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Xie, H. Y., and D. Geldart. "The response time of pressure probes." Powder Technology 90, no. 2 (February 1997): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-5910(96)03218-4.
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Hayman, Matthew, Katie J. McMenamin, and Jørgen B. Jensen. "Response Time Characteristics of the Fast-2D Optical Array Probe Detector Board." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 12 (December 2016): 2569–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-16-0062.1.
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AbstractTwo-dimensional optical array probes are commonly used for imaging raindrops and ice particles on research aircraft. The ability of these probes to accurately measure particle concentration and size partly depends on the response characteristics of the detection system. If the response characteristics are too slow, then small particles are less likely to be detected and the associated effective sample volume decreases. In an effort to better understand the sample volumes of optical array probes at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, the temporal response of the Fast-2D optical array probe detector board from optical input on the detector to digitization was characterized. The analysis suggests that the board electronics have a response time constant consistently near 50 ns. However, there is also a slow decay term that conforms to a decay rate. The amplitude of this slow function can impact the probe response, varying the minimum detectable pulse width between 60 and 150 ns. Also, the amplitude of the slow function is largely dictated by the illumination angle of incidence. The effects of the response time characteristics are analyzed using a simulator for a 2D cloud (2D-C) probe with 25-μm photodiode spacing. The results show the greatest sensitivity to response time characteristics when particles are smaller than 150 μm, where 10% uncertainty in the slow fraction is likely to produce sample volume uncertainties near 10%. Ignoring response time effects may bias sample volume estimates in the small size regime by as much as 25%.
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Bednarik, J. A., and C. N. May. "Evaluation of a transit-time system for the chronic measurement of blood flow in conscious sheep." Journal of Applied Physiology 78, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.2.524.
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The accuracy of transit-time ultrasonic flow probes for measurement of regional blood flow and cardiac output was evaluated after long-term implantation in sheep. Transit-time flow probes (3, 4, 6, and 20 mm) accurately measured flow in vitro. Recalibration in vivo demonstrated that this accuracy was maintained after 1–9 mo of implantation on the left circumflex coronary (3-mm probe), cranial mesenteric (6-mm probe), left renal (4-mm probe), and left external iliac (6-mm probe) arteries of sheep. The flow probes also showed good zero stability. However, a transit-time flow probe (20 mm) chronically implanted on the pulmonary trunk significantly underestimated cardiac output compared with thermodilution or timed collection of blood. Although this flow probe underestimated flow, the response was linear. Bilateral carotid occlusion caused mesenteric, renal, and iliac vasoconstrictions, confirming that innervation of these vascular beds was undamaged. For experimental purposes, regional blood flow was measured with transit-time flow probes and cardiac output was measured with electromagnetic flow probes calibrated against thermodilution. In summary, transit-time flow probes reliably and accurately measure regional blood flow over many months in adult sheep, but, to measure cardiac output in sheep, the probes must be calibrated in vivo against another reference technique.
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Cheng, Zhao, Lei Zheng, Fei Liang, Hao He, Hao Xu, and Long Pang. "Rhodamine probes for Fe3+: theoretical calculation for specific recognition and instant fluorescent bioimaging." Future Medicinal Chemistry 11, no. 15 (August 2019): 1859–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2019-0077.
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Aim: To overcome the existing difficulty in distinguishing Fe(III) from Fe(II), rhodamine-containing Fe3+ probes, giving off different fluorescence responses to ferric and ferrous ions, were synthesized. Materials & methods: Color change in Fe3+ recognition, accompanying spirolactam opening–closing, could be used for ‘naked-eye’ detection. Theoretical calculations revealed the possible Fe3+-probe combination mechanism. Results: Apart from the probes’ specific response toward Fe3+, the Fe3+-probe demonstrated highly quantitative relationships in fluorescence titration, instant labeling and dynamic tracking of intracellular Fe3+ in bioimaging. Conclusion: Cytotoxity and bioimaging in living L929 suggested the probes’ future applications as real-time detection methods for Fe3+ in clinical diagnosis. Instant and time-lapse imagings, based on fluorescence-time stability of Fe3+-probe, enables the dynamic labeling and tracking of Fe3+ in living systems.
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Humm, H. J., C. R. Gossweiler, and G. Gyarmathy. "On Fast-Response Probes: Part 2—Aerodynamic Probe Design Studies." Journal of Turbomachinery 117, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 618–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2836580.
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The influence of the probe size and geometry on the quality of fast-response measurements in turbomachines has been experimentally investigated. For investigations in the static domain (time-independent flows) probes were calibrated in two continuously operating wind tunnels in the range 0.2 < M < 1.2. For dynamic calibrations in time-variant flows model experiments in water (0.025 < k < 0.4, reduced frequency) were performed. Aerodynamic characteristics were determined for a great number of probe geometries, such as circular cylinders and wedge-type probes with varied apex angles, locations of the sensing holes, and leading edge shapes. The experiments comprised investigations in tolerance ranges for prismatic total pressure probes, yaw angle sensitivity, yaw angle, and Mach number effects on calibration and influence of dynamic yaw angle fluctuation on probe characteristics. As a result of the experiments errors due to static and dynamic aerodynamic effects could be quantified. The majority of the errors arising during measurements in turbomachines can be directly related to the probe size. An important number of these errors are systematic and can be analytically modeled and hence their influence corrected. In fluctuating flows the most severe measurement errors, which often may exceed the quantity of interest, are due to dynamic stall effects. This phenomenon, which is of transient nature and cannot be corrected, is typical for sharp wedge probes, but is not present with circular cylinders, and the effects are much smaller with very blunt wedges.
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Kupferschmied, Peter, Pascal Köppel, William Gizzi, Christian Roduner, and Georg Gyarmathy. "Time-resolved flow measurements with fast-response aerodynamic probes in turbomachines." Measurement Science and Technology 11, no. 7 (June 16, 2000): 1036–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/11/7/318.
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Fasano, Prof Antonio. "To the Editor— Importance of response time of esophageal thermal probes." Heart Rhythm 14, no. 1 (January 2017): e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.09.029.
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Zhou, Tao, Guosong Hong, Tian-Ming Fu, Xiao Yang, Thomas G. Schuhmann, Robert D. Viveros, and Charles M. Lieber. "Syringe-injectable mesh electronics integrate seamlessly with minimal chronic immune response in the brain." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 23 (May 22, 2017): 5894–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705509114.
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Implantation of electrical probes into the brain has been central to both neuroscience research and biomedical applications, although conventional probes induce gliosis in surrounding tissue. We recently reported ultraflexible open mesh electronics implanted into rodent brains by syringe injection that exhibit promising chronic tissue response and recording stability. Here we report time-dependent histology studies of the mesh electronics/brain-tissue interface obtained from sections perpendicular and parallel to probe long axis, as well as studies of conventional flexible thin-film probes. Confocal fluorescence microscopy images of the perpendicular and parallel brain slices containing mesh electronics showed that the distribution of astrocytes, microglia, and neurons became uniform from 2–12 wk, whereas flexible thin-film probes yield a marked accumulation of astrocytes and microglia and decrease of neurons for the same period. Quantitative analyses of 4- and 12-wk data showed that the signals for neurons, axons, astrocytes, and microglia are nearly the same from the mesh electronics surface to the baseline far from the probes, in contrast to flexible polymer probes, which show decreases in neuron and increases in astrocyte and microglia signals. Notably, images of sagittal brain slices containing nearly the entire mesh electronics probe showed that the tissue interface was uniform and neurons and neurofilaments penetrated through the mesh by 3 mo postimplantation. The minimal immune response and seamless interface with brain tissue postimplantation achieved by ultraflexible open mesh electronics probes provide substantial advantages and could enable a wide range of opportunities for in vivo chronic recording and modulation of brain activity in the future.
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Ainsworth, R. W., J. L. Allen, and J. J. M. Batt. "The Development of Fast Response Aerodynamic Probes for Flow Measurements in Turbomachinery." Journal of Turbomachinery 117, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2836581.
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The advent of a new generation of transient rotating turbine simulation facilities, where engine values of Reynolds and Mach number are matched simultaneously together with the relevant rotational parameters for dimensional similitude (Dunn et al., 1988; Epstein and Guenette, 1984; Ainsworth et al., 1988), has provided the stimulus for developing improved instrumentation for investigating the aerodynamic flows in these stages. Much useful work has been conducted in the past using hot-wire and laser anemometers. However, hot-wire anemometers are prone to breakage in the high-pressure flows required for correct Reynolds numbers. Furthermore, some laser techniques require a longer run-time than these transient facilities permit, and generally yield velocity information only, giving no data on loss production. Advances in semiconductor aerodynamic probes are beginning to fulfill this perceived need. This paper describes advances made in the design, construction, and testing of two and three-dimensional fast response aerodynamic probes, where semiconductor pressure sensors are mounted directly on the surface of the probes, using techniques that have previously been successfully used on the surface of rotor blades (Ainsworth et al., 1991). These are to be used to measure Mach number and flow direction in compressible unsteady flow regimes. In the first section, a brief review is made of the sensor and associated technology that has been developed to permit a flexible design of fast response aerodynamic probe. Following this, an extensive program of testing large-scale aerodynamic models of candidate geometries for suitable semiconductor scale probes is described, and the results of these discussed. The conclusions of these experiments, conducted for turbine representative mean and unsteady flows, yielded new information for optimizing the design of the small-scale semiconductor probes, in terms of probe geometry, sensor placement, and aerodynamic performance. Details are given of a range of wedge and pyramid semiconductor probes constructed, and the procedures used in calibrating and making measurements with them. Differences in performance are discussed, allowing the experimenter to choose an appropriate probe for the particular measurement required. Finally, the application of prototype semiconductor probes in a transient rotor experiment at HP turbine representative conditions is described, and the data so obtained are compared with CFD solutions of the unsteady viscous flow-field.
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Gianni, Carola, and Andrea Natale. "Reply to the Editor—Importance of response time of esophageal thermal probes." Heart Rhythm 14, no. 1 (January 2017): e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.09.030.
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Thigpen, Nina, Nathan M. Petro, Jessica Oschwald, Klaus Oberauer, and Andreas Keil. "Selection of Visual Objects in Perception and Working Memory One at a Time." Psychological Science 30, no. 9 (July 19, 2019): 1259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797619854067.
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How does the content of visual working memory influence the way we process the visual environment? We addressed this question using the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP), which provides a discernible measure of visuocortical activation to multiple stimuli simultaneously. Fifty-six adults were asked to remember a set of two oriented gratings. During the retention interval, two frequency-tagged oriented gratings were presented to probe the visuocortical processing of matching versus mismatching orientations relative to the memory set. Matching probes prompted an increased visuocortical response, whereas mismatching stimuli were suppressed. This suggests that the visual cortex prioritizes attentional selection of memory-relevant features at the expense of non-memory-relevant features. When two memory items were probed simultaneously, visuocortical amplification alternated between the two stimuli at a rate of 3 Hz to 4 Hz, consistent with the rate of attentional sampling of sensory events from the external world. These results suggest a serial, single-item attentional sampling of remembered features.
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Kupferschmied, Peter, Pascal Ko¨ppel, Christian Roduner, and Georg Gyarmathy. "On the Development and Application of the Fast-Response Aerodynamic Probe System in Turbomachines—Part 1: The Measurement System." Journal of Turbomachinery 122, no. 3 (February 1, 1999): 505–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1303702.
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This contribution gives an overview of the current state, performance, and limitations of the fast-response aerodynamic probe measurement system developed at the Turbomachinery Lab of the ETH Zurich. In particular, the following topics are addressed: • Probe technology: Miniature probes with tip diameter ranging from 0.84 to 1.80 mm (one-sensor and three-sensor probes, respectively) have been developed. New technologies derived from microelectronics and micromechanics have been used to achieve an adequate packaging of the microsensor chips used. Both the sensor packaging and the sensor calibration (time-independent and time-dependent) are crucial issues for the DC accuracy of any measurement. • Aerodynamic probe calibration: The methods used for the sensor calibration and the aerodynamic probe calibration, the pertinent automated test facilities, and the processing of the output data are briefly presented. Since these miniature probes are also capable of measuring the mean flow temperature, aspects related to the effective recovery factor and the self-heating of the probe tip are treated and some recommendations related to sensor selection are given. • Measurement system and data evaluation: The early measurement chain described in Gossweiler et al. (1995) has evolved into the fast-response aerodynamic probe system. This automatic system incorporates dedicated measurement concepts for a higher accuracy and a more efficient operation in terms of time and failures. An overview of the data evaluation process is given. The fast-response aerodynamic probe system has been tested in real-sized turbomachines under industrial conditions within the temperature limits of 140°C imposed by the sensor technology (axial-flow turbofan compressor, axial-flow turbine, centrifugal compressor). These applications confirmed the potential of the system and encouraged its further development. Now, the system is routinely used in the facilities of the Turbomachinery Lab and in occasional measurement campaigns in other laboratories. Part 2 of this contribution (Roduner et al.) will focus on the application of the fast-response aerodynamic probe system in a transonic centrifugal compressor of the ETH Turbomachinery Laboratory, while Part 3 (Ko¨ppel et al.) treats more sophisticated data analysis methods. [S0889-504X(00)01003-5]
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Shi, Ben, Xianfeng Gu, Qiang Fei, and Chunchang Zhao. "Photoacoustic probes for real-time tracking of endogenous H2S in living mice." Chemical Science 8, no. 3 (2017): 2150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc04703c.
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Robinson, D. A., C. M. K. Gardner, J. Evans, J. D. Cooper, M. G. Hodnett, and J. P. Bell. "The dielectric calibration of capacitance probes for soil hydrology using an oscillation frequency response model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 31, 1998): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-2-111-1998.
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Abstract. Capacitance probes are a fast, safe and relatively inexpensive means of measuring the relative permittivity of soils, which can then be used to estimate soil water content. Initial experiments with capacitance probes used empirical calibrations between the frequency response of the instrument and soil water content. This has the disadvantage that the calibrations are instrument-dependent. A twofold calibration strategy is described in this paper; the instrument frequency is turned into relative permittivity (dielectric constant) which can then be calibrated against soil water content. This approach offers the advantages of making the second calibration, from soil permittivity to soil water content. instrument-independent and allows comparison with other dielectric methods, such as time domain reflectometry. A physically based model, used to calibrate capacitance probes in terms of relative permittivity (εr) is presented. The model, which was developed from circuit analysis, predicts, successfully, the frequency response of the instrument in liquids with different relative permittivities, using only measurements in air and water. lt was used successfully to calibrate 10 prototype surface capacitance insertion probes (SCIPS) and a depth capacitance probe. The findings demonstrate that the geometric properties of the instrument electrodes were an important parameter in the model, the value of which could be fixed through measurement. The relationship between apparent soil permittivity and volumetric water content has been the subject of much research in the last 30 years. Two lines of investigation have developed, time domain reflectometry (TDR) and capacitance. Both methods claim to measure relative permittivity and should therefore be comparable. This paper demonstrates that the IH capacitance probe overestimates relative permittivity as the ionic conductivity of the medium increases. Electrically conducting ionic solutions were used to test the magnitude of this effect on the determination of relative permittivity. The response was modelled so that the relative permittivity, independent of ionic conductivity, could be determined in solutions with an electrical conductivity of up to 0.25 S m-1. It was found that a solution EC of less than 0.05 S m-1 had little impact on the permittivity measurement.
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Meilani, Inge, Harianto Rahardjo, Eng-Choon Leong, and Delwyn G. Fredlund. "Mini suction probe for matric suction measurements." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): 1427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-101.
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A modified triaxial apparatus with mini suction probes was fabricated to study the matric suction along the specimen height during unsaturated triaxial testing. Three mini suction probes were placed at 3/4, 1/2, and 1/4 height of the specimen, each at 120° apart in the lateral direction. This paper presents the development of the mini probe for matric suction measurements. Evaluation of the performance shows that the fabricated mini probe provides a rapid response and accurate reading under negative and positive pore-water pressure changes. Matric suctions as high as 400 kPa were successfully measured on soil specimens over a time span of 15 h. On the other hand, the mini suction probes were also found to be able to measure a matric suction of 200 kPa for a longer period of 155 h.Key words: matric suction, mini suction probe, triaxial, unsaturated soils, mid-height pore-water pressure measurement.
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Gast, David L., Belva C. Collins, Mark Wolery, and Rebecca Jones. "Teaching Preschool Children with Disabilities to Respond to the Lures of Strangers." Exceptional Children 59, no. 4 (February 1993): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001440299305900403.
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An investigation was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a constant-time-delay procedure used in combination with multiple exemplars of strangers, lures, and sites to teach a generalized response to the lures of strangers to four preschool children with disabilities. Although the correct response was quickly acquired in the training site, the response failed to generalize to the probe sites until training was conducted in vivo. Instruction in vivo resulted in acquisition, maintenance, and generalization of the response to strangers' lures. Generalization occurred across probes with novel exemplars of lures, strangers, and sites.
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Landfeld, A., R. Žitný, M. Houška, K. Kýhos, and P. Novotná. "Residence time distribution during egg yolk pasteurisation." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 20, No. 5 (November 19, 2011): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3531-cjfs.
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This work describes the determination of the average residence times during egg yolk – and whole liquid eggs pasteurisation in an industrial pasteurisation equipment (plate pasteuriser + tube holder). For the detection of the impulse the conductivity method was used. Conductivity was then monitored using the bridge method. In the system, the total of 3 probes were placed. To mark the particles of the flowing product, salted yolk with the content of salt of 1.3 or 1.8% was used. In addition, rheological properties of pasteurised yolk were determined at the temperatures of 5, 25, 45, and 65°C. Based on the geometry of the channels in the individual sections of the pasteurisation equipment, the character of the flow was estimated using the Re criterion and was found to be laminar in all parts of the system. The work includes the comparison of the average residence times obtained by (a) the method of volumes, (b) the analysis of the conductivity response, (c) the estimate made by using the TUPLEX software, and (d) the estimate of the peaks of the conductivity response.
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D'Almeida, M. S., S. Cailmail, and D. Lebrec. "Validation of transit-time ultrasound flow probes to directly measure portal blood flow in conscious rats." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 271, no. 6 (December 1, 1996): H2701—H2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1996.271.6.h2701.
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Direct measurement of portal venous blood flow is technically difficult, yet crucial for accurate assessment of liver hemodynamic and metabolic functions. The aim of this investigation was to assess the feasibility of implanting transit-time ultra-sound (TTUS) perivascular flow probes on the portal vein of the rat and to validate this technique as a means of directly measuring portal blood flow in conscious rats. A TTUS flow probe was implanted on the portal veins of 10 rats. One week later, portal flow was measured under basal conditions in these rats by TTUS probes and after pharmacological manipulation of portal flow by intravenous injections of Glypressin or infusions of adenosine while the rats were conscious. Portal flow was simultaneously measured in the same rats using radioactive microspheres. Basal systemic hemodynamics, regional blood flows to splanchnic organs, and portal blood pressure were not significantly modified by the presence of the probe on the portal vein compared with a control group of rats not instrumented with flow probes. Basal portal flows measured by the TTUS and microsphere techniques were not different (20.6 +/- 2.6 and 17.6 +/- 1.3 ml/min). After Glypressin, portal flows measured by the TTUS and microsphere techniques were 12.3 +/- 2.9 and 9.3 +/- 1.9 ml/min and, in response to adenosine, increased to 27.2 +/- 3.4 and 31.3 +/- 4.1 ml/min. There was no significant difference between the TTUS and microsphere flows. Both the relationship between absolute flows and the relationship between changes in flows measured by the two techniques were linear with slopes approaching 1.0. Thus TTUS flow probes can be used to directly measure portal flow from the portal vein in conscious rats. This methodology is as effective as the standard technique of radioactive microspheres. More importantly, the TTUS technique allows for continuous direct measurement of portal flow and eliminates the hazards and sources of error associated with the radioactive microsphere technique.
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Fitzpatrick, D. C., S. Kuwada, R. Batra, and C. Trahiotis. "Neural responses to simple simulated echoes in the auditory brain stem of the unanesthetized rabbit." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): 2469–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.6.2469.
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1. In most natural environments, sound waves from a single source will reach a listener through both direct and reflected paths. Sound traveling the direct path arrives first, and determines the perceived location of the source despite the presence of reflections from many different locations. This phenomenon is called the "law of the first wavefront" or "precedence effect." The time at which the reflection is first perceived as a separately localizable sound defines the end of the precedence window and is called "echo threshold." The precedence effect represents an important property of the auditory system, the neural basis for which has only recently begun to be examined. Here we report the responses of single neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) and superior olivary complex (SOC) of the unanesthetized rabbit to a sound and its simulated reflection. 2. Stimuli were pairs of monaural or binaural clicks delivered through earphones. The leading click, or conditioner, simulated a direct sound, and the lagging click, or probe, simulated a reflection. Interaural time differences (ITDs) were introduced in the binaural conditioners and probes to adjust their simulated locations. The probe was always set at the neuron's best ITD, whereas the conditioner was set at the neuron's best ITD or its worst ITD. To measure the time course of the effects of the conditioner on the probe, we examined the response to the probe as a function of the conditioner-probe interval (CPI). 3. When IC neurons were tested with conditioners and probes set at the neuron's best ITD, the response to the probe as a function of CPI had one of two forms: early-low or early-high. In early-low neurons the response to the probe was initially suppressed but recovered monotonically at longer CPIs. Early-high neurons showed a nonmonotonic recovery pattern. In these neurons the maximal suppression did not occur at the shortest CPIs, but rather after a period of less suppression. Beyond this point, recovery was similar to that of early-low neurons. The presence of early-high neurons meant that the overall population was never entirely suppressed, even at short CPIs. Taken as a whole. CPIs for 50% recovery of the response to the probe among neurons ranged from 1 to 64 ms with a median of approximately 6 ms. 4. The above results are consistent with the time course of the precedence effect for the following reasons. 1) The lack of complete suppression at any CPI is compatible with behavioral results that show the presence of a probe can be detected even at short CPIs when it is not separately localizable. 2) At a CPI corresponding to echo threshold for human listeners (approximately 4 ms CPI) there was a considerable response to the probe, consistent with it being heard as a separately localizable sound at this CPI. 3) Full recovery for all neurons required a period much longer than that associated with the precedence effect. This is consistent with the relatively long time required for conditioners and probes to be heard with equal loudness. 5. Conditioners with either the best ITD or worst ITD were used to determine the effect of ITD on the response to the probe. The relative amounts of suppression caused by the two ITDs varied among neurons. Some neurons were suppressed about equally by both types of conditioners, others were suppressed more by a conditioner with the best ITD, and still others by a conditioner with the worst ITD. Because the best ITD and worst ITD presumably activate different pathways, these results suggest that different neurons receive a different balance of inhibition from different sources. 6. The recovery functions of neurons not sensitive to ITDs were similar to those of ITD-sensitive, neurons. This suggests that the time course of suppression may be common among different IC populations. 7. We also studied neurons in the SOC. Although many showed binaural interactions, none were sensitive to ITDs. Thus the response of this population may not be
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Pennington, Robert, Allison Flick, and Kendra Smith-Wehr. "The Use of Response Prompting and Frames for Teaching Sentence Writing to Students With Moderate Intellectual Disability." Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 33, no. 3 (October 13, 2016): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088357616673568.
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In the current study, we examined the effects of response prompting strategies (i.e., constant time delay, system of least prompts) and frames on sentence writing for three participants, ages 7 to 12, with moderate intellectual disability. We used a concurrent multiple probe across behaviors design to evaluate the efficacy of the intervention package and posttest probes to assess generalized responding to untrained stimulation. During intervention, the teacher taught two students to construct sentences using selection-based software and another to generate handwritten responses across three different writing frames (i.e., I want _________, I see _____, The _____ is ______). Our findings suggest that the package was effective and produced variable levels of maintenance and generalized responding for all three participants.
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Gurganus, Colin, and Paul Lawson. "Laboratory and Flight Tests of 2D Imaging Probes: Toward a Better Understanding of Instrument Performance and the Impact on Archived Data." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, no. 7 (July 2018): 1533–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0202.1.
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AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) imaging probes, such as the 2D stereo (2D-S) probe and the cloud imaging probe (CIP), are routinely used to provide in situ measurements of cloud particle properties. The basic measurement is shadowgraphs of water drops and ice particles from which particle size distributions, projected particle area, and mass concentrations are determined. These data permeate data archives of domestic and foreign government agencies, universities, and the private sector. This paper provides results from laboratory tests and flight tests on a Learjet research aircraft that give new insights into the performance of the 2D imaging probes, and how their performance may have impacted measurements collected in data archives. The laboratory tests are conducted with the aid of two devices: 1) a droplet generator that provides known concentrations of water drops from 15 to 65 µm ± 1 µm that can be positioned in the probe’s sample volume with 10-µm precision; and 2) a motorized spinning platform that supports transparent disks with small opaque features (i.e., a “spinning disk”), which replicates the effect of particles transecting the probe’s sample volume at translational speeds up to 190 m s−1. The flight tests were conducted with a Learjet research aircraft that collected cloud particle data at true airspeeds from 99 to 170 m s−1. The results provide new insights into how probe optics, time response, and data throughput of the 2D-S and CIP electro-optics impact the measurements of cloud particles. The results, summarized in the conclusions, suggest how archived data are impacted.
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Zanesco, Anthony P., Ekaterina Denkova, and Amishi P. Jha. "Self-reported Mind Wandering and Response Time Variability Differentiate Prestimulus Electroencephalogram Microstate Dynamics during a Sustained Attention Task." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 33, no. 1 (January 2021): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01636.
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Brain activity continuously and spontaneously fluctuates during tasks of sustained attention. This spontaneous activity reflects the intrinsic dynamics of neurocognitive networks, which have been suggested to differentiate moments of externally directed task focus from episodes of mind wandering. However, the contribution of specific electrophysiological brain states and their millisecond dynamics to the experience of mind wandering is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the association between electroencephalogram microstate temporal dynamics and self-reported mind wandering. Thirty-six participants completed a sustained attention to response task in which they were asked to respond to frequently occurring upright faces (nontargets) and withhold responses to rare inverted faces (targets). Intermittently, experience sampling probes assessed whether participants were focused on the task or whether they were mind wandering (i.e., off-task). Broadband electroencephalography was recorded and segmented into a time series of brain electric microstates based on data-driven clustering of topographic voltage patterns. The strength, prevalence, and rate of occurrence of specific microstates differentiated on- versus off-task moments in the prestimulus epochs of trials preceding probes. Similar associations were also evident between microstates and variability in response times. Together, these findings demonstrate that distinct microstates and their millisecond dynamics are sensitive to the experience of mind wandering.
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Ortyl, Joanna, Mateusz Galica, Roman Popielarz, and Dariusz Bogdał. "Application of a carbazole derivative as a spectroscopic fluorescent probe for real time monitoring of cationic photopolymerization." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2014-0013.
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AbstractThe performance of 1-(9-ethylcarbazol-3-yl)-4,4,4-trifluorobutane-1,3-dione (1) as a fluorescent probe for the monitoring of cationic photopolymerization processes by Fluorescence Probe Technique (FPT) has been evaluated in comparison with the response of 7-diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin (Coumarin 1) (2). Triethylene glycol divinyl ether and diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate were used as an example monomer and a cationic photoinitiator respectively. It has been found that the probe 1 withstands the cationic polymerization conditions and provides correct probe response. 1-(9-ethylcarbazol-3-yl)-4,4,4-trifluorobutane-1,3-dione shifts its fluorescence spectrum with progress of cationic photopolymerization of the monomer, which enables the monitoring of the polymerization progress using the fluorescence intensity ratio measured at two different wavelengths as the progress indicator. By comparing the behavior of 1 and 2, it has been documented that the fluorescence spectrum of probe 1 shows a spectacular hypsochromic shift (Δλ = 33 nm) upon the monomer polymerization, while the shift of 2 is three times smaller (Δλ = 11 nm). Moreover, the sensitivity of probe 1 is more than 2.5-times higher than that of any other probes suitable for monitoring cationic polymerization processes, reported previously. Therefore, application of the carbazole derivative (1) as a new probe for the monitoring of the crosslinking process of coatings cured by cationic photopolymerization has been proposed.
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Roduner, C., P. Ko¨ppel, P. Kupferschmied, and G. Gyarmathy. "Comparison of Measurement Data at the Impeller Exit of a Centrifugal Compressor Measured With Both Pneumatic and Fast-Response Probes." Journal of Turbomachinery 121, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2841359.
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The main goal of these investigations was the refined measurement of unsteady high-speed flow in a centrifugal compressor using the advanced FRAP® fast-response aerodynamic probe system. The present contribution focuses on the impeller exit region and shows critical comparisons between fast-response (time-resolving) and conventional pneumatic probe measurement results. Three probes of identical external geometry (one fast and two pneumatic) were used to perform wall-to-wall traverses close to the impeller exit. The data shown refer to a single running condition near the best point of the stage. The mass flow obtained from different probe measurements and from the standard orifice measurement were compared. Stage work obtained from temperature rise measured with a FRAP® probe and from impeller outlet velocity vectors fields by using Euler’s turbine equation are presented. The comparison in terms of velocity magnitude and angle distribution is quite satisfactory, indicating the superior DC measurement capabilities of the fast-response probe system.
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García-Orza, Javier, and Jesús Damas. "Sequential Processing of Two-Digit Numbers." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 219, no. 1 (January 2011): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000042.
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Two experiments using a number matching task (NMT) explored whether two-digit numbers are processed holistically or in a compositional fashion. In the NMT participants are required to decide whether one of the two numbers initially provided (cues) is presented some milliseconds later or not (probe). Probes which have some arithmetic relationship to the cues (e.g., cues: 2 3, probe: 6) are rejected more slowy than probes unrelated to their cues (e.g., cues: 2 3, probe: 7) – interference effect –, and this is considered as evidence of the automatic activation of that arithmetic relationship. Participants were presented with two-digit cues and probes which had an arithmetic progression relationship only detectable once the numbers were decomposed (Experiment 1: cues: 56 7, probe: 89; Experiment 2: cues: 45 67, probe: 89). Results showed longer response times in these conditions compared to unrelated conditions. Data support componential processing even when the numbers to be matched are presented serially.
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Nenna, Vanessa, Adam Pidlisecky, and Rosemary Knight. "Monitoring managed aquifer recharge with electrical resistivity probes." Interpretation 2, no. 4 (November 1, 2014): T155—T166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2013-0192.1.
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The use of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) to supplement groundwater resources can mitigate the risks to an aquifer in overdraft. However, limited information on subsurface properties and processes that control groundwater flow may lead to low levels of recapture of infiltrated water, reducing the efficacy of MAR operations. We used long 1D electrical resistivity probes to monitor the subsurface response over one diversion season at five locations beneath an operating recharge pond in northern California. The experiment demonstrated the benefits of integrating geophysical and standard hydrologic measurements. The water table response interpreted from time-lapse electrical resistivity images was in good agreement with traditional pore-pressure transducer measurements at coincident locations. Moreover, the electrical resistivity measurements were able to identify vertical variations in water saturation that would not have appeared in pore-pressure data alone. Changes in saturation estimated from electrical resistivity models indicated large hydraulic gradients at early time and suggested the presence of highly permeable conduits and baffles between the surface and the screened interval of recovery wells. The interpreted structure of these conduits and baffles would contribute to the movement of a large amount of infiltrated water beyond the capture zone of recovery wells before pumping begins, accounting in part for the low recovery rates.
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Fernández Oro, J. M., K. M. Argüelles Díaz, M. Rodríguez Lastra, M. Galdo Vega, and B. Pereiras García. "Converged statistics for time-resolved measurements in low-speed axial fans using high-frequency response probes." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 54 (April 2014): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2014.02.002.
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Rohatgi, Pratik, Nicholas B. Langhals, Daryl R. Kipke, and Parag G. Patil. "In vivo performance of a microelectrode neural probe with integrated drug delivery." Neurosurgical Focus 27, no. 1 (July 2009): E8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.4.focus0983.
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Object The availability of sophisticated neural probes is a key prerequisite in the development of future brain-machine interfaces (BMIs). In this study, the authors developed and validated a neural probe design capable of simultaneous drug delivery and electrophysiology recordings in vivo. Focal drug delivery promises to extend dramatically the recording lives of neural probes, a limiting factor to clinical adoption of BMI technology. Methods To form the multifunctional neural probe, the authors affixed a 16-channel microfabricated silicon electrode array to a fused silica catheter. Three experiments were conducted in rats to characterize the performance of the device. Experiment 1 examined cellular damage from probe insertion and the drug distribution in tissue. Experiment 2 measured the effects of saline infusions delivered through the probe on concurrent electrophysiological measurements. Experiment 3 demonstrated that a physiologically relevant amount of drug can be delivered in a controlled fashion. For these experiments, Hoechst and propidium iodide stains were used to assess insertion trauma and the tissue distribution of the infusate. Artificial CSF (aCSF) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) were injected to determine the efficacy of drug delivery. Results The newly developed multifunctional neural probes were successfully inserted into rat cortex and were able to deliver fluids and drugs that resulted in the expected electrophysiological and histological responses. The damage from insertion of the device into brain tissue was substantially less than the volume of drug dispersion in tissue. Electrophysiological activity, including both individual spikes as well as local field potentials, was successfully recorded with this device during real-time drug delivery. No significant changes were seen in response to delivery of aCSF as a control experiment, whereas delivery of TTX produced the expected result of suppressing all spiking activity in the vicinity of the catheter outlet. Conclusions Multifunctional neural probes such as the ones developed and validated within this study have great potential to help further understand the design space and criteria for the next generation of neural probe technology. By incorporating integrated drug delivery functionality into the probes, new treatment options for neurological disorders and regenerative neural interfaces using localized and feedback-controlled delivery of drugs can be realized in the near future.
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Fratantoni, D. M., J. K. O’Brien, C. Flagg, and T. Rossby. "AXIS—An Autonomous Expendable Instrument System." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 34, no. 12 (December 2017): 2673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-17-0054.1.
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AbstractExpendable bathythermographs (XBT) to profile upper-ocean temperatures from vessels in motion have been in use for some 50 years now. Developed originally for navy use, they were soon adapted by oceanographers to map out upper-ocean thermal structure and its space–-time variability from both research vessels and merchant marine vessels in regular traffic. These activities continue today. This paper describes a new technology—the Autonomous Expendable Instrument System (AXIS)—that has been developed to provide the capability to deploy XBT probes on a predefined schedule, or adaptively in response to specific events without the presence of an observer on board. AXIS is a completely self-contained system that can hold up to 12 expendable probes [XBTs, XCTDs, expendable sound velocimeter (XSV)] in any combination. A single-board Linux computer keeps track of what probes are available, takes commands from ashore via Iridium satellite on what deployment schedule to follow, and records and forwards the probe data immediately with a time stamp and the GPS position. This paper provides a brief overview of its operation, capabilities, and some examples of how it is improving coverage along two lines in the Atlantic.
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Jin, Xilang, Xianglong Wu, Pu Xie, Sha Liu, Jie Wu, Ting Wang, Hongwei Zhou, Xin Leng, and Weixing Chen. "Reaction-based fluorescent probes for rapid detection of hydrogen sulfide in vivo." Analytical Methods 10, no. 33 (2018): 4079–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ay01176a.
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Cui, Shuaifei, Junfeng Liu, Xulong Chen, and Qinze Li. "Experimental Analysis of Gas Holdup Measured by Gas Array Tool in Gas–Water Two Phase of Horizontal Well." Coatings 11, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030343.
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In the gas-water two phase of horizontal well, gas holdup is usually obtained by inverse calculation of the water holdup measured by the array capacitance probes. Gas Array Tool (GAT) has been developed to directly measure gas holdup. This instrument has been introduced into China and its simulation experiment in gas-water two phase flow in horizontal wells has been carried out for the first time to study the applicability of gas holdup measurement. Firstly, the response principle and measurement method of GAT are analyzed; secondly, the experimental data of GAT under different flowrates, water cut, and different cable speed are plotted and analyzed; finally, the gas holdup data measured by GAT and Capacitance Array Tool (CAT) are compared by using an interpolation algorithm. It is found that the response of the optical fiber probe is consistent and stable. It also proves the accuracy of gas identification and the applicability of gas holdup measurement under test conditions by GAT, which lays a foundation for further gas holdup measurement, interpretation, and field test in the future.
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Roduner, Christian, Peter Kupferschmied, Pascal Ko¨ppel, and Georg Gyarmathy. "On the Development and Application of the Fast-Response Aerodynamic Probe System in Turbomachines—Part 2: Flow, Surge, and Stall in a Centrifugal Compressor." Journal of Turbomachinery 122, no. 3 (February 1, 1999): 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1303827.
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The present paper, Part 2 of a trilogy, is primarily focussed on demonstrating the capabilities of a fast-response aerodynamic probe system configuration based on the simplest type of fast-response probe. A single cylindrical probe equipped with a single pressure sensor is used to measure absolute pressure and both velocity components in an essentially two-dimensional flow field. The probe is used in the pseudo-three-sensor mode (see Part 1). It is demonstrated that such a one-sensor probe is able to measure high-frequency rotor-governed systematic fluctuations (like blade-to-blade phenomena) alone or in combination with flow-governed low-frequency fluctuations as rotating stall (RS) and mild surge (MS). However, three-sensor probes would be needed to measure stochastic (turbulence-related) or other aperiodic velocity transients. The data shown refer to the impeller exit and the vaned diffuser of a single-stage high-subsonic centrifugal compressor. Wall-to-wall probe traverses were performed at the impeller exit and different positions along the vaned diffuser for different running conditions. The centrifugal compressor was operated under stable as well as unstable (pulsating or stalled) running conditions. The turbomachinery-oriented interpretation of these unsteady flow data is a second focus of the paper. A refined analysis of the time-resolved data will be performed in Part 3, where different spatial/temporal averaging methods are compared. Two different averaging methods were used for the data evaluation: impeller-based ensemble-averaging for blade-to-blade systematic fluctuations (with constant period length at a constant shaft speed), and flow-based class averaging for the relatively slow MS and RS with slightly variable period length. Due to the ability of fast-response probes to simultaneously measure velocity components and total and static pressure, interesting insights can be obtained into impeller and diffuser channel flow structures as well as into the time behavior of such large-domain phenomena as RS and MS. [S0889-504X(00)01103-X]
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Llivina, L., S. Colominas, and J. Abellà. "Evaluation of the response time of H-concentration probes for tritium sensors in lead–lithium eutectic alloy." Fusion Engineering and Design 89, no. 7-8 (October 2014): 1397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2014.01.034.
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Russell, G. B., and J. M. Graybeal. "DOES A PROTECTIVE SHEATH ALLOWING CLINICAL REUSE ALTER SENSITIVITY AND RESPONSE TIME OF DISPOSABLE PULSE OXIMETER PROBES?" Anesthesiology 81, SUPPLEMENT (September 1994): A504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199409001-00503.
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Valero, Clara, Laura de la Cruz-Villar, Óscar Zaragoza, and María José Buitrago. "New Panfungal Real-Time PCR Assay for Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infections." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54, no. 12 (September 14, 2016): 2910–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01580-16.
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The diagnosis of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) is usually based on the isolation of the fungus in culture and histopathological techniques. However, these methods have many limitations often delaying the definitive diagnosis. In recent years, molecular diagnostics methods have emerged as a suitable alternative for IFI diagnosis. When there is not a clear suspicion of the fungus involved in the IFI, panfungal real-time PCR assays have been used, allowing amplification of any fungal DNA. However, this approach requires subsequent amplicon sequencing to identify the fungal species involved, increasing response time. In this work, a new panfungal real-time PCR assay using the combination of an intercalating dye and sequence-specific probes was developed. After DNA amplification, a melting curve analysis was also performed. The technique was standardized by using 11 different fungal species and validated in 60 clinical samples from patients with proven and probable IFI. A melting curve database was constructed by collecting those melting curves obtained from fungal species included in the standardization assay. Results showed high reproducibility (coefficient of variation [CV] < 5%; r > 0.95) and specificity (100%). The overall sensitivity of the technique was 83.3%, with the group of fungi involved in the infection detected in 77.8% of the positive samples with IFIs covered by molecular beacon probes. Moreover, sequencing was avoided in 67.8% of these “probe-positive” results, enabling report of a positive result in 24 h. This technique is fast, sensitive, and specific and promises to be useful for improving early diagnosis of IFIs.
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Vijaya Saradhi, T., Sk Ayesha Muskan, K. Janaki Ram, and T. Praveen Kumar. "Web service selection based on response time based on QOS." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.1 (December 21, 2017): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.1.9485.
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Choosing an ideal web benefit among a summary of practically proportional web benefits is still a test problem. For the benefits of the Internet, the proximity of low performing servers, high inactivity or the general poor quality of the administration can turn into lost business, disappointment of the client and lost clients. Existing framework in view of Hidden Markov Models, which also proposes an ideal form for the execution of customer demands. Just calculate the reaction time. In this endeavor we propose three different calculations Ant Colony (- based) Optimization, hereditary calculation and Analytic Algorithm. The method we display may be used to compute and anticipate the behavior of internet services in phrases of costs, accessibility and reaction time could be used to classify administrations quantitatively instead of simply subjectively. Against the rationalization calculation of the province used to organize the reaction time. Hereditary calculation used to distinguish the specific cost of the web benefit and the research calculation used to verify the accessibility of web services. It shows the accessibility and manageability of our strategy by extracting probes of genuine information. The outcomes have proven how our proposed technique can allow the client to consistently choose almost all reliable Web To benefit from considering some measurements, among them, the consistency of the frame and the inconsistency of the reaction time.
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Tompkins, Connie A., Annette Baumgaertner, Margaret T. Lehman, and Wiltrud Fassbinder. "Mechanisms of Discourse Comprehension Impairment After Right Hemisphere Brain Damage." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 43, no. 1 (February 2000): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4301.62.
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Normal comprehension skill is linked with the proficiency of a suppression mechanism, which functions to dampen mental activation that becomes irrelevant or inappropriate to a final interpretation. This study investigated suppression and discourse comprehension in adults with right brain damage (RBD). To index suppression function, 40 adults with RBD and 40 without brain damage listened to sentence stimuli that biased the meaning of a sentence-final lexical ambiguity (e.g., SPADE), then judged whether a probe word (e.g., CARDS) fit the overall sentence meaning. Probes represented the contextually inappropriate meanings of the ambiguities and were presented in two conditions: 175 ms and 1000 ms poststimulus. The same probes were used with unambiguous comparison stimuli. Probe judgment response times indicated that only the group without brain damage suppressed inappropriate interpretations over time. In a multiple regression analysis, suppression function added significantly to predicting performance on a general measure of narrative discourse comprehension for participants with RBD. The discussion addresses how suppression deficits may account more broadly for comprehension difficulties after RBD; it also considers several unresolved issues concerning the suppression construct and the suppression deficit hypothesis.
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Lauer, Wendy F., Caroline D. Sidi, Jean-Philippe Tourniaire, and Thomas Hammack. "iQ-Check Salmonella II: Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Test Kit." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 92, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 1865–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/92.6.1865.
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Abstract iQ-Check Salmonella II is a real-time PCR kit for detection of Salmonella in foods. Specific oligonucleotide probes are used to detect target DNA during the amplification, by hybridizing to the amplicons. These probes are linked to a fluorophore, which fluoresces only when hybridized to the target sequence. As part of an Emergency Response Validation due to a massive outbreak and subsequent recall, peanut butter was tested to compare the performance of iQ-Check Salmonella II to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA-BAM) reference method for detection of Salmonella. A single enrichment in buffered peptone water was used for a reduced enrichment time of 21 1 h over the 48 h reference method. There was no significant difference in the performance of the iQ-Check kit when compared to the FDA-BAM method, as determined by Chi-square analysis. All samples identified as positive by iQ-Check were confirmed by reference method protocol.
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Jia, Pei-Pei, Shu-Ting Jiang, and Lin Xu. "Small-molecule Bifunctional Fluorescent Probes for the Differential Detection of Multiple Guests." Current Organic Synthesis 16, no. 4 (July 4, 2019): 485–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179416666190419213812.
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During the last few years, the preparation of bifunctional fluorescent probes, which exhibit dierential response towards multiple analytes, has attracted considerable attention since they are cost-eective and highly desirable for real-time applications. This review focuses on the recent advances in the design principles, recognition mechanisms,and applications of multifunctional fluorescent probes for the differential detection of multiple guests.
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Sakurai, Naoki, and Donald J. Nevins. "Evaluation of Stress-Relaxation in Fruit Tissue." HortTechnology 2, no. 3 (July 1992): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.2.3.398.
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During fruit softening, tissue texture characteristics may be documented by stress-relaxation analysis. Data were collected when a conical probe was inserted into tomato tissue to a prescribed depth. Five parameters were resolved during the load decay. By this method the elastic (firmness or softness) and viscous characteristics of the fruit tissue were identified. The initial load required to insert the probe into the fruit reflects tissue elasticity, while the two time-dependent parameters, one reflecting the initial response time and the other corresponding to the point when the tissue ceases to accommodate the imposed load, reflect tissue viscosity. The technique is also applicable for the measurement of processed materials, viz. canned tomatoes and paste, when modified probes are used.
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Chandler, Darrell P., Ann E. Jarrell, Eric R. Roden, Julia Golova, Boris Chernov, Matthew J. Schipma, Aaron D. Peacock, and Philip E. Long. "Suspension Array Analysis of 16S rRNA from Fe- and SO42-Reducing Bacteria in Uranium-Contaminated Sediments Undergoing Bioremediation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 7 (July 2006): 4672–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02858-05.
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ABSTRACT A 16S rRNA-targeted tunable bead array was developed and used in a retrospective analysis of metal- and sulfate-reducing bacteria in contaminated subsurface sediments undergoing in situ U(VI) bioremediation. Total RNA was extracted from subsurface sediments and interrogated directly, without a PCR step. Bead array validation studies with total RNA derived from 24 isolates indicated that the behavior and response of the 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes could not be predicted based on the primary nucleic acid sequence. Likewise, signal intensity (absolute or normalized) could not be used to assess the abundance of one organism (or rRNA) relative to the abundance of another organism (or rRNA). Nevertheless, the microbial community structure and dynamics through time and space and as measured by the rRNA-targeted bead array were consistent with previous data acquired at the site, where indigenous sulfate- and iron-reducing bacteria and near neighbors of Desulfotomaculum were the organisms that were most responsive to a change in injected acetate concentrations. Bead array data were best interpreted by analyzing the relative changes in the probe responses for spatially and temporally related samples and by considering only the response of one probe to itself in relation to a background (reference) environmental sample. By limiting the interpretation of the data in this manner and placing it in the context of supporting geochemical and microbiological analyses, we concluded that ecologically relevant and meaningful information can be derived from direct microarray analysis of rRNA in uncharacterized environmental samples, even with the current analytical uncertainty surrounding the behavior of individual probes on tunable bead arrays.
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Tiefenbacher, Patrick, Norbert I. Kömle, Wolfgang Macher, and Günter Kargl. "Influence of probe geometry on measurement results of non-ideal thermal conductivity sensors." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 5, no. 2 (September 6, 2016): 383–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-5-383-2016.
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Abstract. The thermal properties of the surface and subsurface layers of planets and planetary objects yield important information that allows us to better understand the thermal evolution of the body itself and its interactions with the environment. Various planetary bodies of our Solar System are covered by so-called regolith, a granular and porous material. On such planetary bodies the dominant heat transfer mechanism is heat conduction via IR radiation and contact points between particles. In this case the energy balance is mainly controlled by the effective thermal conductivity of the top surface layers, which can be directly measured by thermal conductivity probes. A traditionally used method for measuring the thermal conductivity of solid materials is the needle-probe method. Such probes consist of thin steel needles with an embedded heating wire and temperature sensors. For the evaluation of the thermal conductivity of a specific material the temperature change with time is determined by heating a resistance wire with a well-defined electrical current flowing through it and simultaneously measuring the temperature increase inside the probe over a certain time. For thin needle probes with a large length-to-diameter ratio it is mathematically easy to derive the thermal conductivity, while this is not so straightforward for more rugged probes with a larger diameter and thus a smaller length-to-diameter ratio. Due to the geometry of the standard thin needle probes they are mechanically weak and subject to bending when driven into a soil. Therefore, using them for planetary missions can be problematic. In this paper the thermal conductivity values determined by measurements with two non-ideal, ruggedized thermal conductivity sensors, which only differ in length, are compared to each other. Since the theory describing the temperature response of non-ideal sensors is highly complicated, those sensors were calibrated with an ideal reference sensor in various solid and granular materials. The calibration procedure and the results are described in this work.
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Sahoo and Crisponi. "Recent Advances on Iron(III) Selective Fluorescent Probes with Possible Applications in Bioimaging." Molecules 24, no. 18 (September 7, 2019): 3267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183267.
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Iron(III) is well-known to play a vital role in a variety of metabolic processes in almost all living systems, including the human body. However, the excess or deficiency of Fe3+ from the normal permissible limit can cause serious health problems. Therefore, novel analytical methods are developed for the simple, direct, and cost-effective monitoring of Fe3+ concentration in various environmental and biological samples. Because of the high selectivity and sensitivity, fast response time, and simplicity, the fluorescent-based molecular probes have been developed extensively in the past few decades to detect Fe3+. This review was narrated to summarize the Fe3+-selective fluorescent probes that show fluorescence enhancement (turn-on) and ratiometric response. The Fe3+ sensing ability, mechanisms along with the analytical novelties of recently reported 77 fluorescent probes are discussed.
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He, Hao, Zhao Cheng, Lei Zheng, and Xuejiao Zhang. "Evaluation of Fluorescent Cu2+ Probes: Instant Sensing, Cell Permeable Recognition and Quantitative Detection." Molecules 26, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020512.
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By incorporating a rhodamine spirolactam structure as the recognition site for Cu2+, two novel probes were synthesized through a connection of rhodamine 6G acylhydrazine and 5-formyl-6-hydroxyl-4-methylcoumarin/2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde. In the recognition process of probes towards Cu2+, the spirolactam ring exhibited opening and closing, accompanying an instant and specific change in fluorescence and in color, which could also achieve a naked-eye and semiquantitative recognition of aqueous Cu2+ besides the fluorescent Cu2+ detection method. Fluorescent analyses and ECV304 cell imaging further revealed the probes’ good optical stability, instant response, low toxicity, and membrane permeability, which offers future possibilities for the probes’ instant detection and the real-time tracking of Cu2+ in biological systems.
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Della Gaspera, Enrico, and Alessandro Martucci. "Detecting H2S oscillatory response using surface plasmon spectroscopy." MRS Proceedings 1552 (2013): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.713.
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ABSTRACTThe oscillatory change in the optical absorbance of NiO-TiO2 film containing Au nanoparticles in the presence of H2S gas are investigated. The oscillatory phenomena could be monitored by looking at the variation of the surface plasmon resonance peak of the Au nanoparticles embedded in the TiO2-NiO matrix. Au nanoparticles act as optical probes in the detection of H2S, while the oxide matrix is responsible for the catalytic oxidation of H2S. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that oscillatory phenomena are monitored by optical spectroscopy.
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Thieme, Daniel, Peter Neubauer, Dietrich H. Nies, and Gregor Grass. "Sandwich Hybridization Assay for Sensitive Detection of Dynamic Changes in mRNA Transcript Levels in Crude Escherichia coli Cell Extracts in Response to Copper Ions." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 24 (October 24, 2008): 7463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01370-08.
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ABSTRACT Transcript quantification techniques usually rely on purified mRNAs. We report here a solution-based sandwich hybridization assay for the quantification of mRNAs from Escherichia coli without the need of prior RNA isolation. This assay makes use of four DNA oligonucleotide probes adjacently hybridizing to target RNA in clarified cell extracts. Two helper probes facilitate the hybridization of a detection and a capture probe. The latter is biotin labeled, allowing binding to streptavidin-coated paramagnetic beads and the separation of the RNA-DNA hybrid from cellular constituents. Added antidigoxigenin Fab fragments conjugated to alkaline phosphatase bind to the digoxigenin-labeled detection probe, completing the sandwich of the paramagnetic bead, mRNA, probes, and alkaline phosphatase. The target transcript can be quantified by assessing phosphatase activity on a substrate that is converted into a fluorescent product. The amount of target mRNA is calculated from the fluorescence output and from a calibration curve for a known concentration of in vitro-synthesized target mRNA. This technique was used in time course experiments to investigate the expression of three genes responsible for the copper resistance of E. coli. The induction of gene expression by copper cations was rapid, but under aerobic conditions, the levels of expression returned to low, prestress levels within minutes. In anaerobiosis, high-level expression continued for at least 1 h. When cultures were shifted from anaerobiosis to aerobiosis, expression levels were diminished within minutes to prestress levels. The improved technique presented here is relatively simple, has very high degrees of sensitivity and robustness, is less laborious than other RNA quantification methods, and is not negatively affected by genomic DNA. These characteristics make it a powerful complementary application to genetic reporter fusions and to reverse transcription-PCR.
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Tarun, Orly B., Christof Hannesschläger, Peter Pohl, and Sylvie Roke. "Label-free and charge-sensitive dynamic imaging of lipid membrane hydration on millisecond time scales." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 16 (April 2, 2018): 4081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719347115.
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Biological membranes are highly dynamic and complex lipid bilayers, responsible for the fate of living cells. To achieve this function, the hydrating environment is crucial. However, membrane imaging typically neglects water, focusing on the insertion of probes, resonant responses of lipids, or the hydrophobic core. Owing to a recent improvement of second-harmonic (SH) imaging throughput by three orders of magnitude, we show here that we can use SH microscopy to follow membrane hydration of freestanding lipid bilayers on millisecond time scales. Instead of using the UV/VIS resonant response of specific membrane-inserted fluorophores to record static SH images over time scales of >1,000 s, we SH imaged symmetric and asymmetric lipid membranes, while varying the ionic strength and pH of the adjacent solutions. We show that the nonresonant SH response of water molecules aligned by charge−dipole interactions with charged lipids can be used as a label-free probe of membrane structure and dynamics. Lipid domain diffusion is imaged label-free by means of the hydration of charged domains. The orientational ordering of water is used to construct electrostatic membrane potential maps. The average membrane potential depends quadratically on an applied external bias, which is modeled by nonlinear optical theory. Spatiotemporal fluctuations on the order of 100-mV changes in the membrane potential are seen. These changes imply that membranes are very dynamic, not only in their structure but also in their membrane potential landscape. This may have important consequences for membrane function, mechanical stability, and protein/pore distributions.
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Hou, Ji-Ting, Ming-Yu Wu, Kun Li, Jin Yang, Kang-Kang Yu, Yong-Mei Xie, and Xiao-Qi Yu. "Mitochondria-targeted colorimetric and fluorescent probes for hypochlorite and their applications for in vivo imaging." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 63 (2014): 8640–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc02673j.
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Two probes that exhibited high sensitivity and excellent selectivity toward ClO−among ROS with a rapid response time were presented, which could selectively detect ClO−in the mitochondria of the cells.
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Herbranson, Walter T. "Dissociation of Procedural and Working Memory in Pigeons (Columba livia)." International Journal of Psychological Research 9, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20112084.2326.
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A new method was developed to concurrently investigate procedural memory and working memory in pigeons. Pigeons performed a sequence of keypecks across 3 response keys in a serial response task, with periodic choice probes for the location of a recently produced response. Procedural memory was operationally defined as decreasing response times to predictable cues in the sequence. Working memory was reflected by accurate responses to the choice probes. Changing the sequence of required keypecks to a random sequence interfered with procedural memory in the form of slowed response times, but did not prevent pigeons from effectively using working memory to remember specific cue locations. Conversely, changing exposure duration of to a cue location influenced working memory but had no effect on procedural memory. Double dissociations such as this have supported the multiple systems approach to the study of memory in cognitive psychology and neuroscience, and they encourage a similar approach in comparative psychology.
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Ke, Liang. "Synchronization Control of High-Order Inertial Hopfield Neural Network with Time Delay." Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle 34, no. 5 (November 20, 2020): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ria.340509.
Full textAbstract:
This paper probes deep into the synchronization control of high-order inertial Hopfield neural network with time delay, considering both inertia term and high-order term. Specifically, a second-order differential system was transformed into a first-order differential system, through proper variable substitution. Then, the sufficient conditions for exponential synchronization of the response system were theorized, with the aid of the fundamental solution matrix of the differential equation. The theoretical conditions were verified through an example analysis. The research findings have great application potential in production, communication, and automation.