gallini, A. Calciati, G. Finardi, and L. Bernardi. "Determinants of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in the vagotomized rabbit." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 269, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): H909—H915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1995.269.3.h909.
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After cardiac denervation, a small-amplitude respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) has been described in animals and humans. Its mechanical and chemical determinants were investigated in 19 urethan-anesthetized, vagotomized, and mechanically ventilated rabbits. We measured the influence on RSA of arterial blood gases, beta-adrenergic blockade, and phasic and steady changes in right atrial pressure (RAP) induced by changes in tidal volume (VT, 20, 40, 60 ml), respiratory frequency (RF, 10, 20, 30 cycles/min), and dextran-induced RAP increases. Phasic changes in RAP during each recording were quantified as standard deviation of the first derivative of the RAP signal (dRAP) as a measure of magnitude of variations of the rate of change due to respiration. RSA was assessed by combined autoregressive power spectral analysis of R-R interval and respiration on sequences of 256 heart-beats. Despite vagotomy, RSA was present in all recordings in all animals. During room air breathing, RSA changes were dependent on RF and VT (P < 0.025 and P < 0.001, respectively) and correlated with dRAP (P < 0.001) and arterial PO2 (P < 0.001). beta-Adrenergic blockade did not change the amplitude of this residual RSA or its dependence on ventilatory mechanics. Dextran-induced increase in mean RAP from 2.9 to 11.9 mmHg did not modify RSA or dRAP. During 100% O2 inhalation, RSA changes were no longer significantly linked to RF and VT, and also the correlation of RSA with dRAP was reduced (P < 0.05). Changing the arterial PCO2 from 28 to 79 mmHg (induced by increasing dead space at fixed ventilation) did not modify RSA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Jennings, D. B., and P. C. Szlyk. "Ventilation and respiratory pattern and timing in resting awake cats." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 63, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y85-026.
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The purpose of this study was to characterize the variability and patterns of spontaneous respiratory behaviour in awake cats. Respiration was measured in six cats over 80 or 90 min by the plethysmographic technique. In three cats, arterial blood gases were measured. Breath frequency (f) and tidal volume (VT) varied considerably breath-to-breath, although on average, these measurements as well as average ventilation remained relatively constant. The incidence of breath ventilation (VT × 60/TTOT) and VT were distributed unimodally but the incidence of breath f had a bimodal distribution. In the low f range, average f was 22.5 breaths/min, and in the high f range, average f was 41.6 breaths/min. The latter range appeared to be associated with purring. Inspiratory duration (TI) was less than expiratory duration (TE) at low f but exceeded TE at high f. For a given breath ventilation there was a predictable f and VT. At shorter TI (higher f) mean inspiratory flow, an index of central respiratory drive, increased but VT decreased. This study indicates that "normal" control respiratory behaviour in awake cats is better described by the range and pattern of breathing than by average values.
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Dalkara, T., K. Irikura, Z. Huang, N. Panahian, and M. A. Moskowitz. "Cerebrovascular Responses under Controlled and Monitored Physiological Conditions in the Anesthetized Mouse." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 15, no. 4 (July 1995): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1995.78.
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Control of physiological parameters such as respiration, blood pressure, and arterial blood gases has been difficult in the mouse due to the lack of technology required to monitor these parameters in small animals. Here we report that anesthetized and artificially ventilated mice can be maintained under physiological control for several hours with apparently normal cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia and mechanical vibrissal stimulation. SV-129 mice were anesthetized with urethane (750 mg/kg i.p.) and α-chloralose (50 mg/kg i.p.), intubated, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated. Respiratory control was maintained within physiological range by reducing the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle to <0.1 s and by adjusting end-tidal CO2 to give a Pco2 of 35 ± 3 mm Hg. In these mice, mean arterial pressure (95 ± 9 mm Hg), heart rate (545 ± 78 beats/min), and arterial pH (7.27 ± 0.10) could be maintained for several hours. Body temperature was kept at 36.5–37.5°C. We observed stable regional CBF (rCBF) measurements (as determined by laser–Doppler flowmetry) when systemic arterial blood pressure was varied between 40 and 130 mm Hg. Hypercapnia led to a 38 ± 15% (5% CO2) and 77 ± 34% (10% CO2) increase in rCBF. Mechanical stimulation of contralateral vibrissae for 1 min increased rCBF by 14 ± 4%. Changes in rCBF compare favorably with those observed previously in another rodent species, the Sprague–Dawley rat. After placement of a closed cranial window, cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia and whisker stimulation was intact and well maintained during 2-h superfusion with artificial CSF.
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Kursov, S. V. "Acute toxic gas poisonings in the workplace (lecture)." EMERGENCY MEDICINE 16, no. 7-8 (April 5, 2021): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0586.16.7-8.2020.223699.
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The lecture presents the main mechanisms of damage to the body, the typical clinical picture and the principles of emergency medical care (EMС) and intensive care in victims of acute poisonings by toxic gases. Due to the fact that the risk of simultaneous appearance of a large number of victims with such poisonings is always high in the conditions of chemical production, the issue of providing EMС to this group of patients is always relevant. The lecture considers the features of damage to the human body with ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, arsine, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and gasoline vapors. All these chemical compounds are widespread chemical reagents and reaction intermediates in production. The inhalation route by which volatile substances enter the body determines the accelerated development of clinical symptoms due to the rapid pass of toxic chemicals into the blood of patients. Disorders in the functioning of the external respiratory system are among the most common ones when inhaling such aggressive chemical compounds as ammonia, chlorine, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, gasoline vapors. The intake of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrogen sulfide poses a high risk of hemic hypoxia and related damage to the central nervous system and cardiovascular system. Inhalation of compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, arsine, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide determines the development of disorders of tissue respiration. Almost all chemical compounds, the action of which is presented in the lecture, can have a general toxic effect on patients. The need to immediately stop the contact with the toxic substance, prevention and intensive care of patients with acute respiratory failure syndrome, use of antidotes and drugs with antihypoxic effect, which improve tissue respiration and promote energy production, are highlighted when considering the aspects of providing EMС.
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Rollins, Mark D., John R. Feiner, Jessica M. Lee, Sameer Shah, and Merlin Larson. "Pupillary Effects of High-dose Opioid Quantified with Infrared Pupillometry." Anesthesiology 121, no. 5 (November 1, 2014): 1037–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000000384.
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Abstract Background: The pupillary light reflex is a critical component of the neurologic examination, yet whether it is present, depressed, or absent is unknown in patients with significant opioid toxicity. Although opioids produce miosis by activating the pupillary sphincter muscle, these agents may induce significant hypercarbia and hypoxia, causing pupillary constriction to be overcome via sympathetic activation. The presence of either “pinpoint pupils” or sympathetically mediated pupillary dilation might prevent light reflex assessment. This study was designed to determine whether the light reflex remains quantifiable during opioid-induced hypercarbia and hypoxia. Methods: Ten volunteers were administered remifentanil with a gradually increasing infusion rate and intermittent boluses, until the increasing respiratory depression produced an oxyhemoglobin saturation of 85% or less with associated hypercarbia. Subjects’ heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and transcutaneous carbon dioxide level were continuously recorded. Arterial blood gases and pupillary measures were taken before opioid administration, at maximal desaturation, and 15 min after recovery. Results: The opioid-induced oxygen desaturation (≤85%) was associated with significant hypercarbia and evidence of sympathetic activation. During maximal hypoxia and hypercarbia, the pupil displayed parasympathetic dominance (2.5 ± 0.2 mm diameter) with a robust quantifiable light reflex. The reflex amplitude was linearly related to pupil diameter. Conclusions: Opioid administration with significant accompanying hypercarbia and hypoxia results in pupil diameters of 2 to 3 mm and a reduced but quantifiable pupillary light reflex. The authors conclude that the pupillary examination and evaluation of the light reflex remain useful for neurologic assessment during opioid toxicity.
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McConn, Betty R., Alan W. Duttlinger, Kouassi R. Kpodo, Jacob M. Maskal, Brianna N. Gaskill, Allan P. Schinckel, Angela R. Green-Miller, Donald C. Lay, and Jay S. Johnson. "216 Thermoregulatory and physiological responses of sows at different reproductive stages exposed to increasing ambient temperature." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.011.
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Abstract Pregnant sows, especially during late-gestation, may be susceptible to heat stress due to increased metabolic heat production and body mass. Therefore, the study objective was to determine the thermoregulatory and physiological responses of sows exposed to increasing ambient temperature (TA) at 3 reproductive stages. In 3 repetitions, 27 multiparous sows (parity 3.22±0.89) were individually housed and had jugular catheters placed 5.0±1.0 d prior to the experiment. To differentiate between reproductive stages, sows were categorized as open (not pregnant, n=9), mid-gestation (59.7±9.6 days pregnant, n=9), or late-gestation (99.0±4.8 days pregnant, n=9). During the experiment, sows were exposed to 6 consecutive 1 h periods of increasing TA (period 1, 14.39±2.14°C; period 2, 16.20±1.39°C; period 3, 22.09±1.87°C; period 4, 26.34±1.39°C; period 5, 30.56±0.81°C; period 6, 35.07±0.96°C), with 1 h transition phases in between each period. Respiration rate (RR), heart rate (HR), skin temperature, and vaginal temperature (TV) were measured every 20 min and the mean was calculated for each period. At the end of each period, blood gases, leukocytes, and red blood cell counts were measured. Overall, RR and HR were greater (P≤0.04; 45.6% and 12.9%, respectively) in late-gestation versus mid-gestation sows. Compared to mid-gestation and open sows, TV tended to be greater (P=0.06) during period 4 (0.18°C and 0.29°C, respectively) and period 5 (0.14°C and 0.18°C, respectively) in late-gestation sows. Blood O2 increased (P< 0.01; 18.1%) for all sows with advancing period, regardless of reproductive stage. Late-gestation sows had reduced (P=0.02; 16.1%) blood CO2 compared to mid-gestation sows, regardless of period. In summary, late-gestation sows appear to be more sensitive to increasing TA as indicated by increased RR, HR, TV, and blood O2, and reduced blood CO2 when compared to mid-gestation or open sows. This change in O2 and CO2, due to increasing RR and heat stress sensitivity of late-gestation sows, may suggest an alteration to the acid-base balance, leading to respiratory alkalosis.
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Hauer, Brandon E., Biruk Negash, Kingsley Chan, Wesley Vuong, Frederick Colbourne, Silvia Pagliardini, and Clayton T. Dickson. "Hyperoxia enhances slow-wave forebrain states in urethane-anesthetized and naturally sleeping rats." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 1505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00373.2018.
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Oxygen (O2) is a crucial element for physiological functioning in mammals. In particular, brain function is critically dependent on a minimum amount of circulating blood levels of O2 and both immediate and lasting neural dysfunction can result following anoxic or hypoxic episodes. Although the effects of deficiencies in O2 levels on the brain have been reasonably well studied, less is known about the influence of elevated levels of O2 (hyperoxia) in inspired gas under atmospheric pressure. This is of importance due to its typical use in surgical anesthesia, in the treatment of stroke and traumatic brain injury, and even in its recreational or alternative therapeutic use. Using local field potential (EEG) recordings in spontaneously breathing urethane-anesthetized and naturally sleeping rats, we characterized the influence of different levels of O2 in inspired gases on brain states. While rats were under urethane anesthesia, administration of 100% O2 elicited a significant and reversible increase in time spent in the deactivated (i.e., slow-wave) state, with concomitant decreases in both heartbeat and respiration rates. Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide (to 5%) in inspired gas produced the opposite result on EEG states, mainly a decrease in the time spent in the deactivated state. Consistent with this, decreasing concentrations of O2 (to 15%) in inspired gases decreased time spent in the deactivated state. Further confirmation of the hyperoxic effect was found in naturally sleeping animals where it similarly increased time spent in slow-wave (nonrapid eye movement) states. Thus alterations of O2 in inspired air appear to directly affect forebrain EEG states, which has implications for brain function, as well as for the regulation of brain states and levels of forebrain arousal during sleep in both normal and pathological conditions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that alterations of oxygen concentration in inspired air biases forebrain EEG state. Hyperoxia increases the prevalence of slow-wave states. Hypoxia and hypercapnia appear to do the opposite. This suggests that oxidative metabolism is an important stimulant for brain state.
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Bernier, Anne, Céline Catelin, Mohamed Amine Hadj Ahmed, Nathalie Samson, Pauline Bonneau, and Jean-Paul Praud. "Effects of nasal continuous positive-airway pressure on nutritive swallowing in lambs." Journal of Applied Physiology 112, no. 12 (June 15, 2012): 1984–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01559.2011.
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Current knowledge suggests that, to be successful, oral feeding in preterm infants should be initiated as soon as possible, often at an age where immature respiration still requires ventilatory support in the form of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP). While some neonatologist teams claim great success with initiation of oral feeding in immature infants with nCPAP, others strictly wait for this ventilatory support to be no longer necessary before any attempt at oral feeding, fearing laryngeal penetration and tracheal aspiration. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to provide a first assessment of the effect of various levels of nCPAP on bottle-feeding in a neonatal ovine model, including feeding safety, feeding efficiency, and nutritive swallowing-breathing coordination. Eight lambs born at term were surgically instrumented 48 h after birth to collect recordings of electrical activity of laryngeal constrictor muscle, electrocardiography, and arterial blood gases. Two days after surgery, lambs were bottle-fed under five randomized nCPAP conditions, including without any nCPAP or nasal mask and nCPAP of 0, 4, 7, and 10 cmH2O. Results revealed that application of nCPAP in the full-term lamb had no deleterious effect on feeding safety and efficiency or on nutritive swallowing-breathing coordination. The present study provides a first and unique insight on the effect of nCPAP on oral feeding, demonstrating its safety in newborn lambs born at term. These results open the way for further research in preterm lambs to better mimic the problems encountered in neonatology.
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Shimoni, Moria, Noel Axelrod, David Nuttman, Jerome Orlin, and Bruria Shalev. "A Non-Invasive Method for the Detection of Bacterial Contamination of Platelet Apheresis Concentrates." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.1177.1177.
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Abstract Abstract 1177 Introduction: Allogeneic blood transfusion is a potential source of infection via a variety of known and unknown transmissible agents. Over the last three decades, pre-transfusion donor screening for viral agents has led to a dramatic reduction in the risk of virally transmitted diseases. Bacterial contamination, on the other hand, has proved more difficult to address and remains the most prevalent transfusion-associated infectious risk. This is especially true for platelet components whose storage conditions (22°C, for up to 5 days, with agitation) facilitate bacterial proliferation throughout the storage period. Reported here are the results of initial testing using a novel, noninvasive, real time, rapid screening device for the detection of bacterial contamination of platelet units. Methods and Results: This detection method is based on measuring absorption of an infrared beam that is transmitted through the gaseous atmosphere above the platelets. Living microorganisms produce metabolic gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) during respiration. By means of infrared absorption the concentration of metabolic gases can be measured inside the platelet storage bag. The methodology consists of an apparatus which uses a tunable monochromatic mid-IR light source, IR detector and electronic signal processor. The light source emits light in frequency range overlapping at least with one absorption line of CO2gas. Use of the tunable light source allows the determination of metabolic gas concentration within the container without etalon use. In this method, the light from the light source is transmitted through the gaseous part of storage bag is measured by means of an IR detector. The concentration of CO2gas inside the platelet bag is determined by equilibrium conditions between the release rate and the rate of diffusion of the metabolic gases through the bag walls. Staphylococcus epidermidis obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) were used to contaminate platelets bags. The bacterially inoculated apheresis platelets were agitated at 22°C and measurements were performed using a laser instrument. Each platelet unit was measured before and during bacterial contamination. Samples were taken from each contaminated platelet bag and a standard culture plate count was used for determining bacterial concentration in the platelet medium. Using this device we have succeeded to detect bacterial concentration of above 3*106 CFU/mL staphylococcus epidermidis (Figure 1). Conclusions: Although methods to detect platelet bacterial contamination have received much attention, bacterial contamination of platelet components remains a persistent problem. The methodology described in this report detects staphylococcus epidermidis in apheresis platelet bags. The method allows for testing in real time - at issue or during storage, and it provides immediate results. This device is expected to be successful in detecting most prevalent types of bacteria strains. The test is easy to perform and does not require pre-incubation of samples or handling of the bag's contents. The device is specific and sensitive, allowing bacteria screening, ensuring increased safety of platelet transfusions. The device is able to detect bacteria in platelets, and other blood constituents, through the storage bag, without contacting, harming, or handling the bag's contents. Since there is no direct interaction of the laser light beam with the platelet media and the laser power is low (approximately 10 mW) thermal effects are avoided. By allowing real-time, sensitive detection of bacterial contamination of platelet products, wastage can be reduced, platelet shortage can be alleviated and the adverse outcomes associated with platelet transfusion contamination can be prevented. Further studies are required to evaluate the sensitivity limits for the detection of other bacterial strains that have been reported to contaminate platelet products. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Tesema, Zeleke, Mengistie Taye, and Desalegn Ayichew. "The role of phenotypic and genetic basis of livestock selection for climate change adaptation and mitigation: A review." Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 4, no. 2 (March 29, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2019.v4i2.251.
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Livestock are not only suffering from climate change, but also contribute to climate change through the direct and indirect release of greenhouse gases (CH4, N2O and CO2). Characterization, identification and conservation of heat tolerant livestock breeds are basics for future challenging climate. Properties of the skin, hair, coat color, coat type, sweating, respiration capacity, tissue insulation, surface area relative to body weight, endocrinological profiles and metabolic heat production are important factors involved for heat tolerance. Selection based on these phenotypic characteristics is play indispensible for climate change adaptation and mitigation. Molecular information is used to know the candidate gene for heat tolerance, their action, specific function and location on chromosomes thereby important for modification of gene and selection of heat tolerant breed and feed efficient animals. Genomic information also used to identify genes that regulated during a stressful event can lead to the identification of animals that are genetically superior for coping with stress. Marker assisted selection and proteomics may also be valuable in selection for secondary traits linked to adaptation, such as the genes for high levels of blood urea and ruminal ammonia in certain genotypes, associated with adaptation to low-quality C4 grasses. Scientific research results demonstrated that heat tolerance is heritable trait and variable between/within livestock breeds, thereby variation and heritability of the trait opens the window for selection of heat tolerant animals. Therefore, the combined genomic selection using genome wide DNA markers that predict tolerance to heat stress and phenotypic selection could be accelerated breeding of highly productive and heat tolerant livestock breeds. Further research should be conducted on characterization, identification of indigenous breeds at molecular level and on identification of responsible genes/genomic regions associated with thermoregulation, feed and production efficiency in order to develop suitable adaptive and mitigation strategies to counter environmental stresses.
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Wood, J. D., N. L. Herman, and D. R. Kostreva. "Ventilation of a rat with a large-animal respirator." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 1192–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.3.1192.
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Rats were effectively ventilated with 100% O2 mixed with room air utilizing a modified tracheostomy tube and a Bird Mark 7 respirator to maintain arterial blood gases within normal limits. A 3-cm segment of rubber pilot tubing was attached to a 15-mm respiratory connector and a 3-cm piece of polyethylene catheter tubing was fitted snugly into the other end. The catheter was inserted and secured into the trachea of 250- to 500-g Sprague-Dawley rats with the adaptor hose of the respirator fitted onto the 15-mm connector following tracheostomy. Manometer and inspiratory flow rate controls of the respirator were set to their minimum operating position. Appropriate rate control adjustments were made when necessary as determined by arterial blood gas measurements. By use of the above ventilation system, adequate arterial blood gases of anesthesized rats can be maintained for greater than 3 h.
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Bynum, James A., Kristin Reddoch, Grantham C. Peltier, Ashley S. Taylor, Robbie Montgomery, Michael Adam Meledeo, and Andrew P. Cap. "Reducing Fibrinogen through Platelet Additive Solutions Improves Mitochondrial Function and Reduces Reactive Oxygen Species in Stored Platelets." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.1357.1357.
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Abstract Background The platelet storage lesion is mitigated by refrigeration in platelet additive solutions (PAS), but questions remain regarding effects of cold storage (4°C) on mitochondrial function. Understanding underlying mechanisms responsible for enhanced hemostatic function of 4°C-stored PAS platelets will be critical for such improvements in platelet transfusion. We hypothesized that storage of platelet concentrates at 4°C leads to GPIIb-IIIa activation and thus aggregate formation through fibrinogen binding, and that this could be prevented by storing platelets in platelet additive solution (PAS) without compromising platelet function. Methods Apheresis platelets in plasma (AP) or apheresis platelets in PAS were stored at 22°C or 4°C for up to 15 days. Measurements include platelet counts, blood gases, flow cytometry analysis, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and high resolution respirometry. To explore the effect of fibrinogen on storage, platelets were treated with abciximab to inhibit GPIIb-IIIa binding and aggregation. Donor fibrinogen levels were measured before being collected in PAS; samples were separated into minibags for comparison of control 4°C PAS-stored platelets to 4°C PAS-stored platelets with fibrinogen added back to original donor levels (PAS-FBN). Results Mitochondrial respiration was lower in platelets stored at 4°C compared to 22°C in both AP and PAS; however, PAS-stored platelets retained lower mitochondrial respiration over the time course. Additionally, maximal mitochondrial oxygen utilization (oxidative burst capacity) was better preserved in 4°C-stored platelets; PAS demonstrated less overall mitochondrial exhaustion at 4°C compared to 4°C-AP samples (Figure 1). PAS-FBN resulted in reduced oxidative burst capacity over 15 days of storage which was consistent with loss of platelet function observed through flow cytometry analysis including increased phosphatidylserine expression, microparticles, and GPIb shedding. Mitochondrial intracellular ROS levels were lower in all 4°C-stored samples compared to their respective RT-stored groups. PAS-FBN resulted in significantly lower platelet counts (Day 5: BL= 1.1x106±.04plt/µL, PAS = 1.1 x106±.06plt/µL, PAS-FBN = .61 x106±.06plt/µL; P<0.001) compared to 4°C PAS-stored platelets and displayed marked increases in visible aggregates in the storage bag. PAS-stored platelets resulted in significantly lower levels of intracellular ROS compared to AP at both RT and 4°C conditions and PAS-FBN (P<0.05). 4°C-AP-stored samples treated with abciximab (AP-Ab) rescued the loss in platelet count commonly encountered in 4°C-AP storage (Day 5: BL = 1112±18, AP-4°C = 720±77, AP-Ab = 1085±28;P<0.001) and resulted in less intracellular ROS compared to untreated 4°C-AP samples at Day 5 (Figure 2). Discussion Mitochondrial damage and ROS production may contribute to loss of platelet viability during storage, whereas cold storage is known to preserve platelet function. Our previous work has shown that use of PAS in stored platelets prevents aggregate formation, enhances platelet function, results in less oxidant stress, and preserves both mitochondrial function and potential compared to AP-stored platelets. Here we demonstrate that reduction in fibrinogen levels of 4°C PAS -stored platelets plays a key role in the underlying mechanism for PAS-stored platelet enhancement. Taken together, these data indicate that cold storage combined with PAS preserves platelet viability both by maintaining energy potential and preventing degradation due to enhanced ROS. Figure 1 Figure 1. Figure 2 Figure 2. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Yaygingul, Rahime, Ali Belge, Ibrahim Akin, Cengiz Unsal, Osman Bulut, and Nuh Kilic. "Comparison of Clinical and Hemodynamic Effects of Isoflurane and Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Calves." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 45, no. 1 (October 18, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.80728.
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Background: Inhalation anesthesia is the preferred method for use on many animal species, including ruminants, due to its superiority over the injectable anesthetics. The most commonly used inhalation anesthetics are isoflurane and sevoflurane The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia on the cardiovascular system of calves.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 20 calves (11 male, 9 female) between 1 and 6 months in age and 50 to 85 kg in body weight were used. The calves were divided randomly into two groups of 10 each, with one group being administered isoflurane and the other sevoflurane. An intramuscular dosage of 0.1 mg/kg of xylazine was administered to the calves as premedication. Induction was performed 10 min after calves were given an intramuscular dosage of 4 mg/kg of ketamine. Inhalation anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane in 100% oxygen saturation. Before anesthesia, after induction and at intervals of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, and 60 min of anesthesia, the body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate of the calves were recorded. Additionally, before anesthesia, after induction and at intervals of 15, 30, 45, and 60 min of anesthesia, serum electrolyte (Na+, Ca++, K+, Mg++) and blood gases (pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3-, TCO2, O2Sat, HCT) were evaluated from blood samples taken from both groups. The second derivation, durations and amplitudes of the P and T waves, the durations and amplitudes of the QRS complex, and the durations of PQ and QT intervals were evaluated on the ECGs recorded before anesthesia, after induction and during anesthesia. Following anesthesia termination, the extubation time and the time it took for straightening of the head and standing up were recorded. Decrease in heart rate and body temperature were found significant in two of the groups. Decrease in respiratory rate compared to initial values after premedication was statistically significant for both groups. However, during anesthesia, an increase occurred. This incresae in respiration rate was not statistically significant compared to initial values. The incease in the values of pCO2, pO2, HCO3 and the decrease in the values of pH and Hct comparing the initial values was found statistically significant in both groups.Discussion: In ruminants, isoflurane has an induction concentration of 3-5% and an anesthetic concentration of 1.5-3%, while sevoflurane has an induction concentration of 4-6% and an anesthetic concentration of 2.5-4%. In this study, the concentration of isoflurane was 2.3% (2-5) and the of sevoflurane was 4.07% (3-5) for surgery. In the isoflurane group, extubation, straightening of the head and standing up times were 12.40 ± 3.77 min, 20.4 ± 1.57 min, and 30.80 ± 1.89 min, respectively. In the sevoflurane group, extubation, straightening of the head and standing up times were 13.40 ± 4.99, 19.2 ± 1.49, and 28.0 ± 1.83 min, respectively. Although the calves in the isoflurane group were extubated earlier than those of the sevoflurane group, the time elapsed for straightening of the head and standing up were longer than that of the sevoflurane group. The anesthesia protocol provided a smooth anesthetic administration, general anesthesia and awakening. In conclusion, the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia on the cardiovascular and respiratory system were similar, and although the changes that emerged during anesthesia were statistically significant, it was nonetheless found that the changes were within the physiological limits.
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Brice, A. G., and H. G. Welch. "Effect of respiratory alkalosis on skeletal muscle metabolism in the dog." Journal of Applied Physiology 58, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 658–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.2.658.
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These experiments were conducted to determine whether changes in skeletal muscle metabolism contribute to the previously reported increase in whole-body O2 uptake (VO2) during respiratory alkalosis. The hind-limb and gastrocnemius-plantaris preparations in anesthetized and paralyzed dogs were used. VO2 of the hindlimb and gastrocnemius muscle was calculated from measurements of venous blood flow and arterial and venous O2 concentrations (Van Slyke analysis). Whole-body VO2 was measured by the open-circuit method. Minute ventilation (hence blood gases and pH) was controlled by a mechanical respirator. Whole-body, hind-limb, and gastrocnemius muscle VO2 increased 14, 19, and 20%, respectively, during alkalosis (P less than 0.05). In all experiments, arterial lactate concentration increased significantly (P less than 0.05) during alkalosis. A positive venoarterial lactate difference across muscle during alkalosis indicated that skeletal muscle is a source of the elevated blood lactate. We concluded that VO2 of resting skeletal muscle is increased during states of respiratory alkalosis and that this increase can account for much of the increase in whole-body VO2.
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Sedin, Gunnar. "CPAP and Mechanical Ventilation." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 7, S1 (January 1991): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300012472.
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Respiratory insufficiency has previously been a frequent cause of neonatal death, especially in preterm infants. As late as in 1967, Silverman and associates (66) found that in infants with hyaline membrane disease (HMD), mechanical ventilation with a body-enclosing negative pressure respirator did not improve survival. Before 1970, the mortality among infants who required respiratory therapy was high (20;46;70). At the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s, several new methods were introduced to improve ventilation of newborn infants. Kirby and coworkers (41) introduced intermittent mandatory ventilation as a way of weaning from mechanical ventilation. In a series of studies, Reynolds and coworkers evaluated the effects of different peak airway pressures, respiratory frequencies, and inspiratory:expiratory ratios on arterial blood gases and right to left shunts (32;58;59;60).
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Eremenko, A. A., Р. V. Polyakova, and M. A. Vyzhigina. "Influence of Noninvasive Respiratory Support Techniques on Gas Exchange in Cardiac Surgical Patients Suffering from Post-Operative Respiratory Failure." General Reanimatology 15, no. 4 (September 4, 2019): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15360/1813-9779-2019-1-21-31.
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Respiratory failure (RF) after tracheal extubation occurs in 5–25% of cardiac surgical patients. Various noninvasive respiratory support techniques are available for RF treatment.The purpose of the study is a comparative assessment of the effect on gas exchange of oxygen inhalation through a mask with noninvasive airway positive pressure mask ventilation, and high-flow lung ventilation during post-extubation respiratory failure in cardiac surgical patients.Materials and methods. 52 cardiac surgical patients with post-extubation respiratory failure (mean age 61 (55–67) years) were included in the study. Respiratory failure critera were as follows: PaO2/FiO2 _ 300 mm Hg or SpO2 _ 88% during room air breathing. Exclusion criteria included presentation of pleural effusion in patients, pneumothorax, diaphragm paresis. Every patient was subjected consecutively to arterial blood gases test during room air breathing, low-flow oxygen therapy using a mask with a pre-volume bag, high-flow ventilation (HFNC), and noninvasive positive pressure mask ventilation (NIPPV). Each method was applied during 1 hour prior to the test. Respiratory rate (RR) and capillary blood saturation (SpO2) were monitored throughout the whole study.Results. PaO2/FiO2 during low-flow oxygen therapy was equal to 171 (137–243) mm Hg. At the background of HFNC, this index increased to 235 (183–305) mm Hg (P=0.00004), and upon transfer to NIPPV — to 228 (180–288) mm Hg (P=0.000028). SpO2 during HFNC and NIPPV increased from 95 (93–98)% to 98 (96–99)% (P=0.000006) and 97 (95–98)%, respectively (P=0.000006 and P=0.000069). PaCO2 was higher during oxygen mask breathing compared to air breathing: 41 (37–44) mm Hg and 38 (34–42) mm Hg, correspondingly, P=0.0017. Upon transfer to HFNC, PaCO2 lowered on average by 10% (37 (33–39) mm Hg, P=0.0000001), to NIPPV — by 7% (38 (36–42) mm Hg, P=0,0015). Differences were also significant when compred RR during oxygen mask breathing (20 (16–24) respirations/minute) vs. HFNC (16 (12–20) respirations/minute, P=0.0) and vs. NIPPV (18 (16–20) respirations/minute, P=0.018). Comparison of HFNC vs. NIPPV revealed reliable difference in RR (16 (12–20) respirations/minute against 18 (16-20) respirations/minute, P=0.016), PaCO2 (37 (33–39) mm Hg against 38 (36–42) mm Hg, P=0.0034), and SpO2 (98 (96–99)% against 97 (95–98)%, P=0.022).Conclusion. HFNC and NIPPV exert a similar positive effect on the oxygenating function of lungs and gas exchange in cardiac surgical patients with post-extubation respiratory failure. Compared to NIPPV, high-flow ventilation renders most significant positive effect on elimination of CO2, RR and SpO2, and is better tolerated by patients.
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Green, J. F., and M. P. Kaufman. "Pulmonary afferent control of breathing as end-expiratory lung volume decreases." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 2186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.5.2186.
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We studied reflex changes in breathing elicited by graded reductions in end-expiratory lung volume (EEVL) and the vagal nerves responsible. The chests of nine dogs anesthetized with alpha-chloralose were opened, and the lungs were ventilated by a phrenic nerve-driven servo-respirator. The immediate effects of a 50% reduction in end-expiratory transpulmonary pressure (EEPtp) from control (EEVL equivalent to functional residual capacity) were to significantly increase both tidal volume (VT) and breathing frequency (f) from 0.402 +/- 0.101 to 0.453 +/- 0.091 liter (mean +/- SD) and 11.8 +/- 5.4 to 15.7 +/- 6.4 breaths/min, respectively (P less than 0.05). Further reductions in EEPtp to 0 cmH2O did not change VT but augmented f to 19.6 +/- 6.6 breaths/min (P less than 0.05). The increase in f as EEVL decreased was due entirely to a reduction in expiratory time. Vagotomy abolished these reflexes. By 90 s after reduction in EEVL, arterial PCO2 fell significantly and VT returned to or below control values. We therefore repeated these experiments in five dogs whose blood gases were controlled by cardiopulmonary bypass. There were no secondary changes in VT and by 90 s breathing pattern could be characterized as rapid and deep. In another eight dogs submitted to the same collapse protocol, we recorded action potentials from all known categories of pulmonary vagal afferents. These studies demonstrated that the changes in breathing pattern induced by a 50% reduction in EEPtp were due to a withdrawal of slowly adapting stretch receptor activity; however, continued increases in f as EEVL was reduced further were due to increases in rapidly adapting stretch receptor activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Karmiza, Karmiza, Muharriza Muharriza, and Emil Huriani. "LEFT LATERAL POSITIONING WITH HEAD ELEVATION INCREASE THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF OXYGEN ON PATIENTS WITH MECHANICAL VENTILATION." Jurnal NERS 9, no. 1 (January 27, 2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jn.v9i1.2979.
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Introduction: Breathing literally means the movement of oxygen from the atmosphere and reach the cells and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) is one of the important components in the process of respiration, especially in patients with mechanical ventilation. There are several interventions that can be performed in an effort to improve the ventilation, one of them is patients positioning: left lateral position with 30 degrees head elevation. This study aimed to determine the effect of left lateral position with 30 degrees head elevation to the value of partial pressure of oxygen in patients with mechanical ventilation in intensive care unit RSUP DR. M. Djamil Padang. Method: This study was Pra Experiments with one group pretest posttest design. 15 samples taken by purposive sampling method. Data obtained by blood gasses analysis and it was conducted since May 8th untill June 5th, 2013. Univariate data presented in frequency distribution table, while the bivariate data using the paired T test. Result: Univariate analysis showed the value of the partial pressure of oxygen ( pO2 ) before intervention between 119-228 mmHg , while the value of the partial pressure of oxygen ( pO2 ) after intervention between 132-269 mmHg . Paired T test results showed a signifi cant difference between the value of the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) before and after intervention (p = 0.040, p < 0.05 ). Discussion: The left lateral position with 30 degrees head elevation could increase the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in patients with mechanical ventilation. The results of this study can be used for increasing the nursingcare quality of patients with mechanical ventilation in order to reduce the time of hospitalization. Further research on these positioning interventions can be developed for patients with primary respiratory problems or lung disease.Keywords: left lateral position, partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), mechanical ventilation
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Parker, Robert J., Chris Wilson, A. Anthony Bloom, Edward Comyn-Platt, Garry Hayman, Joe McNorton, Hartmut Boesch, and Martyn P. Chipperfield. "Exploring constraints on a wetland methane emission ensemble (WetCHARTs) using GOSAT observations." Biogeosciences 17, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 5669–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5669-2020.
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Abstract. Wetland emissions contribute the largest uncertainties to the current global atmospheric CH4 budget, and how these emissions will change under future climate scenarios is also still poorly understood. Bloom et al. (2017b) developed WetCHARTs, a simple, data-driven, ensemble-based model that produces estimates of CH4 wetland emissions constrained by observations of precipitation and temperature. This study performs the first detailed global and regional evaluation of the WetCHARTs CH4 emission model ensemble against 9 years of high-quality, validated atmospheric CH4 observations from GOSAT (the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite). A 3-D chemical transport model is used to estimate atmospheric CH4 mixing ratios based on the WetCHARTs emissions and other sources. Across all years and all ensemble members, the observed global seasonal-cycle amplitude is typically underestimated by WetCHARTs by −7.4 ppb, but the correlation coefficient of 0.83 shows that the seasonality is well-produced at a global scale. The Southern Hemisphere has less of a bias (−1.9 ppb) than the Northern Hemisphere (−9.3 ppb), and our findings show that it is typically the North Tropics where this bias is the worst (−11.9 ppb). We find that WetCHARTs generally performs well in reproducing the observed wetland CH4 seasonal cycle for the majority of wetland regions although, for some regions, regardless of the ensemble configuration, WetCHARTs does not reproduce the observed seasonal cycle well. In order to investigate this, we performed detailed analysis of some of the more challenging exemplar regions (Paraná River, Congo, Sudd and Yucatán). Our results show that certain ensemble members are more suited to specific regions, due to either deficiencies in the underlying data driving the model or complexities in representing the processes involved. In particular, incorrect definition of the wetland extent is found to be the most common reason for the discrepancy between the modelled and observed CH4 concentrations. The remaining driving data (i.e. heterotrophic respiration and temperature) are shown to also contribute to the mismatch with observations, with the details differing on a region-by-region basis but generally showing that some degree of temperature dependency is better than none. We conclude that the data-driven approach used by WetCHARTs is well-suited to producing a benchmark ensemble dataset against which to evaluate more complex process-based land surface models that explicitly model the hydrological behaviour of these complex wetland regions.
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Reyes-Quintos, Maria Rina T. "Pediatric Rigid Bronchoscopy for Foreign Body Removal." Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 24, no. 1 (June 15, 2009): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32412/pjohns.v24i1.719.
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Rigid bronchoscopy is a procedure that is performed in order to directly visualize the upper and lower airway, and is carried out for either a diagnostic or therapeutic purpose. Suspected foreign body (FB) aspiration is the most common indication for performing this procedure in the pediatric age group at the Philippine Children’s Medical Center where a recent census (May 2008 to April 2009) showed that of 21 cases where rigid bronchoscopy was performed, 10 were for suspected FB aspiration. A review of 101 cases in the same institution showed that the average age of patients with FB aspiration was 2 years and the most common item aspirated was a peanut followed by the atis (sweetsop) seed and chicken bone chips. The most common inorganic foreign body was an earring and “whistle” (which broke off from a toy).1 It is more common in males probably because of their usually more active nature and is frequently found in the right mainstem bronchus, where the FB more easily lodges - being straighter, shorter and wider in diameter. FBs are life-threatening events in children that require early diagnosis and prompt successful management.2
A good history, physical examination and analysis of diagnostic tests are vital in every situation. In most cases, the child’s aspiration of the foreign object is a witnessed event 3 and this history of aspiration is the most sensitive diagnostic tool. The main symptoms include choking, prolonged cough, and dyspnea. Abnormal physical examination findings are found in 67% to 80% of cases and include unilaterally decreased breath sounds, wheezing and stridor.2, 4 Radiographic procedures may show abnormal findings in only about 68-86% of cases.4 5 The most useful radiographs requested are the chest posteroanterior (anteroposterior in infants and small children) and lateral views which may help localize the impaction site when the object aspirated is radiopaque.3 However, most inhaled FBs are radiolucent, and their presence can be suspected by obtaining inspiration and expiration views to demonstrate unilateral hyperinflation. Other suggestive features include atelectasis, pneumothorax and pneumonia. These indirect radiologic features of FB inhalation are present in 76% of cases.2, Where inspiration and expiration views cannot be obtained, as in very young children, left and right decubitus views may be helpful. 6 Fluoroscopic studies may also be obtained along with the plain radiographs, however, specificity and sensitivity are not very high.4 Virtual bronchoscopy may also be used in patients with suspected FB aspiration. Virtual bronchoscopy which uses multislice computerized tomography (MDCT) with realistic 3-dimensional reconstruction may be helpful in detecting and localizing the FB prior to any surgical procedure and thus decreasing the number of patients needing diagnostic bronchoscopies.7 Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy under local anesthesia and premedication may also be performed in cases of suspected FB aspiration wherein clinical and radiologic findings are not consistent with FB aspiration. When no FB is visualized, the patient is saved a rigid bronchoscopic procedure under general anesthesia.8 Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy is also used therapeutically to remove FBs in the bronchus, however, successful removal is more common with rigid bronchoscopy.
All the necessary instruments needed for the procedure must be prepared. As much as possible 2 of each instrument are prepared: 2 bronchoscopes (one estimated from the age and size of the child and one smaller than that – just in case!), 2 suction devices (if one gets clogged up, the other one is ready) and 2 forceps. The peanut forceps is ideal, not only for peanuts but usually for other nuts as well; the alligator forceps is useful for relatively flat foreign bodies; while the “jaw type” forceps appears to be useful for everything else.9 The instruments are then tried, to check if they are in working order before commencement of anesthesia. This involves checking the transparency of the glass window plug, ensuring that the light source and the proximal prismatic light deflector are both illuminating, and trying out all the forceps and suction tips. It is best to try the instruments on an object similar to what the child aspirated.3 The surgical assistant, nurse and instruments are usually on the right (if the surgeon is right-handed) and anesthesiologist on the left. The suction and bronchoscope are then made ready. Knowledge of the anatomy of the tracheobronchial tree is imperative to be able to navigate through this area while looking for the FB.
The use of optical forceps with mounted rod-lens telescopes has made the removal of airway FBs simpler, quicker and safer. These new devices have led to decreased complication rates and fewer missed or incomplete FB removals. While access to FBs located in the distal small segmental bronchi especially in very young children may be limited with the use of optical forceps,10 this can be overcome by removal of the connecting bridge to allow the optical forceps to be passed distal to the tip of the bronchoscope.
An anesthesiologist familiar with the procedure must be called in. It is very important to have discussed the case and the procedure with the anesthesiologist prior to the operation to minimize confusion and promote harmony. Most anesthesiologists have become at ease with giving intravenous general anesthesia which circumvents the use of potentially noxious gases. Assisted spontaneous ventilation can avoid the need for muscle relaxation and paralysis so that the wake-up time is shortened. Intravenous general anesthesia with propofol and assisted spontaneous ventilation is currently the frequently used anesthetic technique for rigid bronchoscopy although volatile agents and gases are still used.11,12
The patient is placed supine on the operating table. A shoulder roll is not required. After induction of anesthesia, the patient is hyperventilated to 100% oxygen saturation to take full advantage of operating time.3 A topical anesthetic (lidocaine or tetracaine) is sprayed into the laryngeal area and distally into the trachea to lessen stimulus and pain, thus lowering the level of the anesthetic agent used and minimizing the possible occurrence of laryngospasm after the procedure.12 The state of dentition is inspected and a tooth guard placed over the upper teeth. Although it is possible to do bronchoscopy directly without using a laryngoscope, it is more expedient to use the laryngoscope (with the left hand) to visualize the larynx.
The assistant (most likely the ORL resident but occasionally, a nurse) hands over the bronchoscope (to the right hand) without the glass window plug initially (because it may fog up or fall off) and the bronchoscope is inserted by looking through the bronchoscope as it passes through the larynx. Rotating the bronchoscope by 900 (with the axis of the lip in the anteroposterior axis of the glottis chink) is often useful for easier bronchoscopic insertion.2 Never force the bronchoscope into the larynx – if there is difficulty, reposition the laryngoscope to better visualize the larynx. Where exposure of the larynx is adequate, inability to pass the bronchoscope may be due to the bronchoscope lip hitting a vocal fold instead of entering the glottic chink. Another possibility is that the bronchoscope is too large to fit through a narrowed subglottis. The laryngoscope is removed once the bronchoscope has been inserted and the anesthesiologist connects the anesthetic tube to the standard 15-mm adapter of the bronchoscope and the glass window plug is inserted (this is again removed when the forceps is introduced or suctioning needed). A 0o telescope of the appropriate size may be inserted at this time or even during the initial insertion of the bronchoscope.
The left hand is placed over the tooth guard and the thumb and index finger are used to support the bronchoscope being held in the right hand, much like a billiard cue. The left thumb lifts the bronchoscope off the tooth guard to enable the bronchoscope to be advanced without resistance. The bronchoscope is advanced slowly, always ensuring that the lumen is clearly in view, and suctioning whenever needed. Once the carina is seen, the main bronchus, where the FB is likely to be located, is then entered. Turn the head to the left to enable passage into the right main bronchus, and then to the right to enter the left main bronchus. Some degree of neck flexion can also be helpful in aligning the main bronchus. The bronchoscope is advanced until it is as near as possible to the FB to allow accurate suction of secretions so that the surgeon can determine how best to orient the forceps during application. The bronchoscope is then slightly withdrawn to allow the forceps to be freely inserted beyond the bronchoscope. The forceps are opened as widely as possible as this stretches the airway walls and allows the foreign body to fall into the jaws of the forceps which is then firmly grasped. Care must be taken not to push the FB further down the airway. If the FB fits through the bronchoscope, then it is pulled right through without removing the bronchoscope. However, if the FB does not fit through the bronchoscope, then the bronchoscope has to be withdrawn with the FB trailing behind held by the forceps. It is important to keep your eyes (and hands) on the bronchoscope and forceps at all times.
The FB may become caught in the larynx or dropped into the trachea, causing complete airway obstruction. This possibility should always be anticipated and equipment be able to deal with this needs to be readily at hand. To prevent the FB being lost at the laryngeal inlet, the bevel of the bronchoscope is moved around over the FB by rotating the bronchoscope 900 and the bronchoscope is slightly tilted down at this area. A firm grip on the forceps with the FB must be maintained and hopefully, it is still there when the forceps is removed from the oral cavity. If the FB has been removed from the tracheo-broncial tree, but is not found in the forceps, the naso-oro-hypo pharynx should be checked in addition to a repeat bronchoscopy.
All throughout the procedure, it is imperative to listen to the sound of the oxygen saturation monitor for signs of desaturation and to inquire from the anesthesiologist regarding the condition of the patient. If desaturation occurs, the bronchoscope is moved back out of the bronchus and into the trachea to allow the anestheshiologist to ventilate the patient through the bronchoscope adaptor. If this is due to a large FB that slipped while in the trachea, then, the FB must be removed right away or pushed back into the bronchus to regain the airway.
Once the FB is removed , a second bronchoscopic examination is done to check for any pooling of secretions or blood that may need to be suctioned or for any remnant of the FB- which may have accidentally separated from the bigger piece- that has to be retrieved. Small pieces can often be removed by suctioning.
Rarely, a tracheostomy may have to be performed for a FB that, during extraction, will not fit through the laryngeal inlet. Tracheotomy is performed while the bronchoscope is in place and with the forceps grasping the FB. The FB is extracted through the tracheostoma. Afterwards, tracheostoma is closed with sutures and regular wound care is initiated.
If the procedure took less that an hour with minimal trauma, then the child is assisted with ventilation until he/she recovers full spontaneous respiration. A dose ofteroids may also be given (I.V. Dexamethasone, 1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg; maximum, 20 mg). The patient is brought to the post-anesthesia room and observed.
Delayed diagnosis and intervention (24 hours or more) were found to be related to higher complication rates such as recurrent or chronic pulmonary infections and prolonged hospital stay. 13 Thus the need for early diagnosis and treatment of cases with suspected FB aspiration.
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Elkady, G. A. A., A. H. Rabie, A. H. Hamza, and M. N. Mohamed. "Efficacy of Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in Limiting Re-Intubation of COPD Patients After Extubation." QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 113, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa039.026.
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Abstract Background Mechanical ventilation is the most widely used supportive therapy in intensive care units (ICU). Several forms of external support for respiration have been described to assist the failing ventilator pump and had constituted a major advance in the management of patients with respiratory distress. More recently, new noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) techniques, using patient/ ventilator interfaces in the form of facial masks, have been designed. Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is one of the most important developments in respiratory medicine over the past 15 years and is increasingly used in many countries, but with a highly variable frequency of use. Objective The aim of this study is to clarify the role of non-invasive ventilation in preventing re-intubation if was used immediately following planned extubation in patients suffered respiratory failure in COPD patients and requiring invasive mechanical ventilation for 5 to 7 days. Methodology Forty consecutive patients, who are invasively mechanically ventilated and classified as difficult to wean from the ventilator in the intensive care units of Ain Shams main university hospital between the 1st April and 1st of September 2018, were included. The mean age in the present study for oxygen group was 56.20±5.56 years, while in NIV group was 57.75±5.17 years, 70% of patients in this present study were males. Results APACHE II score, PaO2 and mean arterial blood pressure which might have a role in respiratory failure showed no statistically significant differences between both study groups. Meanwhile, respiratory rate, pulse rate and arterial blood gases showed high significance between both study groups Conclusion The use of NIV is associated with a marked reduction in the need for endotracheal intubation after planned extubation.
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Brunse, Anders, Yueming Peng, Yanqi Li, Jens Lykkesfeldt, and Per Torp Sangild. "Co-bedding of Preterm Newborn Pigs Reduces Necrotizing Enterocolitis Incidence Independent of Vital Functions and Cortisol Levels." Frontiers in Pediatrics 9 (April 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.636638.
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Background: Preterm infants are born with immature organs, leading to morbidities such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a gut inflammatory disease associated with adverse feeding responses but also hemodynamic and respiratory instability. Skin-to-skin contact including “kangaroo care” may improve infant survival and health via improved vital functions (e.g., pulmonary, cardiovascular) and endocrine influences by adrenal glucocorticoids. Clinical effects of skin-to-skin contact for newborn siblings (“co-bedding”) are not known. Using NEC-susceptible Preterm pigs as models, we hypothesized that co-bedding and exogenous glucocorticoids improve vital functions and NEC resistance.Methods: In experiment 1, cesarean-delivered, formula-fed Preterm pigs were reared in incubators with (co-bedding, COB, n = 30) or without (single-bedding, SIN, n = 29) a sibling until euthanasia and tissue collection on day four. In experiment 2, single-bedded Preterm pigs were treated postnatally with a tapering dose of hydrocortisone (HC, n = 19, 1–3 mg/kg/d) or saline (CON, n = 19).Results: Co-bedding reduced NEC incidence (38 vs. 65%, p < 0.05) and increased the density of colonic goblet cells (+20%, p < 0.05) but had no effect on pulmonary and cardiovascular functions (respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, blood gases) or cortisol levels. There were limited differences in intestinal villous architecture and digestive enzyme activities. In experiment 2, HC treatment increased NEC lesions in the small intestine without any effects on pulmonary or cardiovascular functions.Conclusion: Co-bedding may improve gut function and NEC resistance independently of cardiorespiratory function and cortisol levels, but pharmacological cortisol treatment predispose to NEC. Preterm pigs may be a useful tool to better understand the physiological effects of co-bedding, neonatal stressors and their possible interactions with morbidities in Preterm neonates.
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Ge, Huiqing, Ling Lin, Ying Xu, Peifeng Xu, Kailiang Duan, Qing Pan, and Kejing Ying. "Airway Pressure Release Ventilation Mode Improves Circulatory and Respiratory Function in Patients After Cardiopulmonary Bypass, a Randomized Trial." Frontiers in Physiology 12 (June 3, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.684927.
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ImportancePostoperative pulmonary complications and cardiovascular complications are major causes of morbidity, mortality, and resource utilization in cardiac surgery patients.ObjectivesTo investigate the effects of airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) on respiration and hemodynamics in post cardiac surgery patients.Main Outcomes and MeasuresA single-center randomized control trial was performed. In total, 138 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass were prospectively screened. Ultimately 39 patients met the inclusion criteria and were randomized into two groups: 19 patients were managed with pressure control ventilation (PCV) and 20 patients were managed with APRV. Respiratory mechanics after 4 h, hemodynamics within the first day, and Chest radiograph score (CRS) and blood gasses within the first three days were recorded and compared.ResultsA higher cardiac index (3.1 ± 0.7 vs. 2.8 ± 0.8 L⋅min–1⋅m2; p < 0.05), and shock volume index (35.4 ± 9.2 vs. 33.1 ± 9.7 ml m–2; p < 0.05) were also observed in the APRV group after 4 h as well as within the first day (p < 0.05). Compared to the PCV group, the PaO2/FiO2 was significantly higher after 4 h in patients of APRV group (340 ± 97 vs. 301 ± 82, p < 0.05) and within the first three days (p < 0.05) in the APRV group. CRS revealed less overall lung injury in the APRV group (p < 0.001). The duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU length of stay were not significantly (p = 0.248 and 0.424, respectively).Conclusions and RelevanceCompared to PCV, APRV may be associated with increased cardiac output improved oxygenation, and decreased lung injury in postoperative cardiac surgery patients.
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Santos, Rayane Priscila Batista dos, Adriano Lourenço, Luana Fonsêca dos Santos, Ana Isabele Andrade Neves, Camille Pessoa de Alencar, and Yago Tavares Pinheiro. "Efeitos da fisioterapia respiratória em bebês de risco sob cuidados especiais." ARCHIVES OF HEALTH INVESTIGATION 8, no. 3 (May 24, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.21270/archi.v8i3.3179.
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Introdução: O recém-nascido (RN) é classificado como prematuro quando apresenta idade gestacional inferior a 37 semanas e peso de nascimento igual ou abaixo de 2.550g. Devido à imaturidade do sistema respiratório, o neonato está sujeito a apresentar diversas complicações, dentre elas, as respiratórias, o que ocasiona o seu prolongamento na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN). A fisioterapia respiratória é de grande importância no tratamento e recuperação do RN através da aplicação de técnicas de higiene brônquica (HB). O estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos da fisioterapia respiratória no recém-nascido prematuro publicados na literatura científica. Materiais e Métodos: Trata-se de um a revisão integrativa realizada nas bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, LILACS, Medline, SciELO, SCOPUS e ISI Web of Knowledge, incluindo artigos publicados no período de 2007 a 2015. Oito artigos foram incluídos nesta revisão. Resultados e Discussão: A atuação da fisioterapia respiratória foi analisada mediante os efeitos da aplicação das técnicas de HB mais utilizadas no recém-nascido pré-termo (RNPT), podendo destacar a tapotagem, vibrocompressão, drenagem postural e aspiração. Foram realizadas comparações para comprovar a eficácia e os possíveis efeitos colaterais que pudessem alterar o funcionamento da mecânica respiratória do RN. Os estudos mostraram a efetividade da fisioterapia respiratória e os efeitos das manobras na condição respiratória do neonato de risco. Conclusão: A fisioterapia tem um papel importante no cuidado ao recém-nascido pré-termo, mas necessita de mais estudos que comprovem sua eficácia e sua importância na melhora da condição de vida do neonato.Descritores: Recém-Nascido; Nascimento Prematuro; Fisioterapia.ReferênciasNikolovi V. Congenital malformations and perinatal mortality at the Saint Antoine University Obstetric. 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