Relevant bibliographies by topics / Respiratory organs – Birds

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Academic literature on the topic 'Respiratory organs – Birds'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Respiratory organs – Birds"

1

Beddard, Frank E. "Notes on the Visceral Anatomy of Birds.-No. II. On the Respiratory Organs in certain Diving Birds." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 56, no. 1 (August 20, 2009): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1888.tb06705.x.

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2

Sergeev, A. A., O. V. P’Yankov, O. K. Demina, A. N. Shikov, Al A. Sergeev, L. N. Shishkina, A. S. Safatov, A. P. Agafonov, and A. N. Sergeev. "Studies of Sensitivity to Avian Flu Virus A/H5N1 in Chickens." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 3(113) (June 20, 2012): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2012-3-71-73.

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) appear to be highly virulent for chickens. The chance of AFV infection of chickens in case of intranasal challenge is 20 times as great as in the case of peroral one, and 300 times as great as in the case of intragastral one, which bears evidence to higher sensitivity to AFV of the tissues of avian respiratory organs, in comparison with the tissues of gastro-intestinal tract. Therewith, primary target organ for virus in intranasal infected birds is their respiratory channel (mucous membrane of the nasal cavity in particular). Registered is the possibility of existence of fecal-nasal AFV transfer mechanism in chickens.
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3

Farooq, Saba. "Biological Characterization of Locally Circulating Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Poultry." Pakistan Veterinary Journal 41, no. 01 (March 1, 2021): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2020.079.

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Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is a pathogen of concern for poultry. Present study was conducted to determine the biological characteristics of a field isolate of MG, recovered from an MG-affected flock. This isolation was made through conventional method of MG cultivation, using modified Frey’s media after confirming the isolate by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 48 birds were segregated into experimental group (32 birds) and the control group (16 birds). To appraise primary site of infection, MG broth propagated culture containing 1x106 CFU/ml was inoculated intratracheally to each bird in the experimental group, whereas the control group was sham inoculated by uninoculated broth. The clinical signs and symptoms were recorded daily from day 1 to 21 post-infection (p.i.). Seroconversion monitoring was carried out, at day 5, 10, 15, 20 p.i. by Serum Plate Agglutination test (SPA) and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). To determine the dissemination pattern of MG, birds were sacrificed according to plan, swabbed from various organs and subjected to MG-specific PCR. Tracheal lesions and air sac lesions were scored after necropsy. Clinically, mild signs of respiratory discomfort were observed on day 5 p.i., which intensified on day 9 to 21 p.i. in the experimental group. PCR of tracheal swab samples was positive from day 7 to 21 p.i., and the swabs collected from lungs were positive for MG from day 9 to 21 p.i. The study concluded that, MG isolate from field showed limited dissemination pattern and is restricted to respiratory tract.
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4

Ali, A., G. Elmowalid, M. Abdel-Glil, T. Sharafeldin, F. Abdallah, S. Mansour, A. Nagy, B. Ahmed, and M. Abdelmoneim. "Etiology and pathology of epidemic outbreaks of avian influenza H5N1 infection in Egyptian chicken farms." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 779–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjvs-2015-0101.

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AbstractEpidemic outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) virus H5N1 have been frequently reported in Egypt during the last nine years. Here we investigate the involvement of AI H5N1 in outbreaks of acute respiratory disease that occurred in several commercial chicken farms in Egypt in 2011, and we describe to the pathology caused by the virus in the course of the outbreak.Twenty-one chicken farms with history of acute respiratory symptoms and high mortalities were screened for AI H5N1. Virus identification was based on hemagglutination inhibition test, and PCR detection and sequencing of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes. Virus distribution was determined by immunohistochemical staining of AI antigens in organs of infected birds. Standard H&E staining was performed for histological examination of affected organs.Eighty-one % of the examined birds, representing 100% of the screened farms, were positive for AI H5N1 virus. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of the isolated virus reveals its affiliation to clade 2.2.1. Viral antigens were localized in the endothelial cells of the heart, liver, lungs and skin, where pathological lesions including congestion, hemorrhages, multifocal inflammation and necrosis were concurrently observed. According to the pattern of the viral antigen and lesion distribution in the visceral organs, we suggest cardiovascular and circulatory failures as the probable cause of death during these outbreaks. In conclusion, the present study further confirms the epidemic status of AI H5N1 virus in Egypt and reveals the highly pathogenic nature of the local isolates.
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5

Fotina, H. A., and Y. M. Opanasenko. "Effect of fluoroquinolones on the male chicken reproductive organs." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 96 (December 14, 2019): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9615.

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The using of antibiotics in poultry has some disadvantages. The problem of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms is recognized globally and is currently one of the strategic goals worldwide. Fluoroquinolones are an important and large group of synthetic antimicrobials that have great importance in the treatment of infectious-inflammatory poultry diseases of different etiologies. Fluoroquinolones have high bactericidal activity against a number of bacterial pathogens that infect poultry including E. coli, Hebsiell spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococoeus spp. and Chlamydia spp. Enrofloxacin (ENR) is an antimicrobial agent belonging to the group of third-generation fluoroquinolones. ENR has been historically used as veterinary medicine for treatment of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections in several animal species, including poultrys cursing diseases caused by gram-positive and negative bacteria. Enrofloxacin presents 1,4-dihydro-1-cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-3-quinoli;3-quinoline carboxylic acid. A further synthesis allowed the reaching of active substances of cyclopropyl, as an antibacterial action to get further extension. A crystalline active substance with faint yellow color that was obtained to develop in high purity, is hardly soluble in water at pH 7, but as the molecule contains acidic and basic groups, it is easily dissolved at both alkaline and acid pH. The goal of the work. The purpose of our study was to investigate the sperm of male chicken after the use of enrofloxacin and to identify metabolites. Materials and methods of research. The researches were conducted in the conditions of vivarium clinics of the veterinary faculty and laboratories of the department of epizootology and parasitology of Sumy National Agrarian University. 80 male chickens were placed for research, which were kept in metal cages for 5–6 individuals. The use, care and transportation of birds for toxicological research were with all applicable animal welfare laws. All reasonable steps were taken to avoid or minimize discomfort, distress or pain of birds. Results of research and discussion. The differences between normal motility and defect sperm in control and enrofloxacin treated birds were not founded. Weight of testes, wattles and combs was not affected by drug. Ascorbic acid, total protein, testosterone and cholesterol concentration were similar in control and enrofloxacin treated groups. It is suggested that enrofloxacin at doses used were safe for male chicken. The administration of the drug “Enzin 10%” to the male chicken did not affect the concentration of ascorbic acid in the testicles, total protein and cholesterol. These indicators are actively involved in spermatogenesis. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of the drug “Enzin 10%” at therapeutic doses for 10 days had no negative effect on spermatogenesis of the male chicken.
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6

Jezdimirović, Nemanja, Branislav Kureljušić, Vojin Ivetić, Dejan Krnjaić, Oliver Radanović, Jadranka Žutić, Ljiljana Spalević, and Milijan Jovanović. "Comparative Pathomorphological, Mycological and Molecular Examination of Turkey Poults with Different Immunological Status Experimentally Infected with Aspergillus fumigatus." Acta Veterinaria 69, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2019-0016.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the pathological, mycological and molecular findings in turkey poults with different immunological status experimentally infected with Aspergillus fumigatus. The investigation was carried out 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after intratracheal inoculation of 5.056×107 spores of A. fumigatus to 14-day-old turkey poults in group G-1, as well as to turkey poults in group G-2 which were treated prior to infection with dexamethasone. A. fumigatus was isolated on day 1 p.i. in both groups, but the number of positive samples was bigger in group G-1. A. fumigatus was isolated from the respiratory organs of group G-1as early as on day 1 and 3 p.i. in 4 out of 12 examined specimens (33%). On day 7 p.i. A. fumigatus was possible to isolate from the respiratory organs of 50% of infected birds, on day 14 in 83.33% and on day 21 p.i. A. fumigatus was isolated in 6 out of 6 sacrificed turkey poults (100%). In dexamethasone-treated group A. fumigatus isolates from the respiratory organs on day 1 and 3 p.i. were same as in group G-1, whereas on days 7 and 14 p.i. the number of turkey poults positive to A. fumigatus increased in comparison with the untreated G-1 group. The histopathological lesions in turkey poults treated with dexamethasone developed earlier, were more intensive and extensive. The mycological and nested PCR results revealed a higher number of samples positive for the presence of A. fumigatus DNA in the group G-2, pretreated with dexamethasone.
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7

Butler, P. J., D. L. Turner, A. Al-Wassia, and R. M. Bevan. "Regional distribution of blood flow during swimming in the tufted duck (Aythya fuligula)." Journal of Experimental Biology 135, no. 1 (March 1, 1988): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.135.1.461.

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The distribution of blood flow to a number of organs and tissues of the tufted duck was determined (by the microsphere technique) before and while the birds were swimming at close to their maximum sustainable velocity (i.e. at 0.69 +/− 0.01 ms-1). During swimming, oxygen uptake was twice the pre-exercise value. Cardiac output increased by 70%, there was no significant change in arterial blood pressure and total systemic conductance increased by 44%. There were no significant changes in blood flow to the brain, liver, adrenal glands, spleen and respiratory muscles. Not surprisingly, there were increases in blood flow to the heart (30% increase) and to the muscles of the hindlimbs (to 3.1 times the pre-exercise value). Significant reductions in flow occurred to various parts of the gastrointestinal tract (although not to the gastrointestinal tract as a whole), to the pancreas and to the pectoralis muscles. In the case of the flight musculature as a whole, the reduction was to approximately 40% of the values in the ducks before exercise. Thus, despite the fact that cardiac output was some three times lower than it would have been during flight, there was a clear redistribution of blood away from some visceral organs and inactive muscles during surface swimming in the tufted duck. This lends support to the suggestion that blood is selectively directed to the legs, as well as to the brain and central nervous system (CNS) and away from the visceral organs and inactive muscles during voluntary diving in these birds.
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8

Dankovych, R., and V. Tumanov. "ПАТОМОРФОЛОГІЧНІ ЗМІНИ ЗА СПОНТАННОГО ОТРУЄННЯ ГОЛУБІВ ДІАЗИНОНОМ." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology 18, no. 3(70) (September 4, 2016): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7017.

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Organophosphate pesticides, including diazinon, often used for illegal poisoning wild or domestic birds. The loss of a significant quantity of animals often become the subject of investigation in civil or criminal cases. For an objective diagnosis in such cases it is necessary to complete pathological–anatomical and chemical–toxicological studies. This article describes the structural changes that develop in the digestive system, cardiovascular system, respiratory, urinary, skin and central nervous system by spontaneous poisoning pigeons of diazinon. When conducted pathological–anatomical studies revealed pronounced dyscirculatory processes: congestive hyperemia (especially in the vessels of the skin in the neck and ox), and in the internal organs, stasis, perivascular edema and hemorrhage. Also registered alteration changes (protein degeneration and necrosis) of hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, cells of nefron and neuron of cerebrum. Revealed changes suggest alternative development of irreversible processes in parenchymal cells of the liver, kidneys, myocardium and cerebrum. When autopsy selected material (feed the masses crop of birds) for chemical–toxicological research. As a result the research the extract of selected content crop of birds by thin layer chromatography paper manifestation of iodine bismuth quality received positive reaction on the compound diazinon.
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9

Mase, Masaji, Tadao Imada, Yasuyuki Sanada, Mariko Etoh, Naoko Sanada, Kenji Tsukamoto, Yoshihiro Kawaoka, and Shigeo Yamaguchi. "Imported Parakeets Harbor H9N2 Influenza A Viruses That Are Genetically Closely Related to Those Transmitted to Humans in Hong Kong." Journal of Virology 75, no. 7 (April 1, 2001): 3490–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.7.3490-3494.2001.

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ABSTRACT In 1997 and 1998, H9N2 influenza A viruses were isolated from the respiratory organs of Indian ring-necked parakeets (Psittacula Krameri manillensis) that had been imported from Pakistan to Japan. The two isolates were closely related to each other (>99% as determined by nucleotide analysis of eight RNA segments), indicating that H9N2 viruses of the same lineage were maintained in these birds for at least 1 year. The hemagglutinins and neuraminidases of both isolates showed >97% nucleotide identity with those of H9N2 viruses isolated from humans in Hong Kong in 1999, while the six genes encoding internal proteins were >99% identical to the corresponding genes of H5N1 viruses recovered during the 1997 outbreak in Hong Kong. These results suggest that the H9N2 parakeet viruses originating in Pakistan share an immediate ancestor with the H9N2 human viruses. Thus, influenza A viruses with the potential to be transmitted directly to humans may be circulating in captive birds worldwide.
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10

Sturm-Ramirez, Katharine M., Trevor Ellis, Barry Bousfield, Lucy Bissett, Kitman Dyrting, Jerold E. Rehg, Leo Poon, Yi Guan, Malik Peiris, and Robert G. Webster. "Reemerging H5N1 Influenza Viruses in Hong Kong in 2002 Are Highly Pathogenic to Ducks." Journal of Virology 78, no. 9 (May 1, 2004): 4892–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.9.4892-4901.2004.

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ABSTRACT Waterfowl are the natural reservoir of all influenza A viruses, which are usually nonpathogenic in wild aquatic birds. However, in late 2002, outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus caused deaths among wild migratory birds and resident waterfowl, including ducks, in two Hong Kong parks. In February 2003, an avian H5N1 virus closely related to one of these viruses was isolated from two humans with acute respiratory distress, one of whom died. Antigenic analysis of the new avian isolates showed a reactivity pattern different from that of H5N1 viruses isolated in 1997 and 2001. This finding suggests that significant antigenic variation has recently occurred among H5N1 viruses. We inoculated mallards with antigenically different H5N1 influenza viruses isolated between 1997 and 2003. The new 2002 avian isolates caused systemic infection in the ducks, with high virus titers and pathology in multiple organs, particularly the brain. Ducks developed acute disease, including severe neurological dysfunction and death. Virus was also isolated at high titers from the birds' drinking water and from contact birds, demonstrating efficient transmission. In contrast, H5N1 isolates from 1997 and 2001 were not consistently transmitted efficiently among ducks and did not cause significant disease. Despite a high level of genomic homology, the human isolate showed striking biological differences from its avian homologue in a duck model. This is the first reported case of lethal influenza virus infection in wild aquatic birds since 1961.
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Books on the topic "Respiratory organs – Birds"

1

Jango-Cohen, Judith. The Respiratory System (Early Bird Body Systems). Lerner Publications, 2004.

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Jango-Cohen, Judith. El Aparato Respiratorio / The Respiratory System (Libros Sobre El Cuerpo Humano Para Mandrugadores / Early Bird Body Systems). Ediciones Lerner, 2006.

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Jango-Cohen, Judith. El Aparato Respiratorio / The Respiratory System (Libros Sobre El Cuerpo Humano Para Mandrugadores / Early Bird Body Systems). Ediciones Lerner, 2006.

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El Aparato Respiratorio/ The Respiratory System (Libros Sobre El Cuerpo Humano Para Mandrugadores/Early Bird Body Systems). Ediciones Lerner, 2006.

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Jango-Cohen, Judith. El Aparato Respiratorio / The Respiratory System (Libros Sobre El Cuerpo Humano Para Mandrugadores / Early Bird Body Systems). Ediciones Lerner, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Respiratory organs – Birds"

1

Warrell, David A. "Pentastomiasis (porocephalosis, linguatulosis/linguatuliasis, or tongue worm infection)." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, edited by Christopher P. Conlon, 1582–86. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0187.

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Pentastomida are dioecious, obligate parasites that are currently grouped in subclass Branchiura (fish lice and cycloids) of class Maxillopoda, subphylum Crustacea, phylum Arthropoda. Common names are ‘pentastomes’ (referring to two pairs of hooks above the mouth that give the impression of five stomata) or ‘tongue worms’ (alluding to the tongue-like appearance of some, such as adult Linguatula). Adult pentastomes inhabit the upper respiratory tracts of their end hosts (vertebrates such as reptiles, fish, birds, and mammals) where they feed on blood and other tissues. Their larvae infect internal organs of vertebrate or arthropod intermediate hosts. Pentastomes appear to have coevolved with other maxillopodan/branchiuran parasites and their vertebrate hosts. There are about 100 living species in the orders Cephalobaenida (e.g. genus Raillietiella) and Porocephalida (e.g. genera Linguatula, Armillifer, Porocephalus, Leiperia, and Sebekia).
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Humphreys, Hilary. "Case 14." In Oxford Case Histories in Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, edited by Maheshi Ramasamy, 87–92. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198846482.003.0014.

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Cryptococcosis is an opportunist infection that should be considered in HIV/AIDS and in other at risk immunosuppressed patients such as those following solid organ transplantation. Cryptococcus neoformans is found in bird droppings and is the commonest cause in temperate climates but C. gattii is increasingly recognized in warmer climates. Diagnosis is usually via antigen detection, microscopy, and culture of blood, respiratory specimens and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), in addition to histological analysis of appropriate tissue with specialised stains. New antigen assays facilitate point-of-care testing in resource-poor countries. Management includes initial treatment regimens with liposomal amphotericin B (the echinocandins have little activity) followed by follow-up antifungal therapy for up to a year, usually with fluconazole.
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