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Journal articles on the topic 'Respiratory muscles Physiology Sex differences'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Barreiro, Esther, Carlos Coronell, Barbara Laviña, Alba Ramírez-Sarmiento, Mauricio Orozco-Levi, and Joaquim Gea. "Aging, sex differences, and oxidative stress in human respiratory and limb muscles." Free Radical Biology and Medicine 41, no. 5 (September 2006): 797–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.05.027.

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2

Miotto, Paula M., Chris McGlory, Tanya M. Holloway, Stuart M. Phillips, and Graham P. Holloway. "Sex differences in mitochondrial respiratory function in human skeletal muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 314, no. 6 (June 1, 2018): R909—R915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00025.2018.

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Mitochondrial bioenergetic contributions to sex differences in human skeletal muscle metabolism remain poorly defined. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether mitochondrial respiratory kinetics differed between healthy young men and women in permeabilized skeletal muscle fibers. While men and women displayed similar ( P > 0.05) maximal respiration rates and abundance of mitochondrial/adenosine diphosphate (ADP) transport proteins, women had lower ( P < 0.05) mitochondrial ADP sensitivity (+30% apparent Km) and absolute respiration rates at a physiologically relevant ADP co

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3

Dominelli, Paolo B., and Yannick Molgat-Seon. "Sex, gender and the pulmonary physiology of exercise." European Respiratory Review 31, no. 163 (January 12, 2022): 210074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0074-2021.

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In this review, we detail how the pulmonary system's response to exercise is impacted by both sex and gender in healthy humans across the lifespan. First, the rationale for why sex and gender differences should be considered is explored, and then anatomical differences are highlighted, namely that females typically have smaller lungs and airways than males. Thereafter, we describe how these anatomical differences can impact functional aspects such as respiratory muscle energetics and activation, mechanical ventilatory constraints, diaphragm fatigue, and pulmonary gas exchange in healthy adults

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4

Edmunds, Jane S., Clayton L. Ivie, Elizabeth P. Ott, Dain W. Jacob, Sarah E. Baker, Jennifer L. Harper, Camila M. Manrique-Acevedo, and Jacqueline K. Limberg. "Sex differences in the effect of acute intermittent hypoxia on respiratory modulation of sympathetic activity." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 321, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): R903—R911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00042.2021.

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Sex-related differences in respiratory modulation of sympathetic activity have been observed in rodent models of sleep apnea [intermittent hypoxia (IH)]. In light of sex disparities in the respiratory response to acute IH in humans as well as changes in respiratory modulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in clinical sleep apnea, we examined sex-related differences in respiratory modulation of MSNA following acute IH. We hypothesized that respiratory modulation of MSNA would be altered in both male and female participants after IH; however, the respiratory patterning of MSNA foll

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5

Guenette, Jordan A., Andrea M. Martens, Anne L. Lee, Gradin D. Tyler, Jennifer C. Richards, Glen E. Foster, Darren E. R. Warburton, and A. William Sheel. "Variable effects of respiratory muscle training on cycle exercise performance in men and women." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-016.

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Respiratory muscle training (RMT) has been proposed as an effective means to increase the strength of the inspiratory muscles and improve exercise performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of RMT on cycling time to exhaustion (TTE) and to determine any potential sex effect. We hypothesized that RMT would improve maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and TTE to a similar degreee in men and women. Males (n = 7; mean (± SD) age, 22.1 ± 1.5 y) and females (n = 8; mean (± SD) 24.5 ± 4.9 y) performed an incremental cycle test to determine maximal oxygen consumption ([Formula: see

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6

Chen, H. I., and C. S. Kuo. "Relationship between respiratory muscle function and age, sex, and other factors." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 943–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.2.943.

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To investigate the effects of gender and age on respiratory muscle function, 160 healthy volunteers (80 males, 80 females) were divided into four age groups. Twenty-eight of the male subjects were smokers. After the subjects were familiarized with the experimental procedure, respiratory muscle strength, inspiratory muscle endurance, and spirometric function, including forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, tidal volume, breathing rate, and duty cycle, were measured. The respiratory muscle strength was indicated by the maximal static inspiratory and expir

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7

Kalidhindi, Rama Satyanarayana Raju, Niyati A. Borkar, Nilesh Sudhakar Ambhore, Christina M. Pabelick, Y. S. Prakash, and Venkatachalem Sathish. "Sex steroids skew ACE2 expression in human airway: a contributing factor to sex differences in COVID-19?" American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 319, no. 5 (November 1, 2020): L843—L847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00391.2020.

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The incidence, severity, and mortality of ongoing coronavirus infectious disease 19 (COVID-19) is greater in men compared with women, but the underlying factors contributing to this sex difference are still being explored. In the current study, using primary isolated human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells from normal males versus females as a model, we explored the effect of estrogen versus testosterone in modulating the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a cell entry point for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Using confocal imaging, we found tha

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8

Ofir, Dror, Pierantonio Laveneziana, Katherine A. Webb, Yuk-Miu Lam, and Denis E. O'Donnell. "Sex differences in the perceived intensity of breathlessness during exercise with advancing age." Journal of Applied Physiology 104, no. 6 (June 2008): 1583–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00079.2008.

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The prevalence of activity-related breathlessness increases with age, particularly in women, but the specific underlying mechanisms have not been studied. This novel cross-sectional study was undertaken to examine the effects of age and sex, and their interaction, on the perceptual and ventilatory responses to incremental treadmill exercise in 73 healthy participants (age range 40–80 yr old) with normal pulmonary function. Age-related changes at a standardized oxygen uptake (V̇o2) during exercise included significant increases in breathlessness ratings (Borg scale), ventilation (V̇e), ventilat

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9

Murias, Juan M., Daniel A. Keir, Matthew D. Spencer, and Donald H. Paterson. "Sex-related differences in muscle deoxygenation during ramp incremental exercise." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 189, no. 3 (December 2013): 530–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2013.08.011.

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10

Tarnopolsky, Mark A. "Gender Differences in Substrate Metabolism During Endurance Exercise." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 25, no. 4 (August 1, 2000): 312–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h00-024.

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Females show a lower respiratory exchange ratio (RER) than males during submaximal endurance exercise, which translates into a proportionately lower carbohydrate and higher fat oxidation. Data from rodents show that 17-β-estradiol may mediate these metabolic differences. 17-β-estradiol supplementation in humans is less convincing; however, two studies found a reduction in glucose rate of appearance during exercise. No difference is found between genders in muscle glycogen content; however, lipid content in muscle is higher in females. Evidence shows that short chain OH-acyl CoA-dehydrogenase (

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11

Malone, Ian G., Rachel L. Nosacka, Marissa A. Nash, Kevin J. Otto, and Erica A. Dale. "Electrical epidural stimulation of the cervical spinal cord: implications for spinal respiratory neuroplasticity after spinal cord injury." Journal of Neurophysiology 126, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 607–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00625.2020.

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Traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can lead to damage of bulbospinal pathways to the respiratory motor nuclei and consequent life-threatening respiratory insufficiency due to respiratory muscle paralysis/paresis. Reports of electrical epidural stimulation (EES) of the lumbosacral spinal cord to enable locomotor function after SCI are encouraging, with some evidence of facilitating neural plasticity. Here, we detail the development and success of EES in recovering locomotor function, with consideration of stimulation parameters and safety measures to develop effective EES protocols. E

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12

Horton, Tracy J., S. Renee Commerford, Michael J. Pagliassotti, and Daniel H. Bessesen. "Postprandial leg uptake of triglyceride is greater in women than in men." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 283, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): E1192—E1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00164.2002.

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The postprandial excursion of plasma triglyceride (TG) concentration is greater in men than in women. In this study, the disposition of dietary fat was examined in lean healthy men and women ( n = 8/group) in either the overnight-fasted or fed (4.5 h after breakfast) states. A [14C]oleate tracer was incorporated into a test meal, providing 30% of total daily energy requirements. After ingestion of the test meal, measures of arteriovenous differences in TG and14C across the leg were combined with needle biopsies of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and respiratory gas collections to define the

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13

Sheel, A. William, Jennifer C. Richards, Glen E. Foster, and Jordan A. Guenette. "Sex Differences in Respiratory Exercise Physiology." Sports Medicine 34, no. 9 (2004): 567–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434090-00002.

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14

Carlo, W. A., and J. M. DiFiore. "Respiratory muscle responses to changes in chemoreceptor drive in infants." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 1041–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.3.1041.

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Upper airway muscles and the diaphragm may have different quantitative responses to chemoreceptor stimulation. To compare the respiratory muscle responses to changes in CO2, 10 ventilator-dependent preterm infants (gestational age 28 +/- 1 wk, postnatal age 40 +/- 6 days, weight 1.4 +/- 0.1 kg) were passively hyperventilated to apnea and subsequently hypoventilated. Electromyograms from the genioglossus, alae nasi, posterior cricoarytenoid, and diaphragm were recorded from surface electrodes. Apneic CO2 thresholds of all upper airway muscles (genioglossus 46.8 +/- 4.3 Torr, alae nasi 42.4 +/-

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15

Hunter, Sandra K., Ashley Critchlow, and Roger M. Enoka. "Influence of aging on sex differences in muscle fatigability." Journal of Applied Physiology 97, no. 5 (November 2004): 1723–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00460.2004.

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The purpose of this study was to compare time to task failure for a sustained isometric contraction performed at a submaximal intensity with elbow flexor muscles by young and old men and women. Twenty-seven young (14 men and 13 women, 18–35 yr) and 18 old (10 men and 8 women, 65–80 yr) adults sustained an isometric contraction at 20% of maximal voluntary contraction torque until target torque could no longer be achieved for ≥5 s. Young adults were stronger than old adults (66.8 ± 17.9 vs. 47.7 ± 18.1 N·m, P < 0.05), and men were stronger than women (69.8 ± 17.9 vs. 47.1 ± 15.3 N·m, P < 0

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16

SCHULZ, H., C. JOHNER, G. EDER, A. ZIESENIS, P. REITMEIER, J. HEYDER, and R. BALLING. "Respiratory mechanics in mice: strain and sex specific differences." Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 174, no. 4 (April 2002): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-201x.2002.00955.x.

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17

Watanabe, Daiki, Koji Hatakeyama, Ryo Ikegami, Hiroaki Eshima, Kazuyoshi Yagishita, David C. Poole, and Yutaka Kano. "Sex differences in mitochondrial Ca2+ handling in mouse fast-twitch skeletal muscle in vivo." Journal of Applied Physiology 128, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00230.2019.

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We investigated sex differences in mitochondrial Ca2+ handling properties in mouse fast-twitch skeletal muscle. Changes in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyto) were measured in vivo using tibialis anterior muscles from male and female mice. The muscles were exposed to increasing concentrations of cyclopiazonic acid [CPA; sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor] (from 10 to 30 to 50 μM at 10 min intervals). Thirty minutes after treatment, [Ca2+]cyto was increased by 31.6 ± 2.0% and 13.5 ± 4.5% of initial [Ca2+]cyto in male and female muscles, respectively, and there was a signi

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18

De Troyer, André, Peter A. Kirkwood, and Theodore A. Wilson. "Respiratory Action of the Intercostal Muscles." Physiological Reviews 85, no. 2 (April 2005): 717–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00007.2004.

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The mechanical advantages of the external and internal intercostals depend partly on the orientation of the muscle but mostly on interspace number and the position of the muscle within each interspace. Thus the external intercostals in the dorsal portion of the rostral interspaces have a large inspiratory mechanical advantage, but this advantage decreases ventrally and caudally such that in the ventral portion of the caudal interspaces, it is reversed into an expiratory mechanical advantage. The internal interosseous intercostals in the caudal interspaces also have a large expiratory mechanica

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19

DiMarco, A. F., J. R. Romaniuk, and G. S. Supinski. "Parasternal and external intercostal responses to various respiratory maneuvers." Journal of Applied Physiology 73, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 979–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.3.979.

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Recent studies suggest that the external intercostal (EI) muscles of the upper rib cage, like the parasternals (PA), play an important ventilatory role, even during eupneic breathing. The purpose of the present study was to further assess the ventilatory role of the EI muscles by determining their response to various static and dynamic respiratory maneuvers and comparing them with the better-studied PA muscles. Applied interventions included 1) passive inflation and deflation, 2) abdominal compression, 3) progressive hypercapnia, and 4) response to bilateral cervical phrenicotomy. Studies were

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20

Dempsey, Jerome A., Andre La Gerche, and James H. Hull. "Is the healthy respiratory system built just right, overbuilt, or underbuilt to meet the demands imposed by exercise?" Journal of Applied Physiology 129, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 1235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00444.2020.

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In the healthy, untrained young adult, a case is made for a respiratory system (airways, pulmonary vasculature, lung parenchyma, respiratory muscles, and neural ventilatory control system) that is near ideally designed to ensure a highly efficient, homeostatic response to exercise of varying intensities and durations. Our aim was then to consider circumstances in which the intra/extrathoracic airways, pulmonary vasculature, respiratory muscles, and/or blood-gas distribution are underbuilt or inadequately regulated relative to the demands imposed by the cardiovascular system. In these instances

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21

Bailey, E. F., and R. F. Fregosi. "Coordination of intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles during spontaneous breathing in the rat." Journal of Applied Physiology 96, no. 2 (February 2004): 440–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00733.2003.

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The muscular-hydrostat model of tongue function proposes a constant interaction of extrinsic (external bony attachment, insertion into base of tongue) and intrinsic (origin and insertion within the tongue) tongue muscles in all tongue movements (Kier WM and Smith KK. Zool J Linn Soc 83: 207-324, 1985). Yet, research that examines the respiratory-related effects of tongue function in mammals continues to focus almost exclusively on the respiratory control and function of the extrinsic tongue protrusor muscle, the genioglossus muscle. The respiratory control and function of the intrinsic tongue

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22

Hunter, Sandra K., and Roger M. Enoka. "Sex differences in the fatigability of arm muscles depends on absolute force during isometric contractions." Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 2686–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.6.2686.

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Women are capable of longer endurance times compared with men for contractions performed at low to moderate intensities. The purpose of the study was 1) to determine the relation between the absolute target force and endurance time for a submaximal isometric contraction and 2) to compare the pressor response and muscle activation patterns of men [26.3 ± 1.1 (SE) yr] and women (27.5 ± 2.3 yr) during a fatiguing contraction performed with the elbow flexor muscles. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force was greater for men (393 ± 23 vs. 177 ± 7 N), which meant that the average target force (20

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23

Dick, T. E., and E. van Lunteren. "Fiber subtype distribution of pharyngeal dilator muscles and diaphragm in the cat." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 2237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.5.2237.

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In previous studies differences were frequently found between the pharyngeal dilator muscles and the thoracic respiratory muscles in their patterns of electrical and mechanical activity during the respiratory cycle, with both resting and stimulated breathing. However, little is known about the intrinsic properties of the pharyngeal muscles and how they relate to the intrinsic properties of the diaphragm. In the present study, the fiber subtype distributions of two pharyngeal dilator muscles, the geniohyoid and the sternohyoid, were ascertained histochemically in the cat. The geniohyoid and the

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24

Katagiri, M., R. N. Young, R. S. Platt, T. M. Kieser, and P. A. Easton. "Respiratory muscle compensation for unilateral or bilateral hemidiaphragm paralysis in awake canines." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 1972–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.4.1972.

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In humans and some animals, the surviving respiratory muscles are able to compensate fully for unilateral, and partially for bilateral, hemidiaphragm paralysis. To examine differential activity of individual respiratory muscles after unilateral or bilateral diaphragm paralysis, length and electromyogram (EMG) of left costal and crural diaphragm segments, parasternal intercostal, and transversus abdominis were measured directly in five awake canines after implantation with sonomicrometry transducers and bipolar EMG electrodes under three conditions: during normal breathing (NOFRZ), after infusi

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25

Aljuraifani, Rafeef, Ryan E. Stafford, Leanne M. Hall, Wolbert van den Hoorn, and Paul W. Hodges. "Task-specific differences in respiration-related activation of deep and superficial pelvic floor muscles." Journal of Applied Physiology 126, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 1343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00704.2018.

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The female pelvic floor muscles (PFM) are arranged in distinct superficial and deep layers that function to support the pelvic/abdominal organs and maintain continence, but with some potential differences in function. Although general recordings of PFM activity show amplitude modulation in conjunction with fluctuation in intra-abdominal pressure such as that associated with respiration, it is unclear whether the activities of the two PFM layers modulate in a similar manner. This study aimed to investigate the activation of the deep and superficial PFM during a range of respiratory tasks in dif

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26

Hershenson, M. B., Y. Kikuchi, and S. H. Loring. "Relative strengths of the chest wall muscles." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): 852–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.2.852.

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We hypothesized that during maximal respiratory efforts involving the simultaneous activation of two or more chest wall muscles (or muscle groups), differences in muscle strength require that the activity of the stronger muscle be submaximal to prevent changes in thoracoabdominal configuration. Furthermore we predicted that maximal respiratory pressures are limited by the strength of the weaker muscle involved. To test these hypotheses, we measured the pleural pressure, abdominal pressure (Pab), and transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) generated during maximal inspiratory, open-glottis and closed

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27

Jennings, Donald B. "Respiratory Control During Exercise: Hormones, Osmolality, Strong Ions, and Paco2." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 19, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 334–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h94-027.

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For optimal performance of exercising muscle, the charge state of proteins must be maintained; the pH environment of protein histidine imidazole groups must be coordinated with their pK. During exercise, increasing temperature and osmolality as well as changes in strong ions affect the pK of imidazole groups. Production of strong organic anions also decreases the concentration difference between strong cations and anions (strong ion difference, or [SID]), causing a metabolic acidosis in peripheral tissues. Central chemoreceptors regulate [Formula: see text] in relation to the [SID] of brain fl

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28

Saito, M., T. Mano, S. Iwase, K. Koga, H. Abe, and Y. Yamazaki. "Responses in muscle sympathetic activity to acute hypoxia in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 1548–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.4.1548.

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Responses in muscle sympathetic activity (MSA) to acute hypoxia were studied in 13 healthy male subjects under hypobaric hypoxic conditions at a simulated altitude of 4,000, 5,000, and 6,000 m. Efferent postganglionic MSA was recorded directly with a tungsten microelectrode inserted percutaneously into the tibial nerve. Heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were counted respectively from the R wave of an electrocardiogram and from the respiratory tracing recorded by the strain-gauge method. The average values of the MSA burst rate and total activity of MSA (burst rate x mean burst amplitud

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29

Park, Song-Young, Matthew J. Rossman, Jayson R. Gifford, Leena P. Bharath, Johann Bauersachs, Russell S. Richardson, E. Dale Abel, J. David Symons, and Christian Riehle. "Exercise training improves vascular mitochondrial function." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 310, no. 7 (April 1, 2016): H821—H829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00751.2015.

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Exercise training is recognized to improve cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity; however, the impact of chronic exercise on vascular mitochondrial respiratory function is unknown. We hypothesized that exercise training concomitantly increases both vascular mitochondrial respiratory capacity and vascular function. Arteries from both sedentary (SED) and swim-trained (EX, 5 wk) mice were compared in terms of mitochondrial respiratory function, mitochondrial content, markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, redox balance, nitric oxide (NO) signaling, and vessel function. Mito

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30

Rozand, Vianney, Jonathon W. Senefeld, Christopher W. Sundberg, Ashleigh E. Smith, and Sandra K. Hunter. "Differential effects of aging and physical activity on corticospinal excitability of upper and lower limb muscles." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00077.2019.

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Corticospinal tract excitability can be altered by age, physical activity (PA), and possibly sex, but whether these effects differ between upper and lower limb muscles is unknown. We determined the influence of age, PA, and sex on corticospinal excitability of an upper limb and a lower limb muscle during submaximal contractions by comparing stimulus-response curves of motor evoked potentials (MEPs). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to evoke stimulus-response curves in active muscles by incrementally increasing the stimulator intensity from below the active motor threshold (AMT)

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31

Salminen, A., P. Saari, and M. Kihlström. "Age- and sex-related differences in lipid peroxidation of mouse cardiac and skeletal muscles." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 89, no. 4 (January 1988): 695–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(88)90310-0.

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Shephard, R. J., E. Bouhlel, H. Vandewalle, and H. Monod. "Muscle mass as a factor limiting physical work." Journal of Applied Physiology 64, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 1472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.4.1472.

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Maximal exercise has been performed by eight men and eight women, using four types of ergometer (2-leg, 1-leg, arm + shoulder, and arm) while breathing room air and while breathing 12% O2. Results have been related to anthropometric estimates of muscle mass in the active limbs. Although significant sex differences of O2 transfer and power output are shown, the sex-specific aerobic performance was roughly proportional to active muscle volume (both when comparing individuals on a given type of ergometer and when comparing average scores of the several types of ergometer). However, the relationsh

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33

Smith, C. A., D. M. Ainsworth, K. S. Henderson, and J. A. Dempsey. "Differential timing of respiratory muscles in response to chemical stimuli in awake dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.1.392.

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We assessed changes in respiratory muscle timing in response to hyperpnea and shortened inspiratory and expiratory times caused by chemoreceptor stimuli in six awake dogs. Durations of postinspiratory inspiratory activity of costal and crural diaphragm (PIIA), the delay in diaphragm electromyogram (EMG) after the initiation of inspiratory airflow, postexpiratory expiratory activity of the transversus abdominis (PEEA), and the delay of abdominal expiratory muscle activity after the initiation of expiratory airflow were measured. In control, four out of six dogs showed PIIA [8–10% of expiratory

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34

Schaeffer, Michele R., Cassandra T. Mendonca, Marc C. Levangie, Ross E. Andersen, Tanja Taivassalo, and Dennis Jensen. "Physiological mechanisms of sex differences in exertional dyspnoea: role of neural respiratory motor drive." Experimental Physiology 99, no. 2 (December 6, 2013): 427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2013.074880.

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35

Kinkead, Richard, and Evelyn Schlenker. "Sex-based differences in respiratory control: Progress in basic physiology and clinical research." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 245 (November 2017): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2017.08.013.

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36

Park, Song-Young, Jayson R. Gifford, Robert H. I. Andtbacka, Joel D. Trinity, John R. Hyngstrom, Ryan S. Garten, Nikolaos A. Diakos, et al. "Cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle mitochondrial respiration: are all mitochondria created equal?" American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 307, no. 3 (August 1, 2014): H346—H352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00227.2014.

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Unlike cardiac and skeletal muscle, little is known about vascular smooth muscle mitochondrial respiration. Therefore, the present study examined mitochondrial respiratory rates in smooth muscle of healthy human feed arteries and compared with that of healthy cardiac and skeletal muscles. Cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscles were harvested from a total of 22 subjects (53 ± 6 yr), and mitochondrial respiration was assessed in permeabilized fibers. Complex I + II, state 3 respiration, an index of oxidative phosphorylation capacity, fell progressively from cardiac to skeletal to smooth muscles (

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Foltz, Steven, Fang Wu, Nasab Ghazal, Jennifer Q. Kwong, H. Criss Hartzell, and Hyojung J. Choo. "Sex differences in the involvement of skeletal and cardiac muscles in myopathic Ano5^−/− mice." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 322, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): C283—C295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00350.2021.

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Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy R12 (LGMD-R12) is caused by recessive mutations in the Anoctamin-5 gene ( ANO5, TMEM16E). Although ANO5 myopathy is not X-chromosome linked, we performed a meta-analysis of the research literature and found that three-quarters of patients with LGMD-R12 are males. Females are less likely to present with moderate to severe skeletal muscle and/or cardiac pathology. Because these sex differences could be explained in several ways, we compared males and females in a mouse model of LGMD-R12. This model recapitulates the sex differences in human LGMD-R12. Only male Ano5

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Lionikas, A., D. A. Blizard, D. J. Vandenbergh, M. G. Glover, J. T. Stout, G. P. Vogler, G. E. McClearn, and L. Larsson. "Genetic architecture of fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscle weight in 200-day-old mice of the C57BL/6J and DBA/2J lineage." Physiological Genomics 16, no. 1 (December 16, 2003): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00103.2003.

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The aim of the study was to explore the genetic architecture influencing weight of fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscles. The weights of the slow-twitch soleus, the mixed gastrocnemius, the fast-twitch tibialis anterior (TA), and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were 11–34% greater ( P < 0.001) in 200-day-old C57BL/6J (B6) than in DBA/2J (D2) mice. Male muscles were 13–28% larger than female ( P < 1 × 10−5, no strain by sex interaction). The sex-related difference in muscle weight, however, varied significantly among the 23 derivative BXD recombinant inbred (RI) strains (strain b

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Strittmatter, Rachel R., and James C. Schadt. "Sex differences in the respiratory response to hemorrhage in the conscious, New Zealand white rabbit." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 292, no. 5 (May 2007): R1963—R1969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00494.2006.

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In conscious animals, the response to hemorrhage is biphasic. During phase 1, arterial pressure is maintained. Phase 2 is characterized by profound hypotension. Despite allied roles, less is known about the integrated cardiovascular and respiratory response to blood loss in conscious animals. We evaluated cardiorespiratory changes during hemorrhage to test the hypotheses that 1) respiratory rate (RR) and blood gases do not change during phase 1; 2) RR increases during phase 2; and 3) RR and blood gas changes during hemorrhage are similar in males and females. We measured mean arterial pressure

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Lingappan, Krithika, Weiwu Jiang, Lihua Wang, and Bhagavatula Moorthy. "Sex-specific differences in neonatal hyperoxic lung injury." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 311, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): L481—L493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00047.2016.

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Male sex is considered an independent predictor for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) after adjusting for other confounders. BPD is characterized by an arrest in lung development with marked impairment of alveolar septation and vascular development. The reasons underlying sexually dimorphic outcomes in premature neonates are not known. In this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that male neonatal mice will be more susceptible to hyperoxic lung injury and will display larger arrest in lung alveolarization. Neonatal male and female mice (C57BL/6) were exposed to hyperoxia

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Holmbäck, Anna Maria, Michelle M. Porter, David Downham, Jesper L. Andersen, and Jan Lexell. "Structure and function of the ankle dorsiflexor muscles in young and moderately active men and women." Journal of Applied Physiology 95, no. 6 (December 2003): 2416–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00517.2002.

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The aim was to investigate determinants of ankle dorsiflexor muscle (DF) strength and size in moderately active young men and women ( n = 30; age 20–31 yr). Concentric (Con) and eccentric (Ecc) strength were measured isokinetically. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine the muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). Multiple biopsies were obtained from the tibialis anterior muscle to determine total numbers, areas (Area I and II) and proportions (Prop I and II) of type I and II fibers, respectively, and relative contents of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms MHC1, MHC2a, and MHC2x. Women had

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Maarsingh, E. J. W., L. A. van Eykern, A. B. Sprikkelman, M. O. Hoekstra, and W. M. C. van Aalderen. "Respiratory muscle activity measured with a noninvasive EMG technique: technical aspects and reproducibility." Journal of Applied Physiology 88, no. 6 (June 1, 2000): 1955–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.6.1955.

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A new method is being developed to investigate airway obstruction in young children by means of noninvasive electromyography (EMG) of diaphragmatic and intercostal muscles. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of the EMG measurements. Eleven adults, 39 school children (20 healthy, 19 asthmatic), and 16 preschool children were studied during tidal breathing on separate occasions: two for adults with a time interval of 3 wk and three for children with time intervals of 1 and 24 h. Single electrodes were placed on the second intercostal space left and right of the sternum

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Stock, Matt S., Dustin J. Oranchuk, Adam M. Burton, and David C. Phan. "Age-, sex-, and region-specific differences in skeletal muscle size and quality." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 45, no. 11 (November 2020): 1253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2020-0114.

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Ultrasonography-derived cross-sectional area (CSA) and echo intensity (EI) are increasingly utilized by investigators to study muscle size and quality, respectively. We sought to examine age, sex, and region (proximal, middle, distal) differences in vastus lateralis and rectus femoris CSA and EI, and determine whether correction for subcutaneous fat thickness influences the magnitude of EI differences. Fifteen younger men (mean age = 23 years), 15 younger women (aged 21 years), 11 older men (aged 74 years), and 15 older women (aged 70 years) participated. Clear differences were observed among

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Dempsey, Jerome A., and Peter D. Wagner. "Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia." Journal of Applied Physiology 87, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 1997–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.6.1997.

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Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) at or near sea level is now recognized to occur in a significant number of fit, healthy subjects of both genders and of varying ages. Our review aims to define EIAH and to critically analyze what we currently understand, and do not understand, about its underlying mechanisms and its consequences to exercise performance. Based on the effects on maximal O2uptake of preventing EIAH, we suggest that mild EIAH be defined as an arterial O2 saturation of 93–95% (or 3–4% <rest), moderate EIAH as 88–93%, and severe EIAH as <88%. Both an excessive alveola

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Tomita, Hidehito, Yoshiki Fukaya, Tomomi Ueda, Shota Honma, Eriya Yamashita, Yoshiji Yamamoto, Etsuko Mori, and Katsuyoshi Shionoya. "Deficits in task-specific modulation of anticipatory postural adjustments in individuals with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 5 (May 2011): 2157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00569.2010.

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We examined whether individuals with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (SDCP) have the ability to utilize lower leg muscles in anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) associated with voluntary arm movement while standing, as well as the ability to modulate APAs with changes in the degree of postural perturbation caused by arm movement. Seven individuals with spastic diplegia (SDCP group, 12–22 yr of age) and seven age- and sex-matched individuals without disability (control group) participated in this study. Participants flexed both shoulders and lifted a load under two different load condition

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Franco, Patricia, Benjamin Putois, Aurore Guyon, Aude Raoux, Maria Papadopoulou, Anne Guignard-Perret, Flora Bat-Pitault, Sarah Hartley, and Sabine Plancoulaine. "Sleep during development: Sex and gender differences." Sleep Medicine Reviews 51 (June 2020): 101276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101276.

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Meza, Sonia, Manuel Mendez, Michele Ostrowski, and Magdy Younes. "Susceptibility to periodic breathing with assisted ventilation during sleep in normal subjects." Journal of Applied Physiology 85, no. 5 (November 1, 1998): 1929–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.5.1929.

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Assisted ventilation with pressure support (PSV) or proportional assist (PAV) ventilation has the potential to produce periodic breathing (PB) during sleep. We hypothesized that PB will develop when PSV level exceeds the product of spontaneous tidal volume (Vt) and elastance (Vt sp ⋅ E) but that the actual level at which PB will develop [PSV(PB)] will be influenced by the[Formula: see text] (difference between eupneic[Formula: see text] and CO2 apneic threshold) and by ΔRR [response of respiratory rate (RR) to PSV]. We also wished to determine the PAV level at which PB develops to assess inher

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Ueno, Ryo, Takashi Nagai, Nathaniel A. Bates, Timothy E. Hewett, and Nathan D. Schilaty. "Sex differences in passive and active stiffness of the knee flexor muscles during dynamic perturbation test: principal component analysis." Somatosensory & Motor Research 37, no. 4 (September 23, 2020): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08990220.2020.1824905.

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Kocha, K. M., C. E. Genge, and C. D. Moyes. "Origins of interspecies variation in mammalian muscle metabolic enzymes." Physiological Genomics 43, no. 14 (July 2011): 873–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00025.2011.

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Do the transcriptional mechanisms that control an individual's mitochondrial content, PGC1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α) and NRF1 (nuclear respiratory factor-1), also cause differences between species? We explored the determinants of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activities in muscles from 12 rodents differing 1,000-fold in mass. Hindlimb muscles differed in scaling patterns from isometric (soleus, gastrocnemius) to allometric (tibialis anterior, scaling coefficient = −0.16). Consideration of myonuclear domain reduced the differences within species, but interspeci

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Peng, Heng, Takuji Kawamura, Hiroshi Akiyama, Lili Chang, Risa Iwata, and Isao Muraoka. "Effects of sex differences on breath-hold diving performance." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 293 (November 2021): 103721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2021.103721.

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