Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Respiration – Régulation – Modèles animaux'
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Genest, Sophie-Emmanuelle. "Conséquence de la séparation maternelle néonatale sur le développement du système de contrôle respiratoire : étude des chémoréflexes et de la neurotransmission GABAergique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24411/24411.pdf.
Full textFournier, Stéphanie. "Développement de la modulation noradrénergique du système de contrôle de la respiration chez Rana Catesbeiana." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24454/24454.pdf.
Full textNiane, Lalah Malika. "Neurotransmission par l'acétylcholine et l'adénosine tri-phosphate dans le contrôle périphérique de la respiration chez le rat en développement : rôle des récepteurs nicotiniques et P2X." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29191/29191.pdf.
Full textPoulin, Anne-Marie. "Rôle du thalamus médian dorsal dans la régulation de l'axe hypophyso-cortico-surrénalien et le comportement alimentaire." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25474/25474.pdf.
Full textTremblay, Frédéric. "Régulation nutritionnelle de l'action de l'insuline sur le métabolisme du glucose : implication de la voie de signalisation mTOR." Thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/21816/21816.pdf.
Full textInscrit au Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures
Kodjo, Magloire K. "Contribution à l'étude du mécanisme d'action des tachykinines dans la régulation de la stéroïdogénèse surrénalienne chez les amphibiens." Rouen, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ROUES048.
Full textRoy, Christian. "Les mécanismes de dépense énergétique associés avec l'ASP et son récepteur C5L2." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/25928/25928.pdf.
Full textObesity is a well established problem in North America and studying the mechanisms of fat storage may be key in understanding and treating this problem. Acylation Stimulating Protein (ASP) is an adipose tissue derived hormone that acts through its receptor, C5L2, to stimulate triglyceride (TG) synthesis and glucose transport. C3 is the precursor for ASP; therefore, C3 knockout (KO) mice are ASP-deficient. These mice display hyperphagia yet normal body weight due to increased energy expenditure. Calorimetric chamber studies demonstrated that C3KO have increased oxygen consumption and lowered respiratory quotient, indicating that deficiency of ASP alters substrate preference for energy metabolism in C3KO mice. It still remains to be determined whether the alterations in skeletal muscle energy metabolism are a direct or indirect consequence of ASP deficiency, but in vivo data suggest targeting ASP may provide insights toward treatment of obesity.
Roy, Christian. "La voie ASP/C5L2 dans le métabolisme énergétique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30270/30270.pdf.
Full textObesity is a major health problem that results in an imbalanced energy metabolism. Acylation Stimulating Protein (ASP, C3adesArg) is a protein produced by the adipose tissue, which stimulates triglycerides (TG) synthesis and glucose transport by binding to its receptor C5L2. Our previous studies have shown that mice with a disabled C3 gene (C3KO) are ASP deficient, hyperphagic but of normal weight and demonstrate greater energy expenditure than wild-type mice. From these results, our goal was to determine the role of the ASP-C5L2 pathway in energy metabolism. In our first study, we observed that a central injection of ASP in the third ventricle of Wistar rats brought a reduction in food intake and body weight gain and an increased mRNA expression of the anorexigenic neuropeptide POMC in the region of the arcuate nucleus. Our studies also showed that the levels of intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) were increased six-fold in C5L2-deficient mice (C5L2KO) compared to wild mice (WT) after a high-fat diet. Furthermore, in humans, the protein expression of C5L2 is reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with obese controls. Physical training increased protein expression of C5L2 and ASP output in obese insulin-resistant men. Finally, our work with C5a receptor-deficient mice (C5aRKO) showed that after 12 weeks of a high-fat and high-sugar diet (DIO), the C5aRKO mice exhibited reduced body weight and smaller gonadal and inguinal fat mass than their WT counterparts. This was accompanied with lower plasma levels of non-esterified fatty acids and triglycerides and faster postprandial triglyceride clearance. Our studies have demonstrated that the ASP/C5L2 pathway represents an attractive target in the control of food intake and skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism.
Gingras, Andrée-Anne. "Implication des acides gras oméga-3 à longue chaîne dans la régulation de la sensibilité musculaire à l'insuline des métabolismes du glucose et des acides aminés chez les bouvillons en croissance." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25386/25386.pdf.
Full textMontandon, Gaspard. "Conséquences à long terme de la caféine administrée en période néonatale sur le développement du contrôle respiratoire du rat : étude des plasticités du contrôle respiratoire, de la fonction cardiovasculaire et de la régulation du sommeil." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25709/25709.pdf.
Full textPagé, Julie. "Régulation et fonctions du récepteur GPR84 dans le cerveau dans des conditions inflamatoires." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20739.
Full textNadeau, Mélanie. "Effet de l'érythropoïétine sur la fonction endothéliale en insuffisance rénale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24393/24393.pdf.
Full textCôté, Éric. "Contrôle de la respiration chez la préparation du tronc cérébral isolé du poisson rouge (Carassius auratus; Linnaeus)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30021/30021.pdf.
Full textWe conducted a two-part in vitro study on the isolated brainstem preparation of the goldfish (Carassius auratus; Linnaeus). In the first part, we investigated the central chemosensibility of the goldfish. Our results indicate that decreasing the PO2 of the superfusate increases the frequency of the fictive respiratory bursts. However, decreasing the pH of the superfusate by increasing its PCO2 had no effect on the respiratory rhythm. In the second part, we investigated the relative importance of GABA- or glycine-mediated Cl--dependent reciprocal inhibition for respiratory rhythmogenesis by disrupting this mechanism with three different treatments. Here, our results indicate that 1) bathing the brainstem in a Cl--free superfusate abolishes the respiratory rhythm, 2) activating GABA receptors with exogenous GABA decreases the frequency of the fictive respiratory bursts and 3) simultaneously inactivating GABA receptors and glycine receptors with antagonists increases both the frequency and the amplitude of the fictive respiratory bursts.
Santiquet, Nicolas. "Régulation des jonctions communicantes chez les complexes ovocyte-cumulus de porc au cours de la maturation in vitro." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30338/30338.pdf.
Full textIntercellular gap-junctional communication (GJC) plays an important role in ovarian cell physiology. Closure of GJC has been proposed to be involved in oocyte maturation, particularly in the resumption of meiosis, both in vivo and in vitro, by controlling the flow of meiosis inhibitors, such as cAMP and cGMP. In the present study, we have first developed an assay based on recovery of calcein fluorescence in photobleached cumulus cells (FRAP: Fluorescent Recovery After Photobleaching) in the three-dimensional cumulus-oocyte complex (COC), during the first hours of porcine in vitro maturation (IVM). Results obtained using FRAP technology provide evidence that the composition of the IVM medium in terms of hormones and follicular fluid clearly affects cumulus-cumulus cell GJC. We then turned our attention to the effect of gonadotropins on connexins regulation. Indeed, GJC are composed of connexins proteins. We indentified Cx43, Cx45 and Cx60 as the main connexins expressed in swine COC. We show that gonadotropins regulate Cx43 protein level, degradation and localisation in the COC during the first hours of IVM. We finally turned our attention on the effect of natriuretic peptide C (CNP) on GJC regulation and meiotic resumption during porcine IVM. Indeed, CNP has been proposed to bind to receptor natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B) where it triggers the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). The cGMP produced is then transferred to the oocyte through gap junctions where it promotes meiotic arrest. Here we show that CNP and a cGMP analogue have different effects on GJC and Cx43 regulation suggesting that cGMP signaling may not be the only signaling pathway involving CNP. Moreover, we found that CNP is likely to bind to receptor natriuretic peptide receptor C (NPR-C) to play a role in maintaining meiotic arrest during porcine IVM, when activated in addition to NPR-B. In conclusion, we describe new mechanisms involved in the complex regulation of dynamic changes in GJCs and meiotic resumption. A better understanding of GJC regulation during IVM may in turn provide a powerful tool to improve assisted reproduction technologies and their efficacy in mammals.
Benahmed, Fairouz. "Régulation de l'expression du gène homéotique Cdx2 au cours du développement et dans les cellules cancéreuses coliques humaines." Strasbourg 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR13124.
Full textThe Cdx2 homeobox gene plays crucial roles during embryonic development. In addition, its intestine-specific expression at the adult stage is altered in colorectal cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of Cdx2 expression in vivo during development and in colon cancers cells. The pattern of the LacZ reporter gene under the control of different lengths of the murine Cdx2 promoter was investigated in transgenic mice. This led to identify a regulatory element required for specific persistence of Cdx2 in the gut throughout life. The expression of Cdx2 was analyzed in human colon cancer cells grafted in nude mice. It came out that the level of Cdx2 was dependent on the microenvironment at the site of implantation. This study identified important regulatory elements involved in the intestinal expression of Cdx2 and in its deregulation in colon cancer cells
Rachalski, Adeline. "Rôle des interactions entre hypocrétines et sérotonine dans la régulation des états de vigilance : modèles animaux et pharmacologie." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066295.
Full textBouftila, Bouchra. "Contribution à l'étude de la régulation par un anti-progestérone (RU 486) de la motricité utérine chez la rate en milieu de gestation." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES091.
Full textDumas, Jean-François. "Métabolisme énergétique mitochondrial dans des situations de perte de poids." Angers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ANGE0510.
Full textWeight loss is frequently observed in clinical practice. When weight loss is unwanted (undernutrition, hypercatabolism), whole body oxygen consumption is often increased, which is paradoxical in face of anorexia. Our results show that food restriction induces a decrease in liver mitochondrial respiration and respiratory chain activity, which is proportional to the intensity of the food restriction, and may be mediated by leptin concentrations. Conversely, an increase in liver basal proton leak and an impairment of in vivo oxidative phosphorylation in the skeletal muscle are observed in rats treated with dexamethasone, which is a model of acute undernutrition. These changes are likely to impact on resting metabolic rate, while adaptation to food restriction probably limits ROS production
Bandaru, Sirisha. "Découverte des mécanismes moléculaires de régulation de la morphologie mitochondriale chez les mammifères : le rôle contrôleur de la protéase rhomboide PARL." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/25048/25048.pdf.
Full textMilligan, Laura. "Régulation et fonction d'un ARN non traduit transcrit d'un gène soumis à empreinte génomique parentale : l'ARN H19." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20186.
Full textMouton-Liger, François. "Fonction, régulation de PCP4 et trisomie 21 : analyse de modèles murins de surexpression." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077062.
Full textPcp4/pepl9 is a modulator of Ca2+-CaM, a key molecule for calcium signaling, expressed in postmitotic neuroectoderm cells during mouse embryogenesis. PCP4 gene is located on human chromosome 21, and present in three copies in Down syndrome (DS). To evaluate the consequences of 3 copies of this gene on the development of these cells in the nervous System, we constructed a transgenic (TgPCP4) mouse model, with one copy of human PCP4, and investigated the effects in this model. We showed that pcp4 overexpression is present at transcript and protein levels, and overexpression induced precocious neuronal differentiation, as shown by the distribution and levels of early neuronal markers. We also demonstrated that pcp4 overexpression was associated with an increase in CaMKIIdelta activation, TgPCP4 and TslCje, a mouse model of DS, developed similar modifications, demonstrating that these mechanisms may account for abnormal neuronal development in DS
Baroukh, Nadine. "Les gènes humains des apolipoprotéines AI, CIII et AIV : modèles d'animaux transgéniques pour l'étude de l'athérosclérose." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA11T048.
Full textThe three genes encoding the apolipoproteins (apos) AI, CIII and AIV are tandemly grouped in a cluster of 17kb on human chromosome 11. We have generated transgenic mice and rabbits with a 33kb human genomic fragment containing the cluster, as well as 8kb and 7kb of 5' and 3' flanking regions respectively. The transgenic animais express the three human genes and this expression is positively co-regulated in liver and intestine. In spite of a hyperlipidemic profile, transgenic mice are protected against atherosclerosis both in an apoE deficient background and after an atherogenic diet. We have also obtained a phenotypic correction of the hyperlipidemia after a transient overexpression of the human apoE mediated by adenovirus gene transfer. In addition, we have demonstrated for the first time that the human apoAI gene is expressed in the heart. The protein, once secreted seems to form particles analogous to the pré-β HDL. In human apoAIV transgenic mice, we have observed a diminution of gastric acid secretion and a protection against the formation of indomethacin induced ulceration. The human apoAIV expression in transgenic mice prevents the development of atherosclerotic lesions in apoE deficient mice or after an atherogenic diet. The analysis of both plasmatic and lesion parameters of oxidation showed that apoAIV may participate as an in vivo antioxidant in the protective mechanism against atherosclerosis
Meisse, Delphine. "Glutamine, gonflement cellulaire et régulation de l'expression du gène de l'alpha 2-macroglobuline dans le foie de rat." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES076.
Full textAnnicotte, Jean-Sébastien. "Etude de fonctions pancréatiques du récepteur nucléaire orphelin Liver Receptor Homolog-1 (LRH-1) et du facteur de transcription E2F1." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/ANNICOTTE_Jean-Sebastien_2004.pdf.
Full textThe liver receptor homolog 1 (LRH-1) and the pancreatic-duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1) are coexpressed in the pancreas during mouse embryonic development. Analysis of the regulatory region of the human LRH-1 gene demonstrates the presence of three functional binding sites for PDX-1. Electromobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis show that PDX-1 binds to the LRH-1 promoter, both in cultured cells in vitro and during pancreatic development in vivo. Retroviral expression of PDX-1 in pancreatic cells induces the transcription of LRH-1, whereas reduced PDX-1 levels by RNA interference attenuate its expression. Consistent with a direct regulation of LRH-1 expression by PDX-1, PDX-1-/- mice expressed lower amounts of LRH-1 mRNA in the embryonic pancreas. Taken together, our data indicate that PDX-1 controls LRH-1 expression and identify LRH-1 as a novel downstream target in the PDX-1 regulatory cascade governing pancreatic development, differentiation and function. We evaluated the effects of E2F1 on glucose homeostasis using E2F1-/- mice. E2F1-/- mice show an overall reduction in pancreatic size, as the result of impaired postnatal pancreatic growth. These animals furthermore have dysfunctional b-cells, linked to impaired PDX-1 activity. Because of the disproportionate small pancreas and dysfunctional islets, E2F1-/- mice secrete insufficient amounts of insulin in response to a glucose load, resulting in glucose intolerance. Despite this glucose intolerance, E2F1-/- mice do not develop overt diabetes mellitus because they are insulin hypersensitive, secondary to a diminished adipose tissue mass and altered adipocytokine levels, which compensates for the defect in insulin secretion. These data demonstrate that factors controlling cell proliferation, such as E2F1, determine pancreatic growth and function, subsequently affecting metabolic homeostasis
Grosse, Laurent. "Étude de la régulation de la glucuronidation des androgènes par UGT2B15 et UGT2B17 dans la prostate et dans des modèles animaux." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30096/30096.pdf.
Full textDisregulation of androgen metabolism leads to serious diseases such as prostate cancer (PCa). Androgen déprivation (ADTh) is a common approach to treat PCa. Although most patients initialy respond to the treatment, up to 80% will develop resistant tumors (CRPC). New therapeutic approaches are therefore urgently needed. Our work focused is glucuronidation by the human UGT2B15 and UGT2B17 enzymes, a major inactivation pathway for androgens. Two parallel strategies were devepopped. First, we analyzed how UGT2B15 and UGT2B17 expression regulated in vitro and in vivo, in PCa from patient treated or not with ADTh. Second, we have engineered mouse strain expressing the UGT2B15 human gene. These animals were used to study the role of UGT2B15 in vivo, in particularly how this enzyme affects androgen biodisponibility. Before establishing the transgenic models, we investigated the Ugt2b enzyme implicated in androgen glucuronidation in mice. We observed that UGT2B15, and not UGT2B17, is down-regulated in advanced and metastatic PCa and CRPC, while using ADTh up-regulated the 2 proteins in vivo. In vitro, this increase contributed to the anti-proliferative effect of ADTh but in vivo, UGT2B15 is stably induced while UGT2B17 was only transiently up-regulated. In mice, androgen glucuronidation is mainly observed with hepatic and renal tissues, while Ugt2b peripheral expression is almost undetectable. Moreover this Ugt2b expression is lower in female and controlled by androgen. In our transgenic mouse, human UGT2B15 is also expressed in male liver only, and likewise controlled by androgen. Its expression significantly increases LH plasma concentration, while castrated transgenic mice treated with DHT display altered body and muscle weight. In conclusion we demonstrated that UGT2B15 is a pharmacological target for PCa treatment. With UGT2B17, UGT2B15 contributes to improve ADTh but the 2 enzymes have a differential expression. So, UGT2B17 is a potential biomarker for the emergence of ADTh resistance. The important UGT2B15 function is demonstrated using our transgenic mice: a liver limited expression is enough to alter the endocrine regulation with a hepatic limited expression. Also, our mouse constitutes a model to study in vivo the UGT2B15 regulation and function, in example to identify a UGT2B15 inductor to improve ADTh.
Poitelon, Yannick. "Explorations de modèles animaux et cellulaires de la maladie de Charcot-Marie-Tooth de type AR-CMT2A." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20710.
Full textEl-Asmar, Bassam. "Mécanisme d'action de l'IL-1 dans la régulation de l'expression du gène Nur77 au niveau des celllules de Leydig chez la souris." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20366.
Full textChever, Oana. "Implication du canal glial Kir4.1 dans la régulation du potassium extracellulaire : étude in vivo chez la souris knock-out Kir4.1 sous anesthésie." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25879/25879.pdf.
Full textKammoun, Hélène. "Implication directe du stress du réticulum endoplasmique dans l'activation du facteur de transcription SREBP-1c et le développement de la stéatose hépatique chez le rongeur." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066192.
Full textNormand, Sylvain. "Étude des profils cytokiniques et des mécanismes moléculaires induisant l'inflammation dans un modèle mimant les déficits en mévalonate kinase : un rôle central pour l'IL-1 et la caspase-1 dans les fièvres périodiques héréditaires." Poitiers, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009POIT1405.
Full textMartin, Cédric Bernard Pierre. "Etude des mécanismes de régulation des récepteurs 5-HT2C dans des modèles murins de troubles émotionnels." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05P611/document.
Full textBouchard, Caroline. "Régulation transcriptionnelle du GPR84, un nouveau récepteur couplé aux protéines G exprimé par la microglie dans des conditions inflammatoires." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24392/24392.pdf.
Full textSt-Amand, Emmanuelle. "La régulation du transport du glucose dans le muscle squelettique : l'implication des protéines AMPK et iNOS." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25783.
Full textDumortier, Alexis. "Analyse des dérégulations d'expression génique associées au développement de lymphomes T chez des souris déficientes pour le gène Ikaros." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2003/DUMORTIER_Alexis_2003.pdf.
Full textIkaros is a zinc finger transcription factor which is an essential regulator of lymphopoiesis. Different mutations in the Ikaros locus lead to T lymphoma development, suggesting that Ikaros is a tumor suppressor gene. Homozygote IkL/L mice expressing a hypomorphic mutation of Ikaros develop T lymphomas between 3 and 6 months of age. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of these tumors are still ill-defined. Transcriptome analyses of IkL/L tumors show an up-regulation of several genes of the Notch signaling pathway. This deregulation is also observed in early tumors, suggesting that deregulation of the Notch pathway is an early event in IkL/L tumor development. Re-expression of a normal Ikaros protein in IkL/L tumor-derived cell lines downregulates several Notch genes, suggesting that Ikaros directly modulates the expression of some Notch genes. Moreover, the re-expression of Ikaros in the cell lines triggers an arrest in tumor cell growth in vitro. These results show that thymocytes with a reduction in Ikaros activity are more susceptible T lymphoma development, and that Ikaros and Notch could cooperate during T lymphocyte transformation
Mathon, Denis. "Comparaison des approches bio-informatiques utilisées dans l'analyse de la régulation du transcriptome de la glande mammaire de souris." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25463/25463.pdf.
Full textHamel, Frédéric. "Régulation transcriptionnelle du gène SRY humain et porcin par le facteur de transcription GATA-4." Thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/22130/22130.pdf.
Full textPalma, Rigo Kesia. "Implication du récepteur AT1 central dans la régulation de la pression artérielle de la souris." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05P606.
Full textThe central regulation of arterial pressure (AP) involves activation of angiotensin II receptors type 1 (AT1R) in specific brain area of the hypothalamus and brainstem. The thesis studies involve modulation of brain AT1R using genetic and hypertensive mice combined with a telemetry system to record AP. The mouse model expressing a gain of function of the AT1R subtype A (AT1AMUT) showed high AP and reduced cardiac baroreflex sensitivity, but a normal circadian cardiovascular rhythm. The role of AT1R in the AP level of the genetic hypertensive mouse (BPH/2J) was examined and found to be similar to normotensive mice. However, in BPH/2J mice AT1R are important for the cardiac baroreflex and pressor responses to stress. These findings led to a targeted analyse of this receptor in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) which is known for its role in baroreflex control. In the mice lacking the gene coding the AT1R, the expression of its subtype A, obtained by viral transgenesis in the CVLM, reduced the pressor response to an emotional stress and reduced the baroreflex sensitivity during the day period. These findings indicate the importance of the brain renin angiotensin system through activation of AT1R which modulates the sympathetic contribution to blood pressure control at a number of levels within the central nervous system. Of particular importance is the modulation of baroreflex control and the sympatho-inhibitory actions during emotional stress both of which occur within the ventral medulla
Aimond, Franck. "Rôle et régulation des canaux potassiques au cours de la pathologie cardiaque." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20085.
Full textTrochon, Véronique. "Apport du système de l'acide hyaluronique et des protéases de la famille des adamalysines à la régulation physiopatologique et pharmacologique de l'angiogénèse." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUE03NR.
Full textAubert, Magali. "Mise en évidence, rôle et régulation de l'expression d'un phénotype de nature catécholaminergique par des neurones d'hippocampe de rat en culture primaire." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20159.
Full textFisette, Alexandre. "La voie ASP-C5L2 : un pont entre l'homéostasie métabolique et l'inflammation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30372/30372.pdf.
Full textRecent research findings have characterized adipose tissue as en endocrine organ and have shown that obesity triggers the development of low-grade inflammation, termed metaflammation. This thesis focuses on one adipokine and its receptor, acylation stimulating protein (ASP) and C5L2 receptor, and their relationship with energy metabolism and metaflammation. ASP derives from the complement system and acts on adipocytes by upregulating fatty acid and glucose absorption, resulting in a net increase in lipid storage. Mice genetically deficient in components of the ASP–C5L2 pathway are obesity-resistant but hyperphagic, suggesting that the disruption of this pathway could hold a therapeutical value. This thesis sequentially evaluates in mouse models (i) the consequences of an acute ASP stimulation, (ii) metabolism in C5L2-deficient animals treated with a diabetogenic diet, (iii) and the dynamics of the ASP–C5L2 pathway in diet-induced obesity. ASP acts acutely as an anabolic hormone, stimulating glucose absorption in tissues with active glucose transport. Paradoxically, ASP also generates an acute proinflammatory response with increased cytokine release, macrophage migration and classical activation. The disruption of C5L2 receptor in a murine model treated with a diabetogenic diet induced the opposite effects on energy metabolism, aggravating the development of insulin resistance and rerouting glucose to the liver. A more pronounced phenotype of metaflammation is also measurable in C5L2 knockout mice, probably linked to the second function of the C5L2 receptor, the sequestration of the anaphylatoxin C5a. In a model of diet-induced obesity, the proof-of-concept of ASP resistance is demonstrated and possibly linked with a reduction in C5L2 expression. The final study in this thesis (iv) evaluates the clinical contribution of ASP and the complement system in the outcome of an intervention designed to modulate the interaction between metabolism and immunity in a surgical context of hepatic resection. The results shown in the present work clarify the role and the therapeutical potential of the ASP–C5L2 pathway and describe it as a bridge between inflammation and metabolic homeostasis.
Ezzeddine, Nader. "De la conservation de la répression traductionnelle dépendante de l'élément EDEN à la drosophile comme modèle potentiel pour la dystrophie myotonique de Steinert (DM1) : un même facteur de régulation des ARNm fixe l'élément EDEN et les répétitions CUG." Montpellier 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON1T003.
Full textGirousse, Amandine. "Régulation de la protéine découplante UCP3 et inhibition génique ou pharmacologique de la lipase hormono-sensible." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1029/.
Full textIn a first part, this study focuses on the regulation of the expression of the uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3). UCP3 is an inner mitochondrial protein almost exclusively expressed in skeletal muscle in human which could be implicated in fatty acid metabolism. A transgenesis approach has been used to create animal bearing all or part of the UCP3 gene in order to delineate the sequences responsible for the muscle specific expression. A 600 bp sequence of the human UCP3 intron 1 gene has been identified which confers the muscular expression in vivo. The second part of this study is dedicated to the functional consequences of the alteration of lipolytic capacities in mouse adipose tissue. Adipocyte lipolysis is partly achieved by the hormone sensitive-lipase (HSL). HSL expression and activity is altered in adipose tissue of obese and/or insulin resistant subjects. We developed mouse models of genetic and pharmacological inhibition of HSL. Reduction of lipolytic capacity was associated with an improvement of insulin sensitivity and fatty acid metabolism in both animal models. Adipose tissue inflammation, that is a well known modulator of insulin sensitivity, did not seem to be involved in this phenotype
Barraud, Perrine. "Les gènes nm23 dans le système nerveux périphérique de la souris : expression et régulation chez l'adulte et au cours du développement." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28860.
Full textA and B nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) isoforms are heterohexameric enzymes that catalyze phosphoryl-group transfer between nucleoside di-and tri-phosphates. During development, nm23-M1,-M2 and -M3 genes encoding for NDPK A, B and C, respectively, are expressed by mouse neural crest cells. This expression is long-lasting and is detected in adult dorsal root ganglia (DRG). In neuroblast primary cultures, NDPK B and C are detected in dividing neurons, and then with NDPK A during neuronal differentiation. The precursors of the peripheral nervous system express different isoforms, depending on their phenotype as assessed by primary cultures of neural tube explants. Thus, NDPK A and C are mainly detected in sensory and cholinergic precursors whereas NDPK B is generally found in adrenergic neuroblasts. In adult DRG sensory neurons, NDPK A is visualized in the cytosol. NDPK B is also detected in the nucleus and NDPK C is often associated with plasma membrane. NDPKs co-localizations suggested that the three isoforms may be associated in vivo to form heterohexamers. Moreover, NDPK C could be responsible for anchoring the whole complex on the plasma membrane. NDPK A could act in association with GTPase proteins. The nuclear localization of NDPK B could be related to its functions as c-myc proto-oncogene transcription factor and in DNA repair. Finally, NDPK C may participate in cell transduction via receptor-coupled G proteins or in cell adhesion by interacting with integrins. NGF treated primary cultures of sensory neurons increased NDPK A expression level without affecting those of NDPK B and C. In contrast, LIF knock-out had a low expression level of NDPKs compared with wild mouse sensory neurons. Finally, sensory neurons of NDPK A knock-out mouse are characterized by a highly branched neuritic arborescence that revealed a disturbed axonal outgrowth
Moulin, Julie-Alexandra. "Développement d'outils permettant l'évaluation quantitative de la maturité pulmonaire foetale à un temps gestationnel précis chez la souris." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24783/24783.pdf.
Full textSood, Aditi. "Wiring the adaptive response of mitochondria to metabolic transitions : a Mitofusin-2- dependent proteolytic elimination of OPA1 accompanies cristae and mitochondria-ER contacts remodelling in the postprandial mouse liver." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25772.
Full textIt is well established in cultured models that mitochondrial dynamics and cristae remodeling regulate mitochondrial function under different stress conditions, such as starvation and apoptosis. Despite the tremendous amount of research in this field, relatively little is known about the significance of mitochondrial dynamics and ultrastructure remodeling under normal physiological conditions in vivo. In the 1960’s, Hackenbrock demonstrated that isolated mitochondria adopt distinct internal conformations under different metabolic states. Based on these observations, he predicted that mitochondrial ultrastructural changes regulate the organelles functional output. However, whether these ultrastructural changes also accompany metabolic transitions in vivo, under physiological conditions, is not known. Further, hepatic metabolism requires mitochondria to adapt their bioenergetic and biosynthetic output to the ever-changing anabolic/catabolic state of the liver cell, but the wiring of this process is still largely elusive. In this study, we provide the first in vivo quantitative description of the adaptive response of the mitochondrial reticulum to hepatic metabolic transitions. Using a postprandial mouse liver model and quantitative cryo-EM analysis we show that at 5 hours after feeding the mTORC1 signaling is blocked, the mitochondria network fragments, the cristae density decreases and the mitochondrial respiratory capacity drops. These changes are accompanied with a parallel increase in the mitochondria-ER contact (MERCs) lengths, which control calcium and phospholipids fluxes between the two organelles. Further, these events are associated with the transient expression of two previously unidentified C-terminal fragments (CTFs) of Optic atrophy-1 (OPA1), a mitochondrial GTPase that regulates cristae and mitochondrial dynamics. Using an in vitro assay, we show that these CTFs originate from a novel OPA1 processing, termed C-cleavage that eliminates OPA1 activity by breaking off the GTPase. Importantly, we show that C-cleavage requires the presence of Mitofusin-2 (MFN2), a key regulator of mitochondria fusion and MERCs biogenesis, but not that of its homolog Mitofusin-1 (MFN1), thereby linking cristae remodeling to MERCs assembly.
Latreche, Sabrina. "Agtr1, Wnk1, Cul3 : nouveaux acteurs dans la signalisation et la régulation de la pression artérielle." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T062.
Full textHypertension is a disease due to multiple genetic and environmental factors. Many cardiovascular diseases are associated. During my PhD thesis, I addressed three aspects of the regulation of blood pressure in vivo and in vitro. In the first part, I studied the role of angiotensin II AT1 receptor activation in the development of fibrosis, independently of hypertension. I used animal and cellular models (MEF, HEK293, H295) expressing a constitutively active receptor. The results show that the mutant mice did not develop cardiac or renal fibrosis in a pure C57Bl6 strain. Furthermore, their moderate hypertension has not been normalized with two antihypertensives. The pure C57BL6 genetic background seems to be the cause of this moderate phenotype. Furthermore, MEF cells are not a good model to study fibrosis induced by angiotensin II. Only osteopontin is a marker induced by expression of the mutant receptor. As the mouse models and despite of their originality, these cellular models appear to be inappropriate to study AngII-dependent fibrosis. These limitations together with the weakness of the AT1 mutant phenotype lead to us to stop this project. In the second part of my thesis, a collaborative study allows us to show that Wnk1-haploinsufficiency in mice is responsible for a strong and transitory resistance to angiotensin II (AngII)-induced hypertension associated with a significant reduction of cardiovascular remodeling and a preservation of renal function and aldosterone release. Mechanistically, we unravel a critical role for Wnk1 in the activation of the phosphorylation of Mypt1, a known marker of the Rho-kinase pathway activity. Wnk1-haploinsufficient mice display a significant and transitory decrease of AngII-induced phospho- Mypt1 in the aorta, concomitant to the hypertension-resistance. Importantly, we further evidence that, in the vasculature, AngII chronic infusion induces a significant upregulation in Wnk1 gene expression which causes in vitro a significant increase in Mypt1 phosphorylation independently of spak activation. Our results provide new insight into the downstream vascular signaling pathway of AngII and unravel a previously unsuspected mechanism linking Wnk1 to hypertension and vascular remodeling. In the last part, I studied the role of vascular Cullin3 (Cul3) in the development of hypertension. Mutations in this gene have been recently identified as responsible for a familial hypertension with hyperkalaemia, FHHt. The Cul3 gene encodes an important and ubiquitous ubiquitin scaffold protein participating to a protein degradation complex (CRL3). The Rho-kinase pathway plays a major role in vascular tone and its regulation by relaxing or vasoconstricting agents. Recent studies suggest that the degradation of RhoA involves the CRL3 complex. I started to analyze the structural and functional links between this ubiquitination complex and the Rho kinase pathway in cellular models to explain all or part of the molecular mechanisms leading constitutional mutations of Cul3 gene to produce hypertension. I have shown that the Cul3Δ9 mutant presents an increased neddylation compared to the wild form and mofications of its affinity for some adaptors. However, in this preliminary work, its interactions with and its role in the degradation of RhoA have not been demonstrated yet. This PhD thesis has helped to address several aspects of the pathophysiology of the vessels and the role of angiotensin II in these regulations using modern tools, original mouse and cell line models. This has particularly highlighted a new target of angiotensin II and a new WNK1 vascular role
Audoy, Julie. "Mécanismes de régulation des macrophages cérébraux dans des maladies du système nerveux central." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27079/27079.pdf.
Full textGabory, Anne. "Etude de la fonction de l'ARN non codant H19 et de la régulation de l'Empreinte Parentale au locus H19/lgf2 dans des modèles murins transgéniques." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077106.
Full textThe H19 gene was first described twenty years ago and its function remains unknown. This gene is imprinted; it is expressed only from the maternal allele. The product of the gene is a 2. 3 kb non-coding RNA abundantly expressed in mesoderm and endoderm derived tissues during embryogenesis. After birth, the expression is repressed in ail tissues except skeletal muscle where it remains strongly expressed at adult stage. The H19 gene is linked genetically to the paternally expressed /g/2 gene, which encodes an embryonic growth factor, and they share the mechanism of transcriptional regulation. The deletion of the H19 gene in mice leads to an overgrowth phenotype, which is attributed to a loss of imprinting of the Igf2 gene. We addressed the questions of the role of the H19 RNA during embryogenesis and of the regulation of this imprinted locus in adult muscle tissue. The particularity of our approach is the use of in vivo transgenic mouse models. We showed in three independent models of induced tumorigenesis that the H19 gene acts as a tumour suppressor in vivo. We then analysed transgenic animals which ectopically expressed the H19 gene and found that this RNA is a trans regulator of a recently described imprinted gene network, implicated in growth regulation. Finally we observed a biallelic expression of the H19 and /g/2 genes in satellites cells, which are muscle stem cells, as well as in haematopoietic stem cells, suggesting that a relaxation of imprinting could be a characteristic of adult stem cells
Tabouy, Laure. "Mise au point d'un dosage de l'activité kinase de la protéine DYRK1A et Régulation épigénétique de l'expression du gène codant le facteur de transcription ISL1." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077169.
Full textLa GnRH joue un rôle essentiel en régulant la sécrétion et la synthèse de LH et de FSH via des récepteurs spécifiques (GnRHR) exprimés à la surface des cellules gonadotropes hypophysaires. L'expression tissulaire spécifique du Gnrhr est contrôlée par une combinatoire bien définie de facteurs de transcription comportant trois acteurs majeurs, SF1, LHX3 et ISL1. Au contraire du Gnrhr, nous montrons que les séquences régulatrices d'M7 en amont du site d'initiation de transcription (TSS) sont insuffisantes pour diriger l'expression hypophysaire spécifique, suggérant l'existence de mécanismes additionnels. De fait, les régions régulatrices (ou promoteurs) ainsi que les "corps" des gènes sont altérés par des modifications épigénétiques. Les résultats, obtenus par immunoprécipitation de la chromatine, montrent que dans les lignées cellulaires exprimant Isl1, notamment les cellules gonadotropes, Isl1 est complexé avec des histones H3 triméthylées sur la Lys4 (H3K4Me3) au niveau du TSS, une marque d'histones corrélée avec les gènes actifs. En revanche, dans les lignées cellulaires où Isll est silencieux, il est complexé avec des histones H3 triméthylées sur la Lys27, marque liée à la répression des gènes. On observe cette même corrélation au niveau du TSS du Gnrhr. De plus, notre étude suggère que la méthylation de F ADN, en amont de l'îlot CpG est inversement corrélée à l'activité de ce gène. Ces données suggèrent que les modifications épigénétiques sont essentiellement responsables de l'expression hypophysaire spécifique d'/s/ycontrairement à l'expression du Gnrhr qui semble principalement dépendante de la présence de facteurs de transcription tissulaires spécifiques majeurs
Down syndrome is the most common aneuploidy, it originates from the presence of an extra 21st chromosome. The establishment of genotype/phenotype correlations in patients with Down's syndrome made it possible to highlight the DYRKIA kinase, encoded by the DYRKIA gene localized in the region DCR-1 on 21st chromosome, as a good candidate in the onset of mental retardation. Understandïng the role and regulation of DYRKIA is thus necessary and for that, to get a reliable kinase activity assay is essential. First, we focused on the establishment of a new method of DYRKIA kinase activity assay using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). This method proved to be highly sensitive and affordable. Second, we sought to confirm previous data on in vitro activity of DYRKIA by using this new method. We also characterized the behavior of known inhibitors of DYRKIA (harmine) and the results obtained are in agreement with the literature. In collaboration with Dr. Dodd's team, we screened various molecules as potential inhibitors of DYRKIA. Finally, the activity assay was tested ex vivo, in mice brain extracts. Our results indicate that this new method of kinase activity assay is specific, reproducible and fast. This method can be potentially applied to other kinases, phosphatases and more broadly to other enzyme catalyzing a reaction of protein modification
GnRH plays a critical role by regulating LH and FSH secretion and synthesis via specific receptors (GnRHR) expressed at the surface of gonadotrope cells. Tissue-specific expression of Gnrhr is arbitrated by a combinatorial code of transcription factors that involves SF1, LHX3 and ISLL Unlike for Gnrhr, we showed that Ml regulatory sequences upstream of the transcription start site (TSS) were not sufficient to direct pituitary-specific expression, suggesting the existence of additional regulatory mechanisms. Indeed regulatory regions (or promoters) as well as gene bodies, are altered by epigenetic modifications. Results of chromatin immunoprecipitation reveal that in cell lines expressing Isll, namely gonadotrope cells, Isll was linked to histone H3 tri-methylated on Lys4 (H3K4Me3) at thé TSS, an histone mark correlated with gène activity. In contrast, in cell Unes where Isll was silent, Isll was bound by histone H3 tri-methylated on Lys27, a histone mark linked to gene repression. Similar correlation between histone modifications and gene activities where observed at the Gnrhr TSS. Our study further suggests that DNA methylation upstream of the CpG Island of Isll was inversely correlated with gene activity. Together, these data suggest that epigenetic modifications predominantly direct Isll tissue-specific expression whereas Gnrhr expression is primarily dependent on the presence of master tissue-specific transcription factors