To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Respiratory tract diseases/prevention e control.
Journal articles on the topic 'Respiratory tract diseases/prevention e control'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Respiratory tract diseases/prevention e control.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Gurov, A. V., and M. A. Yushkina. "Adequate mucociliary clearance as a factor in the prevention and control of purulent-inflammatory pathology of the ENT organs." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 6 (May 12, 2021): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-6-29-34.
Full textAbstract:
Purulent-inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract and ENT organs are an urgent problem of modern clinical medicine. The high prevalence of this pathology is due to the active effect of pathogenic microflora on the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, the increasing role of opportunistic and atypical microorganisms in the genesis of infection of the upper respiratory tract, as well as disorders in the mucociliary clearance. Limitations in the mobility of cilia of ciliated cells, as well as their partial or complete absence, a change in the composition of mucous secretions and a slowdown in the speed of mucus movement are the mechanisms that determine the possibility of an acute inflammation focus on the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, and also increase the risk of developing chronic inflammatory diseases of the ENT organs. The accumulated data on the peculiarities of the existence of microbial biocenoses in the human body, as well as the steady widespread growth of the problem of antibiotic resistance, dictate the need to search for new solutions in the treatment of purulent-inflammatory pathology of the ENT organs. A well-established principle of therapy for such conditions is the topical use of combined drugs that combine mucolytic and antibacterial components that actively affect the main links in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. These tasks are most effectively solved by the drug, which contains the mucolytic N-acetylcysteine, which potentiates the effect of another component – the antibiotic thiamphenicol. An important aspect in favor of choosing this drug as a monotherapy or combination therapy for purulent-inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract is a convenient form of release for aerosol administration.
2
Chakraborty, Sandip, Amit Kumar, Ruchi Tiwari, Anu Rahal, Yash Malik, Kuldeep Dhama, Amar Pal, and Minakshi Prasad. "Advances in Diagnosis of Respiratory Diseases of Small Ruminants." Veterinary Medicine International 2014 (2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/508304.
Full textAbstract:
Irrespective of aetiology, infectious respiratory diseases of sheep and goats contribute to 5.6 percent of the total diseases of small ruminants. These infectious respiratory disorders are divided into two groups: the diseases of upper respiratory tract, namely, nasal myiasis and enzootic nasal tumors, and diseases of lower respiratory tract, namely, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), parainfluenza, Pasteurellosis, Ovine progressive pneumonia, mycoplasmosis, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, caseous lymphadenitis, verminous pneumonia, and many others. Depending upon aetiology, many of them are acute and fatal in nature. Early, rapid, and specific diagnosis of such diseases holds great importance to reduce the losses. The advanced enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of antigen as well as antibodies directly from the samples and molecular diagnostic assays along with microsatellites comprehensively assist in diagnosis as well as treatment and epidemiological studies. The present review discusses the advancements made in the diagnosis of common infectious respiratory diseases of sheep and goats. It would update the knowledge and help in adapting and implementing appropriate, timely, and confirmatory diagnostic procedures. Moreover, it would assist in designing appropriate prevention protocols and devising suitable control strategies to overcome respiratory diseases and alleviate the economic losses.
3
Barr, Rachael, Christopher A. Green, Charles J. Sande, and Simon B. Drysdale. "Respiratory syncytial virus: diagnosis, prevention and management." Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease 6 (January 2019): 204993611986579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2049936119865798.
Full textAbstract:
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is responsible for a large burden of disease globally and can present as a variety of clinical syndromes in children of all ages. Bronchiolitis in infants under 1 year of age is the most common clinical presentation hospitalizing 24.2 per 1000 infants each year in the United Kingdom. RSV has been shown to account for 22% of all episodes of acute lower respiratory tract infection in children globally. RSV hospitalization, that is, RSV severe disease, has also been associated with subsequent chronic respiratory morbidity. Routine viral testing in all children is not currently recommended by the United Kingdom National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) or the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidance and management is largely supportive. There is some evidence for the use of ribavirin in severely immunocompromised children. Emphasis is placed on prevention of RSV infection through infection control measures both in hospital and in the community, and the use of the RSV-specific monoclonal antibody, palivizumab, for certain high-risk groups of infants. New RSV antivirals and vaccines are currently in development. Ongoing work is needed to improve the prevention of RSV infection, not only because of the acute morbidity and mortality, but also to reduce the associated chronic respiratory morbidity after severe infection.
4
Shulzhenko, A. E., I. N. Zuikova, A. V. Karaulov, and R. V. Shchubelko. "Effectiveness of the low-molecular inductor of interferon of Amiksin® in treatment and preventive maintenance of the chronic recurrent inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract." Russian Journal of Biotherapy 15, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1726-9784-2016-15-2-66-75.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. In the formation of recurrent and/or prolonged chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract in addition to the known, previously studied, factors that play an important role in the violation of the human immune system at the level of local (mucosal) and systemic immunity and activation of herpes virus group (Epstein Virus Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus type 6). In the treatment of herpesvirus infections, activation of antiviral immunity in domestic medicine used drugs interferon inducer. Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of interferon inductor Amiksin® in patients with chronic recurrent inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Materials and methods. Based on separation of “Allergy and Immunotherapy” SSC “Institute of Immunology” FMBA studied low-molecular interferon inductor Amixin® (JSC “Pharmstandard-Tomskhimpharm”, Russia) in the treatment of chronic recurrent inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract. The study included 40 patients between men and women, aged 18 to 65years old with a history of recurrent chronic inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Clinical research methods included a medical history, previous efficiency of the treatment, the presence of comorbidities. Laboratory methods include bacteriological crop on flora in the material from the oropharynx and the detection of DNA viruses of herpes group in saliva. Patients of the main group, after clinical and laboratory examination, prescribed therapy with Amixin®. Patients in both groups received symptomatic therapy. The total duration of observation of each patient was 3 months. Results. Amiksin® receiving the drug in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic recurrent upper respiratory tract inflammatory diseases contributed to a more rapid relief of general and local symptoms. Also it found that reduces performance Amiksin® average viral load against Epstein-Barr virus. Over the next 3 months follow-up, 25 % of patients the main group marked exacerbation study pathology of the upper respiratory tract, in the control group of patients with recurrent exacerbations were more - 60 %, indicating that preventive action Amiksin® therapy. Conclusions: The use of low-molecular interferon inductor Amiksin®(JSC “Pharmstandard-Tomskhimpharm”, Russia) in the combined therapy showed good efficacy in reducing the concentration of chronic viral infections in the oropharynx and prevention of chronic relapsing inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract.
5
Tarim, E. Alperay, Betul Karakuzu, Cemre Oksuz, Oyku Sarigil, Melike Kizilkaya, Mahmoud Khatib A. A. Al-Ruweidi, Huseyin Cagatay Yalcin, Engin Ozcivici, and H. Cumhur Tekin. "Microfluidic-based virus detection methods for respiratory diseases." Emergent Materials 4, no. 1 (February 2021): 143–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42247-021-00169-7.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWith the recent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, the importance of rapid and direct detection of respiratory disease viruses has been well recognized. The detection of these viruses with novel technologies is vital in timely prevention and treatment strategies for epidemics and pandemics. Respiratory viruses can be detected from saliva, swab samples, nasal fluid, and blood, and collected samples can be analyzed by various techniques. Conventional methods for virus detection are based on techniques relying on cell culture, antigen-antibody interactions, and nucleic acids. However, these methods require trained personnel as well as expensive equipment. Microfluidic technologies, on the other hand, are one of the most accurate and specific methods to directly detect respiratory tract viruses. During viral infections, the production of detectable amounts of relevant antibodies takes a few days to weeks, hampering the aim of prevention. Alternatively, nucleic acid–based methods can directly detect the virus-specific RNA or DNA region, even before the immune response. There are numerous methods to detect respiratory viruses, but direct detection techniques have higher specificity and sensitivity than other techniques. This review aims to summarize the methods and technologies developed for microfluidic-based direct detection of viruses that cause respiratory infection using different detection techniques. Microfluidics enables the use of minimal sample volumes and thereby leading to a time, cost, and labor effective operation. Microfluidic-based detection technologies provide affordable, portable, rapid, and sensitive analysis of intact virus or virus genetic material, which is very important in pandemic and epidemic events to control outbreaks with an effective diagnosis.
6
Santana, Hericalizandra S. R., Fernanda O. de Carvalho, Erika R. Silva, Nayara G. L. Santos, Saravanan Shanmugam, Debora N. Santos, Julio O. Wisniewski, et al. "Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Limonene in the Prevention and Control of Injuries in the Respiratory System: A Systematic Review." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 18 (June 10, 2020): 2182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200320130443.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: The pulmonary inflammatory response results from exposure to injurious factors and is associated with oxidative stress, which intensifies the pathological reaction. In this context, limonene, a monoterpene found in citrus fruits, can be a therapeutic alternative for the treatment of this pathology, as it presents known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. Objective: The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the anti-inflammatory activity of limonene and its capacity to prevent and control respiratory system injuries. Search strategy: A comprehensive literature search of the Cochrane, Scopus, MEDLINE-PubMed, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases was performed using the keywords: "limonene", “lung”, “pulmonary”, “airway”, “trachea”, “lung injury”, "respiratory system", “respiratory tract diseases”. Search strategy: A comprehensive literature search of the Cochrane, Scopus, MEDLINE-PubMed, Web of Science, and Lilacs databases was performed using the keywords: "limonene", “lung”, “pulmonary”, “airway”, “trachea”, “lung injury”, "respiratory system", “respiratory tract diseases”. Selection criteria: Studies on the use of limonene in disorders of the respiratory system, published until August 2019, were included. Those that did not use limonene alone or treated lesions in different systems other than the respiratory system, without targeting its anti-inflammatory action were excluded. In addition, review articles, meta-analyses, abstracts, conference papers, editorials/letters and case reports were also excluded. Results: Of the 561 articles found, 64 were in the Cochrane database, 235 in Scopus, 99 in Web of science, 150 in PubMed and 13 in Lilacs. After completing the systematic steps, 25 articles were selected for full reading, after which 7 papers remained in the review. An article was added after a manual literature search, resulting in a total of 8 papers. There was a high level of agreement on inclusion/exclusion among the researchers who examined the papers (Kappa index > 88%). Conclusion: Limonene has effective anti-inflammatory activity in both preventing and controlling respiratory system injuries.
7
Yasmin, Farhana, and Md Jawadul Haque. "Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) and Weaning Status of Infants Admitted in Selected Hospitals of Rajshahi- A Case Control Study." TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association 32, no. 1 (August 22, 2019): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/taj.v32i1.42740.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) include upper respiratory tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections. Infections of the respiratory tract are perhaps the most common human ailment. While they are a source of discomfort, disability and loss of time for most adults, they are a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in young children. ARI may cause inflammation of the respiratory tract anywhere from nose to alveoli, with a wide range of combination of symptoms and signs. ARI in children is most common among others because heir constant contact with other kids who could be virus carriers. Children often don’t wash their hands regularly. They are also more likely to rub their eyes and put their fingers in their mouths, resulting in the spread of viruses. For prevention of malnutrition and infection of child breast feeding is an important determinant of child health in the prevention of malnutrition and infection but in many cultures other food was introduced years before the cessation of breast feeding. In Bangladesh, many infectious diseases such as diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections are the main cause of mortality and morbidity in infants aged less than one year. The importance of breast feeding in the prevention of infectious diseases during infancy is well known. Objective: In this study our main objective is to evaluate the association between ARI of infant and weaning status of infants admitted in selected Hospitals of Rajshahi. Study place and Method: This study provided a wide range of information regarding ARI and weaning status of infants admitted in selected hospitals of Rajshahi and from the surroundings. This was a case control type of study. A total of 230 caregiver or mothers were interviewed.
Result & discussion: It was found that the relationship between weaning status of infants and occurrence of ARI was statistically significant (p<0.001). It was showed that majority of the babies of the case group were weaned by Cow’s milk and within the control group by mashed rice. The association between occurrence of ARI and type of weaning food was statistically significant (p<0.001). It was also found that majority of the babies living in rural areas developed ARI and also within the case group majority (29.6%) of the babies who were not exclusively breast fed developed ARI and the association between occurrence of ARI and EBF was statistically significant (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Our study suggests that proportion of ARI is more among the infants who were weaned earlier.
TAJ 2019; 32(1): 70-81
8
Zingg, Walter, Benedikt D. Huttner, Hugo Sax, and Didier Pittet. "Assessing the Burden of Healthcare-Associated Infections through Prevalence Studies: What Is the Best Method?" Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 35, no. 6 (June 1, 2014): 674–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/676424.
Full textAbstract:
Objective.To explore differences in the prevalence of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) according to survey methodology.Design.Repeated point and period prevalence survey strategies.Setting.University-affiliated primary and tertiary care center.Methods.Analysis of data collected from 2006 to 2012 from annual HAI prevalence surveys using definitions proposed by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The study design allowed the analysis of the same data in the format of a point or a period prevalence survey.Results.Pooled point and period HAI prevalence was 7.46% and 9.84% (+32%), respectively. This additional 32% was mainly attributable to infections of the lower respiratory tract (2.42% vs 3.20% [+32%]) and the urinary tract (1.76% vs 2.62% [+49%]). Differences in surgical site infections (1.02% vs 1.20% [+19%]) and bloodstream infections (0.76% vs 0.86% [+13%]) were smaller. HAI prevalence for the point and period methodology in acute and long-term care were 7.47% versus 9.38 (+26%) and 8.37% versus 11.89% (+42%), respectively. Differences were stable over time. Focusing on the 4 major HAIs (respiratory tract, urinary tract, surgical site, and bloodstream infections) misses one-quarter of all HAIs.Conclusions.More HAIs are identified by the period prevalence method, especially those of shorter duration (lower respiratory and urinary tract), which would make this method more suitable to be used in long-term care. Results of the 2 study methods cannot be benchmarked against each other.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2014;35(6):674–684
9
Guo, Zuiyuan, Kevin He, and Dan Xiao. "Early warning of some notifiable infectious diseases in China by the artificial neural network." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 2 (February 2020): 191420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191420.
Full textAbstract:
In order to accurately grasp the timing for the prevention and control of diseases, we established an artificial neural network model to issue early warning signals. The real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) methods were performed to analyse four types of respiratory infectious diseases and four types of digestive tract infectious diseases in China to comprehensively determine the epidemic intensities and whether to issue early warning signals. The numbers of new confirmed cases per month between January 2004 and December 2017 were used as the training set; the data from 2018 were used as the test set. The results of RTRL showed that the number of new confirmed cases of respiratory infectious diseases in September 2018 increased abnormally. The results of the EKF showed that the number of new confirmed cases of respiratory infectious diseases increased abnormally in January and February of 2018. The results of these two algorithms showed that the number of new confirmed cases of digestive tract infectious diseases in the test set did not have any abnormal increases. The neural network and machine learning can further enrich and develop the early warning theory.
10
Wolfe, Daniel N., Girish S. Kirimanjeswara, Elizabeth M. Goebel, and Eric T. Harvill. "Comparative Role of Immunoglobulin A in Protective Immunity against the Bordetellae." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 9 (June 25, 2007): 4416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00412-07.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The genus Bordetella includes a group of closely related mammalian pathogens that cause a variety of respiratory diseases in a long list of animals (B. bronchiseptica) and whooping cough in humans (B. pertussis and B. parapertussis). While past research has examined how these pathogens are eliminated from the lower respiratory tract, the host factors that control and/or clear the bordetellae from the upper respiratory tract remain unclear. We hypothesized that immunoglobulin A (IgA), the predominant mucosal antibody isotype, would have a protective role against these mucosal pathogens. IgA−/− mice were indistinguishable from wild-type mice in their control and clearance of B. pertussis or B. parapertussis, suggesting that IgA is not crucial to immunity to these organisms. However, naïve and convalescent IgA−/− mice were defective in reducing the numbers of B. bronchiseptica in the upper respiratory tract compared to wild-type controls. Passively transferred serum from convalescent IgA−/− mice was not as effective as serum from convalescent wild-type mice in clearing this pathogen from the tracheae of naive recipient mice. IgA induced by B. bronchiseptica infection predominantly recognized lipopolysaccharide-containing O-antigen, and antibodies against O-antigen were important to bacterial clearance from the trachea. Since an IgA response contributes to the control of B. bronchiseptica infection of the upper respiratory tract, immunization strategies aimed at inducing B. bronchiseptica-specific IgA may be beneficial to preventing the spread of this bacterium among domestic animal populations.
11
Bellissimo-Rodrigues, Fernando, Wanessa Teixeira Bellissimo-Rodrigues, Jaciara Machado Viana, Gil Cezar Alkmim Teixeira, Edson Nicolini, Maria Auxiliadora-Martins, Afonso Dinis Costa Passos, Edson Zangiacomi Martinez, Anibal Basile-Filho, and Roberto Martinez. "Effectiveness of Oral Rinse with Chlorhexidine in Preventing Nosocomial Respiratory Tract Infections among Intensive Care Unit Patients." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 30, no. 10 (October 2009): 952–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/605722.
Full textAbstract:
Objective.To evaluate the effectiveness of the oral application of a 0.12% solution of Chlorhexidine for prevention of respiratory tract infections among intensive care unit (ICU) patients.Design.The study design was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.Setting.The study was performed in an ICU in a tertiary care hospital at a public university.Patients.Study participants comprised 194 patients admitted to the ICU with a prospective length of stay greater than 48 hours, randomized into 2 groups: those who received Chlorhexidine (n = 98) and those who received a placebo (n = 96).Intervention.Oral rinses with Chlorhexidine or a placebo were performed 3 times a day throughout the duration of the patient's stay in the ICU. Clinical data were collected prospectively.Results.Both groups displayed similar baseline clinical features. The overall incidence of respiratory tract infections (RR, 1.0 [95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-1.60]) and the rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia per 1,000 ventilator-days were similar in both experimental and control groups (22.6 vs 22.3; P = .95). Respiratory tract infection-free survival time (7.8 vs 6.9 days; P = .61), duration of mechanical ventilation (11.1 vs 11.0 days; P = .61), and length of stay (9.7 vs 10.4 days; P = .67) did not differ between the Chlorhexidine and placebo groups. However, patients in the Chlorhexidine group exhibited a larger interval between ICU admission and onset of the first respiratory tract infection (11.3 vs 7.6 days; P = .05). The chances of surviving the ICU stay were similar (RR, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.72-1.63]).Conclusion.Oral application of a 0.12% solution of Chlorhexidine does not prevent respiratory tract infections among ICU patients, although it may retard their onset.
12
Martínez, Olaia Pérez, Raquel García Rodríguez, Mª José Pereira Rodríguez, and Angela Varela Camino. "Importance of the Respiratory Tract in Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Spread." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s284—s285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.856.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) causes infections associated with high mortality rates among hospitalized patients. CPE transmission occurs frequently, and prevention of patient-to-patient transmission is a priority. However, transmission pathways are not yet completely understood. The colonization of the respiratory tract with a CPE may lead to a higher risk of contamination of the patient’s environment increasing the spread of CPE. Objective: We estimated the rate of CPE spread when respiratory tract infection or colonization is present. Methods: We studied CPE dissemination analyzing a cohort of patients admitted between January 2013 and December 2018 at the university hospital complex of A Corua, a tertiary-care hospital. All patients who were hospitalized in the same room as a patient colonized or infected with a CPE (index case) for at least 24 hours were screened for CPE carriage. The microbiological screening was performed with conventional culture or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identified possible CPE patient-to-patient transmission. The screening test included several samples: rectal swab, perineal swab, wound or drainage swab, and low respiratory tract sample. Results: Active screening for CPE carriage was performed in 84 contact patients. Men represent 57.1% of the sample, and the mean age was 78.5 years (men, 68.0 years and women, 80.8 years), with significant differences between sexes (12.9; 95% CI, 19.6 to 6.1). The major group of cases (86.9%) were hospitalized in medical wards. Transmission confirmed by PCR occurred in 13 (15.5%) of 84 contact patients, after a mean exposure to the index case of 13.3 days. No significant differences were detected in terms of mean exposure to index cases between those contact patients who result negative and those who result positive. The 35 index cases (41.7%) tested positive for CPE on the respiratory sample, and exposure to them led to 8 positive contact patients (61.5%). Conclusions: CPE transmission in a tertiary-care hospital occurred frequently. The spread rate is even higher when CPE is present at the respiratory level. Understanding the mode of spread is important for designing effective control measures and adding a respiratory sample to CPE screening could be a key consideration.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
13
Schroeck, Jennifer L., Christine A. Ruh, John A. Sellick, Michael C. Ott, Arun Mattappallil, and Kari A. Mergenhagen. "Factors Associated with Antibiotic Misuse in Outpatient Treatment for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 7 (April 13, 2015): 3848–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00652-15.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has promoted the appropriate use of antibiotics since 1995 when it initiated the National Campaign for Appropriate Antibiotic Use in the Community. This study examined upper respiratory tract infections included in the campaign to determine the degree to which antibiotics were appropriately prescribed and subsequent admission rates in a veteran population. This study was a retrospective chart review conducted among outpatients with a diagnosis of a respiratory tract infection, including bronchitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis, or nonspecific upper respiratory tract infection, between January 2009 and December 2011. The study found that 595 (35.8%) patients were treated appropriately, and 1,067 (64.2%) patients received therapy considered inappropriate based on the Get Smart Campaign criteria. Overall the subsequent readmission rate was 1.5%. The majority (77.5%) of patients were prescribed an antibiotic. The most common antibiotics prescribed were azithromycin (39.0%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (13.2%), and moxifloxacin (7.5%). A multivariate regression analysis demonstrated significant predictors of appropriate treatment, including the presence of tonsillar exudates (odds ratio [OR], 0.6; confidence interval [CI], 0.3 to 0.9), fever (OR, 0.6; CI, 0.4 to 0.9), and lymphadenopathy (OR, 0.4; CI, 0.3 to 0.6), while penicillin allergy (OR, 2.9; CI, 1.7 to 4.7) and cough (OR, 1.6; CI, 1.1 to 2.2) were significant predictors for inappropriate treatment. Poor compliance with the Get Smart Campaign was found in outpatients for respiratory infections. Results from this study demonstrate the overprescribing of antibiotics, while providing a focused view of improper prescribing. This article provides evidence that current efforts are insufficient for curtailing inappropriate antibiotic use.
14
Bellissimo-Rodrigues, Wanessa T., Mayra G. Menegueti, Gilberto G. Gaspar, Edson A. Nicolini, Maria Auxiliadora-Martins, Anibal Basile-Filho, Roberto Martinez, and Fernando Bellissimo-Rodrigues. "Effectiveness of a Dental Care Intervention in the Prevention of Lower Respiratory Tract Nosocomial Infections among Intensive Care Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 35, no. 11 (November 2014): 1342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/591478.
Full textAbstract:
Objective.To evaluate whether dental treatment may enhance oral antisepsis, thus preventing more effectively lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) among critically ill patientsDesign.Observer-blind randomized clinical trial.Setting.General intensive care unit (ICU) for adult patients.Patients.We analyzed data from 254 adult patients who stayed for at least 48 hours in the ICU.Intervention.Patients were randomized by means of rolling dice. The experimental group (n= 127) had access to dental care provided by a dental surgeon, 4–5 times a week. Besides routine oral hygiene, care also included teeth brushing, tongue scraping, removal of calculus, atraumatic restorative treatment of caries, and tooth extraction. The control group (n= 127) had access to routine oral hygiene only, which included the use of chlorhexidine as a mouth rinse, which was performed by the ICU nurse staff.Results.The primary study outcome was the LRTI incidence, which was 8.7% in the experimental group and 18.1% in the control group (adjusted relative risk [RR], 0.44 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.20–0.96];P= .04). Ventilator-associated pneumonia rates per 1,000 ventilator-days were 16.5 (95% CI, 9.8–29.5) in the control group and 7.6 (95% CI, 3.3–15.0) in the experimental group (P< .05). Mortality rates were similar between both study groups: 31.5% in the control group versus 29.1% in the experimental group (adjusted RR, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.52–1.65];P= .796). No severe adverse events related to oral care were observed during the study.Conclusion.Dental treatment was safe and effective in the prevention of LRTI among critically ill patients who were expected to stay at least 48 hours in the ICU.Trial registration.Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry, affiliated with the World Health Organization’s International Clinical Trial Registry Platform: U1111-1152-2671.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2014;35(11):1342–1348
15
Low, Donald E. "The Evolution of Antimicrobial Resistance in Respiratory Pathogens in Canada: What are the Clinical Consequences?" Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 9, suppl e (1998): 10E—15E. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/436361.
Full textAbstract:
The use of antimicrobial agents has led to reductions in illnesses and deaths from a variety of infectious diseases. Antimicrobial resistance has followed the introduction of almost every new antimicrobial agent and is now emerging as an important public health problem, especially in respiratory tract pathogens in the community. During the past decade in Canada, a rapid and relentless increase in antimicrobial resistance inStreptococcus pneumoniaeandHaemophilus inflluenzaehas been witnessed. Adverse implications as a result of the treatment of an infection with an antibiotic to which the offending pathogen is resistant have been recognized in only a few infectious disease syndromes (eg. bacterial meningitis). More often, resistance in vitro does not result in resistance in vivo (eg, respiratory tract infections). Therefore, before recommendations regarding empirical or directed therapy are changed, it is essential that evidence to support those decisions is obtained. More important, the prevention and control of such resistance must be addressed by reducing the burden of antibiotic selective pressure by curtailing inappropriate antibiotic use.
16
Shakya, Henish, Saurav Singh, and Ashish Lakhey. "Anemia as a Risk Factor for Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Children Below Five Years of Age." Nepalese Medical Journal 1, no. 1 (June 22, 2018): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmj.v1i1.20390.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Lower respiratory tract infection is a major cause of death in children in a developing country and anemia is found to be one of the commonest associated cofactors. This study was aimed to determine association of anemia in children with lower respiratory tract infections.Materials and Methods: The retrospective study was done over a one-year period for children under 5 years of age, admitted in Pediatric Ward of a tertiary Hospital in Lalitpur. The study included 100 diagnosed cases of lower respiratory tract infections as per WHO criteria and 100 age and sex matched patients who did not have respiratory complaints as controls, excluding prematurity, chronic diseases, malnutrition and severe systemic illness. Appropriate clinical history, examination routine investigations like hemoglobin, peripheral smear, and Chest X-ray were included.Results: The age distribution maximum children were in the age group of 3 months to 23 months with significant association with prevalence of both pneumonia (p value 0.005) and anemia (p value 0.002). Anemia was found to be a significant risk factor for LRTI (p value < 0.001) with odds ratio of 2.68 and 95% CI (1.51 – 4.75).Conclusions: Anemia was significantly found to be associated with lower respiratory tract infections and these children were found to be 2.68 times more susceptible to lower respiratory tract infections. Early diagnosis and prevention of anemia is thus important to reduce the incidence of lower respiratory tract infections in children.Nepalese Medical Journal. vol.1, No. 1, 2018, page: 5-8
17
Rubin, Lorry G., Nina Kohn, Susan Nullet, and Margaret Hill. "Reduction in Rate of Nosocomial Respiratory Virus Infections in a Children’s Hospital Associated With Enhanced Isolation Precautions." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 39, no. 2 (January 14, 2018): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2017.282.
Full textAbstract:
OBJECTIVETo determine whether the use of enhanced isolation precautions (droplet and contact precautions) for inpatients with respiratory tract viral infections is associated with a reduction in rate of nosocomial viral respiratory infections.DESIGNQuasi-experimental study with the rate of nosocomial respiratory virus infection as the primary dependent variable and rate of nosocomialClostridium difficileinfection as a nonequivalent dependent variable comparator.SETTINGCohen Children’s Medical Center of NY, a tertiary-care children’s hospital attached to a large general hospital.INTERVENTIONDuring years 1 and 2 (July 2012 through June 2014), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee’s recommended isolation precautions for inpatients with selected respiratory virus infections were in effect. Enhanced isolation precautions were in effect during years 3 and 4 (July, 2014 through June, 2016), except for influenza, for which enhanced precautions were in effect during year 4 only.RESULTSDuring the period of enhanced isolation precautions, the rate of nosocomial respiratory virus infections with any of 4 virus categories decreased 39% from 0.827 per 1,000 hospital days prior to enhanced precautions to 0.508 per 1,000 hospital days (P<.0013). Excluding rhinovirus/enterovirus infections, the rates decreased 58% from 0.317 per 1,000 hospital days to 0.134 per 1,000 hospital days during enhanced precautions (P<.0014). During these periods, no significant change was detected in the rate of nosocomialC. difficileinfection.CONCLUSIONSEnhanced isolation precautions for inpatients with respiratory virus infections were associated with a reduction in the rate of nosocomial respiratory virus infections.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2018;39:152–156
18
Coşkun, Ahmet Gökhan, Ayşegül Demircioğlu, Seran Temelli, and Ayşegül Eyigör. "Current status of major foodborne and waterborne viral infections and their prevention strategies." Food and Health 7, no. 3 (2021): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3153/fh21024.
Full textAbstract:
Advances in diagnostic techniques and their widespread use for infectious agents revealed the considerably high current prevalence of viral agents in foodborne and waterborne diseases. Foodborne and waterborne viruses are indicated to cause not only gastroenteritis and hepatitis but also neurological disorders, respiratory tract diseases, myocarditis, glomerulonephritis and hemorrhagic fever, with a particularly high mortality rate in infants/children and in individuals with immune deficiency. Additionally, due to their resistance to environmental conditions and food processes compared to other microorganisms, elimination of these viruses by heat and high pressure applications, natural antiviral compounds, UV applications and conventional cleaning-disinfection remains difficult even inadequate. In protection from viral infections, vaccine applications together with GMP, GHP and HACCP system approaches in production seem to be the most effective approaches to ensure the minimization of viruses in food environment and in public. In this review article, up-to-date information is presented on the general characteristics and the diseases caused by enterotropic viruses; NoV, AstV, RoV, AdV and hepatotropic viruses; HAV and HEV, with a particularly high worldwide prevalence, as well as their epidemiology, prevention and their control measures.
19
Al-Sadeeq, Hanadi, Zafer Algarni, Abdullah Alobaid, Abdullah Aloyaid, Mohammad Alotaibi, Abdulmalek Al-Qwizani, Abdulmohsen Al-Baqami, Zaid AlOmar, Hanan Alsohabi, and Shima Albather. "Otitis media among elderly: incidence, complication and prevention." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 3 (February 24, 2018): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20180419.
Full textAbstract:
Though often considered a disease of children, otitis media can affect the elderly. The incidence of otitis media among elderly population is variable among countries, but generally low, with a value ranging from 0.25-9%. However, dangerous complications may occur. Otitis media is a complex spectrum of diseases that include acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion, suppurative otitis media, and mastoiditis. Otitis media in elderly doesn’t feature the classical presentation in children. Elderly patients experience otalgia with or without hearing loss or signs of inflammation. Infection may spread to either to adjacent structures leading to mastoiditis, petrositis, labyrinthitis, or facial nerve palsy, or intracranially leading to meningitis, subarachnoid abscess, subdural abscess, encephalitis, brain abscess, lateral or sigmoid venous sinus thrombosis, and otitis hydrocephalus. The mainstay strategies for prevention of otitis media are the adequate proper treatment of each infection, and tight control of modifiable risk factors such as tobacco smoking, immunosuppression, upper respiratory tract infection, allergy, and craniofacial abnormalities. Antimicrobial treatment should be continued for at least 10-14 years.
20
Ahmad, Tarek A., Medhat Haroun, Ahmed A. Hussein, El Sayed H. El Ashry, and Laila H. El-Sayed. "Development of a new trend conjugate vaccine for the prevention of Klebsiella pneumoniae." Infectious Disease Reports 4, no. 1 (July 23, 2012): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/idr.2012.e33.
Full textAbstract:
<em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> is a major cause of nosocomial pneumonia, septicemia and urinary tract infections, especially in newborns, blood cancer patients, and other immunocompromised candidates. The control of <em>K. pneumoniae</em> is a complicated issue due to its tight pathogenesis. Immuno-prophylactic preparations, especially those directed toward the <em>bacterium</em> O-antigen, showed to be the most successful way to prevent the infection incidence. However, all previously proposed preparations were either of limited spectrum or non-maternal, and hence not targeting the main <em>Klebsiella</em> patients. Moreover, all preparations were directed only to prevent the respiratory diseases due to that pathogen. This article addresses the development of a method originally used to purify the non-capsular bacterial- endotoxins, as a new and easy method for vaccine production against <em>K. pneumoniae</em>. The application of this method was preceded by a biotechnological control of capsular polysaccharide production in <em>K. pneumoniae</em>. The new produced natural conjugate between the bacterial O-antigen and its outer membrane proteins was evaluated by physicochemical and immunological methods to investigate its purity, integrity, safety and immunogenicity. It showed to be pure, stable, safe for use, and able to elicit a protective immunoglobulin titer against different <em>Klebsiella</em> infections. This immune-response proved to be transferable to the offspring of the vaccinated experimental rabbits via placenta.
21
Kuklina, L. V., E. N. Kravchenko, M. A. Ozherelyeva, E. A. Zadorozhnaya, E. N. Vyzhlova, and I. I. Baranov. "Risk factors for acute respiratory viral infections in pregnant women. Effectiveness of preventive measures." Voprosy ginekologii, akušerstva i perinatologii 20, no. 3 (2021): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1726-1678-2021-3-85-91.
Full textAbstract:
Objective. To identify risk factors for acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) (influenza and novel coronavirus infection (NCI) COVID-19) in pregnant women and evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacological prevention. Patients and methods. During the first phase, 152 individual medical records of pregnant women were retrospectively studied: 102 women (the first main group) with acute respiratory viral infections and 50 pregnant women who had no acute respiratory viral infections (the control group). The second phase was a prospective comparative study: the second main group (n = 100) – pregnant women who received recombinant interferon α-2b (IFN-α2b) with vitamins E and C as preventive treatment; the comparison group (n = 100) – without preventive treatment. Results. Risk factors for the incidence of ARVI included anemia (χ2 = 0.003), obesity (χ2 = 0.026), cardiovascular diseases (χ2 = 0.060), diabetes mellitus (χ2 = 0.050), frequent ARVI in medical history (χ2 = 0.028), nicotine intoxication (χ2 = 0.008), urinary tract infections (χ2 < 0.001). The second phase: 10% of pregnant women who received preventive treatment had mild forms of influenza and NCI; 2% of women had a moderate form. In the second main group, 33% of pregnant women were sick (OR = 2.852, 95% CI = 1.354–6.005, χ2 = 0.005): 26% of women had a mild form, 6% of women had a moderate form and 1% of women had a severe form. In the second main group, threatened miscarriage (χ2 < 0.001), preterm birth (χ2 < 0.001), gestational pyelonephritis (χ2 = 0.006), placental insufficiency (χ2 < 0.001), pre-eclampsia (χ2 = 0.006), congenital anomalies of the fetus (χ2 = 0.017) and intrauterine infection (χ2 < 0.001) were more frequent. Conclusions. Among risk factors for ARVI during pregnancy were anemia, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and nicotine intoxication. Preventive treatment with recombinant IFNα-2b with vitamins E and C reduced the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections in pregnant women by 2.8 times and improved perinatal outcomes by 4.7 times. Key words: pregnancy, acute respiratory viral infections, prevention
22
Vidya Venkateswaran, Vinduja Vasudevan, Aradhana Karthikeyan, Vrithi Sundararaman, Ineya Madhavan, Samantha Prathab, Aakash John Peter, Nagasathiya Krishnan, Velmurugan Devadasan, and Pachaiappan Raman. "Traditional Indian plants as the source of compounds to treat a respiratory viral infection." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 446–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i1.4089.
Full textAbstract:
Since December 2019 world news broadcasted stories of a deadly disease caused by SARS CoV-19, which is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Coronaviruses (CoVs) and the associated severe acquired respiratory syndrome (SARS - CoV) are potential agents to infect the respiratory tract of humans and animals. Much scientific effort has been focused on the development of vaccine and medicines to protect future outbreaks. However, the chances to rapidly develop an effective vaccine are difficult now. Due to the sudden and explosive emergence of the disease, empirical strategies have been used to treat the patients. The increasing demand for natural products as an alternative therapy for pandemic viral diseases has encouraged research into the pharmacological importance of bioactive compounds from plants, especially Indian herbs. Ethnopharmacological studies have been extremely relevant to discover promising drugs for the treatment of viral diseases. This review is intended to focus on the traditionally practised Indian medicinal plants and bioactive compounds with anti-viral properties used for the treatment of respiratory associated viral infections and other retroviral infections. It may lead us to develop a broad spectrum of anti-viral for the prevention and control of these viral pathogens in the current situation.
23
Chan, Carty K. Y., Jun Tao, Olivia S. Chan, Hua-Bin Li, and Herbert Pang. "Preventing Respiratory Tract Infections by Synbiotic Interventions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials." Advances in Nutrition 11, no. 4 (January 29, 2020): 979–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa003.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Dysbiosis of the human gut microbiome has been linked to various health conditions, including respiratory tract infections (RTIs) through the gut–lung axis. Several trials have reported that synbiotic therapy could help prevent RTIs or relieve symptoms of some diseases. This meta-analysis comprehensively evaluates the clinical effects of synbiotic supplements for preventing RTIs. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched by keywords for eligible clinical trials until April 2019. Sixty-two studies were retrieved, and 16 studies were selected for meta-analysis. The primary outcomes were defined as the proportion of participants with RTIs at least once or the times of RTI episodes during follow-up based on the intention-to-treat approach. Overall, synbiotic interventions reduced the incidence rate of RTIs by 16% (95% CI: 4%, 27%) and the proportion of participants experiencing RTIs by 16% (95% CI: 5%, 26%). There was no significant evidence of publication bias. A subgroup analysis suggested more prominent effects of synbiotics among adults than infants and children for RTI prevention. The sensitivity analysis excluding trials with prebiotics or probiotics as controls was consistent with our primary analysis. This meta-analysis of clinical trials involving >10,000 individuals showed that synbiotic interventions could be an alternative nutrition strategy for conferring human health and preventing RTIs. Future investigations on the clinical efficacy and safety of synbiotic interventions are warranted with strain-specific and dose-specific approaches.
24
Lewnard, Joseph, Laura King, Katherine Fleming-Dutra, Ruth Link-Gelles, and Chris Van Beneden. "Vaccinating to Prevent Antibiotic Use: Potential Impact of a Group A Streptococcus Vaccine on Acute Respiratory Infections." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.1089.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes acute upper respiratory tract infections that are frequently treated with antibiotics. GAS vaccines in development may prevent both disease and outpatient antibiotic prescribing. We estimated (1) the incidences of GAS-attributable pharyngitis, sinusitis, and acute otitis media (AOM) infections in the United States; (2) the proportion of these infections resulting in antibiotic prescriptions; and (3) the incidence of infection and antibiotic prescribing potentially preventable by vaccination against GAS. Methods: We estimated annual rates of US outpatient visits and antibiotic prescriptions for pharyngitis, sinusitis, and AOM using physician office and emergency department visit data in the National Ambulatory Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 2012 to 2015. We supplemented this with visits to other outpatient settings (eg, urgent care) from the 2016 IBM MarketScan Commercial Database. We estimated the proportion of episodes attributable to GAS and to GAS emm types targeted by a 30-valent vaccine in development using data from previously conducted etiology studies. We estimated the incidence of disease and antibiotic prescribing preventable by a vaccine meeting the WHO 80% efficacy target for preventing noninvasive GAS disease, with doses administered during infancy and at age 4 years. We estimated the proportion of outpatient antibiotic prescribing preventable by vaccination by dividing estimates by total antibiotic dispensations, estimated from the IQVIA TM dataset. Results: Among individuals aged 0–64 years, GAS causes 27.3 (95% CI, 24.6–30.6) ambulatory care visits and 16.4 (95% CI, 14.5–18.6) outpatient antibiotic prescriptions per 1,000 population annually for pharyngitis, sinusitis, and AOM combined, representing 2.1% (95% CI, 1.8%–2.4%) of all outpatient antibiotic prescriptions. Among children aged 3–9 years, GAS-attributable incidence includes 124.4 (95% CI, 109.0–142.1) visits and 77.1 (95% CI, 65.7–90.6) antibiotic prescriptions per 1,000 population annually, representing 8.6% (95% CI, 7.3%–10.1%) of antibiotic prescriptions in this age group. Individual-level direct protection from a 30-valent vaccine meeting the WHO target could prevent 26.0% (95% CI, 24.0%–28.1%) of pharyngitis visits; 17.3% (95% CI, 15.5%–19.5%) of pharyngitis, sinusitis, and AOM visits; and 5.5% (95% CI, 4.7%–6.4%) of outpatient antibiotic prescriptions among children aged 3–9 years. If vaccination eliminated the need for antibiotic treatment of pharyngitis (for which GAS is the only etiology warranting antibiotic treatment), the total effects of vaccination could include the prevention of up to 17.2% (95% CI, 15.0%–19.6%) and 6.8% (95% CI, 6.3%–7.3%) of antibiotic prescriptions among persons 3–9 years and 0–64 years of age, respectively. Conclusions: In addition to preventing infections and healthcare visits, an efficacious GAS vaccine could prevent a substantial volume of outpatient antibiotic prescribing in the United States.Funding: This work was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Disclosures: Laura M. King is a contractor employed by Northrop Grumman Corporation to fulfill research needs at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as part of a contract covering many positions and tasks. All other authors declare no conflicts.
25
Smith, Bradford P., John K. House, K. Gary Magdesian, Spencer S. Jang, Raymond L. Cabral, John E. Madigan, and William F. Herthel. "Principles of an infectious disease control program for preventing nosocomial gastrointestinal and respiratory tract diseases in large animal veterinary hospitals." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 225, no. 8 (October 2004): 1186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.1186.
Full text
26
Neu, Natalie, MariCris Nee, Joseph Savitt, Laura Schneider Connelly, JieSue Choi, and Linda Mosiello. "COVID-19 in Pediatric Long-Term Care: How Infection Control and Prevention Practices Minimized the Impact of the Pandemic on Healthcare Providers and Residents." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 9, no. 5 (October 10, 2020): 626–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piaa122.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Children in pediatric long-term care (LTC) facilities are commonly infected with respiratory tract viruses as they have many high-risk co-morbidities and require significant interactions with the healthcare team. From previous studies, we know that infected staff can often be the source of transmission of infection to the children. If instituted quickly, infection control practices can help mitigate the spread of infection. We will describe how Sunshine Children’s Home and Rehabilitation Center responded to federal and state infection control and prevention mandates in LTC for COVID-19. We will report our practice changes, staff and resident screening, and testing results as well as outcomes of the COVID-19-infected cases. The outcomes for COVID-19 infection among pediatric LTC staff and residents are in stark contrast to the data available for the adult providers and residents in adult nursing homes. Implementation and change in infection control practices and procedures resulted in much fewer cases of COVID-19 infection in our pediatric LTC residents.
27
Malanicheva, Tatyana G., Nelli V. Ziatdinova, and Guzel S. Gataullina. "Efficiency of elimination-irrigation therapy in children with allergic rhinitis and recurrent respiratory." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-1-93-98.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. Despite new diagnostic methods contributing to an understanding of the etiopathogenesis of acute respiratory tract diseases and a variety of drugs for effective therapy, respiratory tract diseases continue to stand first in the overall morbidity profile in both children and adults. Frequently ill children are most susceptible to diseases, especially at the age of 3 to 6 years old, which accounts for up to 75% of all acute respiratory infection cases and shows no positive response to the medical-preventive activities. The article discusses the relationship between allergic rhinitis and recurrent respiratory diseases.Materials and methods. The possibility and effectiveness of complex treatment of allergic rhinitis in 65 frequently ill children aged 3 to 12 years are considered. The main group consisted of 35 children who were included in the traditional anti-allergic therapy with an isotonic solution of sea salt in an age-related dose for 10 days. The comparison group consisted of 30 children who received only traditional anti-allergic therapy, which was comparable in the compared groups. Patients underwent in-depth clinical and specific allergological examinations, as well as assessment of atopic response parameters of mucosal immunity, including determination of eosinophil levels, side, and Il-4 concentrations in nasal secretions.Results. Thus, the 12-month follow-up control over children with AR showed that the annual frequency of ARIs in the treatment group decreased by 1.4 times and, when averaged, was 5.2 cases, while in the comparison group it was 7.3 cases p < 0.05.Conclusions. In children with recurrent respiratory diseases, suffering from allergic rhinitis, the complex anti-allergic therapy, with the inclusion of elimination and irrigation therapy with a preparation based on isotonic sea salt solution, led to a decrease activity of markers of allergic inflammation in the nasal mucosa, which is confirmed by a decrease in the level of eosinophils, secretory IgE and IL-4 in nasal secretions against the background of a decrease in the frequency of acute respiratory diseases during follow-up for a year.
28
K.C., Mahesh, Shristi Ghimire, Namita Bhattarai, and Santosh Dhakal. "Coronaviruses in animals and humans, COVID-19 pandemic and one health approach." Applied Science and Technology Annals 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/asta.v1i1.30305.
Full textAbstract:
Coronaviruses can infect several animal species including cattle, pigs, dogs, and cats resulting in diseases related to respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. In humans, coronaviruses generally cause mild to moderate illnesses of the respiratory tract. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which emerged during 2002/03 and 2012/13 respectively, caused severe respiratory illnesses in humans. In December 2019, a novel respiratory coronavirus, SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged from Wuhan, China and caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Owing to the rapid spread of this virus, World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 outbreak as a global pandemic, which claimed over 300,000 lives by 16th May 2020. Data available so far indicate that COVID-19-associated severe illnesses, hospitalizations and deaths are more common in elderly above 65 years of age; in men; and in individuals with underlying health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes. SARS-CoV-2 is considered to be emerged from bats and likely involved certain, yet to be identified, intermediate animal host. Prevention and control of ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and possible disease outbreaks in the future by other emerging and reemerging pathogens, requires efficient implementation of one health strategy that utilizes the expertise of human, animal and environmental health sectors.
29
Furushima, Daisuke, Takuma Nishimura, Norikata Takuma, Ryo Iketani, Tomohito Mizuno, Yuji Matsui, Tohru Yamaguchi, et al. "Prevention of Acute Upper Respiratory Infections by Consumption of Catechins in Healthcare Workers: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial." Nutrients 12, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010004.
Full textAbstract:
Catechins, phytochemicals contained mainly in green tea, exhibit antiviral activity against various acute infectious diseases experimentally. Clinical evidence supporting these effects, however, is not conclusive. We performed a placebo-controlled, single-blind, randomized control trial to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of consumption of catechins-containing beverage for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). Two hundred and seventy healthcare workers were randomly allocated to high-catechin (three daily doses of 57 mg catechins and 100 mg xanthan gum), low-catechin (one daily dose of 57 mg catechins and 100 mg xanthan gum), or placebo (0 mg catechins and 100 mg xanthan gum) group. Subjects consumed a beverage with or without catechins for 12 weeks from December 2017 through February 2018. The primary endpoint was incidence of URTIs compared among groups using a time-to-event analysis. A total of 255 subjects were analyzed (placebo group n = 86, low-catechin group n = 85, high catechin group n = 84). The URTI incidence rate was 26.7% in the placebo group, 28.2% in the low-catechin group, and 13.1% in the high-catechin group (log rank test, p = 0.042). The hazard ratio (95% confidence interval (CI)) with reference to the placebo group was 1.09 (0.61–1.92) in the low-catechin group and 0.46 (0.23–0.95) in the high-catechin group. These findings suggest that catechins combined with xanthan gum protect against URTIs.
30
Gil Cuesta, Julita, Joris Adriaan Frank van Loenhout, Maria Lourdes de Lara Banquesio, Masniza Mustaffa, and Debarati Guha-Sapir. "Medical Consultations After Typhoon Haiyan in a Field Hospital in the Philippines." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 14, no. 1 (November 4, 2019): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2019.99.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTIntroduction and Objectives:Typhoon Haiyan partially destroyed the Ormoc District Hospital in the Philippines. A field hospital was established to replace its outpatient department for 5 weeks. We investigated the reasons for medical consultation in the field hospital.Methods:We described the consultations by sex, age, week, and diagnosis according to the Surveillance in Post-Extreme Emergencies and Disasters system. We compared the number and proportion of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) with a control season in 2014.Results:We included 6785 consultations, 55.9% from women. The majority of consultations were communicable diseases (88.2%) followed by noncommunicable (7.1%) and injuries (5.6%). Males suffered more often from injuries than women (66.0% vs 34.0%). Consultations due to injuries decreased from 10.0% in the first to 2.9% in the last week. The most frequent diagnosis over the study period was acute respiratory infections (ARIs) (73.1%), of which 83.0% were children. The number of daily URTIs was higher than in a similar 2014 period.Conclusions:ARI was the most prevalent diagnosis. We recommend ARI treatments being fully accessible after such a disaster. During the first week, injury prevention should focus on adult men. Studies after natural disasters should include control periods to better understand disease distribution, ultimately improving the prioritization in disasters.
31
Kostinov, M. P., A. M. Poddubikova, O. O. Magarshak, and A. V. Poddubikov. "Application of bacterial therapeutic vaccine Immunovac-VP4 in the treatment of pollinosis." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 90, no. 3 (March 15, 2018): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/terarkh201890316-20.
Full textAbstract:
In-depth study of the function and structure of the lymphoid tissue of the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract opens wide opportunities for the use of mucosal vaccines to improve immunity to various infectious agents. One such drug is The immunovac-VP4 vaccine containing pathogen-associated molecular structures (PAMSs) of microorganisms. They are the antigens of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus. Discovered in many studies and experiments, the ability of the vaccine to induce innate immunity provides opportunities for prevention and treatment of both infections and allergic diseases, because it promotes the switching of Th2 immune response to Th1. The aim of the study was to study the effectiveness of the complex use of bacterial therapeutic vaccine Immunovac-VP4 and allergen-specific immune therapy (ASIT) in pollinosis in children and adults. Materials and methods. Bacterial therapeutic vaccine Immunovac-VP4 was used annually, nasal and oral administration in patients before the course of ASIT standardized aqueous-salt solutions of allergens. Results. The therapeutic application of bacterial vaccines, Immunoac-ВП4 before the course ASIT has helped to reduce the frequency of acute respiratory infections in 8,5 times in comparison with the control group. Clinical efficacy of complex treatment according to the results of the survey of patients in 7 years after the start of therapy was 90%. There was a significant decrease In IgG4 to causally significant allergens, General immnunoglobulin E (IgE) and a tendency to decrease IgE. Conclusion. The use of bacterial therapeutic vaccine Immunovac-VP4, which is a natural ligand of toll-like receptors in combination with ASIT, seems to be an effective and promising direction in the treatment of allergic diseases.
32
Novak, Andrey A., and Yuriy L. Mizernitskiy. "Primary ciliary dyskinesia: state of the problem and prospects." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2021-1-276-285.
Full textAbstract:
This review article provides an up-to-date understanding of primary ciliary dyskinesia (immotile-cilia syndrome) and its particular variant, Cartagener syndrome, a genetically determined pathology leading to chronic inflammatory lesions of the respiratory tract, hearing organs, and impaired fertile function. This orphan disease is not well known to the general medical community. Primary ciliary dyskinesia is a rare hereditary disease of the group of ciliopathies that is based on a genetically determined defect in the ultrastructure of the cilia of the respiratory tract epithelium and similar structures, leading to impaired motor function. Various step-by-step algorithms have been proposed to verify the diagnosis, the obligatory components of which are assessment of the motor ability of the cilia of the atopic epithelium, nasal nitric oxide (nNO) level, electron microscopic examination of a bronchial mucosal biopsy specimen, and genetic examination. There is no gold standard for diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Diagnostic search in patients should be complex and consist of certain stages. Currently, therapeutic strategies for primary ciliary dyskinesia are based on approved clinical guidelines. In many countries, the therapy of patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia is based on treatment protocols for patients with cystic fibrosis, despite the obvious differences in these diseases. The main goal of therapy is adequate airway clearance, control and prevention of infectious diseases, and elimination of potential airway exposure to various types of pollutants, including tobacco smoke. The article describes the clinic, characteristic symptoms of the disease, its prevalence and genetic aspects, discusses the problems of diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and monitoring of these children, as well as the need for a national register of patients with this pathology.
33
Rial, A., D. Lens, L. Betancor, H. Benkiel, J. S. Silva, and J. A. Chabalgoity. "Intranasal Immunization with a Colloid-Formulated Bacterial Extract Induces an Acute Inflammatory Response in the Lungs and Elicits Specific Immune Responses." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 5 (May 2004): 2679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.5.2679-2688.2004.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Nonspecific stimulation of lung defenses by repeated oral administration of immunomodulators, such as bacterial extracts, has shown potential for the prevention of respiratory tract infections. Here, we show that intranasal (i.n.) immunization with a bacterial extract formulated as a colloid induces an acute inflammatory response in the lungs characterized by increased production of CCL and CXCL chemokines and a major influx of dendritic cells (DCs) and neutrophils, with a higher proportion of DCs showing an activated phenotype (high CD80/CD86 expression). Cytokine levels measured in bronchoalveolar-lavage samples showed a small increase in the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and similar levels of the other cytokines measured (interleukin 10 [IL-10], IL-12, and gamma interferon [IFN-γ]) in immunized mice compared with control mice. However, the recall response of primed animals after antigenic challenge induced increased expression of IL-12 and IFN-γ mRNAs in lung homogenates. Overall, all these effects were not due to the lipopolysaccharide content in the bacterial extract. Furthermore, we found that three i.n. doses administered 2 to 3 weeks apart were enough to elicit long-lasting specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and secretory IgA antibody responses. Assessment of IgG subclasses showed a balanced pattern of IgG1-IgG2a responses. The serum total IgE concentrations were also elevated in immunized mice 2 weeks after the third dose, but they significantly decreased soon afterwards. Our results suggest that simple formulations of bacterial extracts administered i.n. are highly immunogenic, eliciting local and systemic immune responses, and may serve as the basis for cost-effective immunotherapies for the prevention and treatment of respiratory infections.
34
Weber, David J., Emily E. Sickbert-Bennett, Vickie Brown, and William A. Rutala. "Comparison of Hospitalwide Surveillance and Targeted Intensive Care Unit Surveillance of Healthcare-Associated Infections." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 28, no. 12 (December 2007): 1361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/523868.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives.To assess the surveillance coverage obtained with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-recommended surveillance of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), which is focused on intensive care units (ICUs) and emphasizes device-related infections (ie, those associated with central venous catheters, ventilators, and/or urinary catheters), compared with the surveillance coverage achieved by comprehensive hospitalwide surveillance. In addition, we assessed whether the infection rates in step-down units more resemble those in wards or ICUs.Methods.Review of prospectively obtained, comprehensive hospitalwide surveillance data from 2004 through 2005 for an acute care tertiary care hospital with approximately 700 beds. Surveillance data was obtained by trained infection control professionals using standard CDC criteria for HAIs.Results.CDC-recommended ICU surveillance for catheter-related bloodstream infection (BSI) and ventilator-associated pneumonia would have detected only 87 (21.4%) of 407 catheter-related BSIs and only 66 (37.9%) of 174 respiratory tract infections that occurred in the medical and surgical services. Only 31 (34.8%) of 89 infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and 7 (31.8%) of 22 infections caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus occurred in our adult ICUs.Conclusions.Rates of HAIs were highest in the ICUs, intermediate in step-down units, and lowest in the wards. The rates of infections in the step-down units were more similar to those in the wards than to those in the ICUs. To prevent HAIs, more comprehensive surveillance may be indicated.
35
Thompson, Nicola, Nimalie Stone, Cedric Brown, Taniece Eure, Austin Penna, Grant Barney BS, Devra Barter MS, et al. "Prevalence and Epidemiology of Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI) in US Nursing Homes (NH), 2017." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s45—s46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.528.
Full textAbstract:
Background: With an aging population, increasingly complex care, and frequent re-admissions, prevention of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in nursing homes (NHs) is a federal priority. However, few contemporary sources of HAI data exist to inform surveillance, prevention, and policy. Prevalence surveys (PSs) are an efficient approach to generating data to measure the burden and describe the types of HAI. In 2017, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) performed its first large-scale HAI PS through the Emerging Infections Program (EIP) to measure the prevalence and describe the epidemiology of HAI in NH residents. Methods: NHs from several states (CA, CO, CT, GA, MD, MN, NM, NY, OR, & TN) were randomly selected and asked to participate in a 1-day HAI PS between April and October 2017; participation was voluntary. EIP staff reviewed available medical records for NH residents present on the survey date to collect demographic and basic clinical information and infection signs and symptoms. HAIs with onset on or after NH day 3 were identified using revised McGeer infection definitions applied to data collected by EIP staff and were reported to the CDC through a web-based system. Data were reviewed by CDC staff for potential errors and to validate HAI classifications prior to analysis. HAI prevalence, number of residents with >1 HAI per number of surveyed residents ×100, and 95% CIs were calculated overall (pooled mean) and for selected resident characteristics. Data were analyzed using SAS v9.4 software. Results: Among 15,296 residents in 161 NHs, 358 residents with 375 HAIs were identified. The most common HAI sites were skin (32%), respiratory tract (29%), and urinary tract (20%). Cellulitis, soft-tissue or wound infection, symptomatic UTI, and cold or pharyngitis were the most common individual HAIs (Fig. 1). Overall HAI prevalence was 2.3 per 100 residents (95% CI, 2.1–2.6); at the NH level, the median HAI prevalence was 1.8 and ranged from 0 to 14.3 (interquartile range, 0–3.1). At the resident level (Fig. 2), HAI prevalence was significantly higher in persons admitted for postacute care with diabetes, with a pressure ulcer, receiving wound care, or with a device. Conclusions: In this large-scale survey, 1 in 43 NH residents had an HAI on a given day. Three HAI types comprised >80% of infections. In addition to identifying characteristics that place residents at higher risk for HAIs, these findings provide important data on HAI epidemiology in NHs that can be used to expand HAI surveillance and inform prevention policies and practices.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
36
Vavilova, V. P., A. M. Vavilov, N. K. Perevoshchikova, and S. A. Tsarkova. "Evaluation of the preventive efficacy of recombinant interferon α-2b in ambulance personnel contacting with COVID-19 patients." Infekcionnye bolezni 18, no. 4 (2020): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1729-9225-2020-4-33-41.
Full textAbstract:
Against the background of the unfavorable situation with COVID-19, the problem of sufficient medical personnel protection when delivering professional medical care in epidemiological foci remains relevant these days. Medical personnel who are in constant contact with COVID-19 patients are subjected to a strong viral load and are at risk of infection development. In this regard, adequate disease preventive measures, in addition to personal protective equipment (PPE), should include the prescription of medications with pronounced antiviral and immunomodulatory activity. Objective. Evaluation of the preventive efficacy of the combined use of VIFERON®, rectal suppositories 1 000 000 IU together with VIFERON®, ointment 40 000 IU/g or gel 36 000 IU/g in ambulance personnel contacting with COVID-19 patients. Patients and methods. Patient groups were as follows: the first main group – 100 people used personal protective equipment (PPE) and VIFERON®, rectal suppositories (IFN a-2b) 1 000 000 IU before each work shift (10 shifts) + intranasal ointment or gel IFN a-2b during one month; the second control group – 50 people (for the prevention of SARS, PPE is used). The assessment of the content of sIgA in the nasal secretion was carried out by the method of radial immunodiffusion according to Mancini G. (1965), the study of lysozyme activity – according to the method of Dorofeychuk V.G. (1968). Determination of reactive and personal anxiety was carried out according to Spielberger–Hanin (Spielberger Ch.D., 1973; Hanin Yu.L., 1976), depression was determined according to the Zung Scale (Zung W., 1965). Statistical analysis of the results was conducted using the STATISTICA v. 12.0 software package (StatSoft Inc, USA). Results. The research studied the preventive efficacy of the combined use of recombinant interferon α-2b with antioxidants (VIFERON®), rectal suppositories, ointment and gel in medical forms in different dosages for medical workers contacting with COVID-19 patients. The studies included observation of humoral immunity indicator factors and nonspecific resistance – secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and lysozyme. In addition, a complex of studies to determine the degree of psycho-emotional disorders in medical personnel contacting with patients suffering from COVID-19 was conducted. The conducted research proved the high efficiency and safety of the use of combined dosages forms of VIFERON® as a preventive measure for medical workers who are at high risk of infection with COVID-19: a significant increase in local immunity indicators, absence of severe complications in confirmed cases of coronavirus infection and improvement of the psycho-emotional status of medical staff were shown. Conclusions. IFN a-2b in the main group has contributed to a significant decrease in the number of acute respiratory viral infections, including those caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Only one employee in the main group has undergone SARS of COVID etiology. IFN a-2b provides a protection against the development of a complicated course of the disease. Pneumonia of COVID etiology has developed in 2 medical workers in the control group. There has been a significant increase in the indicators of local immunity of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract – lysozyme and sIgA against the background of IFN a-2b. In the main group, the psychological state of medical workers has improved; situational and personal anxiety has decreased. The combined administration of VIFERON® (ointment or gel + rectal suppositories) may be recommended for widespread use among medical personnel contacting with COVID-19 patients. Key words: depression, interferon-α2b with antioxidants, interferon therapy, lysozyme, medical personnel, local immunity, psycho-emotional status, anxiety, prevention, epidemiology, COVID-19, sIgA
37
Bande, Faruku, Siti Suri Arshad, Abdul Rahman Omar, Mohd Hair Bejo, Muhammad Salisu Abubakar, and Yusuf Abba. "Pathogenesis and Diagnostic Approaches of Avian Infectious Bronchitis." Advances in Virology 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4621659.
Full textAbstract:
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is one of the major economically important poultry diseases distributed worldwide. It is caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and affects both galliform and nongalliform birds. Its economic impact includes decreased egg production and poor egg quality in layers, stunted growth, poor carcass weight, and mortality in broiler chickens. Although primarily affecting the respiratory tract, IBV demonstrates a wide range of tissues tropism, including the renal and reproductive systems. Thus, disease outcome may be influenced by the organ or tissue involved as well as pathotypes or strain of the infecting virus. Knowledge on the epidemiology of the prevalent IBV strains in a particular region is therefore important to guide control and preventions. Meanwhile previous diagnostic methods such as serology and virus isolations are less sensitive and time consuming, respectively; current methods, such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), and sequencing, offer highly sensitive, rapid, and accurate diagnostic results, thus enabling the genotyping of new viral strains within the shortest possible time. This review discusses aspects on pathogenesis and diagnostic methods for IBV infection.
38
Korotenko, O. Yu, N. I. Panev, Yu S. Korchagina, R. N. Panev, and I. P. Danilov. "Formation of pathology of internal organs in miners with vibration disease." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 6 (July 10, 2020): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2020-60-6-399-403.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. Adverse working conditions can contribute to the development of not only occupational pathology, but also diseases with complex multifactorial etiology, such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, disorders of the musculoskeletal system, chronic non-specifi c respiratory diseases, as well as the formation of combined pathology, which worsens the course of these diseases and leads to the development of complications.The aim of the study is to study the manifestations of somatic pathology in coal industry workers with vibration disease.Materials and methods. We examined 144 coal mine workers with vibration disease caused by local vibration, and 161 control group miners who have been working in contact with local vibration for a long time (15 years or more) and do not have professional pathology.It was found that employees of coal mines with vibration disease more often (70,8%) than workers of the control group (27,3%) (p<0,001), there is a pathology of internal organs: diseases of the cardiovascular system (mainly arterial hypertension), diseases of the digestive system (functional disorders of the biliary tract and non-alcoholic fatt y liver disease), kidney diseases (mainly chronic pyelonephritis), as well as a combination of these diseases. With a more severe course of vibration disease (II degree), pathology of internal organs is more common (81.2%) than in patients with vibration disease of I degree (46.5%) (p<0.001). Conclusions. In miners with vibration disease, more oft en than in the control group, there is a pathology of internal organs: the cardiovascular system, digestive organs, kidneys, as well as a combination of several somatic diseases. In individuals with grade II vibration disease, internal organ pathology is more common than in patients with grade I vibration disease. Th e results obtained should be considered when developing treatment and rehabilitation measures for medical examinations and conducting preventive medical examinations of coal industry workers.
39
Hu, Jianhe, Halyna Rebenko, and Jingjing Zhang. "Research Advances in African Swine Fever Virus (minireview)." Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Veterinary Medicine, no. 4 (47) (December 24, 2019): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32845/bsnau.vet.2019.4.2.
Full textAbstract:
African swine fever remains one of most economically threatened diseases that has been hurting to the swine industry in Ukraine since 2014 and in China since 2018. African swine fever is an acute, highly lethal infectious disease caused by African swine fever virus, which has occurred and spread in many countries around the world, causing a catastrophic blow to the swine industry in the affected countries. ASFV is characterized of large genome, encoding 150-200 proteins, including variety of immunoregulatory proteins, which can resist immunity. African swine fever virus mainly enters pigs through the respiratory and digestive tract. The target cells infected are mainly mononuclear-macrophages, and the receptor is still unclear. Research on the development of diagnostic techniques and tests related to African swine fever are continuing and their proper using is crucial. There are many studies on African swine fever virus vaccines, including inactivated vaccines, attenuated vaccines, subunit vaccines and genetic vaccines. But so far these vaccines have not been able to protect domestic pigs from African swine fever virus infection. The article mainly reviews the researches of ASF virus, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic techniques and attempts to vaccine`s develop, that provides theoretical basis for the prevention and control of ASF.
40
Semenov, V. G., A. V. Uspeshnyi, L. P. Gladkih, A. S. Tikhonov, and D. A. Nikitin. "ACTIVATION OF ADAPTOGENESIS AND STIMULATION OF GROWTH OF PIGLETS-DETACHMENTS BY TRANSPORT STRESS IMMUNOPROPHYLACTICS." Scientific Notes Kazan Bauman State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 246, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.31588/2413-4201-1883-246-2-197-201.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this work is to realize the adaptive and productive potential of pigs with immunoprophylaxis of transport stress. Analysis of the morbidity and preservation of young pigs for the periods of growth and fattening found that immunotropic preparations PigStim-C and PigStim-M reduce morbidity, reduce recovery time and increase the effectiveness of therapeutic measures. Against the background of immunoprophylaxis, the incidence of pigs during the growth and fattening periods decreased by 4-5 %, the recovery time was reduced by 0.9-1.7 days, and the safety of pigs increased to 99 %, at 97 % in the control group. A more pronounced positive effect of the application of PigStim-C to diseases characterized by respiratory damage was revealed, and PigStim-M – the gastrointestinal tract. Prevention of transport stress by immunotropic preparations PigStim-C and PigStim-M contributed to an increase in live weight of pigs at the end of the growth period by 1.61 and 1.23 kg, respectively, more than control values, and by the end of the fattening period by 2.55 and 3.17 kg. A similar pattern was revealed in the dynamics of average daily increases in live mass. The average daily increases in the live weight of piglets against the background of the use of preparations of the PigStim series during the growth period were higher by 24.6-32.3 g, during the fattening period by 9.4-19.4 g, and on average for the growth and fattening periods by 17.0-21.2 g.
41
Silva, Cláudia V., Vanda D. Magalhães, Crésio R. Pereira, Julia Y. Kawagoe, Chizue Ikura, and Arnaldo J. Ganc. "Pseudo-Outbreak ofPseudomonas aeruginosaandSerratia marcescensRelated to Bronchoscopes." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 24, no. 3 (March 2003): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502195.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractObjective:To investigate an apparent outbreak involving simultaneous isolation ofPseudomonas aeruginosaandSerratia marcescensfrom bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples.Design:Retrospective and prospective cohort studies using chart review, environmental sampling, and ribotyping of all available isolates. Cleaning and disinfection procedures for the bronchoscopes were also evaluated.Setting:A 380-bed private hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil.Patients:Forty-one patients who underwent bronchoscopic procedures between December 1994 and October 1996 and from whomP. aeruginosaandS. marcescenswere concomitantly isolated. Bronchoscopes and related items were microbiologically assessed.Results:P. aeruginosaand S.marcescenswere simultaneously isolated from BAL samples 12.6% of the time (41 of 324) during the epidemic period versus 1.8% of the time (1 of 54) in the pre-epidemic period (P= .035). Ribotyping revealed two strains ofP. aeruginosaand one of S.marcescensthat were isolated from BAL samples of patients with no signs of respiratory tract infection, suggesting a pseudo-outbreak. Evaluation of bronchoscope disinfection revealed that inappropriate methods were being used. Implementation of simple control measures resulted in a significant decrease in simultaneous isolation of these species.Conclusion:Prevention of pseudo-outbreaks requires meticulous use of preventive measures for infection-prone medical procedures.
42
Kruchko, T. O., O. Ya Tkachenko, V. V. Sherbak, I. O. Kolenko, and L. M. Bubyr. "The current state of the problem with the diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis in pediatric practice." CHILD`S HEALTH 16, no. 5 (September 16, 2021): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0551.16.5.2021.239718.
Full textAbstract:
Among all allergic diseases in pediatric practice, allergic rhinitis is one of the most common pathologies of the upper respiratory tract. This review deals with the problem of modern principles for the diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis in children based on the analysis of literature sources using electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, MedLine, the Cochrane Library. Allergic rhinitis is an important medical and social problem of our time the importance of which has increased significantly in recent years. The growing number of people sensitized to pollen, the variety of symptoms and the negative impact on the quality of life of patients make pollen allergy one of the major problems in pediatrics. Despite the development of international national protocols and clinical guidelines, in many countries the control of allergic rhinitis in children remains insufficient. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of patients, pay attention to both nasal and extranasal symptoms, consider all pathognomonic diagnostic aspects, because the underdiagnosis of this allergic disease leads to inadequate therapy, complications, more severe atopy and reduced quality of children’s life in general. Recently, there is growing evidence of the need for personalized selection of the most effective therapy for allergic rhinitis in children. In-depth study of the pathogenetic role of circadian molecular clock in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis using informative molecular genetic methods may allow characterizing in detail the mechanism of regulation of allergic inflammation of the upper airway mucosa and evaluating the role of circadian genes in the development of allergic diseases, in particular allergic rhinitis. In the future, these studies may become an alternative to improve control over the course of allergy and the organization of a comprehensive monitoring system, development of new strategies for the treatment and prevention of allergic rhinitis in children.
43
Wang, Zhigang, Xueting Cai, Zhonghua Pang, Dawei Wang, Juan Ye, Kelei Su, Xiaoyan Sun, Jing Li, Peng Cao, and Chunping Hu. "Yupingfeng Pulvis Regulates the Balance of T Cell Subsets in Asthma Mice." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6916353.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Yupingfeng Pulvis (HFBP) had played an active role in many diseases, especially respiratory tract infections. Exploring the possible prevention mechanism of HFBP may provide new ideas in clinical applications for this well-known herbal formula.Purpose. To study the possible mechanisms of therapy effect of HFBP on asthma mice via regulating the balance of Tregs and Th17 cells.Method. The female BALB/c mice were divided into five groups: control group, model group, prednisone (5.5 mg/kg) group, and 22 g/kg HFBP and 44 g/kg HFBP groups. Ovalbumin was used to make the asthma model of mice; the drug was ig administered daily after atomization for consecutive 15 d. The mice were killed after the last administration. The paraffin-embedded tissue sections of the lungs were stained by H&E. Tregs and Th17 cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were detected by flow cytometry. IL-4, TGF-β, and TNF-αin the serum were detected by ELISA assay.Results. HFBP could alleviate the inflammation in the lung tissue of mice, decrease the proportion of Th17 cells, and increase the proportion of Treg cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. HFBP could decrease IL-4 and TNF-αlevel and increase TGF-βlevel in blood.Conclusion. HFBP could treat the asthma through impacting the balance of Th17 cells and Treg cells as well as the levels of related inflammatory cytokines in asthma mice.
44
Allaw, Fatima, Nada Kara Zahreddine, Ahmad Ibrahim, Joseph Tannous, Hussein Taleb, Abdul Rahman Bizri, Ghassan Dbaibo, and Souha S. Kanj. "First Candida auris Outbreak during a COVID-19 Pandemic in a Tertiary-Care Center in Lebanon." Pathogens 10, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020157.
Full textAbstract:
Candida auris is an emerging fungal pathogen considered as a global health threat. Recently there has been growing concern regarding drug resistance, difficulty in identification, as well as problems with eradication. Although outbreaks have been reported throughout the globe including from several Arab countries, there were no previous reports from Lebanon. We herein report the first cases of C. auris infection from the American University of Beirut Medical Center, a tertiary care center in Lebanon describing the clinical features of the affected patients in addition to the infection control investigation and applied interventions to control the outbreak. Fourteen patients with C. auris infection/colonization identified using MALDI-TOF and VITEK 2- Compact system were reported over a period of 13 weeks. Patients were admitted to four separate critical care units. All of them came through the emergency room and had comorbid conditions. Half of the patients were infected with COVID-19 prior to isolation of the C. auris. C. auris was isolated from blood (two isolates), urine (three isolates), respiratory tract (10 isolates) and skin (one isolate). All the patients had received broad spectrum antibiotics prior to isolation of C. auris. Six patients received antifungal treatment, while the remaining eight patients were considered colonized. Environmental cultures were taken from all four units and failed to isolate the organism from any cultured surfaces. A series of interventions were initiated by the Infection Prevention and Control team to contain the outbreak. Rapid detection and reporting of cases are essential to prevent further hospital transmission. A national standardized infection control registry needs to be established to identify widespread colonization.
45
Kamp-Hopmans, Titia E. M., Hetty E. M. Blok, Annet Troelstra, Ada C. M. Gigengack-Baars, Annemarie J. L. Weersink, Christina M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, Jan Verhoef, and Ellen M. Mascini. "Surveillance for Hospital-Acquired Infections on Surgical Wards in a Dutch University Hospital." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 24, no. 8 (August 2003): 584–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502258.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractObjectives:To determine incidence rates of hospital-acquired infections and to develop preventive measures to reduce the risk of hospital-acquired infections.Methods:Prospective surveillance for hospital-acquired infections was performed during a 5-year period in the wards housing general and vascular, thoracic, orthopedic, and general gynecologic and gynecologic-oncologic surgery of the University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands. Data were collected from patients with and without infections, using criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Results:The infection control team recorded 648 hospital-acquired infections affecting 550 (14%) of 3,845 patients. The incidence density was 17.8 per 1,000 patient-days. Patients with hospital-acquired infections were hospitalized for 19.8 days versus 7.7 days for patients without hospital-acquired infections.Prolongation of stay among patients with hospital-acquired infections may have resulted in 664 fewer admissions due to unavailable beds. Different specialties were associated with different infection rates at different sites, requiring a tailor-made approach. Interventions were recommended for respiratory tract infections in the thoracic surgery ward and for surgical-site infections in the orthopedic and gynecologic surgery wards.Conclusions:Surveillance in four surgical wards showed that each had its own prominent infection, risk factors, and indications for specific recommendations. Because prospective surveillance requires extensive resources, we considered a modified approach based on a half-yearly point-prevalence survey of hospital-acquired infections in all wards of our hospital. Such surveillance can be extended with procedure-specific prospective surveillance when indicated.
46
Tanure, Luciana, Rafaela Pinho, Mayra de Oliveira, Daniela Ribeiro, Jose A. Ferreira, Braulio Couto, and Carlos Starling. "Hospital Infections by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: Results in Five Years of Multicentric Study." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s250—s251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.811.
Full textAbstract:
Background:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging pathogen responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates. Hospital infections caused by this bacteria, especially in intensive care centers, are concerning for the health system, given that the microorganism is multidrug resistant to most antimicrobials available. Objective: Therefore, the present study is built from an analysis of the variables related to nosocomial infections caused by S. maltophilia in hospitals in Brazil, to display points of major concern. Methods: We used the data collected by the Infection Prevention and Control Service to clarify the incidence rate of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Brazilian hospitals as well as the gross lethality of these infections and the profiles of infected patients. We collected and analyzed epidemiological data from 10 hospitals in Brazil for the period July 2014 to June 2019 according to the CDC NHSN protocol. Results: In 5 years, 93 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections were diagnosed in the hospitals analyzed. Overall, 61 occurred in men (66%) and 32 occurred in women (34%). Furthermore, 47 cases (51%) occurred in adult ICUs; 19 cases (20%) followed zascular surgery; 9 (10%) cases occurred in the neonatal ICU; 7 (8%) cases were from the medical clinic; and 11 (12%) were from other clinics. The incidence rate was 1.2 cases for 10,000 hospitalizations, ranging from 0.0 to 2.8 (Fig. 1). Patients’ ages ranged from 0 to 90 years, with a mean of 55 years (SD, 26 years) and a median of 64 years. Time between admission and diagnosis of infection was 1 to 102 days, with a mean of 24 days (SD, 21 days) and a median of 17 days. The gross lethality for S. maltophilia infection was 43 of 93 (46%) (95% CI, 35.8%–56.9%). The frequencies of specific infections were as follows (Fig. 2): pneumonia, 26 (28%); tracheobronchitism, 22 (24%); primary bloodstream infection, 18 (19%); skin and soft-tissue infection, 13 (14%); local infection, 7 (8%); vascular access infection, 3 (3%); urinary tract infection, 2 (2%); gastrointestinal infection, 1 (1%); and eye, nose, throat, and mouth infections, 1 (1%). Conclusions:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection is a rare and highly lethal event that usually occurs after 2 weeks of hospitalization. The most affected region is the respiratory tract, with a higher incidence in patients aged >60 years or in the ICU. Early and accurate investigations of multiresistant microorganisms in a hospital setting are needed to reduce patient morbidity and mortality.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
47
Harуfulina, M. A., O. S. Voronkova, T. M. Shevchenko, and A. І. Vіnnіkov. "Characterization of staphylococci and their role in pathology of children." Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, medicine 5, no. 2 (March 29, 2014): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021422.
Full textAbstract:
The problem of human staphylococcal infection in the world has been considered. It is known that there are 27 species of staphylococci, 14 of them colonize the skin and mucous membranes of humans, and 3 of them may cause diseases. They are Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus. Staphylococci are causative agents of the large part of community-acquired and nosocomial bacteremia, pneumonia, infections of skin and soft tissues, bones and joints. Of all cases of nosocomial infections, S. aureus accounts for 31%. During the identification of 65 strains of bacteria isolated from people with respiratory tract lesions, it was found that 58.5% of cases were connected with presence of staphylococci. 86.8% of isolates identified belong to species S. aureus and 13.2% to S. saprophyticus. Study of pathogenicity factors manifestation revealed that all strains identified as S. aureus had plasmocoagulase; lipase and lecitinase were simultaneously detected in 78.3% of them, among S. saprophyticus strains in 20%. Presence of haemolysins was determined for 82.1% of strains of staphylococci. Ability to film formation was detected in 21 (63.6%) strains of S. aureus and 2 (40%) of S. saprophyticus strains. Given high frequency of carriers of staphylococci among healthy individuals, they should be considered as potentially pathogenic microorganisms and opportunistic pathogens. Due to their pathogenicity factors (adhesins, capsule, cell wall components, enzymes and toxins), staphylococci may cause diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, peritonitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, and in young children they may result in serious Ritter illness (“babies scalded syndrome”), foodstuff infection and staphylococcal enterocolitis, in lactating women – mastitis, toxic shock syndrome. To solve the problem of staphylococcal infection prevention, it is necessary to use the following prophylaxis methods: to avoid decrease in immunity, to observe the rules of hygiene, sterility, disposability, disinfection, strict control of sanitary and epidemiological profile of healthcare institutions, to ensure monitoring of pregnant women, infants and early diagnostics and treatment of the inflammatory diseases at their initial stages. Furthermore, there is a need in monitoring of these bacteria spreading.
48
Tarabukina, N. P., M. P. Neustroev, N. A. Oboeva, and A. N. Maksimova. "Disinfection of premises in the presence of calves." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 49, no. 5 (November 30, 2019): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2019-5-12.
Full textAbstract:
The paper presents the results of studies on effectiveness of the preparation based on B. subtilis bacteria strains for the disinfection of livestock buildings in the presence of animals. The dynamics of bacterial contamination of livestock buildings was studied using the preparation with an equal combination of B. subtilis TNP-3 and B. subtilis TNP-5 bacteria strains. The work was carried out in the winter at a livestock complex in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). For experiments, two experimental and two control sections were organized with six newborn calves in each. The preparation for disinfection was applied by the method of mist spraying. The quality of disinfection was determined after 15 days by the quantity of mesophyll aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (QMAFAM), bacteria of the Escherichia coli group, staphylococci and microscopic fungi left after washing the fl oor surface in accordance with the approved recommendations. Sanitation of section cells with a preparation containing 1.0 × 109 CFU / cm3 with a fl ow rate of 400 ml / m2 at a temperature of –2 °C to 10 °C inhibited the accumulation of opportunistic microorganisms, including mold and toxigenic fungi. It was noted that QMAFAM decreased by 73.5 times, the number of Escherichia – by 88 times, staphylococci – by 68, fungi of the genus Mucor – by 40 times, Aspergillus fl avus – up to 1.7 × 104 CFU / cm3 in the experimental sections compared to the control. This method of sanitation does not affect the humidity of the livestock building, does not irritate the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract, and helps to normalize intestinal microbiocenosis. The use of the preparation based on B. subtilis bacteria strains contributes to the prevention of diseases and the preservation of livestock. The method of disinfection in the presence of animals at low positive temperatures in livestock buildings was granted a patent of the Russian Federation for inventions.
49
Stagliano, David R., Apryl Susi, Daniel J. Adams, and Cade M. Nylund. "Epidemiology and Outcomes of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus Infections in the U.S. Military Health System." Military Medicine 186, Supplement_1 (January 1, 2021): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa229.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Introduction Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are classified by the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention as a serious antibiotic resistance threat. Our study aims to characterize the epidemiology, associated conditions, and outcomes of VRE infections among hospitalized patients in the U.S. military health system (MHS). Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with VRE infection using the MHS database. Cases included all patients admitted to a military treatment facility for ≥2 days from October 2008 to September 2015 with a clinical culture growing Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, or Enterococcus species (unspecified), reported as resistant to vancomycin. Co-morbid conditions and procedures associated with VRE infection were identified by multivariable conditional logistic regression. Patient case-mix adjusted outcomes including in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and hospitalization cost were evaluated by high-dimensional propensity score adjustment. Results During the seven-year study period and among 1,161,335 hospitalized patients within the MHS, we identified 577 (0.05%) patients with VRE infection. A majority of VRE infections were urinary tract infections (57.7%), followed by bloodstream (24.7%), other site/device-related (12.9%), respiratory (2.9%), and wound infections (1.8%). Risk factors for VRE infection included invasive gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and urologic procedures, indwelling devices, and exposure to 4th generation cephalosporins, but not to glycopeptides. Patients hospitalized with VRE infection had significantly higher hospitalization costs (attributable difference [AD] $135,534, P<0.001), prolonged hospital stays (AD 20.44 days, P<0.001, and higher in-hospital mortality (case-mix adjusted odds ratio 5.77; 95% confidence interval 4.59-7.25). Conclusions VRE infections carry a considerable burden for hospitalized patients given their impact on length of stay, hospitalization costs, and in-hospital mortality. Active surveillance and infection control efforts should target those identified as high-risk for VRE infection. Antimicrobial stewardship programs should focus on limiting exposure to 4th generation cephalosporins.
50
Githinji, Leah N., Diane M. Gray, Sipho Hlengwa, Landon Myer, Takwanisa Machemedze, and Heather J. Zar. "Longitudinal Changes in Spirometry in South African Adolescents Perinatally Infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Who Are Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy." Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, no. 3 (April 2, 2019): 483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz255.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Despite increased access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), lung disease remains common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected (HIV+) adolescents. There is limited information on changes in lung function over time in perinatally HIV+ adolescents on HAART. The objective was to investigate the progression of spirometry findings over 2 years in HIV+ adolescents on HAART in a prospective cohort, the Cape Town Adolescent Antiretroviral Cohort (CTAAC). Methods HIV+ adolescents aged 9–14 years, with at least 6 months of HAART, and a comparator group of healthy HIV-uninfected (HIV–), age-matched controls were enrolled in CTAAC. Spirometry and bronchodilator testing were done at baseline, 12 months, and 24 months. Mixed-effect models were used to compute longitudinal changes in lung function. Results Five hundred fifteen HIV+ adolescents, mean age 12 (standard deviation [SD], 1.6) years, 50.4% male, and 110 HIV– adolescents, mean age 11.8 (SD, 1.8) years, 45.6% male, were tested at baseline; 477 (93%) HIV+ and 102 (93%) HIV– adolescents at 12 months; and 473 (92%) HIV+ and 97 (88%) HIV– adolescents at 24 months. Only 5.4% of the HIV+ adolescents had HIV viral load >10 000 copies/mL at baseline. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were lower in the HIV+ compared to the HIV– adolescents and tracked with no deterioration or catch-up over 2 years. Previous pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) or lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) was significantly associated with reduced FEV1 and FVC (P < .05 for both). Conclusions HIV+ adolescents had lower lung function over 2 years than HIV– adolescents. This study highlights the need for lung function surveillance and prevention of LRTIs and PTB in HIV+ adolescents.