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Journal articles on the topic 'Respiratory physiology][Blood pressure'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Lee, Jen-shih, Timothy Fallon, Margaret Hunter, Qiang Ye, and Lian-pin Lee. "Respiratory Effect on the Blood Volume of Pulmonary Capillaries." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 110, no. 2 (1988): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3108420.

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We measured the density variations of aortic blood from rabbits ventilated by a positive end inspiratory pressure of 6 mmHg or a negative box pressure of the same magnitude. When calculated from the density variations, the fluctuations in blood volume of the pulmonary capillaries within one cycle as induced by an intermittent positive pressure ventilation were found to be similar to the ones induced by an intermittent negative pressure ventilation. Using these volumetric fluctuations as a means to assess the transpulmonary pressure and the transmural pressure across the pulmonary capillaries,

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2

Novak, V., P. Novak, J. de Champlain, A. R. Le Blanc, R. Martin, and R. Nadeau. "Influence of respiration on heart rate and blood pressure fluctuations." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 2 (1993): 617–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.617.

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The dynamics of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems were studied by continuously slowing respiration from 0.46 to 0.05 Hz. The time-frequency distribution and global spectral analysis were used to assess the R-R interval (R-R) and the systolic and diastolic blood pressure fluctuations in 16 healthy subjects. During rest, the nonrespiratory-to-respiratory frequency ratios were not affected by occasional slow breathing, whereas the low- (0.01–0.15 Hz) to high- (0.15–0.3 Hz) frequency indexes for blood pressure were increased (P < 0.05). The respiratory fluctuations in R-R and the systo

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3

Rector, D. M., C. A. Richard, and R. M. Harper. "Cerebellar fastigial nuclei activity during blood pressure challenges." Journal of Applied Physiology 101, no. 2 (2006): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00044.2006.

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The cerebellar fastigial nuclei (FN) assist in regulating compensatory responses to large blood pressure changes and show structural injury and functional impairment to cardiovascular challenges in syndromes with sleep-disordered breathing. The patterned time course of FN responses to elevation or lowering of blood pressure and location of responsive regions within the nuclei are unclear. We evaluated FN neural activity in six anesthetized rats using optical imaging procedures during elevation and lowering of arterial pressure by phenylephrine and nitroprusside, respectively. Hypertension dimi

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4

Nishino, T., K. Hiraga, and Y. Honda. "Inhibitory effects of CO2 on airway defensive reflexes in enflurane-anesthetized humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 6 (1989): 2642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.6.2642.

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We investigated responses of respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate to tracheal mucosa irritation induced by injection of distilled water at three different levels of CO2 ventilatory drive in 11 spontaneously breathing female patients under a constant depth of enflurane anesthesia [1.1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC)]. The airway irritation at the resting level of spontaneous breathing caused a variety of respiratory responses such as coughing, expiration reflex, apnea, and spasmodic panting, with considerable increases in blood pressure and heart rate. Although the latency of respir

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5

Scharf, S. M., R. Brown, K. G. Warner, and S. Khuri. "Intrathoracic pressures and left ventricular configuration with respiratory maneuvers." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 1 (1989): 481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.1.481.

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In 12 dogs, we examined the correspondence between esophageal (Pes) and pericardial pressures over the anterior, lateral, and inferior left ventricular (LV) surfaces. Pleural pressure was decreased by spontaneous inspiration, Mueller maneuver, and phrenic stimulation and increased by intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). To separate effects due to blood flow, we analyzed beating and nonbeating hearts. In beating hearts, there were no significant differences between changes in Pes and pericardial pressures. In arrested hearts, increasing

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6

Kawagoe, Y., S. Permutt, and H. E. Fessler. "Hyperinflation with intrinsic PEEP and respiratory muscle blood flow." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 5 (1994): 2440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.5.2440.

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Increased end-expiratory lung volume and intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) are common in obstructive lung disease, especially during exacerbations or exercise. This loads the respiratory muscles and may also stress the circulatory system, causing a reduction or redistribution of cardiac output. We measured the blood flow to respiratory muscles and systemic organs using colored microspheres in 10 spontaneously breathing anesthetized tracheotomized dogs. Flows during baseline breathing (BL) were compared with those during hyperinflation (HI) induced by a mechanical analogue of ai

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7

Simpson, Jeremy A., and Steve Iscoe. "Cardiorespiratory failure in rat induced by severe inspiratory resistive loading." Journal of Applied Physiology 102, no. 4 (2007): 1556–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00785.2006.

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The mechanisms underlying acute respiratory failure induced by respiratory loads are unclear. We hypothesized that, in contrast to a moderate inspiratory resistive load, a severe one would elicit central respiratory failure (decreased respiratory drive) before diaphragmatic injury and fatigue. We also wished to elucidate the factors that predict endurance time and peak tracheal pressure generation. Anesthetized rats breathed air against a severe load (∼75% of the peak tracheal pressure generated during a 30-s occlusion) until pump failure (fall in tracheal pressure to half; mean 38 min). Hyper

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8

Pilowsky, Paul. "GOOD VIBRATIONS? RESPIRATORY RHYTHMS IN THE CENTRAL CONTROL OF BLOOD PRESSURE." Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 22, no. 9 (1995): 594–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1995.tb02072.x.

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9

Uryga, Agnieszka, Michał M. Placek, Paweł Wachel, Tomasz Szczepański, Marek Czosnyka, and Magdalena Kasprowicz. "Phase shift between respiratory oscillations in cerebral blood flow velocity and arterial blood pressure." Physiological Measurement 38, no. 2 (2017): 310–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/38/2/310.

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10

Barnett, William H., Elizaveta M. Latash, Robert A. Capps, Thomas E. Dick, Erica A. Wehrwein, and Yaroslav I. Molkov. "Traube–Hering waves are formed by interaction of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and pulse pressure modulation in healthy men." Journal of Applied Physiology 129, no. 5 (2020): 1193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00452.2020.

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Variability in blood pressure has become an important metric to consider as more is learned about the link between excessive blood pressure variability and adverse health outcomes. In this study using slow deep breathing in human subjects, we found that heart rate and pulse pressure variations have comparable effects on the amplitude of blood pressure waves, and it is the common action of the two that defines the phase relationship between respiration and blood pressure oscillations.

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11

Parameswaran, Krishnan, David C. Todd, and Mark Soth. "Altered Respiratory Physiology in Obesity." Canadian Respiratory Journal 13, no. 4 (2006): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2006/834786.

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The major respiratory complications of obesity include a heightened demand for ventilation, elevated work of breathing, respiratory muscle inefficiency and diminished respiratory compliance. The decreased functional residual capacity and expiratory reserve volume, with a high closing volume to functional residual capacity ratio of obesity, are associated with the closure of peripheral lung units, ventilation to perfusion ratio abnormalities and hypoxemia, especially in the supine position. Conventional respiratory function tests are only mildly affected by obesity except in extreme cases. The

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12

Harms, Craig A., Mark A. Babcock, Steven R. McClaran, et al. "Respiratory muscle work compromises leg blood flow during maximal exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 82, no. 5 (1997): 1573–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.5.1573.

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Harms, Craig A., Mark A. Babcock, Steven R. McClaran, David F. Pegelow, Glenn A. Nickele, William B. Nelson, and Jerome A. Dempsey.Respiratory muscle work compromises leg blood flow during maximal exercise. J. Appl. Physiol.82(5): 1573–1583, 1997.—We hypothesized that during exercise at maximal O2 consumption (V˙o 2 max), high demand for respiratory muscle blood flow (Q˙) would elicit locomotor muscle vasoconstriction and compromise limb Q˙. Seven male cyclists (V˙o 2 max 64 ± 6 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1) each completed 14 exercise bouts of 2.5-min duration atV˙o 2 max on a cycle ergometer during two

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13

Magder, S., R. Erian, and C. Roussos. "Respiratory muscle blood flow in oleic acid-induced pulmonary edema." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 6 (1986): 1849–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.6.1849.

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If respiratory muscle blood flow (RMBF) demands in pulmonary edema are large enough, an imbalance between supply and demand could lead to respiratory muscle failure. Therefore, to determine the magnitude of RMBF in this condition we produced pulmonary edema by injecting oleic acid into the pulmonary circulation and measured RMBF with radiolabeled microspheres injected into the left atrium. We then related changes in muscle blood flow to changes in respiratory variables including frequency of breathing (fb, breaths/min), tidal volume (VT, ml), ventilation (VE, ml . kg-1 . min-1), pleural pressu

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14

van Bel, Frank, Vincent Latour, Hendrik J. Vreman, et al. "Is carbon monoxide-mediated cyclic guanosine monophosphate production responsible for low blood pressure in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?" Journal of Applied Physiology 98, no. 3 (2005): 1044–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00760.2004.

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Infant respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) involves inflammatory processes, causing an increased expression of inducible heme oxygenase with subsequent production of carbon monoxide (CO). We hypothesized that increased production of CO during RDS might be responsible for increased plasma levels of vasodilatory cGMP and, consequently, low blood pressure observed in infants with RDS. Fifty-two infants (no-RDS, n = 21; RDS, n = 31), consecutively admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) between January and October 2003 were included. Hemoglobin-bound carbon monoxide (COHb), plasma cGMP

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15

Yasuma, Fumihiko, and Jun-Ichiro Hayano. "Augmentation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in response to progressive hypercapnia in conscious dogs." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 280, no. 5 (2001): H2336—H2341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.5.h2336.

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Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) may serve to enhance pulmonary gas exchange efficiency by matching pulmonary blood flow with lung volume within each respiratory cycle. We examined the hypothesis that RSA is augmented as an active physiological response to hypercapnia. We measured electrocardiograms and arterial blood pressure during progressive hypercapnia in conscious dogs that were prepared with a permanent tracheostomy and an implanted blood pressure telemetry unit. The intensity of RSA was assessed continuously as the amplitude of respiratory fluctuation of heart rate using complex demo

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16

Brower, R., R. A. Wise, C. Hassapoyannes, B. Bromberger-Barnea, and S. Permutt. "Effect of lung inflation on lung blood volume and pulmonary venous flow." Journal of Applied Physiology 58, no. 3 (1985): 954–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.3.954.

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Phasic changes in lung blood volume (LBV) during the respiratory cycle may play an important role in the genesis of the respiratory wave in arterial pressure, or pulsus paradoxus. To better understand the effects of lung inflation on LBV, we studied the effect of changes in transpulmonary pressure (delta Ptp) on pulmonary venous flow (Qv) in eight isolated canine lungs with constant inflow. Inflation when the zone 2 condition was predominant resulted in transient decreases in Qv associated with increases in LBV. In contrast, inflation when the zone 3 condition was predominant resulted in trans

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17

BECKERS, F. "P-436 Respiratory modulation of heart rate and blood pressure." Europace 4 (December 2003): B169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1099-5129(03)92184-2.

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18

Guenette, Jordan A., Ioannis Vogiatzis, Spyros Zakynthinos, et al. "Human respiratory muscle blood flow measured by near-infrared spectroscopy and indocyanine green." Journal of Applied Physiology 104, no. 4 (2008): 1202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01160.2007.

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Measurement of respiratory muscle blood flow (RMBF) in humans has important implications for understanding patterns of blood flow distribution during exercise in healthy individuals and those with chronic disease. Previous studies examining RMBF in humans have required invasive methods on anesthetized subjects. To assess RMBF in awake subjects, we applied an indicator-dilution method using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and the light-absorbing tracer indocyanine green dye (ICG). NIRS optodes were placed on the left seventh intercostal space at the apposition of the costal diaphragm and on a

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19

Hussain, S. N., and C. Roussos. "Distribution of respiratory muscle and organ blood flow during endotoxic shock in dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 59, no. 6 (1985): 1802–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.6.1802.

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Respiratory muscle blood flow and organ blood flow during endotoxic shock were studied in spontaneously breathing dogs (SB, n = 6) and mechanically ventilated dogs (MV, n = 5) with radiolabeled microspheres. Shock was produced by a 5-min intravenous injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin (0.55:B5, Difco, 10 mg/kg) suspended in saline. Mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output in the SB group dropped to 59 and 45% of control values, respectively. There was a similar reduction in arterial blood pressure and cardiac output in the MV group. Total respiratory muscle blood flow in the SB grou

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20

Javorka, Michal, Fatima El-Hamad, Barbora Czippelova, et al. "Role of respiration in the cardiovascular response to orthostatic and mental stress." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 314, no. 6 (2018): R761—R769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00430.2017.

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The objective of this study was to determine the response of heart rate and blood pressure variability (respiratory sinus arrhythmia, baroreflex sensitivity) to orthostatic and mental stress, focusing on causality and the mediating effect of respiration. Seventy-seven healthy young volunteers (46 women, 31 men) aged 18.4 ± 2.7 yr underwent an experimental protocol comprising supine rest, 45° head-up tilt, recovery, and a mental arithmetic task. Heart rate variability and blood pressure variability were analyzed in the time and frequency domain and modeled as a multivariate autoregressive proce

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21

Mitra, J., N. R. Prabhakar, J. L. Overholt, and N. S. Cherniack. "Respiratory effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate on the ventrolateral medullary surface." Journal of Applied Physiology 67, no. 5 (1989): 1814–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.67.5.1814.

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We studied the central effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) on respiration in 18 artificially ventilated cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Unilateral topical application of NMDA (1 x 10(-8) mol) to the intermediate region of the ventrolateral medulla exaggerates the phrenic response to CO2 at end-tidal PCO2 levels of less than 50.0 Torr. At higher end-tidal PCO2 levels, however, such differences disappear. Unilateral NMDA application increases the activity of the right and left phrenic nerves equally. Furthermore, the magnitude of the phrenic response after unilateral application of N

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22

Donnelly, D. F., and G. G. Haddad. "Respiratory changes induced by prolonged laryngeal stimulation in awake piglets." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 3 (1986): 1018–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.3.1018.

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To examine the role of the laryngeal reflex in modulating cardiorespiratory function, we stimulated the superior laryngeal nerves (SLN) bilaterally in unanesthetized, chronically instrumented piglets (n = 10, age 5–14 days). The SLN were placed in cuff electrodes and wires were exteriorized in the neck for stimulation. A cannula placed in the aorta was used for blood pressure recording and arterial blood sampling. During each experiment, 1–2 days after surgery, ventilation was recorded using whole-body plethysmography, and electroencephalogram and electrocardiogram were recorded after acute su

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Fontana, Fiorella, Pasquale Bernardi, Lucia Tartuferi, Stefano Boschi, Rosanna Di Toro, and Santi Spampinato. "Opioid peptides attenuate blood pressure increase in acute respiratory failure." Peptides 22, no. 4 (2001): 631–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00373-4.

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Strittmatter, Rachel R., and James C. Schadt. "Sex differences in the respiratory response to hemorrhage in the conscious, New Zealand white rabbit." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 292, no. 5 (2007): R1963—R1969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00494.2006.

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In conscious animals, the response to hemorrhage is biphasic. During phase 1, arterial pressure is maintained. Phase 2 is characterized by profound hypotension. Despite allied roles, less is known about the integrated cardiovascular and respiratory response to blood loss in conscious animals. We evaluated cardiorespiratory changes during hemorrhage to test the hypotheses that 1) respiratory rate (RR) and blood gases do not change during phase 1; 2) RR increases during phase 2; and 3) RR and blood gas changes during hemorrhage are similar in males and females. We measured mean arterial pressure

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Limberg, Jacqueline K., Barbara J. Morgan, William G. Schrage, and Jerome A. Dempsey. "Respiratory influences on muscle sympathetic nerve activity and vascular conductance in the steady state." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 304, no. 12 (2013): H1615—H1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00112.2013.

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In patients with hypertension, volitional slowing of the respiratory rate has been purported to reduce arterial pressure via withdrawal of sympathetic tone. We examined the effects of paced breathing at 7, 14, and 21 breaths/min, with reciprocal changes in tidal volume, on muscle sympathetic nerve activity, forearm blood flow, forearm vascular conductance, and blood pressure in 21 men and women, 8 of whom had modest elevations in systemic arterial pressure. These alterations in breathing frequency and volume did not affect steady-state levels of sympathetic activity, blood flow, vascular condu

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Toivonen, H. J., and J. D. Catravas. "Effects of acid-base imbalance on pulmonary angiotensin-converting enzyme in vivo." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 4 (1987): 1629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.4.1629.

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The effects of acid-base balance disturbances on pulmonary endothelial angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) were studied in anesthetized mechanically ventilated rabbits. Enzyme function was estimated from [3H]benzoyl-Phe-Ala-Pro ([3H]BPAP) utilization under first-order reaction conditions during a single transpulmonary passage and expressed as 1) substrate metabolism (M), 2) Amax/Km (Amax being equal to the product of enzyme mass and the constant of product formation), and 3) (Amax/Km)/100 ml blood flow. When respiratory acidosis/alkalosis was produced by altering respiratory rate at constant a

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Hahn, C. E. "Oxygen respiratory gas analysis by sine-wave measurement: a theoretical model." Journal of Applied Physiology 81, no. 2 (1996): 985–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.2.985.

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A sinusoidal forcing function inert-gas-exchange model (C. E. W. Hahn, A. M. S. Black, S. A. Barton, and I. Scott. J. Appl. Physiol. 75: 1863–1876, 1993) is modified by replacing the inspired inert gas with oxygen, which then behaves mathematically in the gas phase as if it were an inert gas. A simple perturbation theory is developed that relates the ratios of the amplitudes of the inspired, end-expired, and mixed-expired oxygen sine-wave oscillations to the airways' dead space volume and lung alveolar volume. These relationships are independent of oxygen consumption, the gas-exchange ratio, a

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Saupe, K. W., C. A. Smith, K. S. Henderson, and J. A. Dempsey. "Respiratory and cardiovascular responses to increased and decreased carotid sinus pressure in sleeping dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 78, no. 5 (1995): 1688–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.5.1688.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of changing blood pressure in the carotid sinus (Pcs) on ventilatory output during wakefulness and non-rapid-eye-movement sleep in unanesthetized dogs. Eight dogs were chronically instrumented so that ventilation, heart rate, and blood pressure could be measured while pressure in the isolated carotid sinus was rapidly changed by means of an extracorporeal perfusion circuit. Raising Pcs 35–75 mmHg consistently reduced ventilation 15–40% in a dose-response fashion, with little or no further diminution in minute ventilation as Pcs was further

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Jauchem, J. R., and M. R. Frei. "Cardiorespiratory changes during microwave-induced lethal heat stress and beta-adrenergic blockade." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 1 (1994): 434–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.1.434.

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Ketamine-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 2,450-MHz microwaves at an average power density of 60 mW/cm2 (whole body specific absorption rate of approximately 14 W/kg) until lethal temperatures were attained. The effects of propranolol (2 or 10 mg/kg body wt), nadolol (10 mg/kg), and labetalol (10 mg/kg) on physiological responses (including changes in body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate) were examined. Lethal temperatures in the labetalol and both propranolol groups were significantly lower than in saline controls. Survival time was significantly

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Winklewski, Pawel J., Jacek Wolf, Marcin Gruszecki, Magdalena Wszedybyl-Winklewska, and Krzysztof Narkiewicz. "Current understanding of the effects of inspiratory resistance on the interactions between systemic blood pressure, cerebral perfusion, intracranial pressure, and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics." Journal of Applied Physiology 127, no. 5 (2019): 1206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00058.2019.

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Negative intrathoracic pressure (nITP) is generated by the respiratory muscles during inspiration to overcome inspiratory resistance, thus enabling lung ventilation. Recently developed noninvasive techniques have made it possible to assess the effects of nITP in real time in several physiological aspects such as systemic blood pressure (BP), intracranial pressure (ICP), and cerebral blood flow (CBF). It has been shown that nITP from 0 to −20 cmH2O elevates BP and diminishes ICP, which facilitates brain perfusion. The effects of nITP from −20 to −40 cmH2O on BP, ICP, and CBF remain largely unre

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Kuwahira, I., N. C. Gonzalez, N. Heisler, and J. Piiper. "Changes in regional blood flow distribution and oxygen supply during hypoxia in conscious rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 1 (1993): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.1.211.

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The effects of acute hypoxia on central hemodynamics, regional blood flow, and regional oxygen supply (blood flow x arterial O2 concentration) were studied in conscious resting rats. Regional blood flow was determined by the radiolabeled microsphere technique. Blood pressure, heart rate; and aortic blood flow increased and total peripheral resistance decreased significantly during hypoxia. Blood flow to brain, respiratory muscles, and liver increased both in absolute value and as a fraction of the aortic blood flow. Fractional blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, skin, f

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Kotani, Kiyoshi, Kiyoshi Takamasu, Yasuhiko Jimbo, and Yoshiharu Yamamoto. "Postural-induced phase shift of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and blood pressure variations: insight from respiratory-phase domain analysis." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 294, no. 3 (2008): H1481—H1489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00680.2007.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the multiple effects of respiration on cardiovascular variability in different postures, by analyzing respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and respiratory-related blood pressure (BP) variations for systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and pulse pressure (PP) in the respiratory-phase domain. The measurements were conducted for 420 s on healthy humans in the sitting and standing positions, while the subjects were continuously monitored for heart rate and BP variability and instantaneous lung volume. The waveforms of RSA and respiratory-related BP variatio

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Sheel, A. William, Robert Boushel, and Jerome A. Dempsey. "Competition for blood flow distribution between respiratory and locomotor muscles: implications for muscle fatigue." Journal of Applied Physiology 125, no. 3 (2018): 820–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00189.2018.

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Sympathetically induced vasoconstrictor modulation of local vasodilation occurs in contracting skeletal muscle during exercise to ensure appropriate perfusion of a large active muscle mass and to maintain also arterial blood pressure. In this synthesis, we discuss the contribution of group III-IV muscle afferents to the sympathetic modulation of blood flow distribution to locomotor and respiratory muscles during exercise. This is followed by an examination of the conditions under which diaphragm and locomotor muscle fatigue occur. Emphasis is given to those studies in humans and animal models

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Launois, Sandrine H., Nathan Averill, Joseph H. Abraham, Debra A. Kirby, and J. Woodrow Weiss. "Cardiovascular responses to nonrespiratory and respiratory arousals in a porcine model." Journal of Applied Physiology 90, no. 1 (2001): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.90.1.114.

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Spontaneous and provoked nonrespiratory arousals can be accompanied by a patterned hemodynamic response. To investigate whether a patterned response is also elicited by respiratory arousals, we compared nonrespiratory arousals (NRA) to respiratory arousals (RA) induced by airway occlusion during non-rapid eye movement sleep. We monitored mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate, iliac and renal blood flow, and sleep stage in 7 pigs during natural sleep. Iliac and renal vascular resistance were calculated. Airway occlusions were obtained by manually inflating a chronically implanted trach

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Khoo, Michael C. K., and Patjanaporn Chalacheva. "Respiratory modulation of peripheral vasoconstriction: a modeling perspective." Journal of Applied Physiology 127, no. 5 (2019): 1177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00111.2019.

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Although respiratory sinus arrhythmia and blood pressure variability have been investigated extensively, there have been far fewer studies of the respiratory modulation of peripheral blood flow in humans. Existing studies have been based primarily on noninvasive measurements using digit photoplethysmography and laser-Doppler flowmetry. The cumulative knowledge derived from these studies suggests that respiration can contribute to fluctuations in peripheral blood flow and volume through a combination of mechanical, hemodynamic, and neural mechanisms. However, the most convincing evidence sugges

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Manohar, M. "Vasodilator reserve in respiratory muscles during maximal exertion in ponies." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 5 (1986): 1571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.5.1571.

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Eight healthy adult grade ponies were studied at rest as well as during maximal exertion carried out with and without adenosine infusion (3 microM X kg-1 X min-1 into the pulmonary artery) on a treadmill to compare levels of blood flow in respiratory muscles with those in other vigorously working muscles and to ascertain whether there remained any unutilized vasodilator reserve in respiratory muscles of maximally exercising ponies. Radionuclide-labeled 15-micron-diam microspheres, injected into the left ventricle, were used to study tissue blood flows. During maximal exertion, there were incre

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Magder, S., D. Lockhat, B. J. Luo, and C. Roussos. "Respiratory muscle and organ blood flow with inspiratory elastic loading and shock." Journal of Applied Physiology 58, no. 4 (1985): 1148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.4.1148.

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Since respiratory muscles fail when blood flow is inadequate, we asked whether their blood flow would be maintained in severe hypotensive states at the expense of other vital organs (brain, heart, kidney, gut, spleen). We measured blood flow (radiolabeled microspheres) to respiratory muscles and vital organs in 11 dogs breathing against an inspiratory elastic load, first with normal blood pressure (BP) and then hypotension produced by cardiac tamponade. With the elastic load alone, there was no change in BP or cardiac output; diaphragmatic blood flow (Qdi) increased from 12.8 +/- 7.0 to 34.1 +

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Hussain, S. N., R. Graham, F. Rutledge, and C. Roussos. "Respiratory muscle energetics during endotoxic shock in dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 2 (1986): 486–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.2.486.

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Respiratory muscle O2 consumption, lactate production, and endogenous substrate utilization during endotoxic shock were assessed in two groups of anesthetized spontaneously breathing dogs. In the endotoxin group (Escherichia coli endotoxin 10 mg/kg iv) and the sham group (saline iv), we sampled diaphragm, external intercostal, and gastrocnemius muscle tissue for glycogen and lactate concentrations before and after 3 h of the experimental period. Only in the endotoxin group did blood pressure and cardiac output decline significantly. Arterial O2 content did not change significantly during shock

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Cui, Jian, Rong Zhang, Thad E. Wilson, and Craig G. Crandall. "Spectral analysis of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in heat-stressed humans." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 286, no. 3 (2004): H1101—H1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00790.2003.

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Whole body heating increases muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA); however, the effect of heat stress on spectral characteristics of MSNA is unknown. Such information may provide insight into mechanisms of heat stress-induced MSNA activation. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that heat stress-induced changes in systolic blood pressure variability parallel changes in MSNA variability. In 13 healthy subjects, MSNA, electrocardiogram, arterial blood pressure (via Finapres), and respiratory activity were recorded under both normothermic and heat stress conditions. Spe

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Kline, David D., Tianen Yang, Daniel R. D. Premkumar, Agnes J. Thomas, and Nanduri R. Prabhakar. "Blunted respiratory responses to hypoxia in mutant mice deficient in nitric oxide synthase-3." Journal of Applied Physiology 88, no. 4 (2000): 1496–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.4.1496.

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In the present study, the role of nitric oxide (NO) generated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS-3) in the control of respiration during hypoxia and hypercapnia was assessed using mutant mice deficient in NOS-3. Experiments were performed on awake and anesthetized mutant and wild-type (WT) control mice. Respiratory responses to 100, 21, and 12% O2and 3 and 5% CO2-balance O2were analyzed. In awake animals, respiration was monitored by body plethysmography along with O2consumption (V˙o2) and CO2production (V˙co2). In anesthetized, spontaneously breathing mice, integrated efferent phrenic

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Norton, K. I., M. D. Delp, M. T. Jones, C. Duan, D. R. Dengel, and R. B. Armstrong. "Distribution of blood flow during exercise after blood volume expansion in swine." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 5 (1990): 1578–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.5.1578.

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To study the distribution of blood flow after blood volume expansion, seven miniature swine ran at high speed (17.6-20 km/h, estimated to require 115% of maximal O2 uptake) on a motor-driven treadmill on two occasions: once during normovolemia and once after an acute 15% blood volume expansion (homologous whole blood). O2 uptake, cardiac output, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and distribution of blood flow (with radiolabeled microspheres) were measured at the same time during each of the exercise bouts. Maximal heart rate was identical between conditions (mean 266); mean arterial pressure

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42

Pang, L. M., Y. J. Kim, and A. R. Bazzy. "Blood flow to respiratory muscles and major organs during inspiratory flow resistive loads." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 1 (1993): 428–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.1.428.

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To determine whether diaphragmatic fatigue in the intact animal subjected to loaded breathing is associated with a decrease in diaphragmatic blood flow, seven unanesthetized sheep were subjected to severe inspiratory flow resistive (IFR) loads that led to a decrease in transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) and a rise in arterial PCO2 (PaCO2). Blood flow to the diaphragm, other respiratory muscles, limb muscles, and major organs was measured using the radionuclide-labeled microsphere method. With these loads blood flow increased to the diaphragm (621 +/- 242%) and all the other inspiratory and expi

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Van de Louw, Andry, Claire Médigue, Yves Papelier, and François Cottin. "Breathing cardiovascular variability and baroreflex in mechanically ventilated patients." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 295, no. 6 (2008): R1934—R1940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.90475.2008.

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Heart rate and blood pressure variations during spontaneous ventilation are related to the negative airway pressure during inspiration. Inspiratory airway pressure is positive during mechanical ventilation, suggesting that reversal of the normal baroreflex-mediated pattern of variability may occur. We investigated heart rate and blood pressure variability and baroreflex sensitivity in 17 mechanically ventilated patients. ECG (RR intervals), invasive systolic blood pressure (SBP), and respiratory flow signals were recorded. High-frequency (HF) amplitude of RR and SBP time series and HF phase di

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Aronson, R. M., E. Onal, D. W. Carley, and M. Lopata. "Upper airway and respiratory muscle responses to continuous negative airway pressure." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 3 (1989): 1373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.3.1373.

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To determine upper airway and respiratory muscle responses to nasal continuous negative airway pressure (CNAP), we quantitated the changes in diaphragmatic and genioglossal electromyographic activity, inspiratory duration, tidal volume, minute ventilation, and end-expiratory lung volume (EEL) during CNAP in six normal subjects during wakefulness and five during sleep. During wakefulness, CNAP resulted in immediate increases in electromyographic diaphragmatic and genioglossal muscle activity, and inspiratory duration, preserved or increased tidal volume and minute ventilation, and decreased EEL

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Akselrod, S., D. Gordon, J. B. Madwed, N. C. Snidman, D. C. Shannon, and R. J. Cohen. "Hemodynamic regulation: investigation by spectral analysis." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 249, no. 4 (1985): H867—H875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1985.249.4.h867.

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We investigated the hypothesis that beat-to-beat variability in hemodynamic parameters reflects the dynamic interplay between ongoing perturbations to circulatory function and the compensatory response of short-term cardiovascular control systems. Spontaneous fluctuations in heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure, and respiration were analyzed by spectral analysis in the 0.02- to 1-Hz frequency range. A simple closed-loop model of short-term cardiovascular control was proposed and evaluated in a series of experiments: pharmacological blockades of the parasympathetic, alpha-sympathetic, beta-

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Leung, Richard S. T., John S. Floras, and T. Douglas Bradley. "Respiratory modulation of the autonomic nervous system during Cheyne–Stokes respirationThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled Young Investigator's Forum." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 84, no. 1 (2006): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y05-145.

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Cheyne–Stokes respiration (CSR) is associated with increased mortality among patients with heart failure. However, the specific link between CSR and mortality remains unclear. One possibility is that CSR results in excitation of the sympathetic nervous system. This review relates evidence that CSR exerts acute effects on the autonomic nervous system during sleep, and thereby influences a number of cardiovascular phenomena, including heart rate, blood pressure, atrioventricular conduction, and ventricular ectopy. In patients in sinus rhythm, heart rate and blood pressure oscillate during CSR in

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Smirnova, M., A. Kurekhyan, V. Gorbunov, A. Deev, and Y. Koshelyaevskaya. "[PP.01.24] BLOOD PRESSURE PHENOTYPES IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASES." Journal of Hypertension 34 (September 2016): e121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000491655.35075.1f.

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Ringler, J., R. C. Basner, R. Shannon, et al. "Hypoxemia alone does not explain blood pressure elevations after obstructive apneas." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 6 (1990): 2143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.6.2143.

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In patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), substantial elevations of systemic blood pressure (BP) and depressions of oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2) accompany apnea termination. The causes of the BP elevations, which contribute significantly to nocturnal hypertension in OSA, have not been defined precisely. To assess the relative contribution of arterial hypoxemia, we observed mean arterial pressure (MAP) changes following obstructive apneas in 11 OSA patients during non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep and then under three experimental conditions: 1) apnea with O2 supplementation; 2) hypo

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Itskovitz, J., and A. M. Rudolph. "Cardiorespiratory response to cyanide of arterial chemoreceptors in fetal lambs." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 252, no. 5 (1987): H916—H922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1987.252.5.h916.

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Cardiorespiratory response to the stimulation of the carotid and aortic receptors by sodium cyanide was examined in fetal lambs in utero at 0.8 (120 days) gestation. Injections of 50-400 micrograms cyanide into the inferior vena cava or the carotid artery of intact fetuses elicited bradycardia and respiratory responses that varied from a single gasp to rhythmic respiratory movements but no significant change in arterial blood pressure. Carotid sinus denervation eliminated the cardiorespiratory response to intracarotid injection of cyanide and sinoaortic denervation abolished the response to in

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Mason, Lynne I., and Robert P. Patterson. "Determining the relationship of heart rate and blood pressure using voluntary cardio-respiratory synchronization (VCRS)." Physiological Measurement 24, no. 4 (2003): 847–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/24/4/004.

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