Relevant bibliographies by topics / Respiratory emergencies

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Respiratory emergencies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 26 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Respiratory emergencies"

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Runge, Jeffrey W., and Robert W. Schafermeyer. "Respiratory Emergencies." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 13, no. 1 (1986): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4543(21)00966-0.

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Grounds, R. M. "Respiratory Emergencies." British Journal of Anaesthesia 98, no. 2 (2007): 279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/ael350.

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Wilkinson, J. "Respiratory Emergencies." Anaesthesia 65, no. 8 (2010): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06416.x.

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Loh, L. "Respiratory Emergencies." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 51, no. 11 (1988): 1467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.51.11.1467.

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Mattu, Amal, and Jonathan S. Olshaker. "Respiratory emergencies." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 21, no. 2 (2003): xv—xvi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(03)00021-x.

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Vissers, Robert J., and Michael A. Gibbs. "Respiratory Emergencies." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 34, no. 1 (2016): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(15)00097-8.

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Jones, S. "Respiratory Emergencies." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 24, no. 9 (2007): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026502150700035x.

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Vissers, Robert J., and Michael A. Gibbs. "Respiratory Emergencies." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 34, no. 1 (2016): xiii—xiv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2015.10.002.

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Tong, Carissa W., and Anthony L. Gonzalez. "Respiratory Emergencies." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 50, no. 6 (2020): 1237–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.07.002.

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Nelson, Marc S. "Respiratory emergencies." American Journal of Emergency Medicine 6, no. 5 (1988): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0735-6757(88)90274-4.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Respiratory emergencies"

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Figueiredo, Ana Catarina da Silva Viegas Mata. "Urgências na clínica equina." Master's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5133.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária<br>O tema das urgências encontradas na clínica equina, é muito vasto e abrange diversas afecções, que vão desde lesões oculares, claudicações, urgências neonatais e reprodutivas, até à grande afecção de urgência dos cavalos que é, sem dúvida, a cólica. Os objectivos deste trabalho foram assim explorar e descrever, brevemente, algumas das afecções que se englobam neste tema, escolhendo para isso aquelas mais relevantes e com maiores incidências; realizar uma análise de frequências relativas aos casos ocorridos no Eguisof Centro Veterinário Equino, desde a sua abertura até à actualidade e finalmente efectuar uma caracterização dos casos urgentes ocorridos no período do estágio curricular, realizado de Março a Junho de 2012. Das categorias de urgência caracterizadas neste estudo verifica-se, pela análise das frequências relativas dos casos de urgência ocorridos no Eguisof no período em estudo, que a cólica e as urgências neonatais são as mais frequentes. A análise do questionário permitiu identificar indicadores como realidade sócio-económica, desconhecimento da gravidade e urgência das situações, assim como alguns factores de risco associados.<br>ABSTRACT - Equine emergencies - Equine emergencies is a vast area that encloses a large number of diseases, ranging from ocular injuries, lamenesses, neonatal and reprodutive emergencies, with colic being undoubtly the great disease of emergency of the horses. With this work it is intended to do a briefly exploration and description of some of the diseases that are embraced within this subject, choosing for this the ones with larger significance and bigger incidences; to perform a relative frequencies of the cases occurred in the Eguisof Centro Veterinário Equino, since its opening until present and finally to characterize the emergency cases which occurr in the period of the internship, from March until June of 2012. From the analysis of the relative frequencies regarding the emergency cases occurred in the Eguisof in the period of study, colic and neonatal emergencies appeard as the most frequent. The analysis of data gathered from the enquire on the emergencies cases encountered in the period of March- June of 2012, allowed to identify indicators as socio-economic realities, lack of knowledge of the gravity and urgency of the situations, as some of the major risk factors associations.
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Commander, John Vincent. "The efficiency of bag-valve mask ventilations by medical first responders and basic emergency medical technicians." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2310.

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Bag-valve mask (BVM) ventilation maintains a patient's oxygenation and ventilation until a more definitive artificial airway can be established. In the prehospital setting of a traffic collision or medical aid scene this is performed by an Emerency Medical Technician or medical first responder. Few studies have looked at the effectiveness of Bag-valve masks (BVM) or the complication rate of ventilating an unprotected airway. The purpose and goal of this study is to educate both medical first responders and basic emergency medical technicians.
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Cuthbertson, Joseph. "The effectiveness of airway management in the pre hospital treatment of traumatic brain injury : a retrospective, observational study of pre hospital treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the Western Australian ambulance service." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2012. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/563.

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There is concern over mortality and the potential for secondary brain injury in the head-injured patient. The use of advanced airway management and rapid sequence intubation in the pre hospital treatment of patients with Traumatic Brain Injury is controversial. Currently in St John Ambulance Service Australia (WA) Inc. three forms of pre hospital treatment are utilized to manage the airway of the adult head-injured patient. If attended by on-road paramedic staff, basic airway management is utilized unless the patient is unconscious and areflexic, in which case advanced airway management utilising endotracheal intubation or laryngeal mask insertion is authorised. In the critical care paramedic setting, the severely head-injured patient can be managed utilising paramedic initiated rapid sequence intubation techniques and ongoing sedation, paralysis and ventilation. There is a lack of data evaluating the risk and outcomes involved with these techniques when utilised to treat head-injured patients by paramedics from the Western Australian ambulance service. This study provides an updated evaluation of outcomes associated with airway management. The research framework was that of a retrospective, observational study of patients transported and treated between January 2004 and January 2009 in Western Australia. As the designated state trauma centre, all major trauma patients admitted to Royal Perth Hospital trauma unit with a head abbreviated injury scale > 3 transported and treated pre hospital by St John Ambulance WA paramedics from January 2004 to January 2009 were included. Hospital records of patient outcomes were matched with pre hospital records. Whilst challenges were faced in the collection of quality, usable data; modifications in analysis methodology allowed achievement of some, but not all objectives. The use of advanced airway management was associated with increased odds of survival (OR of 8.9, p value .046). Results of this study indicate a significant association between advanced airway management practice performed by paramedics and survival for patients suffering TBI. Further research is recommended to accurately assess efficacy of practice of this skill set in the pre hospital environment.
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Lozano, Orihuela Edith. "Correlación de las escalas de dificultad respiratoria argentina y chilena con la saturación de oxígeno en menores de 2 años con síndrome obstructivo bronquial atendidos en Sala de Emergencia del Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión enero - diciembre 2012." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/9905.

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Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor<br>El documento digital no refiere asesor<br>Compara la escala de dificultad respiratoria usada en Argentina (EDRAR) y la utilizada en Chile (EDRCH) y determina la correlación con la saturación de oxigeno. Se incluyen 300 pacientes menores de 24 meses con SBO, registrando SaO2 y los componentes de la EDRAR y de la EDRCH (taquipnea, taquicardia, tiraje, sibilancias, cianosis). Se evalúa la capacidad de los componentes de ambas escalas para predecir hipoxemia (SaO2 ≤95 y SaO2 ≤91) por regresión logística. Se estima correlación entre cada escala y SaO2. Se determina el mejor punto de las escalas para predecir hipoxemia por medio de curvas ROC. Se validan ambas escalas calculando sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos y razones de verosimilitud. La EDRAR muestra aceptable correlación con SaO2 (Spearman -0,465; P < 0,001). En la regresión logística, sólo el tiraje es predictor independiente de hipoxemia, definida por diferentes niveles de SaO2 (≤95 y ≤91) (RR: 8,2, IC 95%: 1,78 – 56,4 p: < 0,001 y RR: 17,3 IC 95%: 1,88 – 147,3 p < 0,001 respectivamente). En SaO2 ≤ 91 la EDRAR muestra la mejor capacidad diagnóstica (auc=0,914). Un puntaje 5 es el mejor punto para predecir hipoxemia (Sensibilidad=100%). También se evalúa el desempeño de la EDRCH, demostrando un rendimiento ligeramente inferior a la EDRAR. Concluye que la EDRAR es suficientemente sensible para predecir hipoxemia (SaO2 ≤91) en un puntaje 5, pero no muestra especificidad que permita una correcta discriminación por encima de este punto. La EDRCH presenta un desempeño similar. Estas escalas de dificultad respiratoria sólo permiten identificar niños que no se beneficiarían con el uso de O2.<br>Trabajo académico
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Claros, Stecchi José Antonio. "Características de los pacientes adultos que ingresan a ventilación mecánica invasiva y complicaciones asociadas, en la emergencia del Hospital Guillermo Almenara, periodo: agosto 2013 – marzo 2014." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/11964.

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Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor<br>Expone el uso de dispositivos avanzados de vida, como la ventilación mecánica, máquina que simula la función respiratoria del paciente del hospital “Guillermo Almenara” en el área de emergencia (unidad de cuidados especiales). Se eligió una población mayor de 18 años, sin patologías de mal pronóstico, con menos de 24 horas de evolución o aplicación de esta técnica y sin enfermedades que ya de por si ensombrezcan el pronóstico de estos pacientes, por lo que se obtuvo datos durante 8 meses, Agosto 2013 – Marzo 2014, de donde se extrajo datos que nos permiten conocer las estadísticas sobre edad promedio, distribución por sexos, antecedentes patológicos asociados, morbimortalidad, tiempo de aplicación promedio de la técnica, cuántos de ellos tuvieron patología respiratoria de por medio, porcentaje de pacientes postrados que ingresan a ventilación mecánica. Se logró hallar también información sobre realización de destetes (retiro de ventilación mecánica), así como los modos ventilatorios más usados, entre otros datos. Para esto, se realizó la coordinación con los servicios de emergencia, y diferentes servicios del hospital, para la obtención de la información, con el objetivo final de llegar a ofrecer a nuestros pacientes, el adecuado uso de esta técnica y por ende un manejo de calidad, además llegar a obtener datos a través de los cuales se puedan realizar, estudios comparativos con otras series, entre otros.<br>Trabajo académico
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Rosas, Sanchez Mercedes. "PREVALENCIA DE CRISIS ASMÁTICAS EN NIÑOS ATENDIDOS ENTRE 5 A 10 AÑOS EN EL SERVICIO DE EMERGENCIA PEDIÁTRICA DEL CENTRO MÉDICO NAVAL SANTIAGO TÁVARA EN EL AÑO 2014." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Ricardo Palma, 2016. http://cybertesis.urp.edu.pe/handle/urp/770.

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OBJETIVO: Evaluar la prevalencia de crisis asmáticas en el Servicio de Emergencia Pediátrica del Centro Médico Naval Santiago Távara (CEMENA) en el año 2014. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional, transversal, descriptivo, retrospectivo en el Servicio de Emergencia Pediátrica del CEMENA, donde se encontraron 947 niños entre 5 a 10 años con un diagnóstico de crisis asmática que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se revisó el libro de registros de ingresos al Servicio de Emergencia Pediátrica con el diagnóstico de crisis asmática, el instrumento utilizado fue la ficha de recolección de datos. Se realizó un análisis utilizando el programa estadístico SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). RESULTADOS: En el año de estudio ingresaron 947 niños al Servicio de Emergencia Pediátrica del CEMENA con diagnóstico de crisis asmática, de 10333 atenciones en total, lo cual indica que el 9.16% ingresaron con crisis asmática. Se encontró que el 67.27% de pacientes con crisis asmática pertenecen al género masculino y un 32,73% al género femenino. Existe mayor frecuencia de crisis asmática, en el grupo de pacientes de 6 y 7 años, representando el 22.7% y 26.08% respectivamente, y la menor frecuencia fue a los 5 años con un 9.61%. Según procedencia, del Callao provenía el 47.62%, del Cercado de Lima el 31.26%, San Martin de Porres el 16.58 % y por último de otros distritos el 4.54% .Todos los pacientes con crisis asmática presentaron dificultad respiratoria y sibilantes, es decir el 100%, con tos seca fue 87.01 %, con fiebre ingresó el 45.51%, dolor torácico representa el 21.54%. CONCLUSIÓN: Se encontró que la prevalencia de crisis asmática es 9.16%, además se presentó con mayor frecuencia en pacientes de sexo masculino; la edad de presentación más frecuente fue entre los 6 y 7 años. La mayoría de niños provienen del Callao y respecto a los síntomas más frecuentes estos son sibilancias, dificultad respiratoria y tos seca.
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Ccayanchira, Zevallos Elizabeth. "Cohesión y adaptabilidad familiar en asma infantil del Hospital de Emergencias Pediátricas 2012." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/9806.

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Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor<br>El documento digital no refiere asesor<br>Determina la cohesión y adaptabilidad familiar, en las familias con un miembro portador de asma infantil de 6 a 12 años a través del FACES III, atendida en Hospital de Emergencias Pediátricas. El diseño de estudio es observacional, transversal, analítico comparativo, prospectivo. Se aplica el cuestionario validado FACES III de Olson, por entrevista, a los adultos responsables de 129 familias con un miembro portador de asma y 129 sin miembro portador de asma, de edades entre los 6 a 12 años, que acuden al Hospital de Emergencias Pediátricas de setiembre a diciembre del año 2012. Técnica muestral por la fórmula de población finita con un margen de error de muestreo de 1.5% y un nivel de confianza de 95%. Las variables de estudio son: cohesión y adaptabilidad familiar, edad, sexo, grado de instrucción de familiares acompañantes, estado civil de los padres y nivel de control del asma. Para la recolección de la información se utiliza fichas elaboradas del cuestionario FACES III de Olson, con respectivos datos del paciente las que son aplicados a las familias de los participantes. Para el análisis estadístico se recurre a las frecuencias y porcentajes, análisis SPSS versión 15. Se encuestan a 129 familias con un miembro enfermo de asma donde la cohesión y adaptabilidad familiar es balanceada 8.53%, rango medio 72.87% y extrema 18.6%, edad promedio 7 años, predomina el sexo masculino en relación a las familias sin un miembro enfermo de asma donde la cohesión y adaptabilidad familiar es balanceada 3.1%, rango medio 84.49% y extremas 12.4%, con una edad promedio de 8 años, predomina el sexo femenino. En FACES III en ambos grupos de estudio el 50% de familias de acuerdo a la cohesión es semirelacionada y adaptabilidad caótica. Se concluye que la cohesión y adaptabilidad familiar, en ambos grupos de estudio es de rango medio según el modelo de Olson predominando las familias extremas en mayor porcentaje en familias con un miembro enfermo de asma.<br>Trabajo académico
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Mas, Serra Arantxa. "Ventilación no invasiva en la atención prehospitalaria urgente de pacientes disneicos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/321357.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: La disnea es un motivo frecuente de alerta de los servicios de emergencias prehospitalarios (SEP). En los pacientes con mayor gravedad puede ser necesaria la intubación y la ventilación mecánica invasiva, procedimientos con elevado número de complicaciones. La ventilación no invasiva (VMNI) ha demostrado su utilidad en reducir el número de intubaciones y la mortalidad de los pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda, especialmente aquellos con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) agudizada o con edema agudo de pulmón (EAP). El beneficio de esta técnica aplicada en el medio prehospitalario en los pacientes con disnea no ha sido estudiada. OBJETIVOS: El objetivo principal del estudio fue determinar si la aplicación de VMNI en el ámbito prehospitalario en pacientes con disnea mejoraba los signos clínicos y gasométricos de insuficiencia respiratoria a la llegada al hospital. Los secundarios fueron valorar las complicaciones asociadas a la técnica (en tolerancia, carga de trabajo de enfermería y tiempo de asistencia) y estudiar su impacto en el pronóstico de estos enfermos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio prospectivo randomizado. Se incluyeron pacientes adultos que activaban el SEP de Manresa en los años 2001 y 2002 por disnea de origen no traumático, con frecuencia respiratoria (FR) >28 respiraciones/minuto y/o saturación de oxigeno por pulsioximetría (SpO2 ) < 92% o SpO2<90% a cualquier FR. Todos los pacientes recibieron tratamiento médico estándar y se aleatorizaron a oxigenoterapia convencional (Grupo Control) o VMNI a parámetros fijos (PEEP 7 cm H2O, presión de soporte 12 cmH2O). Se compararon constantes vitales a la llegada al hospital y se realizó gasometría arterial antes de modificar las condiciones de soporte respiratorio del traslado. Se recogieron también datos diagnósticos y evolutivos de los pacientes. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 31 pacientes en el grupo control (GC) y 33 en el grupo VMNI, sin diferencias en las constantes, los índices de gravedad y en la sospecha diagnóstica inicial aunque al alta el GC tuvo más pacientes con diagnóstico EAP o EPOC que el grupo VMNI. La asistencia tendió a ser más prolongada en el grupo VMNI (mediana 36 minutos en el GC versus 41 en el grupo VMNI, p= 0,090) . Hubo que retirar la VMNI en dos casos por intolerancia. No se produjeron intubaciones durante la asistencia La aplicación de VMNI produjo una mejoría significativa fisiológica y gasométrica . El grupo VMNI llegó menos taquipneico (descenso medio de la FR 4,5 resp/min en el GC versus 11,9 resp/min el grupo VMNI, p= 0,000), con SpO2 más elevada (mediana 93% versus 95%, p= 0,001), menos acidosis ( pH medio 7,25 versus 7,33, p= 0,023) y menor PaCO2 (mediana 48 versus 40,6 mmHg, p= 0,028). Estas diferencias se mantuvieron cuando se analizaron únicamente los pacientes con EPOC y EAP. Hubo más pacientes fallecidos en el grupo VMNI que en el GC (21,2% versus 3,2%, χ2 p=0,054) y más pacientes con orden de limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico (0 casos versus 18,2% de casos, χ2 p=0,025), siendo la mortalidad entre grupos similar cuando se analizaron únicamente los pacientes con EAP y/o EPOC (mortalidad GC 3,2% vs 8,7% en el grupo VMNI, χ2 0,569). Hubo un aumento de la carga de trabajo atribuida a cuidados respiratorios, aunque no se evidenció una mayor necesidad de soporte psicológico con la VMNI. CONCLUSIONES: La aplicación de VMNI durante la asistencia prehospitalaria de pacientes con disnea mejora las condiciones clínicas y gasométricas de llegada de los pacientes, aunque en nuestro estudio ello no se traduce en un mejor pronóstico. Su uso aumenta la carga de trabajo del esquipo, a expensas de una mayor dedicación a los cuidados respiratorios, y puede retrasar la llegada de los pacientes al hospital.<br>INTRODUCTION: Dyspnoea is a frequent trigger for activation the pre-hospital emergency teams (PET). Patients with severe respiratory distress may require intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation. Both techniques may be harmful and can lead to large number of complications, especially in the pre-hospital setting. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has proved to be useful in decreasing intubations and mortality in patients with acute respiratory failure, in particular those with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema (ACPE) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the usefulness of NIV in the pre-hospital setting has not been studied. OBJECTIVES: The primary aim of the study was to determine whether the application of NIV in patients who complain of dyspnoea in the pre-hospital setting results in clinical and gasometrical improvement at hospital arrival. Secondary objectives were to assess the complications of the technique in terms of tolerance, team workload and the impact in the duration of transport. METHODS: We performed a prospective randomized controlled trial including adult patients attended by the PET in Manresa (Spain) during 2001 and 2002, who complained dyspnoea. Inclusion criteria were non-traumatic origin, respiratory rate (RR) > 28 breaths/minute and/or oxygen saturation by pulseoximetry (SpO2) < 92% or SpO2 <90% at any RR. Patients were randomized, in addition to standard medical treatment, to conventional oxygen therapy (Control Group) or NIV with fixed pre-set parameters (PEEP 7 cmH2O, pressure support 12 cmH2O). Vital signs and blood gas analyses were recorded upon hospital arrival, before introducing any therapeutical change. Diagnostic accuracy and outcomes were also analysed. RESULTS: 31 patients were assigned to control group (CG) and 33 to NIV. At inclusion vital signs, severity scores and presumptive diagnoses were similar between groups. However, after diagnostic reassessment at discharge, more patients with ACPE or COPD were allocated in the CG. The assistance time was similar between groups (median 36 minutes in the CG and 41 in the NIV group). Two patients did not tolerate NIV. No patient needed intubation during the pre-hospital assistance. NIV application was associated with greater physiological and gasometrical improvement. NIV group had significantly greater RR change (mean improvement or RR 4,5 b/min in the CG and 11,9 b/min in the NIV group, p= 0,000) higher SpO2 (median 93% vs. 95%, p= 0,001), higher pH (mean 7,25 vs. 7,33, p= 0,023) and lower PaCO2 (median 48 vs. 40,6 mmHg p= 0,028). These differences remained when the analysis was restricted to patients with final diagnosis COPD or ACPE. NIV group tended to have higher mortality (21,2% versus 3,2%, χ2 p=0,054). Nevertheless, more patients had do not resuscitate orders in this group (0 patients versus 18,2% , χ2 p=0,025) and the non-homogeneous distribution of patients with diagnostic of COPD and APE could determine these results. When the analysis was restricted to the patients with these diagnoses there were no differences in mortality (CG 3,2% vs. NIV 8,7%, χ2 p=0,569). The team workload was slightly greater in the NIV group, mainly due to respiratory care, as well as the transport time ( median 36 min in the CG versus 41 in NIV group, p= 0,090). CONCLUSIONS: The use of pre-hospital NIV in patients with dyspnoea improves clinical and gasometrical conditions at hospital arrival, but this improvement does not translate into a better prognosis of these patients. Prehospital NIV increases nursing workload and may extend the time of transport.
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Wang, Wei. "Establishment of Highly Sensitive Monitoring System of Causative Agents in Acute Respiratory Infection in Children and Emergence of New Variants and of Epidemics in Shanghai, China." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077248.

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Les infections aiguës des voies respiratoire inférieures (ALRI) sont un problème persistant et dominant de santé publique. De nombreux virus peuvent causer une ALRI, y compris le virus respiratoire syncitial, le virus de la grippe, le virus parainfluenza, le rhinovirus, l'enterovirus, l'adénovirus et le coronavirus. Depuis l'épidémie de SRAS en 2004 et les épidémies récentes de grippe aviaire H5N1 hautement pathogène, la transmission des virus zoonotiques à l'homme pose un problème majeur de santé publique, car les contacts rapprochés entre l'animal et l'homme ou entre les hommes faciliteraient le réassortiment et la recombinaison entre les virus pour générer des nouveaux virus qui pourraient passer la barrière d'espèce. L'introduction de ces nouveaux virus dans la population immunologiquement naïve pourrait être à l'origine d'épidémies ou de pandémies. . Par ailleurs, de nouveaux virus comme le métapneumovirus humain, les coronavirus humains NL63 et HKU1, et le bocavirus humain, ont été identifiés grâce au développement des nouvelles techniques moléculaires. Toutes ces approches ont changé le profil étiologique des ALRI. Pour mieux identifier les causes d'épidémies, il est nécessaire de surveiller la distribution et l'évolution génétique des virus respiratoires. L'objectif de ce travail a été dicté en priorité par la nécessité de développer des méthodes rapides, spécifiques et sensibles de diagnostic pouvant détecter non seulement des pathogènes viraux importants mais également de nombreuses co-infections virales. Les objectifs de ce travail étaient de développer différentes techniques moléculaires multiplexées et de mettre en place une plateforme de diagnostic des virus respiratoires. La stratégie a été de développer de nouvelles techniques en rapport avec les types de virus à détecter: (1) virus prioritaires comme la grippe aviaire H5N1 ou le virus pandémique SOI-H1N1v, détectés par RT-PCR en temps réel et multiplexée; (2) virus à haute prévalence de circulation dans la population possédant une diversité génétique élevée, détectés par RT-PCR multiplexée ; virus rares et émergents, détectés et étudiés par micropuce ADN et séquençage à haut-débit<br>Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are one persistent and Worldwide problem to public health and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. In China, nearly 21 million cases occur every year [1]. Numerous viruses can cause ALRI, including respiratory syncitial virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus, adenovirus and coronavirus [2-12]. Since the outbreak of SARS in 2004 and the recent epidemics of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in China [13-15] as well as in other countries of Southeast Asia, the transmission of zoonotic viruses from animals to human has become a big concern to public health because the increasing close contacts of animal-human and human-human would largely facilitate the reassortment and recombination of viruses to generate new viruses which could cross the species barrier. The introduction of new viruses to immune naïve population would cause epidemics or pandemics. Meanwhile, new viruses like human metapneumovirus, human coronaviruses NL63 and HKU1, and human bocavirus, were identified as the result of development of new molecular techniques. All these approaches have largely changed the etiological profile in ARI. To better react in case of epidemics, it is necessary to monitor the distribution and the genetic evolution of respiratory viruses. Sustained global surveillance project was required to improve the capacity in many developing countries to detect endemic, epidemic and newly emerging respiratory pathogens [16]. To set up such project, reliable and standardized diagnostic methods were requested. With sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, the project could identify a wide variety of agents, to differentiate highly pathogenic viruses from less virulent seasonal respiratory viruses and to identify new emerging viruses. Meanwhile, the epidemiological and etiological profile of ARI should be thoroughly studied to describe the background and set up a baseline for epidemic alert. In 2006, the project "Surveillance and Investigation of Endemic Situations in South-East Asia (SISEA)" was implemented (http://www. Hku. Hk/respari/research_07. Htm), which supported my PhD work. Shanghai, as the biggest metropolis of China, is an important center for population migration and with distinct four seasons including very cold winter
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Ramos, Miraval Patricia Diana. "Factores de riesgo asociados en menores de 5 años hospitalizados con infección respiratoria aguda baja por virus respiratorios en el Hospital de Emergencias Pediátricas 2011 - 2012." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/14058.

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Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor<br>El documento digital no refiere asesor<br>Determina los factores de riesgo asociados en menores de 5 años hospitalizados con IRA baja por virus respiratorios en el Hospital de Emergencias Pediátricas entre abril del 2011 hasta marzo del 2012. El estudio es analítico, no experimental de corte transversal, realizado en 165 pacientes. El 45.5% de muestras fueron positivas, predominando el sexo masculino (57.33%). El VSR es frecuente en menores de 24 meses (69.33%), seguido del metaneumovirus (12%), presentándose durante todo el año con picos en otoño (49.33%) y primavera (9.3%) respectivamente; encontrándose la atelectasia como complicación frecuente. El promedio de hospitalización fue 5.35 días. En el 12.12% de los pacientes se usaron antibióticos, lo que demuestra la diferenciación clínica y el uso racional de los mismos. El peso y edad gestacional al nacimiento, grado de inmunización y nutrición, lactancia materna, contacto previo con personas resfriadas, antecedente de síndrome obstructivo bronquial recurrente e hiperreactividad bronquial no fueron características predisponentes para adquirir la enfermedad viral. La implementación de técnicas de diagnóstico virológico rápido, estandarización de criterios diagnósticos y manejo es fundamental para iniciar terapias pertinentes, disminuir la hospitalización y reducir los costos.<br>Trabajo académico
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Books on the topic "Respiratory emergencies"

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Sawicka, E. H. Respiratory emergencies. Butterworths, in association with Current Medical Literature Ltd., 1987.

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1949-, Fein Alan, Niederman Michael S, and Brody Gerald M. 1951-, eds. Pulmonary emergencies. Butterworth-Heineman, 1994.

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E, Brenner Barry, ed. Emergency asthma. M. Dekker, 1999.

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Jonathan, Benger, Nolan Jerry, and Clancy Mike, eds. Emergency airway management. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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1926-, Berte John B., ed. Critical care--the lung. 2nd ed. Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1986.

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Akinbami, Lara J. Asthma prevalence, health care use, and mortality: United States, 2005-2009. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, 2011.

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Kovacs, George. Emergency airway management. McGraw-Hill, 2008.

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Beverley, Harden, ed. Respiratory physiotherapy: An on-call survival guide. 2nd ed. Churchill Livingstone, 2009.

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Gorback, Michael S. Emergency airway management. B.C. Decker, 1990.

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Manual of emergency airway management. 4th ed. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Heath, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Respiratory emergencies"

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Jariwalla, G. "Emergencies." In Respiratory Diseases. Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4880-8_14.

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Heath, Dana, and Lori Baden Atkins. "Respiratory Emergencies." In Veterinary Technician's Manual for Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118785690.ch7.

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Heath, Dana J., Lori B. Atkins, and Christopher L. Norkus. "Respiratory Emergencies." In Veterinary Technician's Manual for Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119536598.ch7.

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Moulds, A. J., P. B. Martin, and T. A. I. Bouchier-Hayes. "Respiratory Emergencies." In Emergencies in General Practice. Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9295-1_16.

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Drobatz, Kenneth J., and Douglass K. Macintire. "RESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES." In Manual of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care Medicine. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119421870.ch9.

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Banerjee, Ashis. "Respiratory Emergencies." In Emergency Clinical Diagnosis. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50718-7_2.

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Hu, Kami M. "Respiratory Emergencies." In In-Flight Medical Emergencies. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74234-2_6.

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Schwartz, Katherine, and Christopher L. Kramer. "Acute Neuromuscular Respiratory Failure." In Neurological Emergencies. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28072-7_8.

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Herring, Jennifer M. "Pulmonary/Respiratory Emergencies." In Handbook of Canine and Feline Emergency Protocols. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118910351.ch14.

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Moitra, Vivek K., and Tricia E. Brentjens. "Respiratory Emergencies." In Anesthesia Emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199377275.003.0003.

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Conference papers on the topic "Respiratory emergencies"

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Lowe, A. A., J. K. Gerald, C. Clemens, and L. B. Gerald. "Neighborhood Disadvantage and Respiratory Emergencies at School." In American Thoracic Society 2021 International Conference, May 14-19, 2021 - San Diego, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2021.203.1_meetingabstracts.a1032.

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Pini, L., J. Giordani, C. Concoreggi, et al. "Short-Term Exposure to Particulate Matter and Asthma: A Link Between Environment and Respiratory Emergencies." In American Thoracic Society 2021 International Conference, May 14-19, 2021 - San Diego, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2021.203.1_meetingabstracts.a3167.

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Danna, Mason, Evan George, Sanjana Ranganathan, et al. "A Low-Cost, Open-Source Solution to the Covid-19 Ventilator Shortage." In 2022 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2022-1044.

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Abstract Mechanical ventilators are beneficial in treating and managing various respiratory diseases, including interstitial pneumonia associated with Coronavirus infection (COVID-19). The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic has led to the emergence of a worldwide need for more accessible and affordable mechanical ventilatory devices. This project, known as the Third Coast Ventilator, aims to create a low-cost, open-source solution to the ventilator shortage created by the COVID-19 pandemic; this device can additionally be implemented in developing countries with limited medical resources, where ventilators are often inaccessible. Using readily available components found within hospitals and local stores, our team designed a prototype that can be assembled and functional within an hour. Our testing demonstrated accurate tidal volume delivery while modulating commonly used ranges of inspiratory to expiratory ratios, air flow rates, and respiratory rates. These promising results are an important step toward our goal of creating a low-cost, open-source, globally accessible ventilator in areas where shortages exist.
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Freitas, Alexandre Villela de, Arnaldo Pereira Cortez Junior, Marília Silva de Souza Takimoto, Vanessa Radavelli de Araujo, and Carolina Rosa de Araujo. "EFFECT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN A MASTOLOGY SERVICE AT A TERTIARY HOSPITAL." In Scientifc papers of XXIII Brazilian Breast Congress - 2021. Mastology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942021v31s1089.

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Introduction: The measures of social isolation and campaigns to combat the COVID-19 pandemic released after March 2020 and the risk of severe respiratory disease in the population older than 65 years determined a decrease in the performance of preventive tests and demand to outpatient clinics, as well as the removal of professionals in risk groups reducing the supply of care. The delay in diagnosis and initiation of treatment is considered a problem in health systems worldwide, directly impacting mortality from the disease. In force since 2012, Lawn. 12732 of the Brazilian Department of Health establishes that the first cancer treatment for SUS (Brazilian Unified Health System) patients must begin within a maximum of 60 days from the signature of the pathological report that confirms malignant neoplasia. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of the pandemic in a mastology service at a tertiary hospital of the Unified Health System (SUS) from the measurement of the interval between diagnosis and initiation of treatment, first proposed oncological, surgical (CT) or systemic (TS) treatment and the justifications pointed out when the beginning of treatment occurred in a period of more than sixty days. Methods: Cross-sectional cohort study of patients diagnosed with breast cancer between March 2019 and January 2021, divided into two groups – prepandemic and pandemic from the evaluation of data in the hospital management system (Stratec) and comparison of information between the two groups. Results: In group 1, prepandemic, from March 2019 to March 2020, 82 patients admitted, mean of 6.3 patients per month, 62 started treatment before 60 days (59TC and 3TS) and 20 after (13TC and 7TS). In group 2, pandemic, from April 2020 to January 2021, 65 patients, mean of 7.2 patients per month, 51 started treatment before 60 days (37TC and 14TS) and 14 after (11TC and 3TS), 32.3 and 27.5%, respectively. Regarding the indication of initial treatment, surgical treatment predominated in both groups, however there was an increase in the indication of systemic treatment in group 2 (17/65 vs 10/82). Among the main justifications for delay in the beginning of treatment, we identified clinical conditions of the patients, the need for a plastic surgery team and unavailability of a vacancy in the operating room in the first group, and clinical conditions of the patients and indecision to accept the therapeutic proposal in the second group. Conclusions: The reception by the nursing team to the patients at the time of diagnosis guiding the performance of preoperative examinations and consultations, availability of the operating room exclusively for emergencies, cardiac or oncological surgeries and replacement of professionals when the absence was necessary were effective measures in the maintenance of care and quality of service.
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Maurya, Muni Raj, Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni, and Sumaya Ali S. A. Al-Maadeed. "Smart Technologies Driven approaches to tackle COVID-19 Pandemic." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0290.

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The emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) had led to a global outbreak of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) and raised an international public health issue. To mitigate the infection and bring the sustainability in current pandemic situation, the healthcare system and governments are doing exceptional work. Globally, the implementation of technologies in healthcare systems and diverse government policies has proven to be effective in tackling COVID-19. The rapid technological swift during the pandemic and its role in assisting the fight against corona virus is phenomenal. Various technologies like robotics, drone, artificial intelligence (AI), data communication, mask, and smart sensors, etc. has synergistically helped in mitigating the effect of COVID-19. The poster represents the outlook of these technologies in terms of strategies and framework in which they have been applied for assisting various sectors like the health system, industries, government, and public, etc.
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Tareq HAMMOODI, Zeyad. "CORONA EPIDEMIC (COVD 19) BETWEEN SHARIA AND MEDICINE." In International Research Congress of Contemporary Studies in Social Sciences (Rimar Congress 2). Rimar Academy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/rimarcongress2-7.

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The Corona epidemic is a wide group of viruses that include viruses that can cause a group of illnesses in humans, ranging from the common cold to severe acute respiratory syndrome, as there is no definitive and specific treatment for the epidemic. The medicines used are helpful and supportive, and they mostly aim to reduce the patient’s temperature with the use of pulmonary resuscitation devices, as the body’s resistance depends on autoimmunity, as it is the main factor in preventing this epidemic, and here we must know the role of medical and forensic scholars in preventing and treating With what appears from this epidemic and other epidemics, we do not know when and how they will appear to the world. The emergence of this disease is an extension of several diseases before it and the so-called (contemporary diseases), which are contagious communicable diseases, including bird flonza disease, swine flonza, sass and AIDS, mad cow disease, Ebola, human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus, yellow fever, and many others These diseases are epidemic.
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Batista, Suzana Bastos, Deborah Calado Coelho, and Gabriela Coutinho Amorim. "Epilepsy in patients with COVID-19." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.179.

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Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARSCoV-2, appeared in a Chinese city in late 2019. Four months after its emergence it was declared by the World Health Organization as a pandemic. Although the virus has tropism for respiratory tract cells, there is evidence of involvement of systems such as vascular, digestive, hematological, urinary and nervous. Some neurological complications were observed in patients with COVID-19, such as stroke, myopathies and polyneuropathies. Encephalitis may cause seizures, suggesting that the inflammatory process by COVID-19 may be associated with seizures. Objectives: To address the possible association between seizures and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methodology: The research is na integrative review carried out in a virtual environment, based on articles published between 2020 and 2021, with the theme “COVID-19, epilepsy and seizures”, on the academic Google platforms, SciELO portal and PubMed. Results: It is known that encephalitis and viral infections can trigger epileptic seizures by the pathophysiological mechanisms of activation of the inflammatory cascade. This process involves the release of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukins 2, 6, 7 and 10, and complement, this neuronal hyper excitability activates Glutamate receptors, triggering seizures. Based on this, epileptic seizures can be explained in patients with neurological impairment by COVID-19. Conclusion: It was observed that inflammatory processes lead to excitation of receptors that trigger seizures. Therefore, the disruption of the blood brain barrier can play a fundamental role in the initiation of this process. However, the pathophysiological mechanism is not yet well elucidated, and further studies are needed on this.
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Silva, Nathaly B., Renata L. Guerra, Michelle Cailleaux-Cezar, and Marcus Conde. "Prevalence Of Patients With Respiratory Symptoms As A Primary Reason For Seeking An Outpatient Unit And An Emergence Service In Rio De Janeiro, Brazil - Preliminary Results." In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a6200.

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Elbashir, Israa, Aisha Aisha Nasser J. M. Al-Saei, Paul Thornalley, and Naila Rabbani. "Evaluation of antiviral activity of Manuka honey against SARS-CoV-2." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0113.

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Background and aims: In 2020 a global pandemic was declared caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The pandemic is still ongoing and continues to cause considerable mortality and morbidity world-wide and new variants of the virus are emerging. Rapid development and rollout of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 is in progress to counter the pandemic but has been tempered by the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants, many of which exhibit reduced vaccine effectiveness. To date there is no approved antiviral treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Several studies have shown that Manuka honey has virucidal/antiviral effect. Methylglyoxal (MG), a bioactive component in Manuka honey, has antiviral activity in vitro. MG may modify arginine residues in the functional domains of viral spike and nucleocapsid proteins, resulting in loss of charge, protein misfolding and inactivation. The aim of this study was to characterize the antiviral activity of Manuka honey against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro Materials and methods: Wild-type SARS-CoV-2 with titers of multiplicities of infection (MOI) 0.1 and 0.05 were incubated with 2-fold serial dilutions of 250+ Manuka honey (equivalent to 250 to 31 µM) in infection medium (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium + 2% fetal bovine serum + 100 units/ml penicillin + 100 µg/ml streptomycin) for 3 h. Manuka honey treated and untreated control SARS-CoV-2 was incubated with confluent cultures of Vero cells in vitro for 1 h, cultures washed with phosphate-buffered saline and incubated in fresh infection medium at 37°C for 4 - 5 days until 70% of virus control cells displayed cytopathic effect. We also studied the effect of scavenging MG in Manuka Honey with aminoguanidine (AG; 500 µM) on virucidal activity. The antiviral activity of MG was judged by median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assays. Data analysis was by logistic regression. TCID50 (mean ± SD) was deduced by interpolation. Results: Diluted Manuka honey inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero cells. SARS-CoV-2 was incubated in diluted Manuka honey in medium at 37°C for 3 h before adding to Vero cells. Manuka honey dilutions down to 125 µM MG equivalents completely inhibited cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 whereas 31.25 µM and 62.5 µM MG equivalents had limited effect. Logistic regression and interpolation of the cytopathic effect indicated that the TCID50 = 72 ± 2 µM MG equivalents for MOI of 0.1. Prior scavenging of MG by addition of AG resulted in virus replication levels equivalent to those seen in the virus control without AG. Conclusion: Manuka honey has antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 when incubated with the virus in cell-free media at no greater than ca. 40-fold dilutions of 250+ grade. Anti-viral activity was inhibited by AG, consistent with the anti-viral effect being mediated by MG. Manuka honey dilutions in MG equivalents had similar antiviral effect compared to authentic MG, also consistent with MG content of Manuka honey mediating the antiviral effect. Whilst Manuka honey may inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in cell-free culture medium, its antiviral activity in vivo for other than topical application may be limited because of the rapid metabolism of MG by the glyoxalase system and limited bioavailability of oral MG.
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Reports on the topic "Respiratory emergencies"

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Lucas Garín, Andrea, and Pedro Pablo Silva. Compromiso climático en el mundo post COVID-19: notas para la Transición Justa. Fundación Heinrich Böll, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32457/12728/1007320206.

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Dos percepciones nos genera el Cambio Climático, la primera que se trata del desafío más importante de la humanidad, frase que no es novedosa porque es repetida en la prensa y desde la Organización de Naciones Unidas; la segunda, que resulta una problemática que nos tiene acostumbrados a brindarnos noticias desalentadoras y preocupantes. Por ello, nuestro tradicional abordaje del cambio climático procura brindar soluciones para contrarrestar sus efectos negativos y de cómo enfrentarlos de mejor forma; en esta ocasión nuestra propuesta parte con buenas noticias en un contexto difícil como es el que nos tiene inmerso la emergencia sanitaria desatada por el virus denominado «coronavirus de tipo 2 causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SRAS-CoV-2)» y aquí ubicamos la grata sorpresa que nos depara el Preámbulo del Acuerdo de París que incluye el concepto de Transición Justa, que es el disparador de esta contribución.
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Gelb, Jr., Jack, Yoram Weisman, Brian Ladman, and Rosie Meir. Identification of Avian Infectious Brochitis Virus Variant Serotypes and Subtypes by PCR Product Cycle Sequencing for the Rational Selection of Effective Vaccines. United States Department of Agriculture, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586470.bard.

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Objectives 1. Determine the serotypic identities of 40 recent IBV isolates from commercial chickens raised in the USA and Israel. 2. Sequence all IBV field isolates using PCR product cycle sequencing and analyze their S 1 sequence to detennine their homology to other strains in the Genbank and EMBL databases. 3. Select vaccinal strains with the highest S 1 sequence homology to the field isolates and perform challenge of immunity studies in chickens in laboratory trials to detennine level of protection afforded by the vaccines. Background Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a common, economically important disease of the chicken. IB occurs as a respiratory form, associated with airsacculitis, condemnation, and mortality of meat-type broilers, a reproductive form responsible for egg production losses in layers and breeders, and a renal form causing high mortality in broilers and pullets. The causative agent is avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Replication of the virus' RNA genome is error-prone and mutations commonly result. A major target for mutation is the gene encoding the spike (S) envelope protein used by the virus to attach and infect the host cell. Mutations in the S gene result in antigenic changes that can lead to the emergence of variant serotypes. The S gene is able to tolerate numerous mutations without compromising the virus' ability to replicate and cause disease. An end result of the virus' "flexibility" is that many strains of IBV are capable of existing in nature. Once formed, new mutant strains, often referred to as variants, are soon subjected to immunological selection so that only the most antigenically novel variants survive in poultry populations. Many novel antigenic variant serotypes and genotypes have been isolated from commercial poultry flocks. Identification of the field isolates of IBV responsible for outbreaks is critical for selecting the appropriate strain(s) for vaccination. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the Sl subunit of the envelope spike glycoprotein gene has been a common method used to identify field strains, replacing other time-consuming or less precise tests. Two PCR approaches have been used for identification, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and direct automated cycle sequence analysis of a diagnostically relevant hypervariab1e region were compared in our BARD research. Vaccination for IB, although practiced routinely in commercial flocks, is often not protective. Field isolates responsible for outbreaks may be unrelated to the strain(s) used in the vaccination program. However, vaccines may provide varying degrees of cross- protection vs. unrelated field strains so vaccination studies should be performed. Conclusions RFLP and S1 sequence analysis methods were successfully performed using the field isolates from the USA and Israel. Importantly, the S1 sequence analysis method enabled a direct comparison of the genotypes of the field strains by aligning them to sequences in public databases e.g. GenBank. Novel S1 gene sequences were identified in both USA and Israel IBVs but greater diversity was observed in the field isolates from the USA. One novel genotype, characterized in this project, Israel/720/99, is currently being considered for development as an inactivated vaccine. Vaccination with IBV strains in the US (Massachusetts, Arkansas, Delaware 072) or in Israel (Massachusetts, Holland strain) provided higher degrees of cross-protection vs. homologous than heterologous strain challenge. In many cases however, vaccination with two strains (only studies with US strains) produced reasonable cross-protection against heterologous field isolate challenge. Implications S1 sequence analysis provides numerical similarity values and phylogenetic information that can be useful, although by no means conclusive, in developing vaccine control strategies. Identification of many novel S1 genotypes of IBV in the USA is evidence that commercial flocks will be challenged today and in the future with strains unrelated to vaccines. In Israel, monitoring flocks for novel IBV field isolates should continue given the identification of Israel/720/99, and perhaps others in the future. Strains selected for vaccination of commercial flocks should induce cross- protection against unrelated genotypes. Using diverse genotypes for vaccination may result in immunity against unrelated field strains.
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