Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Responsabilidade do credor'
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Carleial, Raquel Machado. "Execução injusta - A responsabilidade do credor (CPC, artigo 574)." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2005. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8669.
Full textO título executivo dotado de liquidez, certeza e exigibilidade abre para o credor a via executiva. Como o título executivo não é capaz de atestar a existência do crédito, contemplou nosso ordenamento processual uma hipótese de responsabilidade do credor, que exsurge quando a obrigação em que se fundou o título for julgada inexistente (art. 574 do CPC). Em que pese o instituto estar presente em nosso sistema jurídico desde a entrada em vigor da Lei n. 5.869, de 11 de janeiro de 1973, que introduziu o nosso atual Código de Processo Civil, é muito pouco estudado e sua aplicação prática tem sido exígua. Esta dissertação trata do assunto sistematicamente, iniciando pela revisão de alguns pressupostos teóricos necessários para a melhor compreensão do tema. Prossegue com uma abordagem da responsabilidade do credor no processo executivo, definindo a execução injusta (CPC, art. 574), apontando sua incidência no sistema, a natureza da responsabilidade, seu fundamento, o dano e sua extensão. Após uma breve incursão em institutos afins no direito estrangeiro, estuda os requisitos para atuação do art. 574 do CPC, a ação indenizatória e, por fim, a execução injusta frente às inúmeras reformas a serem impostas ao CPC. Verifica-se que o alcance da norma é amplo, abarcando todas as espécies de execução, e que a declaração de inexistência da obrigação não encontra seu campo restrito aos embargos do devedor, devendo ser a indenização a mais ampla possível.
Gagliardi, Rafael Villar. "Mitigação de danos pelo credor: fundamento e perfil dogmático." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/18871.
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The purpose of this work is to investigate whether the conduct of one of the parties, referred to as creditor, once the counterparty, referred to as debtor, has committed a contractual breach, is in anyway relevant for the purposes of defining the indemnification to be ultimately awarded to the former or if, on the contrary, such conduct is absolutely irrelevant to the mentioned purpose. It aims to identify if Brazilian Law encompasses the notion according to which it is expected from the creditor to act reasonably to mitigate the losses flowing from the breach attributable to the debtor. The starting point of the investigation lies in the finding of transformations in Private Law, especially in the field of civil liability, in the restatement of the values that constitute the axiological chart that must inspire the exercise of rights, prerogatives or legal positions and the growing role played by the principles of solidarity, sociality, ethicalness, activity, goodfaith and the social function of contracts. From there, a solid foundation is built on which a theory of mitigation of damages may rest, making it possible to find the justification and the legal grounds that allow the insertion of the rule of mitigation into Brazilian Law. Once the justification and the legal grounds are identified, the legal requirements for the rule of mitigation of loss to apply are analyzed, as well as the effects resulting from the conducts of the creditor who fails to mitigate the losses flowing from the breach of contract, the one who does act to mitigate the loss, and in this case, both the situations where mitigation is successful and the situations where it is not. The treatment to be given to expenses borne by the creditor when acting to mitigate the loss flowing from the breach is also covered, as well as the parties ability to deal with mitigation in contracts and the procedural aspects of the matter, namely allocation of the burden of proof and the (im)possibility of the adjudicator ruling on the matter without it being properly raised
Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar se o comportamento de uma parte, assim designada credor, a partir da ocorrência de um inadimplemento contratual imputável à contraparte, assim designada devedor, possui alguma importância para a conformação final da indenização a ser concedida em favor do primeiro ou se, ao contrário, esse comportamento seria irrelevante para tal finalidade. Busca-se identificar se o Direito Brasileiro acolhe a noção segundo a qual se espera do credor que atue razoavelmente para mitigar os danos decorrentes do inadimplemento imputável ao devedor. A investigação parte da constatação de transformações sofridas pelo Direito Privado, em especial no âmbito da responsabilidade civil, da renovação dos valores que constituem a pauta axiológica que deve inspirar o exercício de direitos, faculdades, prerrogativas ou posições jurídicas e do crescente papel desempenhado pelos princípios da solidariedade, da socialidade, da eticidade, da atividade, da boa-fé objetiva e da função social do contrato. A partir daí, constrói-se uma base sólida sobre a qual uma teoria da mitigação de danos possa se apoiar, identificando-se a justificativa e o fundamento pela qual a mitigação de danos passa a integrar o ordenamento brasileiro. Encontrados a justificativa teórica e o fundamento buscados, são analisados os requisitos para incidência da regra de mitigação de danos, bem como os efeitos atribuídos às condutas do credor que não age para mitigar os danos decorrentes do inadimplemento da contraparte, quanto daquele que o faz, inclusive quando realizada sem sucesso a mitigação. Analisa-se, também, o tratamento a ser dispensado às despesas suportadas pelo credor nessa atuação, bem como a possibilidade de as partes disporem contratualmente sobre a mitigação de danos, além dos aspectos processuais aplicáveis, que incluem a distribuição do ônus da prova e a (im)possibilidade de conhecimento da matéria de ofício pelo julgador
Carvalho, Estêvão Prado de Oliveira. "A responsabilidade dos administradores de instituições financeiras frente aos credores." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2131/tde-15102013-140614/.
Full textThe dissertation analyzes financial institutions\' managers\' special liability to creditors in the event of bankruptcy, as established by Brazilian Law 6.204/74 article 40. Its discussed the nature of such a liability, whether a negligence standard or strict liability rule, seeking to clarify its full extent. The approach is interdisciplinary, using many fields of both law and economics. Constitutional Law provides the goals and values for the system, and General Theory of Law contributes to analyzing the content and purpose of liability rules, with the Central Bank\'s prudential supervision rules detailing actions. The tools of economic analysis of law are then used, particularly game theory to model a system based on a negligence standard, and another based in a strict liability standard, as strategic games in both normal form and extensive form, identifying the points of equilibrium and efficiency. The result points to an inefficient model of strict liability for the administrator. The model based on a negligence standard is shown to be more efficient, pointing as desirable tools that grant immunity to whistleblowers and reverse the burden of proof, to mitigate problems of asymmetric information between depositors and financial institutions. The dissertation concludes that the strict liability of the manager would be unconstitutional and inefficient, and that the current legal regime is that of negligence standard liability, but it can be improved, particularly by clarifying the rules.
Pereira, Adriana Cristina. "A responsabilidade do setor bancário na concessão do crédito." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2014. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1107.
Full textIn search of the upturn in the economy, six years ago the State and the financial institutions have encouraged the granting of credit to consumers from all economic classes, eager to enter the consumer Market they have been induced by the loan offers, credit cards and overdrafts. Thus, household debts have grown steadily and, consequently, default rate has increased. In this sense, the present work aims to determine the liability of financial institutions regarding the default because they offer easy credit in an unrestricted manner, stimulating the consumer to consume increasingly to take on huge debts which often become unpayable. The choice of this theme is based on the importance of itself, given the risk of unrestricted credit and rising consumer debt, beyond the actuality of the topic in recent years. The growth of the supply of abusive credit, lack of risk analysis by financial institutions, the lack of information with regard to contractual terms ( interest rate , loan amount ) , led consumers to consume and borrow even more . So based on these dictates and on the guiding principles of the Federal Constitution, we must highlight the responsibility of the banking sector in this matter, since the consumer cannot be solely responsible for taking the credit and also for the default rate of this obligation.
Já há seis anos, na busca pelo aquecimento da economia, o Estado e as instituições financeiras têm incentivado a concessão do crédito para os consumidores de todas as classes econômicas que, ávidos por ingressar no mercado de consumo, foram induzidos pela oferta de empréstimos, cartões de crédito e cheques especiais. Assim, o endividamento das famílias tem crescido paulatinamente e, nessa esteira, tem aumentado a taxa de inadimplência. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo verificar a responsabilidade das instituições financeiras no tocante à inadimplência, pelo fato de ofertarem crédito de modo irrestrito e facilitado, estimulando o consumidor a consumir cada vez mais, assumindo dívidas enormes, muitas vezes impagáveis. A escolha deste tema baseia-se na importância do mesmo, em face do risco do crédito irrestrito e do crescente endividamento do consumidor, além da atualidade do assunto nos últimos anos. O crescimento da oferta abusiva do crédito, a falta de análise dos riscos por parte das instituições financeiras, a falta de informação no tocante às cláusulas contratuais (juros, taxas, valor total do empréstimo), levaram os consumidores a consumir e se endividar cada vez mais. Assim, com fulcro nestes ditames e baseado nos princípios norteadores da Constituição Federal, há que se destacar a responsabilidade do setor bancário neste assunto, vez que o consumidor não pode é o único responsável pela tomada do crédito e adimplemento desta obrigação.
Kaiser, Martin. "Die europäische Privatgesellschaft und die spanische Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada : rechtsvergleichende Untersuchung mit Schwerpunkt im Bereich des Gläubigerschutzes /." Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2008. http://d-nb.info/987971042/04.
Full textQueiroz, Sheyla Cristina Ferreira dos Santos. "Superendividamento do Consumidor: os contratos de crédito pessoal por idosos e a responsabilidade penal do fornecedor." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/8258.
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The overindebtedness reaches the consumer as an individual and as a social being. The constitutional principle of human dignity is infringed at the time when the consumer is hit by chronic indebtedness, not being able to pay current and future debts without affecting their livelihood or his family. Personal credit agreement may be a taxable event of over-indebtedness, it is the consumer burden your monthly budget with loans not leaving an amount sufficient to meet basic needs. The credit contract, consumers will receive the cash value of the car title loan and take payment through installments, with possible payroll deduction or current account. The elder, as a consumer, need greater legal protection before his hipervulnerabilidade, and thus, the Elderly Statute and the Consumer Protection Code (Law No. 8.078 / 90) are instruments that will promote this defense. It is noteworthy that the Elder is one of the biggest victims of indebtedness with a view to facilitating credit and the conduct that is practiced by the supplier when the contract does not adequately informing the elderly consumer, bypassing the legal limit for credit granting and enforcing compounded interest. Despite the vendor's conduct of gravity and the effects of the elderly consumer the State has not criminalized such practices as criminal omitting as to criminal responsibility. However, the legal framework of such conduct on some existing criminal types from crimes against consumer relations as a way to temporarily resolve the conflict is possible.
O superendividamento atinge o consumidor como indivíduo e como ser social. O princípio constitucional da dignidade da pessoa humana é desrespeitado no momento em que o consumidor é atingido pelo endividamento crônico, não sendo capaz de saldar as dívidas atuais e futuras sem que isso afete sua subsistência ou da sua família. O contrato de crédito pessoal poderá ser um fato gerador do superendividamento, isso se o consumidor sobrecarrega seu orçamento mensal com empréstimos não restando valor suficiente para suprir as necessidades básicas. Na contratação do crédito, receberá o consumidor valor em dinheiro a título de empréstimo e assumirá o pagamento através de parcelas, sendo possível o desconto em folha ou em conta-corrente. O presente trabalho procura enfatizar que a pessoa idosa, como consumidora, necessita de maior proteção jurídica diante da sua hipervulnerabilidade, e assim, o Estatuto do Idoso e o Código de Defesa do Consumidor (Lei n°8.078/90) são instrumentos que irão promover essa defesa. Destaca-se, ainda, que a pessoa idosa é uma das maiores vítimas do superendividamento tendo em vista a facilitação do crédito e a conduta que é praticada pelo fornecedor quando da contratação, não informando adequadamente o consumidor idoso, driblando o limite legal para concessão do crédito e impondo juros exacerbados. Apesar da gravidade da conduta do fornecedor e dos efeitos ao consumidor idoso o Estado não tipificou tal prática como criminosa se omitindo quanto à responsabilização penal. Todavia, é possível o enquadramento legal de tal conduta em alguns tipos penais existentes dentre os crimes contra as relações de consumo, como forma de solucionar provisoriamente o conflito.
Gallegos, Zúñiga Jaime Ramiro. "Critical analysis of letters of credit test documents." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115531.
Full textEl presente artículo aborda el examen de los documentos que debe practicarse con ocasión de la emisión de cartas de crédito, con el objeto de que los sujetos que actúen en el comercio internacional puedan conocer las obligaciones de las entidades partícipes e impugnar —cuando fuese el caso—las deficiencias en tales prestaciones.
Caravedo, Baltasar. "Para creer en nosotros y confiar en los demás (a propósito de la responsabilidad social)." Canalé, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/114000.
Full textRibas, Roberta de Oliveira e. Corvo. "A proteção dos credores sociais por meio das demonstrações financeiras: um retorno às bases que garantem a responsabilidade limitada." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7036.
Full textThis paper aims to demonstrate that the protection of creditors of the legal entity that grants limited liability to its shareholder shall focus on controlling the use and disposal of assets of the legal entity itself. The study of grounds of civil liability in Brazilian Law together with the principle of assets autonomy of the legal entity and the purpose of limited liability confirm that the national law does not admit to relativize the rule of limited liability, except in cases of fraud and abuse of the legal entity. Given this limitation, resulting from a systematic analysis of the Brazilian Law, and in order to offer a proposition of fair coexistence between the interests of creditors and encouragement of free enterprise provided by limited liability, which is a constitutional command, it proves the importance of the mechanisms of control of assets of the corporation through its financial statements. In this sense, if assets and rights of a legal entity are intended to fulfill a specific purpose, it is for the Law to provide suitable tool to ensure that the risks inherent in the developed activity are covered exclusively by these assets and rights. This tool is accounting, which through the financial statements it produces, it records and controls assets of the entity, providing conditions for decision-making. Its proper use can (and should) prevent intrinsic adversities of any activity subject to risks. The purpose is to resume the mechanism that allows the existence of limited liability, since this doctrine/established principle is not intended to curtail the guarantee of creditors, but rather to encourage those who seek to produce and circulate assets and services to society through the organized economic activity
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar que a proteção dos credores da pessoa jurídica que admite a responsabilidade limitada deve se concentrar no controle do uso e disposição do patrimônio da própria pessoa jurídica. O estudo da responsabilidade civil no Direito brasileiro, associado ao estudo da autonomia patrimonial da pessoa jurídica e da finalidade da limitação da responsabilidade confirmam que o ordenamento nacional não admite a relativização da regra de responsabilidade limitada, exceto nos casos de fraude e de abuso da personalidade jurídica. Em vista dessa limitação, constatação decorrente de uma análise sistemática do Direito pátrio, e com o intuito de oferecer uma proposição de convivência justa entre os interesses dos credores e o estímulo à livre-iniciativa proporcionado pela responsabilidade limitada, que é comando constitucional, comprova-se a importância dos mecanismos de controle do patrimônio da pessoa jurídica, por meio de suas demonstrações financeiras. Nesse sentido, se bens e direitos de uma pessoa jurídica são destinados ao cumprimento de uma finalidade específica, cabe ao Direito fornecer ferramenta adequada para assegurar que os riscos inerentes à atividade desenvolvida sejam cobertos exclusivamente por estes bens e direitos. Essa ferramenta é a contabilidade, que por meio das demonstrações financeiras que produz, registra e controla o patrimônio da entidade, dando condições à tomada de decisões. Seu uso adequado pode (e deve) prevenir as adversidades intrínsecas a qualquer atividade sujeita a riscos. O intuito é de retomar o mecanismo que permite a existência da responsabilidade limitada, dado que este instituto não tem por objetivo cercear a garantia dos credores, mas sim estimular aqueles que buscam, por meio do exercício de atividade econômica organizada, produzir e fazer circular bens e serviços para a sociedade
Azevedo, Renato Olimpio Sette de. "Cartão de crédito - aspectos contratuais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2131/tde-17122007-105245/.
Full textDespite being a recent creation, credit cards rise as one of the most used means of payment, besides being instruments of credit viabilization in the current society. There is a relevant differentiation to be observed between credit cards, plastic pieces, and the credit card system. While the former only refers to the legitimation document, that is, to the physical instrument capable of evidencing a relationship existing between the card holder and the issuer, one of the contracts that integrate the system, the latter is the product of the linked contracts that allow the operation execution. Besides that already indicated contract, the contract between suppliers and issuers and the contract between suppliers and holders form, in a basic model, the contracted involved in the operation, functionally linked, that is, although keeping their formal structure segmented, they form a set that feasibilizes the operation. The involved contracts, despite the social typicity, with the reiteration of similar contractings, involving the same rights and obligations that identify the model, are legally atypical, as the considerations involved do not allow identification with the legal types currently ascertained, nor similarity allowing application of their own rules, there being, in the Brazilian laws, the validity of general norms and principles governing the contracts and obligations involved. The linked contracts require a re-understanding of the traditional principles directed towards and applicable to atomized contracts, with various effects for the study of credit card contracts and for the quest for solutions, even for traditionally controvert issues.
Carvalho, Maurício Silva de. "O impacto das consultas à central de responsabilidade de crédito sobre a taxa de juro (2017)." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/17291.
Full textEsta dissertação tem como objetivo estudar o impacto da solicitação por parte das instituições de crédito, nomeadamente, os bancos, da consulta à Central de Responsabilidade de Crédito (CRC) sobre a taxa de juro média dos contratos de crédito. O estudo divide-se em cinco partes. No primeiro capítulo apresenta-se a crescente literatura sobre a partilha de informação (information sharing). O Capítulo 2 introduz com maiores detalhes a descrição dos dados utilizados e a estratégia necessária para um melhor entendimento sobre a relação (ligação) entre banco e empresa, fulcrais para a análise aplicada nesta investigação. No terceiro capítulo expomos a metodologia adotada, pautada no conceito de resultado potencial (potential outcome) e estimação por procedimento de matching. É feito uso tanto do procedimento de matching nas próprias covariáveis do modelo - através do nearest neighbor estimator - quanto o matching baseado no propensity score. Ademais, segundo sugere a literatura, as estimativas OLS também são incluídas como base de comparação. No Capítulo 4, para além da exposição dos resultados alcançados, traçamos as discussões quanto à aplicabilidade das hipóteses adotadas, nomeadamente a hipótese de overlap, como também da adequação dos próprios resultados, através da análise do balanceamento (balance) das covaríaveis. Por fim, o Capítulo 5 tece considerações finais, apontando as suas limitações e evidenciando as principais conclusões do estudo.
This dissertation aims to analyze the impact of the inquiries' request by the credit institutions, namely the banks, to the Central de Responsabilidade de Crédito (CRC) - Portuguese Public Registry - on the average interest rate of credit contracts. The study is divided into five parts. The first chapter presents the growing literature on information sharing. Chapter 2 introduces the data used and the necessary strategy for a better understanding of the relationship between the bank and the company, central to the analysis applied in this research. In Chapter 3 we present the methodology adopted, based on the concept of potential outcome and estimation by matching procedure. Both the matching procedure in the covariates of the model - through the nearest neighbor estimator - and the matching under the propensity score are used. Furthermore, as suggested in the literature, OLS estimates are also included for comparing purposes. In Chapter 4, in addition to presenting the results achieved, we discuss the applicability of the hypotheses adopted, namely the overlap hypothesis, as well as the adequacy of the results themselves, by analyzing the balance of the covariates. Finally, Chapter 5 brings the final considerations of this research, pointing out its limitations and highlighting the main conclusions
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Javier, Tolentino Elizabeth Brenda, and Flores Jesús Alberto Zamudio. "Comprensión del valor social creado por una empresa social bajo el enfoque de las capacidades: estudio de caso Shiwi." Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/13504.
Full textTesis
Scalzilli, João Pedro de Souza. "Confusão patrimonial nas sociedades isoladas e nos grupos societários: caracterização, constatação e tutela dos credores." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-27022015-115536/.
Full textThis thesis discusses the phenomenon of commingling of assets in isolated companies and in groups of companies. It proposes to: define a concept of corporate asset, examining its main characteristics, roles and interaction with shareholders\' equity; assert the legal entity as a technique of separation of assets; attempt to reach a concept of commingling of assets, differentiating it from the mingling of spheres and pointing out current inefficiencies of the existing legal doctrine on the same issue; examine the leading characteristics of commingling of assets, namely its nature, causes and effects (more specifically, the effects on creditors); describe the different ways in which the phenomenon of commingling of assets is manifested, as well as discuss the materialization of this phenomenon (indicia); point out elements that may contribute to judicial analysis of issues related to commingling of assets; and, finally, propose and examine a number of solutions to safeguard creditors\' interests that find themselves in situations of asset promiscuity.
Alcaide, González María Ángeles. "Modelos de valoración de marcas del sector tecnológico y la responsabilidad social corporativa." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/139141.
Full text[CA] La present Tesi Doctoral, desenvolupada com un compendi de quatre publicacions, té com a objecte el valor de les marques del sector de les noves tecnologies i la sostenibilitat de les empreses propietàries d'aquestes marques. En les dos primeres publicacions es desenvolupen models matemàtics d'estimació del valor de marca, utilitzant únicament la informació económico-financera de les empreses. En la tercera publicació s'analitza el grau de similitud dels rànquings de sostenibilitat d'accés obert més importants que han aparegut en l'última dècada, per a determinar si incorporen de facto les marques millors valorades del sector tecnològic. I, finalment, en la quarta publicació es desevolupen models matemàtics que expliquen diferents tipus de resultats de les empreses en funció de la transparència en matèria de sostenibilitat de les companyies propietàries de les marques. En les quatre publicacions presentades, la mostra és comú i està formada per un total de tretze marques del sector tecnològic: Accenture, Apple, Cisco, Facebook, Google, HP, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Oracle, Samsung, SAP i Sony. Aquestes marques són les millor valorades del sector de la tecnologia en el període 2000-2018 segons els rànquings internacionals de valoració de marques (Interbrand, Brand Finance i Millward Brown), i han estat al Top-100 en almenys dos d'aquestos rànquins en eixe període. Les conclusions generals de la nostra investigació permeten confirmar que la informació económico-financera és important per explicar el valor de les marques de les empreses tecnològiques. Concretament, sols amb el resultat net de les empreses s'explica prop del 60% del valor de marca proporcionat pels rànquings internacionals. Si al resultat net, s'afig la cotització borsària de les empreses propietàries de les marques, s'arriba a explicar el 80% del valor de les marques. I si, finalment, s'afigen un conjunt de variables económico-financeres, el valor de marca s'aproxima al 90%. D'aquestos resultats, es pot deduir que la proporció restant del valor de marca, entre el 10% i el 40%, (en funció de les variables que s'incloguen en als models), és explicada per la fortalesa de la marca. Aquesta Tesi també evidencia, tant les diferències significatives entre les valoracions de marca proporcionades per les consultores de valoració de marques, com les diferències entre les valoracions de sostenibilitat proporcionades pels rànquings de RSC d'accés obert, i al mateix temps, les diferències entre ambdós tipus de valoracions; ja que, les empreses amb les marques més reconegudes mundialment, no són les que major consciència socioambiental tenen. Finalment, s'observa que les grans empreses són més transparents en termes de sostenibilitat, però aquesta transparència només es relaciona amb altres resultats econòmics com l'increment dels actius, dels ingressos, l'apalacament, el ROE o el ROA. A més, es mostra que els tres pilars de la RSC són utilitzats per les consultores per determinar el valor de marca, mentre que els rànquings de RSC només utilitzen la transparència en els aspectes socials i ambientals.
[EN] This PhD Thesis, developed as a compendium of four publications, aims at the value of brands in the new technology sector and the sustainability of the companies that own these brands. In the first two publications, mathematical models for estimating brand value are developed, using only the economic-financial information of the companies. The third publication analyzes the degree of similarity of the most important open access sustainability rankings that have emerged in the last decade, to determine if they incorporate de facto the best valued brands in the technology sector. And finally, in the fourth publication, mathematical models are developed to explain different types of business results based on transparency in terms of sustainability of the companies that own the brands. In the four publications presented, the sample is common and consists of a total of thirteen brands in the technology sector: Accenture, Apple, Cisco, Facebook, Google, HP, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Oracle, Samsung, SAP and Sony. These brands are the best valued in the technology sector in the 2000-2018 period according to the international brand valuation rankings (Interbrand, Brand Finance and Millward Brown), and have remained in the Top-100 of at least two of these rankings in that period. The general conclusions of our research allow us to confirm that economic-financial information is important to explain the value of the brands of technology companies. Specifically, 60% of the brand value is explained by the net results of the companies, this percentage rises up to 80% when the stock price of the company is added to the net results as explanatory variable of the brand values. Finally, the brand value is explained nearby to 90% when a set of economic-financial variables are added. From these results, it can be deduced that the remaining proportion of the brand value, between 10% and 40%, (depending on the variables included in the models), is explained by the strength of the brand. This thesis also evidences, both the significant differences between the brand valuations provided by the brand valuation consultancy agencies, but also the differences between the sustainability valuations provided by the open access CSR rankings; in addition, the thesis shows the existing differences between these two types of valuations. Thus, companies with the most recognized brands worldwide are not the ones with the highest socio-environmental awareness. Finally, it is observed that large companies are more transparent in terms of sustainability, but this transparency is hardly related to other economic results such as the increase in assets, income, leverage, ROE or ROA. In addition, it is shown that the three pillars of the RSC are employed by the consultancy agencies to determine the brand value, while the CSR rankings only provide transparency in social and environmental aspects.
Alcaide González, MÁ. (2020). Modelos de valoración de marcas del sector tecnológico y la responsabilidad social corporativa [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/139141
TESIS
Rocha, Michel Wiazowski. "Organizações sem fins lucrativos e as parcerias com bandeiras de cartões de credito: responsabilidade social ou marketing?" Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1042.
Full textThe nonprofits see growing in numbers and community service. Much has agreements with government, and operates in areas such as education, health, environment and social welfare. This study addresses partnerships between nonprofit organizations and banks. Check how these partnerships impact the services provided and how companies benefit from the sales of social products, and their use by marketing firms, and tax benefits arising from this relationship. It seeks to understand this relationship thatbenefits organizations with the use of credit cards by their members. The study begins by reviewing the literature on social responsibility and banks, then a search was made inbank branches and partner organizations, by conducting interviews with branch managers and directors of nonprofit organizations that maintains a partnership withbanks. The survey results reveal the importance of these partnerships for organizations, not only by the proceeds of the credit cards, but also the visibility that this partnership with banks brings to organizations. However, there is no transparency on the part of banks in relation to the amount of funds raised with the cards and the value of transfers to the organizations. Also missing for the employees of banks information about partner organizations and the sale of these products
As organizações sem fins lucrativos veem crescendo em número e serviços prestados à comunidade. Boa parte possui convênios com governo, e atua em áreas como, educação, saúde, meio ambiente e assistência social. Este estudo aborda parcerias entre organizações sem fins lucrativos e bancos. Verificar como essas parcerias impactam os serviços prestados e como as empresas se beneficiam com as vendas dos produtos sociais, e pela sua utilização pelo marketing das empresas, e os benefícios tributários advindos dessa relação. Procura-se entender essa relação que beneficia as organizações com o uso dos cartões de crédito pelos seus associados. O estudo inicia pela revisão bibliográfica sobre responsabilidade social e bancos, em seguida foi feita uma pesquisa nas agencias bancárias e nas organizações parceiras, mediante a realização de entrevistas com gerentes das agências e com os diretores das organizações sem fins lucrativos que mantém a parceria com os bancos. Os resultados da pesquisa revelam a relevância dessas parcerias para as organizações, não somente pelos recursos advindos dos cartões de credito, mas também pela visibilidade que essa parceria com os bancos ocasiona para as organizações. Contudo, não há transparência por parte dos bancos em relação ao montante de recursos arrecadados com os cartões e do valor do repasse para as organizações. Também falta para os funcionários dos bancos informações sobre as organizações parceiras e da venda desses produtos
Álvarez, Garrido Imara Belén. "Gobernanza urbana, responsabilidad social empresarial y participación ciudadana : CREO Antofagasta en la disputa por hegemonía de la gran minería." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/152663.
Full textLa presente investigación estudia desde una perspectiva de gobernanza urbana, las nuevas estrategias de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial y participación ciudadana, que tienen incidencia en la planificación urbana, específicamente el CREO Antofagasta, en el marco de una disputa hegemónica de la gran minería en la ciudad. Para esto se identifican las características que ha tenido el desarrollo minero en Antofagasta, sus impactos y las movilizaciones ciudadanas que ha habido en los últimos años, se dan a conocer los proyectos de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial que las empresas han financiado, como es el caso de CREO Antofagasta, describiendo en profundidad su funcionamiento y propuesta de gobernanza urbana y se analizan los mecanismos de participación ciudadana que promueve. Desde una metodología cualitativa, con la aplicación de entrevistas semi-estructuradas y revisión de prensa, se evidencia la vinculación de nuevas estrategias de gobernanza con la crisis parcial de hegemonía de la gran minería. En este sentido, existe un cambio en la relación de las empresas mineras con la ciudadanía que ya no acepta de manera pasiva los impactos negativos del desarrollo minero. Además se indaga en las repercusiones que se vinculan con la influencia de empresas mineras en la toma de decisiones en proyectos urbanos, lo que da cuenta de la contradicción existente entre el compromiso de las empresas mineras con la planificación urbana y sus acciones en el territorio.
Costa, Patrícia Barbi. "Os mútuos dos sócios e acionistas na falência das sociedades limitadas e anônimas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-06072011-105613/.
Full textThe purpose of this study is to analyze loans as credits rights of partners of limited liability partnerships (sociedades limitadas) and shareholders of corporations (sociedades anônimas) under Brazilian law and the treatment granted by the Brazilian bankruptcy law to those credits rights, in view of the same concepts existing under foreign Law, specifically in Germany and in the United States of America. Both countries were chosen for the analysis of the foreign Law due to the facts that: (i) the Insolvency German Law (Insolvenzordnung InsO), as of 10.5.1994, in effect since 1.1.1999 and edited to replace the former legislation of 1877, which foresaw the bankruptcy and concordata institutes in a very similar way to the Brazilian bankruptcy system of Decree-law No. 7.661, of 6.21.1945 (Decree-law 7.661/45), came into force to regulate the institutes of business reorganization and liquidation of companies, also with similar objectives to the ones of the Law No. 11.101, of 2.9.2005 (Business Reorganization and Bankruptcy Law), having passed through a recent reform in November 2008; (ii) the Bankruptcy Code, which composes Title 11 of the United States Code, in effect since the reform brought into effect in the North-American bankruptcy system by means of the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, and which has been used as basis for many rules of the Brazilian Business Reorganization and Bankruptcy Law, regarding the institutes of out-of-court business reorganization, judicial business reorganization and bankruptcy. Thus, for the study of the foreign Law, two countries were elected: one of continental right, with a very advanced legislation and very similar to ours; and the other of common law, pioneer in many aspects of the bankruptcy law, especially with regard to the concept of business reorganization of companies in financial distress, having its legislation as standard for many other countries besides Brazil. The types of companies corporations (sociedades anônimas) and limited liability partnerships (limitadas) were chosen due to the fact that they are the corporate types more used under Brazilian law and, besides some specific features that they assume under each legal system, some may say that they are the corporate types more used worldwide being nominated, respectively, as limited liability partnership and corporation, in the United States of America, or Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH) and Aktiengesellschaft (AktG) in Germany; or with other nominations in other countries. This study (i) searches the intersection of the following subjects: credits rights of partners of limited liability partnerships (sociedades limitadas) and shareholders of corporations (sociedades anônimas), patrimonial rights of partners of limited liability partnerships (sociedades limitadas) and shareholders of corporations (sociedades anônimas), corporate capital, undercapitalization/thin-capitalization and, finally, credits rights of partners of limited liability partnerships (sociedades limitadas) and shareholders of corporations (sociedades anônimas) in bankruptcy proceedings, especially with regard to loans granted by partners or shareholders to the bankrupt company; and (ii) studies the referred subjects in view of the national Law and the foreign Law. With basis on the concepts referred above, the study intends to contribute with the interpretation of the rules about credits rights of partners and shareholders in bankruptcy proceedings of limited liability partnerships (sociedades limitadas) and corporations (sociedades anônimas), having as principle the adequacy of the amount of the corporate capital to the accomplishment of the corporate subject (opposed to the undercapitalization of companies), and aiming the granting of credit, the granting of services and the supply of goods to the company by its own partners or shareholders in the capacity of third parties before the company, in accordance with the principle of separation of the corporate entity from its partners or shareholders.
Franco, Marcelo Marcos. "Finanças ambientais: uma contribuição ao modelo de avaliação de risco de crédito agregando a variável ambiental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96132/tde-28042009-162252/.
Full textIn this century, the world is directed to the environmental problems. Notedly, models of valuation of the credit risk aggregating the environmental variable are rares, it not be part of the intention of the methodology or for methody to not be transparent as for methodology. This work intends to contribute for the development of a model of valuation of the credit risk aggregating the environmental variable. This way, this research was based on an exploratory methodology which technique was essentially made by a bibliographic survey, with the principal purpose to present the manner of the mensuration and identification of the more frequently risks, under the optical of the concession of credit. It was aborded aspects of the financial management, of the environmental law and of the Brazilian legislation, as well as the analysis of some eco-efficiency and environmentals indexes. At last, based upon some systems of risk classification, it was presented a contribution to the model of the valuation of risk, aggregating the environmental variable.
Lages, Leandro Cardoso. "Superendividamento empresarial." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20487.
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This paper addresses the corporate over-indebtedness, especially the assumption of civil liability of financial institutions for the facilitated granting of credit to over-indebted companies that will not be able to meet the new financial obligations and, for this reason, will suffer with the increase of debt due to the incidence of interest and default charges, with repercussions on the default of financial obligations with other creditors. Therefore, the genesis of the work is based on the following question: Is there a responsibility for the financial institution that grants credit to a company that it is known that it will not be able to honor with the commitment assumed? If so, what are the contours of this responsibility? At first, the legislative matrix of over indebtedness is analyzed, whose concept arose in the Consumer Law, but also can reach the business activity. Subsequently, the mechanisms of analysis of credit risk, used by financial institutions and that allows them to check the possibility of payment of the applicants to credit, are verified. Finally, it is addressed the hypothesis of civil liability of financial institutions for the granting of credit to over-indebted companies focusing on the social function of contracts, the duty of collaboration, as well as the principles of company preservation, inherent risk and linkage to contracts. In the whole work there is reference to the repercussion of the debate on the legal protection of private investment
Este trabalho aborda o superendividamento empresarial, em especial a hipótese de responsabilidade civil das instituições financeiras pela concessão facilitada de crédito a empresas superendividadas que não conseguirão adimplir as novas obrigações financeiras e, por esse motivo, sofrerão com o incremento da dívida em virtude da incidência de juros e encargos moratórios, com repercussão no inadimplemento de obrigações financeiras junto a outros credores. Portanto, a gênese do trabalho parte do seguinte questionamento: há responsabilidade para a instituição financeira que concede crédito a uma empresa que sabidamente não terá condições de honrar com o compromisso assumido? Em caso positivo, quais os contornos desta responsabilidade? Em um primeiro momento analisa-se a matriz legislativa do superendividamento, cuja noção surgiu no direito do consumidor, mas também pode atingir a atividade empresarial. Em seguida, verificam-se os mecanismos de análise de risco de crédito utilizados pelas instituições financeiras e que lhes permite verificar a possibilidade de pagamento dos pretendentes a crédito. E, por fim, aborda-se a hipótese de responsabilidade civil das instituições financeiras pela concessão de crédito a empresas superendividadas sob o enfoque da função social dos contratos, do dever de colaboração, bem como dos princípios da preservação da empresa, da inerência do risco e da vinculação aos contratos. Em todo o trabalho há referência à repercussão do debate na proteção jurídica do investimento privado.
Franco, João Roberto Ferreira. "A recuperação judicial e o crédito bancário." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21007.
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The work will focus on addressing the issue of credit for companies undergoing judicial reorganization. In a general way will be approached institutes of law and other areas of knowledge, especially economy and finances. Another point that the work sought to address was the need for judicial recovery based on its most important principles, the preservation of the company and the social function. The analysis took place historically following the evolution of such principles within Brazilian constitutions and their origin in foreign legal systems. It would not be possible to deal with this issue: credit for companies undergoing judicial reorganization, without addressing issues related to international agreements, specifically the Basle Accords, which are focused on regulating the granting, quality and qualification of credit within the financial systems of the signatory countries. This approach was necessary in view of the need to understand what the Basle Accords are in general and how they are applied in the Brazilian legal system which, in a mistaken way, created non-existent legal barriers to lending to Companies in judicial recovery. Finally, the paper concludes with a general approach on judicial recovery and the importance of credit and solves the problem of the difficulty of granting it, demonstrating that it would only be enough to change the understanding of the existing national financial system standard so that agents Financial institutions could offer credit to companies under these conditions without the need to contribute to the Central Bank
O trabalho tem como foco tratar do tema do crédito para empresas em recuperação judicial. De uma maneira geral, são abordados institutos do direito e de outras áreas do conhecimento, especialmente economia e finanças. Outro ponto que o trabalho procura abordar é a necessidade da recuperação judicial fundamentada em seus princípios mais importantes, o da preservação da empresa e o da função social. A análise se dá de forma histórica acompanhando a evolução de tais princípios dentro das constituições brasileiras e sua origem nos sistemas jurídicos estrangeiros. Não seria possível tratar do tema: crédito para empresas em recuperação judicial, sem tratar das questões relativas aos acordos internacionais, especificamente os acordos da Basileia, que têm como foco regulamentar a concessão, a qualidade e a qualificação do crédito dentro dos sistemas financeiros dos países signatários. Tal abordagem se faz necessária tendo em vista a necessidade do entendimento do que são os acordos da Basileia de um modo geral e sua forma de aplicação no ordenamento brasileiro que, de modo equivocado, criou barreiras inexistentes do ponto de vista jurídico para concessão de crédito para empresas em recuperação judicial. Por fim, o trabalho encerra com uma abordagem geral sobre a recuperação judicial e a importância do crédito e, soluciona, o problema da dificuldade da sua concessão demonstrando que bastaria apenas uma mudança do entendimento da norma do sistema financeiro nacional existente para que os agentes financeiros pudessem ofertar crédito para empresas nessas condições sem a necessidade do aporte junto ao Banco Central
González, Neri Maricela. "Propuesta para crear y regular la cartilla de derechos de las niñas, niños y adolescentes en el Código Civil del Estado de México y en la disposición secundaria a efecto de disminuir y prevenir las conductas violentas y/o delictivas al interior de las familias." Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/105834.
Full textFigueiredo, Alice Maria da Silva Pinheiro. "Proteção ao crédito trabalhista e o novo marco regulatório das organizações da sociedade civil." Universidade Catolica de Salvador, 2016. http://ri.ucsal.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456730/168.
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Agência 2
Este estudo toma como objeto a proteção do crédito trabalhista nas parcerias de Organizações Não-Governamentais com o Governo brasileiro para prestação de serviços públicos na área de saúde entre os anos de 2010 a 2014. O objetivo geral é investigar o Regime Jurídico proposto pela Lei nº 13.019/14 sob a ótica do interesse dos trabalhadores envolvidos. A partir daí será analisada a utilização, pelo Estado, da intermediação como uma estratégia de desresponsabilização e a vinculação deste fenômeno com a insuficiência dos mecanismos de proteção trabalhista.
This study is about the protection of labor credit on Non-Governmental Organization´s partnerships with the Brazilian government to provide public services in health care between the years 2010 to 2014. The overall objective is to investigate the legal regime proposed by the law nº 13.019/14 from the perspective of the interest of the workers involved. From there, will be analyzed the use of intermediation as a disclaimer strategy and the connection of this phenomenon with the lack of labor protection mechanisms.
Vicente, Ernesto Fernando Rodrigues. "Modelo para a avaliação do risco de crédito de municípios brasileiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-11052004-014642/.
Full textAs many on public area as on private area, the financing needs are relative to investment decisions. For each monetary unit to be invested there is need to obtain funds to financing. When questions are made about this issues financing needs- and those questions are associated to municipal finances, one hiatus appears at this moment, wich there wasnt studies or researches to be able to provide a reply or a solution on the subject to measure the brazilians municipal credit risk. The search for this solution is the subject of the present work. The bibliographic research provide the theoretical base, as many in finances and credit, as econometrics modeling. The bankrupt modeling analysis applied to companies, contributed to orient the templates that could be tested and possibly oriented to municipal credit risk analysis. A special Law of Fiscal Responsibility (LRF), is the first rule to begin the responsible management process, and probably, in the near future, the obligation of disclosure the financial statements, and independent audits that may be the mandatory components on municipal management, as well as the adoption or acceptance of municipal ratings contributed to the motivation to development of one model of municipal credit risk. After the attainment of brazilian cities financial information, from the official National Treasure site, demographic data (available in CD of Brazilian Institut of Geography & Statistics database of municipal information), and about expertises judgments on the subject of concept in relation to credit risk presented for many cities, about the treatment of these information and the creation of a database that grant the full integration of selected information, applying the discriminant function analysiys to the database obtained, resulted a statistic model that hit a target level with approximatly 70%.
Valentim, Nuno Miguel Valagão. "Responsabilidade do credor pelo controlo." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/37225.
Full textThe main purpose of this paper, "Responsibility of the Creditor for Control", is to identify problems associated with the possibility of interference by the creditor as the financer of the borrowing company. The creditor, in the exercise of his influence, may, pending a situation of impending insolvency, resorting and imposing several behaviors injurious to the borrower, for example requiring an administrator appointed by the creditor (who controls the maturity of the loan) or, even imposing more demanding contractual clauses, leading the borrower to a situation of insolvency. It is not a matter of examining the creditor's legitimacy in demanding a provision, when it is in default, but rather of examining possible actions that would adversely affect the borrower, questioning if there is a special relationship between creditor and borrower derived from contractual clauses that make available to the creditor a factual exercise of influence by imposing to the administrators of the debtor company various types of conduct liable to cause damage. The situation under consideration is part of the Agency Theory, and the separation between the role of the equity holders, the companies and their external financiers seems increasingly tenuous, especially the influence susceptible to produce in the management of those. In the current context of the financial crisis and the consequent scarcity of sources of financing with which companies live their day to day activities, it is not uncommon to see them subordinated to their potential and effective financiers. Thereby, and because, often these companies whit lack of liquidity - or simply accustomed to debt contraction, lead to the interference of their creditors in their own management, by the negotiating imposition of those creditors that move with the basis of debt monitoring and compliance. This interference can be effected through various instruments, increasingly sophisticated and creative, concluded not only at the time of granting of credit but also during their default. Not infrequently, both the existence and the terms and conditions under which such instruments are concluded are of the complete ignorance of the owners of the companies being financed.There are situations where the influence of creditors becomes so strong (and even third parties with whom they have contractual relationships) that enables them to stand side by side with the equity holders and managers of the companies they finance. However, neither the positive legal norms nor the (classic) system of corporate governance are prepared to face this growing problem, and it is urgent to create rules and mechanisms for both corporate and external corporate governance (which some call of debt governance), which are able to resolve the imbalances and the resulting conflicts. The purpose of this dissertation is to identify some legal problems associated with the exercise of control by the creditor when it is excessive and arbitrary and, on the other hand, to mention solutions and mechanisms of reaction of the law, both in our law as in foreign jurisprudence, based on the injurious behavior of the controlling creditor, through the institute of civil liability for de shadow director, imposition of the duty of loyalty as a basis for the responsibility for the power of influence exercised and, to defend the path of the duties of conduct for a possible solution to the discretion of the creditor who uses the financial situation of the company to renegotiate a loan agreement, in a more advantageous way for itself, annulling any hypotheses of recovery of the debtor. The present dissertation also attempts to substantiate a possible dogmatic construction for the existence of the relevance of economic control, giving the example of several jurisprudential decisions that refer to the power of influence made by creditors. In addition, the exercise of control is still evident in insolvency situations, where the creditor is placed in a situation of conflict of interest, which may be in a situation of void voting, exercising the sense of voting against a process of restructuring of a company against whom holds credits, with the aim of leading that same company to a situation of insolvency, in order to verify the default and receive the premium for having entered into an insurance contract, commonly known as swap. These are the fundamental problems that the present dissertation aims to answer and to give an effective responsibility for the abusive exercise of the right of the creditor, demanding the early expiration of the debt, to obtain more advantageous, but often disproportionate conditions, which can lead the debtor to a situation of insolvency.
"Execução injusta - A responsabilidade do credor (CPC, artigo 574)." Tese, Biblioteca Digital da PUC-SP, 2005. http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1258.
Full textMachado, Wilson Pantoja. "A prevenção do sobreendividamento pela responsabilidade pré-contratual do credor." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/30061.
Full textPereira, Tatiana José Sousa. "O papel do credor controlador Responsabilidade por exercício de influência sobre a administração societária." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/84277.
Full textThe aim of this study is to provide a crucial appreciation over the role of the lender in the corporate management. The lender may have good reasons to search for an active control over the debtor, affecting firm performance. Lenders aim to ensure that the borrower’s credit rating does not decline and that he remains able to fulfil its obligations. The covenants, in a loan agreement, seek to restrict the borrower’s conduct of its business and give the lender some control over the way that debtor’s business is managed. Even though in Portugal the problem is not so accurate, due to the international reality and due to the corporate groups, it is not possible to neglect the influence that creditors can exercise over the debtor. It is the admissibility of that intrusion that dictates the analysis of its impact on corporate governance, which also demands mechanisms to make him liable. We shall, therefore, examine the likelihood of imposing a duty of loyalty and care to the controlling creditor. It is the need for better protection that dictates the creditor's search for power within the company. This lack of protection is particularly felt when the debtor gives evidence that it is in a difficult economic situation or about to become insolvent. To avoid this, the lender seeks a stronger protection, under the freedom of contract, which goes beyond the protection given by the legally prescribed norms of protection. We tried to focus attention on lender governance, and in which ways lenders constrains managerial decisions and on some occasion even dictates them.
O presente estudo tem por objectivo realizar um estudo sobre a figura, ainda pouco densificada, do credor controlador, enquanto sujeito jus-societariamente relevante. A figura tem surgido ao abrigo de covenants, cláusulas contratuais que surgem no âmbito dos contratos de financiamento, mediante as quais a própria sociedade cede poderes de gestão. É a necessidade de protecção do crédito e de reforço da confiança do credor no cumprimento da obrigação que fundamentam a celebração de covenants. Assim, de forma ocasional e esporádica, os credores surgem no palco societário, ao lado dos administradores e dos sócios. Ainda que em Portugal o problema não se coloque de forma tão evidente, em virtude da realidade internacional e dos grupos empresariais, torna-se impossível a desconsideração da influência que os credores podem exercer na gestão societária. É no âmbito da admissibilidade daquela intromissão que se impõe a análise do impacto no governo societário da posição do credor controlador e consequente procura de mecanismos de responsabilização da sua actuação. Num percurso que culminará na análise da imposição de deveres de lealdade e de cuidado ao credor controlador, debruçar-nos-emos não em encontrar um regime digno enquanto técnica sancionatória, mas em olhar de forma crítica a influência exercida e a possível equiparação aos sujeitos societários propriamente ditos. É a necessidade de uma maior protecção que dita a procura do credor pelo poder no seio societário. Esta carência de protecção é, mormente, sentida, quando a sociedade financiada apresente indícios de que se encontra em difícil situação económica ou em vias de se tornar insolvente. Neste sentido, os sujeitos procuram uma tutela mais forte, ao abrigo da liberdade contratual, a qual extravasa a protecção conferida pelas normas de protecção legalmente previstas.
Moreira, Dani de Sousa. "A (co)responsabilidade dos credores controladores pela (co)gestão danosa societária." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/36674.
Full textThe inclusion of covenants in financing agreements has contributed to the qualification of several financing creditors as controlling creditors. Based on the dominance position attributed by those covenants, it is not rare that those controlling creditors limit or strongly condition the management freedom granted to the management bodies of the financed company. Therefore, with this research, we intend to reflect on the covenant’s phenomenon and, in addition analyze the relevance of several ex-post liability mechanisms than can be applied to those controlling creditors.
Rodrigues, Hugo Adrião Bandeira. "A responsabilidade civil do administrador da insolvência perante os credores." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/31909.
Full textThis dissertation deals with the subject of civil liability of the insolvency administrator before creditors, a body that in the insolvency process has assumed a central role due to the considerable increase of its functional powers, as a result of a progressive unfairness of that, which led to our legislator to create late, a private regime of civil liability set forth in art. 59 of the CIRE, approved by DL no. 53/2004 of 18 March. This regime allows creditors to obtain compensation for any damages caused by the insolvency administrator's performance during the performance of his duties, when he does not observe the duties to which it is functionally attached. The creation of this regime implied a departure from the general rule of civil law of art. 483.º and ss of the Civil Code, which until then was applicable to regulate the matter of civil liability of the administrator of insolvency to creditors. In the event of the insolvency of one of their debtors, creditors must enjoy a system that guarantees the full satisfaction of the debts they hold, thus avoiding the embezzlement of the assets that must be used to pay them, and such desideratum will necessarily include the possibility of reimbursement for eventual damages caused by acts of the body in charge of administering and liquidating the assets of the insolvent. Misconduct of functional duties implies that the administrator acts less diligently than the law imposes on him, which constitutes an unlawful conduct. This diligence is of a more reinforced nature than that demanded by a good father of a family, such as that contained in no. 2 of art. 487 of the CC, since the diligence of a prudent and orderly insolvency administrator, specific to a specific professional sector, is necessary. The exclusive regime of civil liability of art. 59 of CIRE, whose active legitimacy is in the creditors and the debtor, did not deviate much in relation to the general regime of art. 483 of the CC, as regards most of its fundamental aspects, at least as regards liability for its own acts, regulated in paragraph 1 and paragraph 2 of the precept. Regarding the responsibility for acts of the auxiliaries, foreseen in number 3, the departure from the general rule of art. 500, was much higher. We believe that the creation of a privative regime that brings with it a departure from the general rule inevitably entails the creation of another with very own traits andthe legislator would not have gone down this path if that answer adequately to the problem of civil liability of the administrator to creditors . In paragraph 1 of art. 59 it is presumed that the insolvency administrator is liable for damages caused to creditors of insolvency and insolvent estate and to the debtor for the culpable non-observance of the functional duties incumbent on him. Guilt is appreciated by the gauge of a judicious and orderly manager. Proof of guilt, as there is no presumption, lies with the injured party. Paragraph 2 is an extension of paragraph 1 stating that the insolvency administrator is liable also for damages to the creditors of the insolvent estate, as it proves to be insufficient to satisfy the respective rights. On the other hand, that provision entails a reversal of the burden of proof, since that body can relieve itself of liability if it proves that such insufficiency was unpredictable. In paragraph 3, a system of culpable liability of the insolvency administrator is established for acts committed by his assistants, being a noticeable departure from the general regime of the objective liability of art. 500 of the CC. Thus, by the harmful acts of his assistants, the administrator will respond jointly with them, unless it proves that it was not his fault, or that even with due diligence, the damages could not be avoided. In paragraph 4, it is stated that the precept will only regulate the situations mentioned above, if the harmful conduct or omissions occur after the appointment of this body. The period of limitation referred to in paragraph 5 shall be two years from the date on which the creditor becomes aware of the right, in competition with the period of two years from the public record of the cessation of duties of the lessor. Therefore, it is necessary to scrutinize the aforementioned private civil liability regime to the extent that it can be concluded that it is adequate to respond to the problem of conduct prejudicial to the legal sphere of creditors by the insolvency administrator.
Bastos, Iolanda Filipa Canelas. "A culpa do credor no âmbito do benefício da excussão." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/19894.
Full textBernardes, Filipa Domingos. "Controlo societário pelos credores através da aposição de covenants : eventuais vias de responsabilização." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/36638.
Full textCaxito, Filomena Massoxi Ambriz. "O dever de apresentação à insolvência e responsabilidade dos administradores por insolvência culposa." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/32577.
Full textThe aim of this dissertation is to study the regime of civil liability of the administrators before social creditors for failure to fulfill the obligation to file for insolvency and for fraudulent insolvency. The civil liability of administrators to the social creditors is very closely related to the violation of legal or contractual duties to which the administrators have to follow - such as the duties of care and loyalty provided for in Article 64 of the CSC, which in some ways have a legal framework found in paragraphs of Article 186 of the CIRE. As it is known, the debts of society respond to their own heritage. Therefore, the rationale or reason for administrators to answer for the debts of society, is due to committing malicious or grossly fraudulent acts that have created or aggravated the insolvency, Article 186/1 of the CIRE or for breaching rules designed to protect social creditors, article 78/1 of the CSC. In this dissertation, an analysis of the obligation to file for insolvency provided for in Article 18 of the CIRE, of which the non-compliance may result in the administrators being compelled to compensate the creditors in the amount due, furthermore the non-compliance may lead to the classification of the insolvency as fraudulent. Throughout this study, it was verified that the obligation to file for insolvency, enshrined in Article 18 of the CIRE, can substantiate the civil liability of administrators towards social creditors by fraudulent insolvency, as provided for in Article 186/3 a) CIRE , or by the violation of the norms of protection foreseen in article 78/1 of the CSC. With the amendments made by Law no. 16/2012, April 20th, to article 189/2, paragraph e), one can conclude that, currently, social creditors have much better protection against acts of fraudulent management which lead to the infringement of their rights, in such a way that these (administrators) are obliged to recompense the creditors of the debtor declared insolvent. But it has also been found that CIRE's objective of ending malicious or fraudulent insolvencies will be more easily achieved.
Zango, Sebastião Francisco. "A efetividade de covenants financeiros na sociedade comercial e na responsabilidade civil à luz da LSC." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/46821.
Full textThis dissertation discusses the effectiveness of financial covenants in the structure of commercial company. Thus, the lender is approached from the perspective of the holder of a domain that allows the power of influence within the corporate structure, which is, the management body, due to the flexibility conferred by private availability within the framework of relations between lender and borrower. Observing the linkage in the domain provided by the Angolan legislator, in the light of the LSC, on the one hand, there is a view in the factuality of corporate elements considered as exemplary, on the other, the existence of the shareholder figure and the correlation between his instruction to the management body that results in damage to the company as a cause of civil liability of the agent before the effected part. Based on the analysis made on the effects of covenants, which shows the risks and the quality of the influential power of the lender, this can match with the effects of the rules applied by the legislator. In the light of this, one reaches at the point of asking if these effects could be subsumed by the civil liability institute, mainly when there are ways of civil liability in the LSC, that can be put to the same harmful effects, or if they are due to other fields provided by the covenants itself once they are considered as qualified assurance clauses. In this way, toward the transversality, the problem has been showing other legal contexts and possible protection of commercial companies in the organizations of a country as a way to save sustainable values especially social-economics that needs to be solidified, it is off utmost importance to invest on the elaboration of reflections, focusing on the general growth of the doctrine in this sector in Angolan Law, where the accessibility to finance is considered to be an important way to boost the private sector enterprise in the country.
Gonçalves, Filipa Ribeiro. "O credor financiador como terceiro poder na governação societária e a sua eventual responsabilidade : em especial : a influência resultante da aposição de covenants nos contratos de financiamento bancário." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/33665.
Full textThe emergence of the financing lender in the context of corporate management requires the measurement of all the consequences that could arise to the company, to the shareholders and other stakeholders. Despite the important role that the lender can play on the corporate governance, we must recognise possible situations of lender opportunism. This essay focuses on the inclusion of covenants in loan agreements and has the purpose of analysing the limits on the lender’s influence on corporate governance, as well as wether they could be liable for their opportunistic behavior.
Sousa, Henrique José Coelho de. "A responsabilização do insolvente nas vertentes civil e criminal." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11328/3012.
Full textLuís, Eliane Nadine Teixeira. "A problemática dos credores controladores." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/36335.
Full textIn the context of the Corporate Governance of Public limited companies, it is traditionally relevant to approach the shareholder and the administrator as influencers or actors in management and corporate control. However, certain sources legitimize the creditor's intervention and are likely to exploit the vulnerability of these companies. We propose to analyze these mechanisms and to discuss the susceptibility of liability for an abusive performance by the creditor and under what terms, through existing doctrinal solutions and guiding principles of Portuguese Corporate Law.
Machado, Hendel Sobrosa. "Responsabilidade Civil de Administradores e Sócios perante Credores." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/34758.
Full textFranco, Bárbara Fernandes Quina Correia. "A responsabilidade do sócio único para com os credores sociais." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/44534.
Full textThe purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the regime established in the portuguese legal system for the liability of the sole shareholder to the social creditors. For such purpose, we made a brief analysis of the historical context of the figure, being that the admissibility of the figure among us is quite recent. Indeed, the idea that a company could be composed of a single partner contradicts basic principles of corporate law, such as the principle of contractuality. Therefore, it was necessary the recognition of the sole proprietorship by the European legislature in order for the national legislature to transpose the regime of the sole shareholder company to the portuguese corporate law. With the possibility of incorporation of a company by a single partner, a deviation from the general regime of the liability of the entire assets of a subject is also foreseen for the obligations contracted. Such deviation is due to the regime of limited liability laid down for such companies. For the corporate law doctrine, this shows the biggest problem that can arise from the uniqueness of the composition of society by a single member: the high risk of the single partner to proceed with abusive conduct, through, in particular, the confusion or mixture of assets and decapitalization of the company, causing damage in the patrimonial sphere of the company and also causing damage to the social creditors. Under the sole shareholder company legal regime, the legislator established the discipline seen in the article 270-F of the Portuguese Commercial Companies Code, its scope being restricted to contracts entered into between the sole partner and the company. If there is a breach of any of the requirements in the article, the sanctions shall be the contract nullity and the unlimited liability of the sole partner. In order to further protect the interests of the social creditors, some authors believe that other liability regimes provided in the general section of the Portuguese Commercial Companies Code will also apply to the sole shareholder company. There is also a minority of the doctrine that defends the extensive interpretation of what is established in the article 270.º-F, applying the sanctions provided therein for all cases of abuse of the legal personality of the collective entity by the sole partner.
Rodrigues, Maria da Graça Abreu de Castaño Zagallo. "A responsabilidade da sociedade diretora com os credores da sociedade subordinada." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/15172.
Full textO presente estudo versa sobre a responsabilidade da sociedade directora pelas obrigações da sociedade subordinada. Considerando que a figura da sociedade directora se insere no âmbito mais vasto dos grupos de sociedades e, consequentemente, das relações estabelecidas entre essas entidades, começa-se o presente trabalho pela delimitação da noção da figura dos grupos de sociedades através da distinção de figuras afins. Em seguida, analisa-se, de forma geral, o regime jurídico dos grupos de sociedades em alguns sistemas de referência, a saber no Direito Americano, Europeu e Alemão. Por último, procede-se à decomposição do regime constante do artigo 501.º do CSC, em especial, à sistematização e particularidades do preceito, procurando determinar qual o regime de responsabilidade existente entre a sociedade diretora ou dominante pelas obrigações da sociedade subordinada ou dominada.
Almeida, João José Brazete Marques de. "A liquidação das sociedades comerciais e a tutela dos credores sociais." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/10120.
Full textThe liquidation of a commercial cooperation is the last relevant stage of the complex life and activity proceedings of the latter, involving rights and interests which require an adequate legal protection, in such a way as to prevent that those be harmed by its extinction. In the present composition, we proposed to analyse the liquidation procedure of limited liability commercial corporations and its different terms as in the articles 146º and following of the CSC (Portuguese Company´s Code) and in the LRAPDLCC (Legal Regime of Administrative Procedures of Dissolution and Liquidation of Commercial Corporations), and, in particular, the means of protection of the creditors’ rights. In the liability regime of the liquidator and the members, we seek to demonstrate that the corporation’s extinction is not equal to the termination of their responsibility by the corporate creditors, having the legislator foreseen legal means to prevent or to compensate the damages of the creditors’ rights. When analysing the French and Spanish legal regimes, we met a multiplicity of means of protection of the creditors that we believe have affected the regulation of the Portuguese liquidation procedures, most of them being similarly reproduced in the CSC. Particular attention was also given to the new administrative procedure of “easy extinction”, where we enlighten the vulnerability of the creditors’ rights due to the almost inexistency of legal control mechanisms by the registry services. We conclude that the protection means of the creditors in the liquidation procedures may still largely progress, as the scope of the CSC and the LRAPDLCC should be strengthened, in order to predict and regulate the situations, which, to date, are still legally unprotected, namely, the cases where awareness to certain situations only exists after the corporations extinction and the shared corporate assets do not suffice in view of the corporate claimed liability.
Martins, Igor Gonçalo Dos Santos de Jesus. "Os efeitos sobre o insolvente e outras pessoas: responsabilidade pessoal e patrimonial." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/7073.
Full textA presente tese tem como propósito o aprofundamento da análise da insolvência e em particular os efeitos sobre o insolvente e outras pessoas – a responsabilidade pessoal e patrimonial. Para tal contribuiu a crise económica mundial, que atinge em particular o nosso pais, o que obrigou o legislador, à revisão das leis insolvencial. Tomamos como referência, nomeadamente os efeitos da declaração da insolvência sobre o devedor e outras pessoas que podem ter carácter automático ou carácter eventual e que por sua vez, podem ser dividido em efeitos pessoais e efeitos patrimoniais. Ora os efeitos pessoais são todos aqueles efeitos que incidem sobre a esfera pessoal do insolvente No que concerne aos efeitos patrimoniais, são todos aqueles efeitos que dizem directamente respeito sobre o património do insolvente. Iremos assim abordar os efeitos para o insolvente do ponto de vista patrimonial e não patrimonial, bem como as consequências em processo-crime. Concluindo, com a Lei n.º 16/2012, o processo de insolvência passou a ser considerado um processo de execução universal que visa a satisfação dos credores pela forma prevista num plano de insolvência, baseado, nomeadamente, na recuperação da empresa compreendida na massa insolvente, ou quando tal não se afigure possível, na liquidação do património do devedor insolvente e a repartição do produto obtido pelos credores.
This thesis aims to deepen the insolvency analysis and in particular the effects on the Insolvent and others - personal responsibility and patrimonial. This was caused by the global economic crisis, which affects in a particular way our country, which forced the legislators to review the insolvency laws. We took as reference, in particular, the effects of the declaration of insolvency about the debt owner and related people, who may be automatically involved or occasional involved , and that in turn can be divided into personal effects and property effects . Now the personal effects are those effects that focus on the personal matter of the insolvent. Regarding the equity effects, Are all the events that directly concern regarding the assets of the insolvent. We will address the effects of the insolvent on the patrimonial perspective and also personal obligations, as well as the criminal consequences. In conclusion, with the Law n. º 16/2012, insolvency proceedings came to be considered a universal execution process that seeks the objectives from the creditors as provided in an insolvency plan, based, in particular, on the recovery of the insolvent company and the available assets, or, if not possible, in the settlement of the assets of the insolvent individual or company and the distribution of the obtained assets by the creditors.
Duarte, Susana Azevedo. "A responsabilidade dos credores fortes na proximidade da insolvência da empresa : a celebração de acordos extrajudiciais e a tutela dos credores fracos." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/9328.
Full textFerreira, Vanessa Cristiana Gomes. "A (ir) responsabilidade das instituições de crédito na concessão de crédito a pessoa em situação económica difícil." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/85760.
Full textA presente dissertação tem como ponto de partida o Ac. do Tribunal da Relação de Lisboa, de 31.10.2012. Segundo a decisão proferida por aquele tribunal, sempre que a situação de insolvência tenha sido criada ou agravada pelo devedor em consequência da contracção de múltiplos empréstimos, deve aquela ser considerada culposa. No entanto, esta decisão deixa de fora alguns pontos que, em nosso entender, merecem uma redobrada atenção.Em primeiro lugar, é indiscutível o papel desempenhado pelo crédito no que respeita à melhoria das condições de vida e realização pessoal dos consumidores, permitindo o acesso a determinados bens e serviços essenciais. Contudo, também é inegável que o crédito acarreta consigo o risco de sobreendividamento dos consumidores. Em segundo lugar, sendo a insolvência qualificada como culposa, decorre do art. 238º, nº 1, al. e) do CIRE que o devedor fica impossibilitado de recorrer ao mecanismo de exoneração do passivo restante como meio de reequilibrar a sua situação patrimonial, através da exoneração dos créditos que não forem integralmente pagos no processo de insolvência, ou nos cinco anos subsequentes ao encerramento deste.Por fim, a decisão proferida pelo tribunal deixou de fora o papel decisivo das instituições que concedem crédito, e os deveres a que estão adstritas, afastando a sua responsabilidade na concessão abusiva do mesmo.Interligando as três problemáticas em questão será nossa missão concluir por uma eventual responsabilidade, ou não, das instituições de crédito na concessão de crédito a pessoa em situação económica difícil.
This dissertation has as its starting point the judgment of Lisbon Court of Appeal of 31st October 2012. According to the sentence by that court, whenever the insolvency situation has been created or exacerbated by the debtor as a result of the contraction of multiple loans that should be considered wrongful. However, this decision leaves out some points that deserve some particular attention as we believe.First of all, is unquestionable the role played by credit as regards the improvement of living and personal fulfillment of consumers, allowing the access to certain goods and services. Yet, it’s also undeniable that credit carries with it the risk of over-indebtedness of consumers.Secondly, follows from the article 238, no. 1, paragraph e) of CIRE, if the insolvency situation is classified as culpable, the debtor is unable to appeal the discharge mechanism, as a way to rebalance his asset condition, removing the credits which aren’t fully paid in insolvency proceedings, or in five years after proceedings closure. Finally, the decision of the court has left out the crucial role played by financial institutions and its duties to which they are subject, moving away their responsibility in granting credit.By interconnecting the three problematic, our mission will be conclude by the responsibility, or not, of credit institutions in granting credit to a person in difficult situation.This dissertation has as its starting point the judgment of Lisbon Court of Appeal of 31st October 2012. According to the sentence by that court, whenever the insolvency situation has been created or exacerbated by the debtor as a result of the contraction of multiple loans that should be considered wrongful. However, this decision leaves out some points that deserve some particular attention as we believe.First of all, is unquestionable the role played by credit as regards the improvement of living and personal fulfillment of consumers, allowing the access to certain goods and services. Yet, it’s also undeniable that credit carries with it the risk of over-indebtedness of consumers.Secondly, follows from the article 238, no. 1, paragraph e) of CIRE, if the insolvency situation is classified as culpable, the debtor is unable to appeal the discharge mechanism, as a way to rebalance his asset condition, removing the credits which aren’t fully paid in insolvency proceedings, or in five years after proceedings closure. Finally, the decision of the court has left out the crucial role played by financial institutions and its duties to which they are subject, moving away their responsibility in granting credit.By interconnecting the three problematic, our mission will be conclude by the responsibility, or not, of credit institutions in granting credit to a person in difficult situation.This dissertation has as its starting point the judgment of Lisbon Court of Appeal of 31st October 2012. According to the sentence by that court, whenever the insolvency situation has been created or exacerbated by the debtor as a result of the contraction of multiple loans that should be considered wrongful. However, this decision leaves out some points that deserve some particular attention as we believe.First of all, is unquestionable the role played by credit as regards the improvement of living and personal fulfillment of consumers, allowing the access to certain goods and services. Yet, it’s also undeniable that credit carries with it the risk of over-indebtedness of consumers.Secondly, follows from the article 238, no. 1, paragraph e) of CIRE, if the insolvency situation is classified as culpable, the debtor is unable to appeal the discharge mechanism, as a way to rebalance his asset condition, removing the credits which aren’t fully paid in insolvency proceedings, or in five years after proceedings closure. Finally, the decision of the court has left out the crucial role played by financial institutions and its duties to which they are subject, moving away their responsibility in granting credit.By interconnecting the three problematic, our mission will be conclude by the responsibility, or not, of credit institutions in granting credit to a person in difficult situation.
Reis, Maria Manuel. "A tutela dos credores sociais e os acordos parassociais de renúncia à acção social de responsabilidade." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/16037.
Full textSilva, Ana Sofia Ferrás Mendes Ferreira da. "A responsabilidade da sociedade diretora para com os credores da sociedade subordinada : o art. 501. º do CSC." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/21989.
Full textVenâncio, Ricardo Filipe Oliveira. "A consolidação da responsabilidade do grupo perante os credores sociais : da relação de simples domínio, na situação de solvência e de insolvência no grupo." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/13678.
Full textBastos, Inês Margarida Gonçalves. "Da responsabilidade civil das agências de notação de risco por danos causados a entidades notadas e investidores." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/90241.
Full textUm dos efeitos do desenvolvimento de uma economia à escala mundial traduziu-se no surgimento e sedimentação das agências de rating (empresas especializadas na avaliação do grau de solvabilidade financeira de certas entidades ou ativos negociáveis). Nos últimos anos, o seu crescimento e a sua influência têm vindo a atingir patamares absolutamente desafiantes. Hodiernamente, desempenham um papel crucial na dinamização do mercado financeiro mundial atuando na qualidade de intermediários especializados na avaliação de risco, dos quais dependem inúmeros investidores no exercício da sua atividade. Mas nem só de proveitos é enformado o setor da notação de risco. Há, hoje, uma clara consciência económico-financeira mundial do poder exercido pelas agências de rating junto dos mercados. A dependência do setor da notação de risco é acompanhada por inúmeras ânsias e incertezas respeitantes à probidade do seu funcionamento. O presente estudo pretende contribuir para a compreensão dos fenómenos de responsabilização das agências de rating por danos causados a entidades alvo de notação (emitentes) e a terceiros investidores que confiaram na veracidade das notações emitidas tomando decisões de investimento que se vieram a comprovar verdadeiramente ruinosas. A perspetiva a adotar resultará de uma análise das soluções apresentadas no plano do Direito Europeu, Common Law e, especialmente, do nosso Direito. Haverá, entre nós e à luz do direito constituído, um fundamento impositivo da obrigação de indemnizar a cargo das agências de rating?
One of the effects of the development of the economy on a global scale is the emergence and sedimentation of the rating agencies (companies specialized in assessing the degree of financial solvency of certain entities or marketable assets). Over the last years, its growth and its influence has achieved absolutely challenging levels. Nowadays, they play a crucial role in boosting the global financial market acting like intermediaries specialized in risk assessment, from which many investors depend on. But not only from advantages is made the credit rating sector. Today there is a clear global economic-financial awareness of the power exerted by the rating agencies in the markets. The dependence of the credit rating sector is complemented by numerous cravings and uncertainties regarding the probity of its functioning. This study intends to contribute to understand of the rating agencies liability for damages caused to rating targets (eminent) and to third-party investors who have relied on the truthfulness of the ratings issued by making investment decisions that have come to prove truly ruinous. The perspective to be adopted will result from an analysis of the solutions presented under European Law, Common Law and, especially, Portuguese law. There is, among us and in the light of the law constituted, any basis for imposing a duty to compensate to the rating agencies?There is, among us and in the light of the law constituted, any basis for imposing a duty to compensate to the rating agencies?
Luís, Catarina Sofia Mendes Antunes. "Da desconsideração da personalidade jurídica." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.8/2506.
Full textOliveira, Carlos Rafael de Carvalho. "Crédito Coligado: Que proteção jurídica ao consumidor no caso de utilização de cartão de crédito?" Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/98829.
Full textA figura do cartão de crédito é uma realidade global há décadas, sendo no entanto difícil de transpor para o campo jurídico. Apesar da concessão de crédito ao consumo através de cartão de crédito não ser uma modalidade massivamente utilizada pelos consumidores portugueses, a recente “onda” de promoção desta por estabelecimentos comerciais – em parceria com sociedades financeiras de aquisição a crédito, maioritariamente – tem gerado relativa preocupação no seio académico, uma vez que se identificam circunstâncias nas quais o consumidor corre o risco de não estar protegido – permanecendo obrigado ao reembolso do crédito que o financiou junto do comerciante, entre outros riscos – no caso de haver ineficácia do contrato celebrado com o vendedor (ou prestador de serviços) ou de este incumprir esse contrato. Uma eventual tutela jurídica do consumidor existiria por meio de estabelecimento de uma coligação contratual entre os contratos, mais particularmente de um contrato de crédito (coligado) a um contrato celebrado com a entidade comercial, de compra e venda de bens ou de prestação de serviços, sendo que essa conexão repercutiria vicissitudes entre estes. No entanto, as características do mecanismo do cartão de crédito e a letra da lei dificultam relativamente a subsunção da concessão de crédito com recurso a cartão a um crédito coligado, pelo que se entende ser essa dificuldade a motivação para a atual deliberada massificação da promoção do cartão de crédito por estabelecimentos comerciais, ao invés de oferecer aos consumidores condições de pagamento fracionadas ou de disponibilizar (ou intermediar a disponibilização de) crédito na forma de mútuo. Esta dissertação propõe-se a possibilitar a reflexão sobre a problemática, de uma forma geral, ensaiando aquilo que poderão ser alguns dos caminhos de resolução, apelando a técnica interpretativa própria, e, fundamentalmente, protegendo justamente o consumidor que adquire bens ou serviços a crédito, ainda que com recurso a um método alternativo como um cartão de crédito.
The figure of the credit card has been a global reality for decades, being however difficult to transpose to the legal field. Although the granting of consumer credit through credit card is not a modality massively used by portuguese consumers, the recent ‘wave’ of its promotion by commercial establishments – in partnership with credit specialized financial corporations, mostly – has generated relative concern within academia, as circumstances are identified in which the consumer risks not being protected – remaining obliged to reimburse the credit that financed the deal with the trader, among other risks – in the event that the contract entered into with the seller (or service provider) is ineffective or if the this merchant fails to comply with the contract. A possible legal protection of the consumer would exist through the establishment of linked contracts, more particularly between a (linked) credit agreement/contract and the contract entered into with the commercial entity, of purchase and sale of goods or services, which would reflect in repercussions between the two. However, the characteristics of the credit card mechanism and the letter of the law make it difficult to subsume the granting of credit using a credit card to a linked credit agreement, as it is understood that this difficulty is the motivation for the deliberate mass promotion of the credit card by commercial establishments today, instead of offering consumers installment payment terms or providing (or help financial institutions to provide) credit in the form of a loan. This dissertation proposes to make a reflection on the issue, in general, rehearsing what might be some of the ways of resolution, appealing to proper interpretive technique, and, fundamentally, protecting the consumer who purchases goods or services on credit fairly, even if using an alternative method like a credit card.
Dale, Eva Mendes Marinho. "Debt Governance - Alteração de paradigma e controlo do “terceiro poder”." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/92704.
Full textO nosso percurso começa pela indagação de qual a configuração atual do interesse social, procurando descortinar os valores que devem orientar a sua atividade. Concluímos que estes não serão determinados apenas pelos sócios, mas por uma miríade de entidades que com a sociedade se relacionam, e procuramos estudar em que medida é que estes interesses “externos” deverão ser tidos em conta aquando da concreta configuração do interesse de determinada sociedade.De seguida, concluímos que algumas destas entidades “terceiras”, os stakeholders, serão dotadas de um acentuado poder em relação à sociedade, por uma combinação de fatores que vão desde a realidade prática à vinculação contratual. Este poder poderá ser de tal forma relevante que se convolam em membros da sociedade, de outsiders em insiders. Sendo esta uma realidade estranha ao paradigma atual do governo societário – ou seja, os mecanismos de hard law e de soft law não preveem formas de tutela, quer destes novos “participantes”, quer da sociedade em relação aos seus comportamentos – procuramos determinar como controlar este “terceiro poder”.Assim, o nosso objetivo principal é estudar os mecanismos de controlo existentes no nosso ordenamento jurídico, ajuizando da sua adequação a este conjunto de situações, focando-nos no instituto da responsabilidade civil e indagando, essencialmente, de que forma é que se poderá desvelar uma eventual ilicitude e procurando, em última instância, proteger a sociedade, com base na linha orientadora que é o interesse social.
Our approach begins with an enquiry into the current configuration of the corporate purpose, seeking to discover the values that should guide the activity of companies. We conclude that it will not be determined solely by the shareholders, but by a myriad range of entities that relate to the company, and we seek to study to what extent these “external” interests should be taken into account when concretely configuring the purpose of a given company.Next, we conclude that some of these “third parties”, the stakeholders, will be endowed with a significant power in relation to the firm, through a combination of factors ranging from practical reality to binding contractual power. This power may be so relevant that they converge in members of the company, from outsiders to insiders. Since this is a reality alien to the current paradigm of corporate governance – that is, neither hard law nor soft law mechanisms provide for means of protecting both these new “participants” and the company itself from their behaviour – we seek to determine how to control this “third power”.Thus, our main objective is to study the existing control mechanisms in our legal system, assessing their suitability for this set of situations, focusing on the institute of civil liability and asking, essentially, how a possible unlawfulness can be unveiled. Ultimately, we seek to protect the company, by means of the guiding line that is the corporate purpose.Our approach begins with an enquiry into the current configuration of the corporate purpose, seeking to discover the values that should guide the activity of companies. We conclude that it will not be determined solely by the shareholders, but by a myriad range of entities that relate to the company, and we seek to study to what extent these “external” interests should be taken into account when concretely configuring the purpose of a given company.Next, we conclude that some of these “third parties”, the stakeholders, will be endowed with a significant power in relation to the firm, through a combination of factors ranging from practical reality to binding contractual power. This power may be so relevant that they converge in members of the company, from outsiders to insiders. Since this is a reality alien to the current paradigm of corporate governance – that is, neither hard law nor soft law mechanisms provide for means of protecting both these new “participants” and the company itself from their behaviour – we seek to determine how to control this “third power”.Thus, our main objective is to study the existing control mechanisms in our legal system, assessing their suitability for this set of situations, focusing on the institute of civil liability and asking, essentially, how a possible unlawfulness can be unveiled. Ultimately, we seek to protect the company, by means of the guiding line that is the corporate purpose.