Relevant bibliographies by topics / Responses to Victims

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Responses to Victims'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Responses to Victims"

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Zhmurov, Dmitry V. "Victims of Cyberbullying: The Problem Status." Russian investigator 1 (January 12, 2023): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3783-2023-1-45-50.

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This article is devoted to the victimological problems of cyberbullying. The key, in the author’s opinion, problematic issues arising in the study of this phenomenon are formulated. During the theoretical analysis of the works of domestic and foreign researchers, data on the prerequisites of cyberbullying are provided. The definition of the term “victim of cyberbullying” is given, the classification of victims of such actions is proposed. According to the nature of the victim’s responses, they are classified into two main groups (involved / uninvolved victims) and a number of subgroups, among which they differ: aggressive, avoidant, compromise, protective, submissive, auto-incriminating, ignoring and derealization victims. Depending on the degree of intensity of reactions of the victim of cyberbullying, it is proposed to distinguish the reacting and neglecting type of victim.
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Nurhalimah Nurhalimah, Neila Susanti, and Muhammad Jailani. "Persepsi Mahasiswa Sosiologi Agama Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara terhadap Victim Blaming pada Kekerasan Seksual di Perguruan Tinggi Indonesia." Harmoni: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi dan Sosial 1, no. 4 (2023): 228–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.59581/harmoni-widyakarya.v1i4.1823.

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This research aims to describe the perceptions of Sociology of Religion college students at the State Islamic University of North Sumatra towards victims of sexual violence at Indonesian universities. In general, perception is a person's way of looking at something. This research uses a quantitative descriptive type and approach. The population of this study was 281 Sociology of Religion college students at the State Islamic University of North Sumatra, with a margin of error of 10%, and a sample of 74 people. The sampling technique used is stratified random sampling. Questionnaires are a data collection technique with a perception measuring tool in the form of a Likert scale. The results of the research reveal that the perception of Sociology of Religion college students at the North Sumatra State Islamic University towards victims blaming for sexual violence in Indonesian universities is negative. Respondents are know victim blaming well, victim blaming is often found in cases of sexual violence, where women are the ones who are vulnerable to becoming objects of sexual violence. This is characterized by siding with victims of sexual violence, such as sympathy and empathy for victims, victims must receive protection, victims of violence do not deserve to be blamed, and justifying incidents of sexual violence as not being caused by the victim's behavior. Meanwhile, other neutral responses revealed that the way women dress and their body shape are the causes of sexual violence. This means that women who wear closed or open clothing both have the opportunity to become victims. Furthermore, neutral responses to victims of sexual violence always exaggerate the cases at hand. On the contrary, the news media tends to exaggerate so that it leads to opinion, which ends up making it difficult for the victim to reveal the case they are facing because of concerns about giving the victim a negative stigma.
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Sit, Victoria, and Regina A. Schuller. "Understanding Support Providers’ Views of “Helpful” Responses to Sexual Assault Disclosures: The Impacts of Self-Blame and Physical Resistance." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 8 (2016): 1236–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515614563.

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Prior research on the factors associated with various disclosure responses has often been conducted on sexual assault victims and formal support providers, while informal helpers, who are the most common recipients of disclosures, have received far less attention. This experimental study examined potential informal helpers’ views of disclosure reactions and their influence on the self-reported likelihoods of engaging in those responses. Undergraduate students at a large Canadian university ( N = 239) received vignettes describing a hypothetical sexual assault disclosure that varied on victim’s self-blame and physical resistance, and then rated common disclosure reactions. The results revealed that participants’ perceptions of various responses were at odds with victims’ experiences, with many negative responses, such as victim blame and egocentrism, viewed as equally or more helpful than positive responses, such as emotional support. Moreover, when the victim blamed herself and did not physically resist, positive responses were seen as less helpful whereas negative responses were seen as more helpful, with some notable gender differences. Regression analyses indicated that the perceived helpfulness of each response was the strongest predictor of the likelihood of providing that response. Practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Wrede, Olof, and Karl Ask. "More Than a Feeling: Public Expectations About Emotional Responses to Criminal Victimization." Violence and Victims 30, no. 5 (2015): 902–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00002.

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Crime victims’ emotional display in legal settings has been found to influence credibility judgments. The specific nature of public expectations about crime victims’ emotional responses have, however, not been adequately investigated. In an experimental vignette study, respondents in a community sample (N = 404) estimated the likelihood that female and male victims would experience 7 distinct emotions in response to 5 types of crimes. Across all crime types, female victims were expected to experience significantly more situation-focused (anxiety, fear) and inward-focused (guilt, shame, sadness) emotions, and significantly less other-focused emotions (hatred, anger) than male victims. This calls for an increased focus on distinct emotions in future research on victim’s emotions. Implications for victims in legal and social settings are discussed.
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Sun, Ivan Y. "Police Response to Victims of Domestic and Non-Domestic Violence." Journal of Health and Human Services Administration 29, no. 2 (2006): 145–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107937390602900206.

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The research assesses whether police respond differently to victims of domestic and non-domestic interpersonal conflicts. Though many laws and policies have been introduced since the 1980s to enhance police responses to and protection of victims of domestic violence, very few studies have empirically examined police assistance or support toward victims of both domestic and non-domestic conflicts. Using data collected by a large-scale observational project, this research analyzes officer-initiated assistances and police responses to victim requests during conflict resolution. Findings show that police are more likely to provide assistances on their own initiative to victims of domestic violence than victims of non-domestic violence. Police, however, do not differ significantly in their responses to requests made by victims of domestic and non-domestic conflicts. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.
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Podaná, Zuzana, and Romana Imríšková. "Victims’ Responses to Stalking." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 31, no. 5 (2014): 792–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260514556764.

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de Roos, Melissa S., and Shelby R. Curtis. "Predictors of Skeptical Responses to Disclosures of Childhood Sexual Abuse." Violence and Victims 36, no. 6 (2021): 808–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vv-d-20-00029.

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Victims of Childhood Sexual Abuse (CSA) may be met with skeptical responses when they disclose their experience. The fear of such a response means that most victims delay telling anyone about the abuse. The aim of this study was to explore how contextual factors of abuse such as victim gender and age, perpetrator gender, and victim–perpetrator relationship affect a response to CSA. Further, we explored what personality traits may predict a skeptical response. An online questionnaire with 357 undergraduate students asked participants to read a vignette describing CSA, and to indicate the extent to which they believed the vignette, whether they blamed the victim or perpetrator, and what punishment they would recommend for the perpetrator. Results indicated that older victims were less likely to be believed and more likely to be blamed than younger victims. Further, we found more blame was placed on a perpetrator of intrafamilial abuse compared with extrafamilial abuse, but only if the perpetrator was male. Female perpetrators were punished less harshly than male perpetrators, but female intrafamilal perpetrators received harsher punishment than female extrafamilial perpetrators. No such effect was found for male perpetrators. Openness to Experience was associated with a more supportive response to CSA, as was Agreeableness. Implications and future directions are discussed.
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Katz, Jennifer, Samuel Colbert, and Liane Colangelo. "Effects of Group Status and Victim Sex on Female Bystanders’ Responses to a Potential Party Rape." Violence and Victims 30, no. 2 (2015): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00099.

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This research examined bystander responses to 1 of 4 potential party rape scenarios. Undergraduate women (N = 249) imagined attending a party either alone or with three friends where a sober man led an intoxicated potential victim (either male or female) into a bedroom. After random assignment to conditions, participants reported on intent to help and barriers to helping the potential victim. In contrast to the classic bystander effect, bystanders in groups intended to offer more help than lone bystanders. Bystanders also intended to offer more help to potential female than male victims and experienced more barriers to helping male victims. Two of these barriers (lack of personal responsibility to help and identifying risk) explained the lower intentions to help potential male victims. Potential male victims were more likely than female victims to be perceived as gay, and bystanders reported the least intentions to help presumably gay men at risk.
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Winkel, Frans Willem, and Adriaan Denkers. "Crime Victims and their Social Network: A Field Study on the Cognitive Effects of Victimisation, Attributional Responses and the Victim-Blaming Model." International Review of Victimology 3, no. 4 (1995): 309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809500300404.

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A field study is reported focusing on the cognitive effects of criminal victimisation, on the types of responses victims encounter in their social network, and on the validity of the ‘victim blaming model’. Data reveal that victimisations have a negative impact on the perceived benevolence of the world. Perceptions of self control and control over outcomes are reduced, and victims consider themselves less as persons having luck in life. These cognitive effects appear to stretch out beyond those directly involved. Results generally do not support the theoretically dominant position in the victimological literature on ‘blaming the victim’. Empathical responses and external attributions from the social network are much more common than internal responses to victimisation. Moreover, internal attributions from the social network appear to work more positively on the wellbeing of victims than external attributions. These outcomes - which are in line with the Janoff-Bulman model - are clearly in contrast to the ‘victim blaming model’. Some implications for future studies are discussed.
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Carotta, Christin L., Amy E. Bonomi, Meghan A. Lee, and Lynsey A. Terrell. "It’s (Not) Over: Relationship Instability and Recovery Between Victims and Detained Domestic Abusers." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 10 (2015): 1679–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515619171.

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We used an innovative data set involving audio-recorded conversations between abusers and victims to explore the interactional patterns that occur within violent relationships, following severe violence and the abuser’s detainment. Using micro-level conversational data, our analysis sequenced the hopes/desires that victims and abusers expressed around their expectations for continuing or discontinuing a connection with each other. Conversations commonly included an expressed statement to end the relationship. Although it was common for both victims and abusers to express hope of ending the relationship, victims were most likely to initiate this desire. In response, abusers used multiple strategies to regain connection, including 1) challenging the victim, 2) declaring love or a desire to continue the relationship, 3) appealing for sympathy or help from the victim, and 4) mirroring or accepting the victim’s desire to end the relationship (when other strategies were unsuccessful). Abusers’ responses served to cultivate additional conflict in the relationship while at the same time maintained communication and facilitated relationship recovery following threats of dissolution. These findings contribute to an increased theoretical understanding of the dynamics of domestic violence in the sensitive period involving the couple’s physical separation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Responses to Victims"

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Khanna, Savitri. "Resisting Bullying: Narratives of Victims and Their Families." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24070.

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Bullying has severe consequences for school-aged adolescents who have experienced repeated victimization and for the families as well. While there is a considerable body of research on bullying and its effects on victims, very little research has been devoted to studying the experiences and resistance of the targeted young people and their families in the bullying situations. The literature on bullying characterizes victims as unable to defend themselves; this depiction is limited, simplistic, and one-dimensional. This dissertation presents an alternate view, focusing on the experiences and responses of victims and their families. The thesis draws on a poststructural view and a response-based framework to present a new perspective on the victims of bullying—a perspective that contrasts with the common depiction of “helpless, powerless victims” and foregrounds the personal agency of young people who have responded to bullying. Data for this study was collected in the form of narratives from the families and eleven to fifteen year old school adolescents who have been targets of ongoing bullying. The sample consisted of four families and five adolescents. The interview questions were based on Allan Wade’s response-based approach. The participants’ narratives focused on their responses to bullying. Each narrative was read thoroughly for themes related to the skills and the knowledge adolescents have used in responding to peer aggression. Similarly, parents’ narratives were examined for themes of their responses to the bullying of their children. The conclusion from the findings indicated that the parents and adolescents responded to bullying in many small but prudent and resourceful ways.
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Roberts, C. M. "Victimisation through rape : Public and personal responses." Thesis, University of Essex, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371869.

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DeVoe, Jill F. "The protective behaviors of student victims responses to direct and indirect bullying /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/6758.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.<br>Thesis research directed by: Criminology and Criminal Justice. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Jarvis, Michelle. "Redress for female victims of sexual violence during armed conflict, security council responses." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ29446.pdf.

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Snell, Katy M. "A critical analysis of victims' experiences and state responses to a corporate killing." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2017. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/7476/.

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An explicit starting point for this research is to give a voice to the experiences of the victims of safety crime. The accounts of such victims are missing from the criminal justice arena and academia. This research will attempt, in part, to fill the gap in the following ways. First, the longstanding separation between safety crime and ‘real’ or ‘traditional’ crime is both reflected and institutionalised through state responses to the offences committed by corporations. This research offers a critical analysis of the social, legal and political obstacles that victims of safety crime face. Second, the effect of this process on secondary victims is examined. The deaths of their loved ones are, in the first instance, framed as ‘accidental’. The families are an obstacle to the corporations, as they seek to hide or manipulate the truth in the pursuit of their innocence. This is enabled by legal and political processes, which make justice an almost impossible achievement. The thoughts of the families and the long-term impact this has on their lives is explored in detail. The final part of this research is focused on the aims, nature and success of the various groups created in response to the reaction of the criminal justice system following a corporate killing. The visibility of the corporate accountability movement, mounted from the late 1980s against the victimisation of workers, raises questions for future research. It concludes with a discussion of how this situation has altered and the potential site for change in the future. Safety crime in the UK and worldwide, is a regular occurrence, yet popularly and politically, safety crimes are comparatively invisible. Through the experiences of secondary victims, who are neither represented nor treated as real victims, this thesis offers an original contribution to the understanding of how this happens, the effects and the response.
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Maddeaux-Young, Hayley Nadine, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Therapeutic responses to violence : a detailed analysis of therapy transcripts." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2006, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/396.

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The Interactive and Discursive View of Violence and Resistance proposes the existence of four-discursive-operations that “(i) conceal violence, (ii) mitigate perpetrators’ responsibility, (iii) conceal victims’ resistance, and (iv) blame or pathologize victims” (Coates & Wade, 2004, p.500). These linguistic operations produce incorrect representations of violence that ignore the unilateral nature of acts of violence and, instead focus on pathologizing victims (Coates & Wade, 2004). Examining how violence, victims, perpetrators, and responsibility for the violence are represented in therapy transcripts in which the presenting issue is violence, will allow us to see if linguistic strategies that are used to discredit victims in everyday talk are also used in therapy by therapists. Analysis of 19 therapy transcripts found that the four-discursive-operations were used in each of the transcripts and that therapists often initiated the use of these inaccurate representations or encouraged the perpetrator’s use of four-discursive-operations.<br>xii, 228 leaves ; 29 cm.
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McLachlan, Katherine Jane, and katherine mclachlan@flinders edu au. "Grounds for Hope and Disappointment: Victims’/Survivors’ Perceptions of South Australia Police Responses to Rape." Flinders University. School of Law, 2007. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20070824.131843.

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Internationally, there have been few studies examining the attitudes of people who have been raped towards police (Jordan, 2001a; Lievore, 2005; Temkin, 1997, 1999). Little research in Australia (particularly South Australia) has examined the experiences of victims/survivors of rape with police. Existing data do show that women who have been raped rarely report assaults to police. This has been attributed by researchers to a range of reasons, both personal and systemic, including the influence of stereotypes and myths about rape on victims’/survivors’ decision-making. Rape myths often reflect community attitudes, social norms and police responses. For example, victims/survivors may blame themselves and also expect police will blame or disbelieve them. Such expectations (or subsequent experiences) of negative police responses undermine victims’/survivors’ faith in police. However, this is not the whole story. In reality, police responses to rape are complex and inconsistent, influenced by both individual and organisational factors. I initiated this study to explore victims’/survivors’ expectations of, and experiences with, police in a transparent and accessible forum. Based on semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 11 women who had been raped in South Australia, my findings illustrated the diversity of South Australia Police responses to victims/survivors of rape and suggested that South Australia Police practices were similar to those of other Australian and English-speaking jurisdictions. Overall, interactions with South Australia Police ‘simultaneously provide grounds for hope and are disappointing (Lievore, 2005: 59; emphasis added). In many cases police responses were disappointing, through service provision that was partly or wholly negative. Specific individual and organisational factors were associated with satisfactory or unsatisfactory police practices. Poor service provision was evident in individual police officers’ apathy and dismissive or disbelieving responses, and through low prioritisation and limited resourcing of sexual violence at an organisation level. However, my findings indicated that there was also much to be hopeful about when considering South Australia Police responses to rape. The participants in my study often reported exemplary service from individual officers. At the reporting and investigation stages, good practices were based on ‘procedural justice’ rather than ‘outcome justice’: characterised by strong communication, empathy and professionalism at an individual level and consistency at an organisational level.
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Avzalchoeva, Zouhal. "'Nobody beats an obedient woman' : state and non-state responses to violence against women in Tajikistan." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/41692/.

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This study explores the issues of subordination of women in Tajikistan through studying the phenomenon of violence against women. This study presents a socio-legal analysis of the responses of state and non-state institutions and how the justice system works for women, this study engaged in the feminist discourse on women's individual experiences of violence, the ‘woman question' in public and private, the construction of law and its effect on women and their subordinate position and how the laws and the legal and executive mechanisms construct the culture of inferiority of women in society. It employed qualitative methods of data collections, such as interviewing and participant observation along with a questionnaire. It draws on theoretical studies and the empirical work conducted in Tajikistan to present its findings. Theoretical input allows drawing on explanations and experiences provided in studies of VAW in other societies and empirical input allows placing them within the context of Tajikistan. This gives an opportunity to explore the interplay between hierarchical and structural basis of gender relations and women's individual experiences of violence. This study explores the power of societal norms and values pertaining women's subordination and male domination on individuals' perceptions of VAW and their responses to it. It analyses the socio-economic and legal context in Tajikistan and its influence on women's daily lives. This context also determines the choices women victims of violence are given and impacts women's decisions whether or not to seek solutions. The study establishes that the focus on increasing awareness of legal rights, or introducing new laws and making changes in the law, cannot in themselves provide women with long-awaited responses to the violence they experience. Changing the law, introducing well-developed law would be significant step forward but has to be accompanied by measures to bring a fundamental shift in attitudes. This study emphasises that the responses should encompass a number of initiatives and presents some examples of these.
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Wright-Perry, Angela. "The impact of selected variables on grief responses and coping processes and the relationship between grief responses and coping processes of mothers of homicide victims." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1990. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/393.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of age, marital status, occupational characteristics, and length of time since death on the coping processes and grief responses and the relationship between grief responses and coping processes of 30 mothers using the Grief Experience Inventory (GEl) and the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ). The respondents, who ranged in age between 27- 64, were either married, single, worked in the home or outside of the home, and were experiencing grief from 1 month to 8 years. The variables used were age, marital status, occupational status, and length of time since death. T-tests and the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation were computed for each of the variables.
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Joo, Jaehyun. "Policy dynamics in South Korea state responses to low wage levels and compensation for pollution victims, 1961-1988 /." Thesis, Boston Spa, U.K. : British Library Document Supply Centre, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.264980.

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Books on the topic "Responses to Victims"

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Western Australia. Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions. Victims of crime survey 1999/2000: Report on survey responses. Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions, Western Australia, 2000.

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Healey, Kerry Murphy. Victim and witness intimidation: New developments and emerging responses. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, 1995.

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Elstein, Sharon Goretsky. Victim-oriented multi-disciplinary responses to statutory rape training guide. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime, 2000.

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Elstein, Sharon Goretsky. Victim-oriented multi-disciplinary responses to statutory rape training guide. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime, 2000.

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Elstein, Sharon Goretsky. Victim-oriented multi-disciplinary responses to statutory rape training guide. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime, 2000.

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Elstein, Sharon Goretsky. Victim-oriented multi-disciplinary responses to statutory rape training guide. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime, 2000.

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Elstein, Sharon Goretsky. Victim-oriented multi-disciplinary responses to statutory rape training guide. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime, 2000.

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Elstein, Sharon Goretsky. Victim-oriented multi-disciplinary responses to statutory rape training guide. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime, 2000.

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Elstein, Sharon Goretsky. Victim-oriented multi-disciplinary responses to statutory rape training guide. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime, 2000.

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Elstein, Sharon Goretsky. Victim-oriented multi-disciplinary responses to statutory rape training guide. U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Responses to Victims"

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Spalek, Basia. "Official Responses to Victimisation." In Crime Victims. Macmillan Education UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-20450-8_6.

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Spalek, Basia. "State-Based Responses to Victimisation." In Crime Victims. Macmillan Education UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50533-0_6.

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Spalek, Basia. "Self-Help Responses to Victimisation." In Crime Victims. Macmillan Education UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50533-0_7.

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Hodgkinson, Tarah. "Community-Level Responses to Rural Victimisation." In Rural Victims of Crime. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003132691-32.

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Daly, Kathleen. "Sexual violence and victims’ justice interests." In Restorative Responses to Sexual Violence. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315630595-7.

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Burton, Mandy. "Hybridisation of legal responses." In Domestic Abuse, Victims and the Law. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429242946-7.

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Segrave, Marie, and Rebecca Powell. "Victimisation, Citizenship and Gender: Interrogating State Responses." In Crime, Victims and Policy. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137383938_4.

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Daly, Kathleen, and Dannielle Wade. "Sibling sexual violence and victims’ justice interests." In Restorative Responses to Sexual Violence. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315630595-8.

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Llinares, Fernando Miró. "That Cyber Routine, That Cyber Victimization: Profiling Victims of Cybercrime." In Cybercrime Risks and Responses. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137474162_4.

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McLachlan, Katherine J. "Trauma-Informed Responses to Victims of Crime." In Trauma-informed Criminal Justice. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59290-4_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Responses to Victims"

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Cardei, Maria Ana, and Afsaneh Doryab. "Practical Heuristics for Victim Tagging During a Mass Casualty Incident Emergency Medical Response." In 2024 IEEE 20th International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/case59546.2024.10711469.

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Tešović, Olga. "Justice After the Crash: Analyzing the Role of Judicial Practice in Supporting Traffic Accident Victims." In The Position of Victims in the Republic of Serbia. Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47152/palic2024.21.

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This article examines the role of judicial practices in supporting victims of traffic accidents, focusing on the interplay between legal frameworks, victim support systems, and societal values. Through a comparative analysis of global legal systems and an in-depth exploration of domestic laws in Serbia, the study highlights the importance of judicial sensitivity, victim participation, and the integration of public health perspectives in legal responses to traffic accidents. The research reveals substantial variability in the implementation of victim support mechanisms and underscores the potential of restorative justice practices in fostering recovery and reconciliation. Key conclusions advocate for enhanced victim participation in the judicial process, improved accessibility to support services, continuous education for judicial officials, and necessary legislative reforms to strengthen victim rights and protections. The findings aim to contribute to the ongoing discourse on improving judicial practices to better support traffic accident victims, reflecting a broader commitment to justice and human dignity.
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Priya, Priyanshu, Kshitij Mishra, Palak Totala, and Asif Ekbal. "PARTNER: A Persuasive Mental Health and Legal Counselling Dialogue System for Women and Children Crime Victims." In Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/686.

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The World Health Organization has underlined the significance of expediting the preventive measures for crime against women and children to attain the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (promoting well-being, gender equality, and equal access to justice). The crime victims typically need mental health and legal counselling support for their ultimate well-being and sometimes they need to be persuaded to seek desired support. Further, counselling interactions should adopt correct politeness and empathy strategies so that a warm, amicable, and respectful environment can be built to better understand the victims’ situations. To this end, we propose PARTNER, a Politeness and empAthy strategies-adaptive peRsuasive dialogue sysTem for meNtal health and LEgal counselling of cRime victims. For this, first, we create a novel mental HEalth and legAl counseLling conversational dataset HEAL, annotated with three distinct aspects, viz. counselling act, politeness strategy, and empathy strategy. Then, by formulating a novel reward function, we train a counselling dialogue system in a reinforcement learning setting to ensure correct counselling act, politeness strategy, and empathy strategy in the generated responses. Extensive empirical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed reward function ensures persuasive counselling responses with correct polite and empathetic tone in the generated responses. Further, PARTNER proves its efficacy to engage the victim by generating diverse and natural responses.
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Lankarani, Hamid M., Deren Ma, and Rajiv Menon. "Occupant Dynamic Responses for Evaluation of Compliance Characteristics of Aircraft Bulkheads." In ASME 1992 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1992-0187.

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Abstract One important aspect of aircraft crashworthiness studies is to reduce head injuries to an aircraft occupant in case of a head contact with its surroundings. In view of the significance of this problem, studies of post-crash dynamic behavior of victims and the compliance characteristics of the aircraft bulkhead are necessary in order to reduce severe head injuries. Crash dynamics program SOM-LA/TA, incorporating a dynamic model of the human body with a finite element model of the seat structure was used. Modifications including development of more accurate contact force models and an occupant/seat envelope were performed in SOM-LA/TA. It was then used as an analytical tool for determination of the occupant response and the compliance characteristics of the bulkhead in various crash environments. Correlated studies of analytical simulations with impact sled test results were accomplished. It was observed that the code reasonably predicted the Head-Injury-Criteria (HIC) for the triangular-shaped pulses. A parametric study of the coefficients in the contact force model was then performed in order to obtain a correlation between the HIC and the coefficients in the contact force model. A measure of optimal values for the bulkhead compliances and displacement requirements was thus achieved in order to keep the possibility of head injury as little as possible. This information could in turn be used in the selection of suitable materials for the bulkhead, instrument panel, or interior walls of an aircraft.
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Bourne, Joseph R., and Kam K. Leang. "Bayesian Estimation of Snow-Avalanche Victim Pose: A Method to Assist Human and/or Robot First Responders to Quickly Locate a Buried Victim." In ASME 2019 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2019-8946.

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Abstract Finding a victim buried in a snow avalanche as quickly as possible can significantly increase the victim’s survival rate. A body-pose estimation algorithm is described that quickly and efficiently estimates the victim’s pose (3D location and orientation) underneath the snow. The algorithm exploits non-parametric Bayesian estimation and considers the uncertainty in an avalanche transceiver’s magnetic-field measurement. Simulation results compare the performances between three victim-search methods: (1) naive raster-scanning search, (2) traditional industry-standard search along the measured magnetic field lines, and (3) search by the Bayesian-based technique. The results show that the Bayesian-based technique accurately determines the victim’s pose within two minutes. In contrast, the raster-scanning and magnetic-field-line following methods yield search times more than three to four times longer.
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Liu, Yaohua, Jiaxin Gao, Xuan Liu, Xianghao Jiao, Xin Fan, and Risheng Liu. "Advancing Generalized Transfer Attack with Initialization Derived Bilevel Optimization and Dynamic Sequence Truncation." In Thirty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-24}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/126.

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Transfer attacks generate significant interest for real-world black-box applications by crafting transferable adversarial examples through surrogate models. Whereas, existing works essentially directly optimize the single-level objective w.r.t. the surrogate model, which always leads to poor interpretability of attack mechanism and limited generalization performance over unknown victim models. In this work, we propose the BilEvel Transfer AttacK (BETAK) framework by establishing an initialization derived bilevel optimization paradigm, which explicitly reformulates the nested constraint relationship between the Upper-Level (UL) pseudo-victim attacker and the Lower-Level (LL) surrogate attacker. Algorithmically, we introduce the Hyper Gradient Response (HGR) estimation as an effective feedback for the transferability over pseudo-victim attackers, and propose the Dynamic Sequence Truncation (DST) technique to dynamically adjust the back-propagation path for HGR and reduce computational overhead simultaneously. Meanwhile, we conduct detailed algorithmic analysis and provide convergence guarantee to support non-convexity of the LL surrogate attacker. Extensive evaluations demonstrate substantial improvement of BETAK (e.g., 53.41% increase of attack success rates against IncRes-v2_ens victim) against different victims and defense methods in targeted and untargeted attack scenarios.
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Liang, Wei, Yanyan Huang, and Jianyu Wang. "An emergency response model combining rescuers and victims." In 2019 IEEE 16th International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnsc.2019.8743336.

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Yang, Zhuorui, James Schafer, and Aura Ganz. "Disaster response: Victims' localization using Bluetooth Low Energy sensors." In 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ths.2017.7943504.

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Jovanović, Slađana. "Stalking as a Form of Gender-Based Violence in Judicial Practice in Serbia." In The Position of Victims in the Republic of Serbia. Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47152/palic2024.9.

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The author analyses conformity of the legal description of one relatively new incrimination – Stalking (Article 138a of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Serbia) with the requirements of the Council of Europe Convention on Prevention and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence - ten years after the Republic of Serbia ratified it. The focus is on its implementation in judicial practice (considering the official statistical data as well as those from the case records of two basic courts in Belgrade in five-year period: 2017-2022). The goal is to map the possible deficiencies in normative as well as in practical sphere, and to make some recommendations related to their overcoming (that would be in accordance with the requirements of the Istanbul Convention) in order to provide better response to this specific form of violence against women in Serbia. Special focus is directed to some criminological aspects of the phenomenon (profile of perpetrators and victims, stalking context, and the imposed sanctions).
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RAJLIĆ, Jovana, Natalija PANIĆ, and Jovana ĐOKOVIĆ. "READINESS OF LARGE INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES FOR EMERGENCY SITUATIONES - THEORY AND PRACTICE." In VI Konferencija Bezbednost i zdravlje na radu sa zdravstveno-medicinskog i tehničko-bezbednosnog aspekta, ekologije i zaštite od požara. UDRUŽENJE ZA PROMOCIJU ZDRAVLJA, BEZBEDNOSTI I EKOLOGIJE – CENTAR HSE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.46793/hse25.092r.

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Every day we get news of major accidents, hazards, and natural disasters emerges. The number of victims, material losses, and the interruption of workdays accompanying such events is devastating. In today's industrial environment, risk management and emergency preparedness are imperative for preserving safety, the environment, property, and, most importantly, human life. Large industrial facilities, due to their vast size and the complexity of various actions and processes occurring within them, pose potential risks in the event of accidents, natural disasters, or other extraordinary events. This paper analyzes the theoretical approaches and practical aspects of the readiness of industrial facilities to act in emergency situations, emphasizing prevention, preparation, response, and recovery strategies, accompanied by a case study of adverse events history. First, it discusses a theoretical framework encompassing normative and legal obligations, international standards and norms, as well as scientific research related to risk and crisis management in the industrial sector. The "Hyogo Framework for Action" and the "Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction" are among the most important international frameworks for risk reduction and emergency response improvement, setting guidelines for risk reduction and managing responses to natural and technological disasters. These frameworks provide the foundation for developing policies and strategies to be adopted by industrial enterprises to protect people and property, both movable and immovable tangible assets, as well as ensuring stability during emergency situations. The paper also discusses the legal frameworks in the Republic of Serbia that define the obligations of industrial facilities concerning protection against extraordinary events, primarily the Law on Disaster Risk Protection and Emergency Management (Official Gazette of Republic of Serbia 87/18) and its bylaws. Additionally, this part of the paper delves into specific problems in implementing these standards in everyday operations. One of the key aspects of emergency preparedness is the development of planning documents that regulate actions in the event of emergencies, primarily disaster risk assessments, protection and rescue plans, and accident protection plans. In the case of SEVESO facilities, this includes external accident protection plans for the territory where the facility is stationary. These documents cover various scenarios, from natural disasters to technological accidents, and provide the basis for rapid and effective action. Unfortunately, practice shows that many industrial plants, despite the existence of these documents, often do not test the implementation of the plans, leading to insufficiently prepared and coordinated responses in emergency situations. Elaborating on this issue reveals the difference between the theoretical and practical approaches to security in the industry, where the practical application of documents and procedures is often neglected. The solution to this problem lies in adequate training for employees and management at all levels, as well as raising readiness in peacetime for strategic, tactical, and operational actions in emergency situations. Continuous education leads to a high level of readiness. However, many companies neglect this segment, focusing mainly on documentation, which can lead to incompetence and chaos, or the emergence of mass panic psychology during a real emergency. Through the analysis of concrete case studies, the paper explores real-world examples from practice, such as floods, fires, earthquakes, and the COVID-19 pandemic, and their role in shaping emergency strategies and plans. The responses of large industrial facilities in these situations, as well as the problems they encountered and the losses they caused, were analyzed to draw lessons for improving future preparedness. For example, during floods and earthquakes, many factories faced problems with infrastructure resilience, fires and explosions occurred due to human negligence or non-compliance with rules, while the COVID-19 pandemic exposed weaknesses in crisis management and the adaptability of work processes to change. A very important segment that will be addressed is the recovery of facilities and the community after an emergency situation, with a comparison of investments in strengthening industrial safety and the consequences that arise after emergency situations, to present the concept of rapid response - minimal consequences. The conclusion of the paper emphasizes the importance of continuously improving the preparedness system, which must be dynamic and adaptable to ensure an effective response in emergency situations. Greater integration of theoretical and practical aspects is also crucial to ensure an effective response to emergency situations and minimize their negative effects. This work will benefit managers, engineers, decision-makers, and all other stakeholders by raising awareness of the importance of prevention in the security of industrial complexes.
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Reports on the topic "Responses to Victims"

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Amanda, Haynes, and Schweppe Jennifer. Ireland and our LGBT Community. Call It Hate Partnership, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31880/10344/8065.

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Basic figures: – A large majority of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that gay men and lesbians (88%), bisexual people (87%) and transgender people (85%) “should be free to live their own life as they wish”. – Women were significantly more likely than men to agree with the above statement in respect to every identity group. People aged 25-34 years were significantly more likely than the general population to disagree with the statement. – On average, respondents were comfortable having people with a minority sexual orientation or gender identity as neighbours. Responses were significantly more positive towards having lesbians (M=8.51), bisexual people (M=8.40) and gay men (M=8.38) as neighbours compared to transgender people (M=7.98). – High levels of empathy were expressed with crime victims across all identity categories. Respondents were similarly empathetic towards heterosexual couples (M= 9.01), lesbian couples (M=9.05) and transgender persons (M=8.86) who are physically assaulted on the street. However, gay couples (M= 8.55) attracted significantly less empathy than a lesbian couple in similar circumstances. – Respondents were significantly more likely to intervene on behalf of a victim with a disability (M=7.86), than on behalf of an LGBT victim (M=6.96), but significantly more likely to intervene on behalf of an LGBT victim than an Irish Traveller (M= 5.82). – Respondents reported similar willingness to intervene on behalf of a lesbian pushed and slapped on the street by a stranger (M=7.38) and a transgender person (M= 7.03) in the same situation. Respondents were significantly more unlikely to intervene on behalf of a gay man (M=6.63) or bisexual person (M= 6.89) compared to a lesbian. – A third of respondents (33%) disagreed that violence against lesbians, gay men, bisexual and transgender people is a “serious problem in my country”, but more than half (58%) agreed that hate crimes hurt more than equivalent, non-bias, crimes.
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Sripad, Pooja. Exploring barriers and enablers of service provision for survivors of human trafficking in the Bay Area: An action research study. Population Council, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/sbsr2021.1067.

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Despite increasing recognition of public health and rights issues associated with human trafficking globally and in the United States following the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, there has been limited research on how to systematically strengthen service access for survivors of sex and labor trafficking. The experience of service providers may provide insight into how trafficking survivor responses and service networks function in California’s Bay Area. This study explores provider perspectives on existing service networks and collaboration dynamics, including the barriers to and enablers of long-term service provision and survivor follow-up. A participatory research design included qualitative interviews with key informants working at nongovernmental organizations, organizational website reviews, and consultation with network service providers in the Greater San Francisco Bay Area. This study approach allowed for eliciting in-depth reflections of service provision, collective generation of stakeholder mapping, and consensus-driven recommendations arising from barriers and enablers to anti-trafficking service provision. This report enhances stakeholder awareness of existing organizational and policy resources and offers insights into research and programming on how anti-trafficking service response networks can be strengthened to provide survivor-centric support in the long-term.
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Iffat, Idris. Best Practices in CRSV Monitoring and Early Warning. Institute of Development Studies, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.126.

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Conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) is a major problem, which has significant negative impacts on victims/survivors, wider society and peace prospects. There is growing international recognition of the need to combat it. CRSV monitoring and early warning are vital in this regard, enabling effective responses and preventive measures. Various factors, notably social stigma, mean that CRSV is vastly under-reported. Best practices to promote CRSV monitoring and early warning include: having appropriate staff (including specialist personnel); engaging with local communities to promote reporting of cases and of warning signals; following principles such as ensuring confidentiality, informed consent and respect for victims/survivors; using standardised data collection templates to facilitate information sharing and analysis; assessing CRSV risks in context against a prepared matrix of early warning indicators; carrying out awareness-raising and advocacy on CRSV; and, where risks are identified, raising the alarm in affected communities. This review looks at best practices in monitoring conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV), and in CRSV early warning. It draws largely on grey literature, in particular reports of development organisations such as the United Nations. Much of the literature focuses on peacekeeping missions: far less was found with regard to the role of other actors (e.g. NGOs) in CRSV monitoring and early warning. [Note: there is substantial academic literature on the problem of CRSV rather than on best practices to combat it.] In addition, the review found no in-depth evidence (e.g. evaluations) on the experience of applying CRSV monitoring and early warning practices in specific contexts. Given the subject, the available literature does refer to women and girls, but was largely disability-blind. URI
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Hicks, Jacqueline. The Role of Gender in Serious and Organised/Transnational Crime. Institute of Development Studies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.059.

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This rapid review synthesises evidence on the role of gender in serious and organised/transnational crime (SOC) with regard to gender norms, participation and prevention. It looks at the literature on the roles women play in organised crime groups and their pathways to participation, the impact of cultural gender norms in different forms of participation for men and women in SOC, and the role of gender dynamics within families or communities in preventing SOC. Key Overall Findings linking gender norms, female participation and prevention of SOC: 1). Gender norms and women’s participation in SOC are varied and highly contextual, highlighting the importance of gender analysis to programming; 2). Gendered perceptions of men as perpetrators and women as victims in SOC undermine effective responses; and 3). Some types of masculine identity have been linked to involvement in violent crime and societal tolerance of organised crime groups. In Italy, some feminists characterise opposition to SOC as an anti-patriarchal struggle.
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Melton, Patricia A. Enacting an Improved Response to Sexual Assault: A Criminal Justice Practitioner’s Guide. RTI Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.op.0066.2007.

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Sexual assault is a violent crime that traumatizes individual victims and endangers entire communities. Every victim of sexual assault deserves an opportunity for justice and access to the resources they need to recover from this trauma. In addition, many perpetrators of sexual assaults are serial offenders who also commit other violent crimes, including armed robberies, aggravated assaults, burglary, domestic violence, and homicides, against strangers and acquaintances. Criminal justice agencies have the power to create a strategic, sustainable plan for an improved response to sexual assault that aligns with current best practices and national recommendations. In this document, we define an “improved response” as an approach that supports effective investigation and prosecution of sexual assault cases, holds perpetrators accountable, and promotes healing and recovery for victims of sexual assault. This guide will help prosecutor and law enforcement agencies create a process with milestones, goals, and suggested actions, all designed to support a successful and sustainable approach for addressing sexual assault cases. Improving the criminal justice system’s response to sexual assault ultimately improves public safety and promotes trust between criminal justice agencies and the communities they serve.
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Estrada Villaseñor, Cecilia, Adam Dubin Edelstein, Jose Manuel Aparicio Malo, and Raquel Verdasco Martínez. Data Culture in Human Trafficking II: Technical Research Report. Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.14422/iuem.20241031.

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Human trafficking is recognized worldwide as a form of modern-day slavery that continues to devastate lives and communities. This criminal phenomenon not only constitutes a serious violation of human rights, but also represents one of the most lucrative illicit businesses globally, compared only to drug and arms trafficking. In this context, the collection and analysis of accurate and reliable data is essential to understand the magnitude and characteristics of human trafficking at our borders and to develop effective public policies. This report, developed within the framework of the "Data Culture in Human Trafficking" project, underlines the importance of a robust data culture that not only makes this problem visible, but also allows for the accountability and empowerment of key actors in the fight against trafficking. Data Culture in Human Trafficking is a comprehensive strategy that places data at the center of efforts to combat human trafficking. By improving the collection, analysis, and use of data, this approach seeks not only to make the true extent of trafficking visible, but also to develop more effective responses and better coordinate actions among all stakeholders. The aim of this report is to provide a comprehensive and detailed overview of the current situation of human trafficking in Spain, examining both the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of this phenomenon. Through the Multiple Systems Estimation (MSE) methodology and qualitative techniques, we seek not only to identify the visible victims, but also to unveil the hidden number of those who still remain in the shadows.
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Keo, Bunthea, Amira Abdelhamid, and Eric Kasper. The Impact of Covid-19 Response Policies on Vulnerable Migrant Workers and Victims of Trafficking in Cambodia. Institute of Development Studies, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/cc.2022.002.

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To date, the Government of Cambodia has issued at least 2,216 policies in response to Covid-19. These have largely been directed at limiting the spread of the Covid-19 within Cambodia, with clear attempts to mitigate the burden on economically- and socially-vulnerable groups. This study explored the ways in which the policy response to Covid-19 has been experienced by vulnerable migrant workers and people vulnerable to trafficking in persons. We interviewed seven social workers and independent experts, four migrant workers, and nine survivors of trafficking in order to gather evidence about gaps in the policies’ abilities to protect people and to identify mechanisms by which they impacted vulnerability. We find that, while the policies have attempted to provide protection to vulnerable groups, the majority of our respondents were not able to access it effectively. Workers in informal sectors have been particularly impacted by work stoppages since they have less bargaining power with employers and are much less able to access government unemployment support. Migrant workers trapped abroad faced hardships and discrimination, with many making risky journeys back to Cambodia or losing their regular migrant status. Border closure policies meant that many people were not able to safely return to Cambodia or travel for their livelihoods. This resulted in an increased reliance on brokers to cross borders illegally and to attempt to find work, which in turn increased risks of exploitation and trafficking at the very time when officials and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) were least able to monitor and identify violations.
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Chiang, Mina, Sharlene Chen, Su Yin Htun, and Eric Kasper. The Impact of Myanmar’s Response to Covid-19 on the Most Vulnerable. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.014.

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The Covid-19 pandemic has caused significant disruption globally. Measures to stop the spread of the virus have been necessary, but their knock-on effects have disproportionately affected the most vulnerable. This briefing examines how this dynamic has played out in Myanmar and suggests how to better support these people. The coup in February 2021 caused discontinuity in Covid-19 policy, with disproportionate impact on the most vulnerable. As well as working towards a peaceful settlement, national and international stakeholders should prioritise supporting migrant workers and victims of trafficking.
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Lodewyks, Michelle R. Strength in Diversity: Positive Impacts of Children with Disabilities. The Vanier Institute of the Family, 2015. https://doi.org/10.61959/ukth4945e.

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When it comes to exploring the experiences of families raising children with disabilities, studies tend to focus on the perceived negative impact of the disability on the family. These families are commonly viewed as “victims” who face excessive caregiving demands, emotional distress, physical and/or financial burdens and interpersonal difficulties, while the children are portrayed primarily as sources of stress and anguish. This tragedy dialogue supports an assumption that families with children with disabilities experience “chronic sorrow” and perpetuates the perception of disability as something to be avoided or eradicated. These perceptions have a major influence on today’s assumptions about – and reactions to – disability, including how professionals respond to children with disabilities and how society views and responds to children at birth. Consequently, the general public tends to overlook many positive impacts and meaningful contributions that children with disabilities make within their families, communities and society in general.
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Perez-Vincent, Santiago M., Verónica Abril, Cynthia Chen, Teniola Tayo, and Andres Urrego Jimenez. Crime Underreporting in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0013215.

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Crime underreporting poses a significant challenge for governments and law enforcement agencies. This study examines the extent, characteristics, and drivers of crime underreporting and provides evidence-based policy recommendations to address it. Using information from victimization surveys from 10 Latin American and Caribbean countries, the analysis reveals widespread crime underreporting, with an average of approximately three out of four crimes not reported in the countries examined. Low and heterogenous reporting rates point to potential biases in official crime statistics, with certain crimes and victim groups over- and underrepresented. A comprehensive literature review yields a menu of evidence-backed interventions, including remote reporting methods, public information campaigns, diversifying police forces, and reducing deportation risk. Beyond these policies, strengthening data collection through better and more frequent victimization surveys and alternative data collection methods, and addressing fundamental challenges such as the integrity and efficacy of law enforcement institutions appear critical to achieve long-term improvements in crime reporting and, ultimately, support effective crime responses.
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