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1
Zhmurov, Dmitry V. "Victims of Cyberbullying: The Problem Status." Russian investigator 1 (January 12, 2023): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3783-2023-1-45-50.
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This article is devoted to the victimological problems of cyberbullying. The key, in the author’s opinion, problematic issues arising in the study of this phenomenon are formulated. During the theoretical analysis of the works of domestic and foreign researchers, data on the prerequisites of cyberbullying are provided. The definition of the term “victim of cyberbullying” is given, the classification of victims of such actions is proposed. According to the nature of the victim’s responses, they are classified into two main groups (involved / uninvolved victims) and a number of subgroups, among which they differ: aggressive, avoidant, compromise, protective, submissive, auto-incriminating, ignoring and derealization victims. Depending on the degree of intensity of reactions of the victim of cyberbullying, it is proposed to distinguish the reacting and neglecting type of victim.
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Nurhalimah Nurhalimah, Neila Susanti, and Muhammad Jailani. "Persepsi Mahasiswa Sosiologi Agama Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara terhadap Victim Blaming pada Kekerasan Seksual di Perguruan Tinggi Indonesia." Harmoni: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi dan Sosial 1, no. 4 (2023): 228–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.59581/harmoni-widyakarya.v1i4.1823.
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This research aims to describe the perceptions of Sociology of Religion college students at the State Islamic University of North Sumatra towards victims of sexual violence at Indonesian universities. In general, perception is a person's way of looking at something. This research uses a quantitative descriptive type and approach. The population of this study was 281 Sociology of Religion college students at the State Islamic University of North Sumatra, with a margin of error of 10%, and a sample of 74 people. The sampling technique used is stratified random sampling. Questionnaires are a data collection technique with a perception measuring tool in the form of a Likert scale. The results of the research reveal that the perception of Sociology of Religion college students at the North Sumatra State Islamic University towards victims blaming for sexual violence in Indonesian universities is negative. Respondents are know victim blaming well, victim blaming is often found in cases of sexual violence, where women are the ones who are vulnerable to becoming objects of sexual violence. This is characterized by siding with victims of sexual violence, such as sympathy and empathy for victims, victims must receive protection, victims of violence do not deserve to be blamed, and justifying incidents of sexual violence as not being caused by the victim's behavior. Meanwhile, other neutral responses revealed that the way women dress and their body shape are the causes of sexual violence. This means that women who wear closed or open clothing both have the opportunity to become victims. Furthermore, neutral responses to victims of sexual violence always exaggerate the cases at hand. On the contrary, the news media tends to exaggerate so that it leads to opinion, which ends up making it difficult for the victim to reveal the case they are facing because of concerns about giving the victim a negative stigma.
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Sit, Victoria, and Regina A. Schuller. "Understanding Support Providers’ Views of “Helpful” Responses to Sexual Assault Disclosures: The Impacts of Self-Blame and Physical Resistance." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 8 (2016): 1236–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515614563.
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Prior research on the factors associated with various disclosure responses has often been conducted on sexual assault victims and formal support providers, while informal helpers, who are the most common recipients of disclosures, have received far less attention. This experimental study examined potential informal helpers’ views of disclosure reactions and their influence on the self-reported likelihoods of engaging in those responses. Undergraduate students at a large Canadian university ( N = 239) received vignettes describing a hypothetical sexual assault disclosure that varied on victim’s self-blame and physical resistance, and then rated common disclosure reactions. The results revealed that participants’ perceptions of various responses were at odds with victims’ experiences, with many negative responses, such as victim blame and egocentrism, viewed as equally or more helpful than positive responses, such as emotional support. Moreover, when the victim blamed herself and did not physically resist, positive responses were seen as less helpful whereas negative responses were seen as more helpful, with some notable gender differences. Regression analyses indicated that the perceived helpfulness of each response was the strongest predictor of the likelihood of providing that response. Practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Wrede, Olof, and Karl Ask. "More Than a Feeling: Public Expectations About Emotional Responses to Criminal Victimization." Violence and Victims 30, no. 5 (2015): 902–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-14-00002.
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Crime victims’ emotional display in legal settings has been found to influence credibility judgments. The specific nature of public expectations about crime victims’ emotional responses have, however, not been adequately investigated. In an experimental vignette study, respondents in a community sample (N = 404) estimated the likelihood that female and male victims would experience 7 distinct emotions in response to 5 types of crimes. Across all crime types, female victims were expected to experience significantly more situation-focused (anxiety, fear) and inward-focused (guilt, shame, sadness) emotions, and significantly less other-focused emotions (hatred, anger) than male victims. This calls for an increased focus on distinct emotions in future research on victim’s emotions. Implications for victims in legal and social settings are discussed.
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Sun, Ivan Y. "Police Response to Victims of Domestic and Non-Domestic Violence." Journal of Health and Human Services Administration 29, no. 2 (2006): 145–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107937390602900206.
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The research assesses whether police respond differently to victims of domestic and non-domestic interpersonal conflicts. Though many laws and policies have been introduced since the 1980s to enhance police responses to and protection of victims of domestic violence, very few studies have empirically examined police assistance or support toward victims of both domestic and non-domestic conflicts. Using data collected by a large-scale observational project, this research analyzes officer-initiated assistances and police responses to victim requests during conflict resolution. Findings show that police are more likely to provide assistances on their own initiative to victims of domestic violence than victims of non-domestic violence. Police, however, do not differ significantly in their responses to requests made by victims of domestic and non-domestic conflicts. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.
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Podaná, Zuzana, and Romana Imríšková. "Victims’ Responses to Stalking." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 31, no. 5 (2014): 792–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260514556764.
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de Roos, Melissa S., and Shelby R. Curtis. "Predictors of Skeptical Responses to Disclosures of Childhood Sexual Abuse." Violence and Victims 36, no. 6 (2021): 808–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vv-d-20-00029.
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Victims of Childhood Sexual Abuse (CSA) may be met with skeptical responses when they disclose their experience. The fear of such a response means that most victims delay telling anyone about the abuse. The aim of this study was to explore how contextual factors of abuse such as victim gender and age, perpetrator gender, and victim–perpetrator relationship affect a response to CSA. Further, we explored what personality traits may predict a skeptical response. An online questionnaire with 357 undergraduate students asked participants to read a vignette describing CSA, and to indicate the extent to which they believed the vignette, whether they blamed the victim or perpetrator, and what punishment they would recommend for the perpetrator. Results indicated that older victims were less likely to be believed and more likely to be blamed than younger victims. Further, we found more blame was placed on a perpetrator of intrafamilial abuse compared with extrafamilial abuse, but only if the perpetrator was male. Female perpetrators were punished less harshly than male perpetrators, but female intrafamilal perpetrators received harsher punishment than female extrafamilial perpetrators. No such effect was found for male perpetrators. Openness to Experience was associated with a more supportive response to CSA, as was Agreeableness. Implications and future directions are discussed.
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Katz, Jennifer, Samuel Colbert, and Liane Colangelo. "Effects of Group Status and Victim Sex on Female Bystanders’ Responses to a Potential Party Rape." Violence and Victims 30, no. 2 (2015): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00099.
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This research examined bystander responses to 1 of 4 potential party rape scenarios. Undergraduate women (N = 249) imagined attending a party either alone or with three friends where a sober man led an intoxicated potential victim (either male or female) into a bedroom. After random assignment to conditions, participants reported on intent to help and barriers to helping the potential victim. In contrast to the classic bystander effect, bystanders in groups intended to offer more help than lone bystanders. Bystanders also intended to offer more help to potential female than male victims and experienced more barriers to helping male victims. Two of these barriers (lack of personal responsibility to help and identifying risk) explained the lower intentions to help potential male victims. Potential male victims were more likely than female victims to be perceived as gay, and bystanders reported the least intentions to help presumably gay men at risk.
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Winkel, Frans Willem, and Adriaan Denkers. "Crime Victims and their Social Network: A Field Study on the Cognitive Effects of Victimisation, Attributional Responses and the Victim-Blaming Model." International Review of Victimology 3, no. 4 (1995): 309–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809500300404.
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A field study is reported focusing on the cognitive effects of criminal victimisation, on the types of responses victims encounter in their social network, and on the validity of the ‘victim blaming model’. Data reveal that victimisations have a negative impact on the perceived benevolence of the world. Perceptions of self control and control over outcomes are reduced, and victims consider themselves less as persons having luck in life. These cognitive effects appear to stretch out beyond those directly involved. Results generally do not support the theoretically dominant position in the victimological literature on ‘blaming the victim’. Empathical responses and external attributions from the social network are much more common than internal responses to victimisation. Moreover, internal attributions from the social network appear to work more positively on the wellbeing of victims than external attributions. These outcomes - which are in line with the Janoff-Bulman model - are clearly in contrast to the ‘victim blaming model’. Some implications for future studies are discussed.
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Carotta, Christin L., Amy E. Bonomi, Meghan A. Lee, and Lynsey A. Terrell. "It’s (Not) Over: Relationship Instability and Recovery Between Victims and Detained Domestic Abusers." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 10 (2015): 1679–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515619171.
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We used an innovative data set involving audio-recorded conversations between abusers and victims to explore the interactional patterns that occur within violent relationships, following severe violence and the abuser’s detainment. Using micro-level conversational data, our analysis sequenced the hopes/desires that victims and abusers expressed around their expectations for continuing or discontinuing a connection with each other. Conversations commonly included an expressed statement to end the relationship. Although it was common for both victims and abusers to express hope of ending the relationship, victims were most likely to initiate this desire. In response, abusers used multiple strategies to regain connection, including 1) challenging the victim, 2) declaring love or a desire to continue the relationship, 3) appealing for sympathy or help from the victim, and 4) mirroring or accepting the victim’s desire to end the relationship (when other strategies were unsuccessful). Abusers’ responses served to cultivate additional conflict in the relationship while at the same time maintained communication and facilitated relationship recovery following threats of dissolution. These findings contribute to an increased theoretical understanding of the dynamics of domestic violence in the sensitive period involving the couple’s physical separation.
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White, Jacquelyn W., and Holly C. Sienkiewicz. "Victim Empowerment, Safety, and Perpetrator Accountability Through Collaboration: A Crisis to Transformation Conceptual Model." Violence Against Women 24, no. 14 (2018): 1678–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801217743341.
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This article describes the development of the Victim Empowerment, Safety, and Perpetrator Accountability through Collaboration (VESPAC) model based on a grounded theory analysis of congressionally mandated and permissible purpose areas for grants authorized by the Violence Against Women Act. These areas are reflective of ongoing and emerging needs of victims and agencies serving victims and are rooted in the expertise, insight, and concerns of those who work most closely with victims and perpetrators on a regular basis. Analysis resulted in five overarching and interconnected themes: Community Readiness, Victim Services, Justice Responses, Coordinated Community Responses, and Cultural Relevance. The final model emphasizes the centrality of coordinated community responses to ensure that the remaining components of the model work in tandem across time to achieve victim safety and perpetrator accountability in a culturally appropriate way. The model also may help agencies, coalitions, and communities think “big” and consider more strategically about where their strengths best fit in the vast scope of victim needs necessary to meet safety goals and where they might benefit most from the expertise of partners.
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Zaykowski, Heather. "Victim Consciousness Among Youth and Their Responses to Violent Encounters." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 3 (2016): 516–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516642292.
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This study examines how youth interpret potentially violent encounters, their own identity as victims, and their responses to dangerous situations. The purpose is to understand when “victimization” does or does not lead to a violent response and how individuals negotiate risky situations. Qualitative interviews from 147 youth, aged 12 to 23 across three high-crime neighborhoods in Philadelphia, were examined. Of these youth, 86 individuals described 136 encounters with violent or threatening situations. Coding examined themes in youth perceptions of these encounters, as well as their responses. Three themes emerged in the youth’s accounts: youth as victims, youth as street smart, and youth action as self-defense. Youth’s understanding of risk and situational dynamics of the encounter shaped their perceptions of violent incidents and consequently if they responded with violence or used other strategies such as help seeking, avoidance, negotiation, or tolerance. Youth’s understanding of victimhood should be considered in research on the victim–offender overlap and generally in youth violence studies. Implications for the victim–offender overlap include incorporating a more nuanced perspective on social distance and power dynamics as understood by victims. Implications for policy include providing culturally sensitive violence reduction models and victim services that account for youth’s own understanding of their experiences.
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Sheridan, Lorraine P., Adrian C. North, and Adrian J. Scott. "Experiences of Stalking in Same-Sex and Opposite-Sex Contexts." Violence and Victims 29, no. 6 (2014): 1014–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00072.
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Most stalking literature reports on male stalkers and female victims. This work examines stalking experiences in 4 sex dyads: male stalker–female victim, female stalker–male victim, female–female dyads, and male–male dyads. Respondents were 872 self-defined victims of stalking from the United Kingdom and the United States who completed an anonymous survey. The study variables covered the process of stalking, effects on victims and third parties, and victim responses to stalking. Approximately 10% of comparisons were significant, indicating that sex of victim and stalker is not a highly discriminative factor in stalking cases. Female victims of male stalkers were most likely to suffer physical and psychological consequences. Female victims reported more fear than males did, and most significant differences conformed to sex role stereotypes. Earlier work suggested stalker motivation and prior victim–stalker relationship as important variables in analyses of stalking, but these did not prove significant in this work, perhaps because of sampling differences.
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Farida, Hana, and Fadhila Faiza Amalia. "DEHUMANIZED & OBJECTIFIED WOMEN IN SOMALY MAM AND RUTH MARSHALL’S THE ROAD OF LOST INNOCENCE." Lire Journal (Journal of Linguistics and Literature) 9, no. 2 (2025): 164–79. https://doi.org/10.33019/lire.v9i2.295.
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This research attempted to understand how dehumanization along with objectification occurred in prostitution. Dehumanization occurred when people treated others less than humans by denied their human uniqueness and nature and added negative attributes to refer to them as animals or objects. This research discussed how the victims of prostitution suffered dehumanization and how this dehumanization affected the victims, positioning them as objects, as portrayed in Somaly Mam and Ruth Marshall’s The Road of Lost Innocence. This research is qualitative-descriptive research. The main data is Somaly Mam and Ruth Marshall’s The Road of Lost Innocence, while supporting data is obtained from books, articles, and journals. In analyzing the data, the researcher applied the dehumanization theory of Haslam and the consequences of dehumanization as described by Bastian and Haslam. The results of this research showed the victims of prostitution suffered dehumanization based on Haslam’s theory: first, animalistic dehumanization, where the brothel owner viewed victims as animals, trained the victims as animals, etc. Second, mechanistic dehumanization occurred when a victim was sold into the brothel by her family, and the owner of the brothel treated the victims like goods that could be traded, etc. This researcher also discovered that this dehumanization affected the victim's cognitive and emotional responses.
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Gavin, Jeff, and Adrian J. Scott. "Attributions of victim responsibility in revenge pornography." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 11, no. 4 (2019): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-03-2019-0408.
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Purpose Revenge pornography is a growing risk among adolescents and young adults. Often stemming from sexting, some victims of revenge pornography report experiencing victim-blame similar to that accompanying the reporting of rape. The purpose of this paper is to explore the assumptions that underlie attributions of victim-blame, with a focus on perpetrator and victim responsibility, as well as gendered assumptions surrounding sexting. Design/methodology/approach A total of 222 UK university students (111 male, 111 females) read one of two versions of a hypothetical revenge pornography scenario, one involving a male victim of a female perpetrator, the other a female victim of a male perpetrator. They then responded to an open-ended question regarding responsibility. Findings Qualitative content analysis of these responses identified three inter-related themes: the victim’s behaviour, mitigating victim responsibility and minimising the behaviour. Social implications The majority of participants in this study attributed at least some responsibility to the victims of revenge pornography depicted in the scenarios. Sex of the victim played a less important role than assumptions around sexting. Originality/value The study suggests that victim-blame is linked to the consent implied by sharing intimate images with a partner, but is also mitigated by the normative nature of this relationship practice. There was some evidence that the experience of male victims of revenge pornography is trivialised. These findings have implications for e-safety and victim support.
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Khamala, Charles A. "Legal Aid for Effective Victim Legal Representation in Kenya’s Post-Election Violence: Lessons from the International Criminal Court." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 11 (December 31, 2022): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2022.11.17.
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The International Criminal Court’s legal aid scheme pays court-appointed victims’ lawyers. Yet, whether ICC or domestic legal proceedings can provide better victim satisfaction goes beyond the question of whether external or internal legal representation is more effective in protecting victims’ rights. In circumstances where guilt is difficult to prove, as in the ICC’s Kenya cases, victims’ interests may be better satisfied by pursuing compensation from local courts. This paper therefore argues that post-election violence victims’ interests may be satisfied by legal aid to support domestic compensation claims. Although numerous victims participated in the Kenya cases, non-confirmation of charges against the former Police Commissioner, withdrawal of the Muthaura and Kenyatta case, and declining to conduct reparation hearings after vacating charges in the Ruto and Sang case, culminated in widespread victim dissatisfaction. The paper contrasts the victims’ plight in the Kenya cases with fortunes of victims who participated at the ICC with those of the CAVI Police Shooting case and COVAW Sexual and Gender Based Violence case which effectively proved more satisfying for some victims. The question is whether legal aid for victims’ representatives before domestic courts may enhance the effectiveness of local responses to atrocity crimes. Although the comparatively successful recent domestic suits illustrate advantages of pursuing constitutional-based compensation claims, as opposed to punitive-contingent reparations before the ICC, these test cases require upscaling. Notwithstanding the ‘Kenyan Trial Approach’s’ significant impact on ICC evolution, to vindicate victims’ rights, the Trust Fund for Victims may consider donating to Kenya’s Victim Protection Fund so as to supplement PEV victim compensation. Kenya’s Legal Aid Act requires reforms to support indigent victims, particularly those suffering abuse of power.
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Ullman, Sarah E. "Do Social Reactions to Sexual Assault Victims Vary by Support Provider?" Violence and Victims 11, no. 2 (1996): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.11.2.143.
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The present study investigated whether the type of social reaction(s) experienced by sexual assault victims varies according to the type of social support provider told about the assault in a convenience sample of victims (N = 155) completing a mail survey. Both closed-ended data and open-ended written responses were analyzed to determine the types of social reactions victims experienced from a variety of informal and formal support providers. Tangible aid/information support was reported more often from women disclosing to rape crisis centers, police, and physicians, whereas emotional support/validation was commonly reported by those telling rape crisis centers. Being blamed, treated differently, distracted, and discouraged from talking about the assault were more common responses for women telling physicians or police. Analyses exploring whether the impact of social reactions on victim adjustment varied according to support provider type showed that, as hypothesized, emotional support from friends was related to better recovery than emotional support from other support sources. However, contrary to expectation, the impact of victim blame on adjustment did not vary according to type of support provider. Implications for research on social support and clinical treatment of sexual assault victims are discussed.
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Jennings, Wesley G., Ráchael A. Powers, and Nicholas M. Perez. "A Review of the Effects of the Violence Against Women Act on Law Enforcement." Violence Against Women 27, no. 1 (2020): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801220949694.
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One of the goals of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) was to improve law enforcement responses to sexual and domestic violence by providing funding to expand prevention, enhance investigations, and increase victim services. Since VAWA’s enactment, police responses to these crimes have evolved, including officer responses to victims and offenders, and various agency operations. This article highlights some noteworthy changes in law enforcement related to facilitating victim reporting, enhancing victim advocacy and services, crime reduction and investigative tools, supplementing personnel and training, and encouraging multiagency collaborations as a result of VAWA.
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Logan, TK, Robert Walker, Cara Stewart, and Jennifer Allen. "Victim Service and Justice System Representative Responses About Partner Stalking: What Do Professionals Recommend?" Violence and Victims 21, no. 1 (2006): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.21.1.49.
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Research suggests that partner stalking is associated with reassault and lethality as well as increased psychological distress for victims. However, there is a significant gap in information about stalking interventions and the responses of health, mental health, law enforcement, social services, and criminal justice professionals to women experiencing partner stalking. The purpose of this study is to examine the ideas about appropriate and effective responses to stalking victims from professionals in victim services and the justice system. The study also examined differences among rural and urban representatives because prior studies have shown significant differences between rural and urban areas on experiences and responses to partner violence. A total of 152 key informants (38 urban and 114 rural) were interviewed. Study results suggest a need for more training for victim services and justice system professionals on stalking and service needs of women who experience stalking in the context of partner violence.
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Brown, Elaine, and Jonathan Crego. "Homocide co-victims: confidence in the criminal justice system." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 5, no. 3 (2019): 240–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-03-2019-0020.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address the phenomenology of family members of homicide victims; known as “co-victims”. In particular, co-victims experiences of the criminal justice system (CJS) in England and Wales. Design/methodology/approach In 2018, 10 kV methodology facilitated an electronic-focus group. Anonymously, volunteers from families of homicide victims responded to key questions in a session entitled “a conversation which matters: confidence”. The thematic analysis presents the responses to three questions around “what works” and “what does not” in CJS practice. Findings The responses indicate four themes in relation to confidence building: communication and information; outcome; honesty and fairness; and family support. Responses indicate three themes in relation to what the CJS does well: family liaison officers, homicide detectives and court services. Responses indicate three themes in relation to what is not working: court proceedings, police budget cuts and preventative interventions. Research limitations/implications The research considers benefits and limitations of methodology and makes suggestions for how these facets could be addressed by future research. Practical implications The research findings reveal good practice and points for attention to support confidence building in the CJS. Amongst other considerations, the work advances CJS practical good practice principles from the perspective of co-victims: education, interpersonal relations, working together, communication and justice. Originality/value Findings are of value to CJS policy makers, training and education for co-victim support, police and academics.
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Nur Fajri Fauziah Pantu, Dr. Dian Ekawaty Ismail, S.H.,M.H, and Jufryanto Puluhulawa, S.H., M.H. "Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Perempuan Sebagai Korban Penganiayaan Dalam Hubungan Pacaran Di Polres Gorontalo Kota." Politika Progresif : Jurnal Hukum, Politik dan Humaniora 1, no. 2 (2024): 170–83. https://doi.org/10.62383/progres.v1i2.257.
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This research aims to find out what factors cause women to become victims of abuse in dating relationships in Gorontalo City and how legal protection is for women as victims of abuse in dating relationships at the Gorontalo City Police Department. This research uses empirical legal research methods which are carried out by collecting data through observation and interviews. The results of this research show that abuse in dating relationships in Gorontalo City is a very worrying phenomenon and can have a negative impact on victims and society as a whole. Abuse in dating relationships in Gorontalo City involves various factors, both internal factors such as a high level of emotional dependence, low levels of victim self-confidence, and the victim's tendency to justify aggressive behavior from their partners, while external factors occur due to the influence of the social environment. , norms and culture, the influence of the environment where violence occurs, and position and power. The suggestion in this research is that the Government, especially the Regional Office of the National Land Agency in Gorontalo Regency, continues to strive to carry out more outreach to the people of Hutuo Subdistrict to carry out land registration so that they can have a certificate to obtain legal certainty. The legal protection provided by the Gorontalo City Police for victims of abuse in dating relationships is carried out by providing priority and quick responses to reports of abuse, collecting supporting evidence by conducting investigations into cases of abuse in dating relationships, such as witness statements, and physical evidence. The Gorontalo City Police also provides physical protection such as giving a detention order against the perpetrator and providing a safe space for the victim and maintaining the confidentiality of the victim's personal information to prevent further threats from the perpetrator.
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Saan, Marieke, Floryt van Wesel, Sonja Leferink, Joop Hox, Hennie Boeije, and Peter van der Velden. "Social network responses to victims of potentially traumatic events: A systematic review using qualitative evidence synthesis." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (2022): e0276476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276476.
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Background A substantial number of qualitative studies examined how adult victims of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) experienced support provided by family members, friends, colleagues, and other significant others in the informal network. Importantly, the large majority of qualitative studies focused on the perceived support of victims of specific events such as sexual offences, partner violence, homicide, accidents and disasters. Although it is likely that across specific PTEs there are similarities as well as differences in experienced support from the informal network, to date no systematic review synthesized the results of qualitative studies on support from the informal network following various types of PTEs. The aim of the present systematic review is to fill this gap in the scientific knowledge, which is also highly relevant for victim services, policymakers, and the informal network. Methods A literature search of qualitative studies was conducted using the electronic databases of PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Psych INFO, Scopus, Criminal Justice Abstracts and Picarta. The quality of the identified studies was assessed with the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative research (COREQ) checklist, followed by analysis of the results of the identified studies using Qualitative Evidence Synthesis. Findings Seventy-five papers were included in the synthesis, involving 2799 victims of PTEs such as accidents, disasters, homicide, intimate partner violence (IPV), and sexual offences. Saturation was only achieved for IPV. Overall, four major categories of perceived social support were identified, namely, support perceived as supportive, supportive but insufficient, unsupportive, and absent from informal support providers, which included friends, family, neighbors, (if applicable) offender’s family, religious group members, work/school colleagues, fellow victims, the local community, and the social network in general. Across the PTE groups, there were similarities in experiencing positive forms of support (particularly empathy and sharing experiences) as well as negative forms of support (abandonment, avoidance, lack of empathy, and not experiencing support despite victim’s request for help). There were also differences across PTE groups, in particular, victims of sexual and intimate partner violence mentioned a number of other supportive (mobilizing support, no unsupportive responses) and non-supportive (e.g., justification or normalization of violence and minimizing responses) responses. Conclusions The review showed that different actors within the social informal network can play an important role in providing support after victims experience violence, homicide, accidents, and disasters. However, the review revealed that the large majority of qualitative studies were aimed at victims of IPV, and only for this type of PTE was saturation achieved. This indicates that, although this synthesis identified several similarities and differences, it is still too early to draw more definitive conclusions on similarities and differences in experienced social support after various PTEs and that future qualitative studies focusing on other PTEs are much needed.
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Baril, Micheline, and Anne Morrissette. "Du côté des victimes, une autre perspective sur le vol à main armée." Criminologie 18, no. 2 (2005): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017219ar.
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Armed robbery has long been regarded as a crime against property. But from the victim's point of view, it is a violent crime which endangers their lives and constitutes a traumatic experience. Nine years of research are briefly summarized with special attention to a recent survey of victims of commercial robbery in Montreal in which 440 persons were interviewed. It is difficult to describe a victim unless researchers agree on some basic definition of who should be defined as a victim. This is the first subject of discussion. After a short description of the way victimizations occur, the consequences of the robbery are discussed, and the responses of the mental health and justice systems are presented. Most victims do not resist and those who do so seem to be reacting to past victimizations or to an excess of violence on the part of the robber. Nearly 90 % of victims suffer some kind of emotional trauma and far from being helped in this regard, this trauma is often aggravated by the criminal justice system's response. It seems to affect the victim much more than the financial, physical and social consequences of the crime, which had little effect on their attitudes and needs. The main problem with armed robbery is that it creates and perpetuates a climate of suspicion, fear and anger very damaging to social relationships. These negative effects can be reduced, however, and the study points out some of the means by which this can be accomplished.
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Gogia, Kriti, Alyssa Elman, Sunday Clark, et al. "Prosecution of Elder Neglect: A Close Examination of Cases From King County, Washington." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.067.
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Abstract Elder neglect is common and can have catastrophic consequences. Cases may benefit from integrated responses from multiple sectors. Little research exists describing prosecutorial involvement and its impact, but existing evidence suggests neglect is seldom criminally prosecuted. Our goal was to closely examine neglect prosecution in a jurisdiction that has been a leader in using prosecution to attempt to address it. We quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed legal case files of felony elder neglect prosecuted in King County, Washington from 2008-2011. 13 cases were prosecuted, with a total of 10 victims. 90% of victims were female, with a median age of 88. 90% were unable to ambulate, and 90% had dementia. Defendants were commonly the victim’s adult child (38%). 23% had previous criminal citations/convictions. 46% of cases occurred in an Adult Family Home. 15% of cases went to trial, and all trial cases ended in conviction of some charge. Themes identified included: (1) perpetrators were either professional caregivers receiving compensation or non-professional caregivers financially dependent on the victim, (2) victims were malnourished and severely injured at time of reporting, and (3) medical expert contribution is imperative given complexity of these cases. Victims were unable to participate in prosecution in any case. This research shows that these cases are seldom prosecuted, even in a jurisdiction focusing on this phenomenon, but highlights characteristics of cases and demonstrates they may be prosecuted without victim participation. Future research is needed to examine prosecution’s impact on elder neglect to better understand how it may be optimally used.
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Kim, Joonggon. "Classification and Determinants of Workplace Sexual Harassment Victim Responses: An Empirical Study Using Latent Class Analysis and Multinomial Logistic Regression." Korean Association of Public Safety and Criminal Justice 34, no. 1 (2025): 107–36. https://doi.org/10.21181/kjpc.2025.34.1.107.
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This study identifies response patterns of workplace sexual harassment (WSH) victims and examines the influence of demographic characteristics of victims and perpetrators on response selection. Using data from the 2022 Seoul Foundation of Women & Family Workplace Sexual Harassment Survey, Latent Class Analysis (LCA) and Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR) were conducted. The findings revealed five response types: non-response, direct confrontation, flexible response, peer solidarity, and supervisor intervention-seeking. Non-response accounted for the highest proportion, while direct confrontation involved actively opposing the perpetrator. Flexible responders showed no consistent strategy, whereas peer solidarity and supervisor intervention-seeking involved seeking support from colleagues or superiors. Male victims were more likely to choose non-response, while higher-ranking victims preferred direct confrontation or supervisor intervention. These findings highlight the complexity of victim responses and provide insights for improving workplace harassment prevention policies.
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Poorman, Paula B., Eric P. Seelau, and Sheila M. Seelau. "Perceptions of Domestic Abuse in Same-Sex Relationships and Implications for Criminal Justice and Mental Health Responses." Violence and Victims 18, no. 6 (2003): 659–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vivi.2003.18.6.659.
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Male and female university students (N = 171) read scenarios describing a domestic abuse incident that systematically varied the sex of victim and perpetrator to produce four between-participants conditions. Results were consistent with and extended previous findings about perceptions of heterosexual domestic abuse to include gay and lesbian domestic abuse. Findings suggest that participant perceptions of abuse in same-sex and heterosexual relationships are similar. Where they differ, the differences have significant implications: (a) participants considered male against female abuse to be more serious than same-sex domestic abuse, (b) participants were more likely to recommend that the victim press charges in male against female abuse than in same-sex domestic abuse, (c) participants perceived same-sex victims to be less believable than heterosexual victims, and (d) victim believability was correlated with sentencing recommendations. Implications for criminal justice and mental health intervention are considered. Directions for future research are outlined.
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Kulig, Teresa C., Erica R. Fissel, Valerie R. Anderson, and Bonnie S. Fisher. "Victim or Prostitute? The Classification of Commercial Sex Events Involving Minors in the National Incident-Based Reporting System." Violence and Victims 35, no. 3 (2020): 331–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vv-d-19-00060.
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Sex trafficking is recognized as a national problem that inflicts serious harm on its victims, yet, legislative responses to trafficking vary depending on jurisdiction. Federal legislation considers youths who engage in commercial sex acts as trafficking victims. States, however, vary in the evidence required to prove a juvenile is a victim of sex trafficking, as opposed to an offender of prostitution. Using four years of data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System, we compared details of commercial sex incidents involving youths who were identified as trafficking victims or arrested as prostitutes. Beyond legislative differences, comparisons between cases are discussed to illuminate how state law enforcement officials legally classify these events involving adolescents (i.e., as victims or prostitutes). Further, we consider the policy implications of the findings.
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Warrier, Sujata, Beverly Williams-Wilkins, Emily Pitt, et al. "“Culturally Competent Responses” and “Children: Hidden Victims”." Violence Against Women 8, no. 6 (2002): 661–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10778010222183233.
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Frieze, Irene Hanson. "Rape Victims and Community Responses to Rape." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 34, no. 1 (1989): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/027543.
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Carlson, Eve B., and Mary Ann Dutton. "Assessing experiences and responses of crime victims." Journal of Traumatic Stress 16, no. 2 (2003): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1022843122227.
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Rich, Karen. "Trauma-Informed Police Responses to Rape Victims." Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 28, no. 4 (2018): 463–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2018.1540448.
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Grime, Paul. "Fashion victims campaign: responses from clothing retailers." Occupational Medicine 65, no. 4 (2015): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqv003.
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Shrestha, Aishworya, and Tika Bahadur Thakuri. "Gender-Based Violence Through the Victim’s Lens." Shahid Kirti Multidisciplinary Journal 2, no. 2 (2024): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/skmj.v2i2.62499.
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One in three women worldwide experience gender-based violence (GBV), predominantly by someone familiar (WHO). This study explores how Nepali victims understand personal incidents of GBV and its impacts, addressing gaps in victim-centered perspectives. Despite extensive literature on GBV, victims’ narratives are rarely spotlighted; “justice” is often academically-defined. Using purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews with 37 women, we examined research questions on victims’ perceptions of GBV events and effects afterwards. Thematic analysis revealed high GBV prevalence, especially for girls, yet chronically underreported due to factors like shame, stigma, mental health tolls, doubts over evidentiary support, masculinity constructs, and judicial distrust. Child abuse by acquaintances was salient, reflecting trust exploitation. Ultimately findings expose alarming yet overlooked violence against Nepali women and girls amidst normalization and victim-blaming attitudes. Centering survivors’ voices spotlights vital individual and systemic transformations required to address this epidemic. Insights provide a victim-based understanding of GBV to inform rights-centric responses.
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Richards, Jenny, Janet Smithson, Nicholas J. Moberly, and Alicia Smith. "“If It Goes Horribly Wrong the Whole World Descends on You”: The Influence of Fear, Vulnerability, and Powerlessness on Police Officers’ Response to Victims of Head Injury in Domestic Violence." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (2021): 7070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137070.
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Domestic violence (DV) victims face significant barriers to accessing healthcare. This is particularly concerning in cases of brain injury (BI), which is difficult to diagnose and risks severe long-term consequences for DV victims. Police may be able to identify head injury (HI) and signpost victims to healthcare. This research investigated potential barriers to police supporting victim health needs by exploring police attitudes towards DV and considering how police interpret and respond to stories of HI in DV victims. Individual interviews were conducted with 12 police officers from forces in South and Central England. This included the use of a clinical vignette. Thematic analysis highlighted three global themes: ‘seesaw of emotions’, ‘police vulnerability’, and ‘head injury is fearful’. Police officers’ vulnerability to external blame was the predominant influence in their responses to HI.
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Erez, Edna, and Kathy Laster. "Neutralizing Victim Reform: Legal Professionals' Perspectives on Victims and Impact Statements." Crime & Delinquency 45, no. 4 (1999): 530–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128799045004008.
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Despite the high hopes of victims' rights advocates, and contrary to the warnings about negative consequences, the evidence demonstrates that victim impact statements (VISs) have had little influence on criminal proceedings and court outcomes. This study, based on interviews with judges, prosecutors, and defense counsels charged with the implementation of the VIS scheme in South Australia, shows that practitioners routinely objectify, and thereby minimize, the injuries sustained by victims, and impose an implicit “reasonable victim” test to evaluate VISs. Professionals' responses are analyzed according to Sykes and Matza's notion of techniques of neutralization as a case study of the ways in which law reform endeavors are subordinated to the competing value systems and organizational imperatives of court workgroups.
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Mawby, R. I., and S. Walklate. "The Impact of Burglary: A Tale of Two Cities." International Review of Victimology 4, no. 4 (1997): 267–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809700400403.
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Victims' experiences of burglary in two contrasting English cities are compared, using data from a wider cross-national survey. Perceptions of the incident are assessed in terms of financial costs and the wider impact, including the effect of the crime on children in the household, and these are considered alongside the operation of victim support in the two areas. Finally victims' reactions are compared according to concern over future victimisation and crime prevention initiatives. Overall the data suggest that while the responses of burglary victims in the two contrasting urban environments share many common features, living in a more impoverished environment with higher rates of crime influences the ways in which respondents respond to their burglary.
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Bachman, Ronet, and Ann L. Coker. "Police Involvement in Domestic Violence: The Interactive Effects of Victim Injury, Offender’s History of Violence, and Race." Violence and Victims 10, no. 2 (1995): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.10.2.91.
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While there is a proliferation of research devoted to ascertaining the efficacy of arrest and other formal sanctions in deterring domestic violence, little research has focused on factors related to the pivotal point at which this formal sanctioning process begins, namely, in a victim’s decision to report her victimization to police. This paper is an attempt to rectify this omission by examining those factors most important in predicting the police-reporting behavior of 1535 female victims of intimate-perpetrated violence (e.g., by husbands and boyfriends) taken from the National Crime Victimization Survey during 1987-1992. In addition to predicting the reporting decision of these victims, models predicting various police responses to a victim’s report were also examined, including police response times, police actions at the scene, and the probability of an arrest being made. A combination of contextual and demographic characteristics affected the probability that incidents would be placed into the realm of formal sanctioning. Black victims, victims who sustained injury as the result of their victimization, and victims who reported that the offender had not victimized them before were more likely to report their victimizations to police. These same factors were also significant predictors of arrest. Police were more likely to make an arrest in incidents in which victims had sustained injuries, when the offender did not have a history of violence, and in incidents which involved Black offenders victimizing Black victims. Implications for the “Battered Woman Syndrome” and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Palomares, Nicholas A., and V. Skye Wingate. "Victims' Goal Understanding, Uncertainty Reduction, and Perceptions in Cyberbullying: Theoretical Evidence From Three Experiments." Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 25, no. 4 (2020): 253–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmaa005.
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Abstract Cyberbullying is repetitive and aggressive behavior transmitted through mediated channels aimed at directing malice toward a victim with a to-harm goal. Three experiments manipulated a cyberbully's identity uncertainty—each employing different stimuli and scenarios—and assessed individuals' responses to being victimized. Experiment 1 demonstrated victims' information-seeking about a bully's identity and motives, emotional valence, and social attractiveness to the bully depend on victims' uncertainties about the bully's motives and identity. Experiment 2 examined victims' particular inferences about a bully's goals, revealing victims find bullies more socially attractive when they think a bully is trying to personally attack them or gain status, but only if the bully is anonymous. Experiment 3 aimed to replicate findings with a modified method and an extended rationale explaining why inferring attack and upward-mobility goals enhances the attractiveness of an unknown bully, showing that victims' ability to cope with the bullying episode is a critical mediator.
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Stives, Kristen L., David C. May, Melinda Pilkinton, Cindy L. Bethel, and Deborah K. Eakin. "Strategies to Combat Bullying: Parental Responses to Bullies, Bystanders, and Victims." Youth & Society 51, no. 3 (2018): 358–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x18756491.
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Despite numerous studies on the topic of bullying, there remains a dearth of information on how parents respond to bullying and the extent to which they are aware of their child’s bullying experiences. Using qualitative data from 54 parents in a southeastern state, we explore advice that parents give their children about how to respond when their child is a bullying victim and a bystander in a bullying incident and how fearful parents are of their child being a victim of bullying and reasons behind their fear. Findings demonstrate that parental messages about responding to bullying victimization and intervening on behalf of other bully victims generally mirror those provided by schools as part of their bullying prevention efforts. However, misunderstandings about bullying and bullying responses among parents limit the effectiveness of the strategies they suggest for their children. Implications for bullying prevention programs and research are also discussed.
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Ngo, Fawn T. "Stalking: an examination of the correlates of subsequent police responses." Policing: An International Journal 42, no. 3 (2019): 362–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-12-2017-0157.
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Purpose Few studies have explored the correlates of police responses to the crime of stalking. The purpose of this paper is to examine the correlates of nine specific police actions (no action, multiple actions, took a report, talked to perpetrator, arrested perpetrator, recommended PO or RO, recommended self-protection, referred to prosecutor’s office and referred to social services) to this type of crime. This study found three of the four incident measures (victim-offender relationship, intimidation and physical injury) and three of the four victim demographic measures (age, gender and marital status) significantly predicted seven of the nine police actions. Design/methodology/approach Data for this study came from the 2006 Stalking Victimization Supplement of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). The sample included stalking cases that were reported to the police and all measures were constructed using victims’ responses to survey questionnaires. Nine logistic regression models were estimated and in each model, four incident characteristic variables and four victim demographic variables were regressed on each of the nine police actions. Findings This study found three of the four incident characteristic measures (victim-offender relationship, intimidation, and physical injury) and three of the four victim demographic variables (age, gender and marital status) were significantly related to seven of the nine specific police actions (no action, multiple actions, arrested perpetrator, recommended PO or RO, recommended self-protection, referred to prosecutor’s office and referred to social services). None of the incident characteristic and victim demographic measures were related to two of the nine specific police actions (took a report and talked to perpetrator). Research limitations/implications This study possesses the same shortcomings associated with the NCVS. The current study involves cross-sectional, official data that are over 10 years old. The measures employed in the current study are victims’ perceptions of how the officers acted. The study does not include information regarding how many times the victim contacted the police or the nature of the stalking episode. The study excludes other variables (suspect’s demeanor, the presence of witnesses) that may be relevant in examining subsequent police responses to stalking. Practical implications Frontline offices should be required to undertake stalking training. Further, stalking training needs to be conducted independently from domestic violence training. Mandatory stalking training for law enforcement officers will lead to a greater comprehension of existing stalking statute for the officers as well as help increase the number of offenders being identified and charged with this crime by the officers. Social implications Police inaction to reported stalking not only dissuade victims from reporting future victimizations, it will also result in stalking being an under-reported crime. Police inaction could potentially compromise victim safety and/or offender accountability. Police inaction also undermines the legitimacy of law enforcement and attenuates the relationship between citizens and police agencies. Originality/value To date, only one study has examined the correlates of subsequent police responses to the crime of stalking. However, this study employed broad measures of police actions (formal and informal). The current study involves specific police actions (e.g. taking a report, referring the victim to social service agencies). Contrary to the prior study that found none of the incident and victim characteristics was related to two broad measures of subsequent police responses, this study found several incident and victim measures significantly predicted seven specific police actions.
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Borwell, Jildau, Jurjen Jansen, and Wouter Stol. "Recht doen aan de behoeften van cybercrimeslachtoffers: reflecties op de rol van de politie." Tijdschrift voor Veiligheid 23, no. 3 (2024): 47–78. https://doi.org/10.5553/tvv/.000076.
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Doing justice to the needs of cybercrime victims: reflections on the role of the police Rising cybercrime rates present challenges for the police, often resulting in limited investment in cybercrime cases. These challenges can extend to the relationship with reporting victims. Also, the characteristics of cybercrime, such as anonymity and technical complexity, could lead to distinct victim needs. This study examines the needs and reporting experiences of cybercrime compared to traditional crime victims. We focused on financial (bank account hacking; bank helpdesk fraud) and person-centered (online threat; image-based sexual abuse); and financial (home burglary; doorstep deception) cybercrime, and person-centered (threat; sexual assault) traditional crime.In our survey study, we analysed the responses of 910 reporting victims. Our findings show that cyber-financial crime victims express stronger practical/information needs, namely where to turn for help, information about the crime, financial compensation and prevention advice. They also express greater emotional/social needs, namely for recognition of the crime and prevention for others. Conversely, victims of traditional person-centered crimes express stronger emotional/social needs for recognition of the crime, being taken seriously, sharing feelings and prevention for others. Reporting experiences were similar among cyber and traditional financial crime victims. However, receiving information about the crime and prevention advice were rated higher among person-centered traditional crime compared to cybercrime victims, and they less strongly reported increasing impact because of the police response.The study confirms that victims of both cyber and traditional crimes have needs across all categories. Furthermore, we have identified factors such as peritraumatic stress, age, gender, and financial loss that influence these needs. We discuss the implications for law enforcement, emphasizing the necessity of addressing victim needs comprehensively, particularly in financial cybercrime cases where victims express stronger needs but generally receive less practical and emotional support. Additionally, we stress the importance of procedural justice and responsiveness to victim needs in maintaining police legitimacy.
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Davis, Robert C., Ellen Brickman, and Timothy Baker. "Supportive and unsupportive responses of others to rape victims: Effects on concurrent victim adjustment." American Journal of Community Psychology 19, no. 3 (1991): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00938035.
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KIM, Hyekyung. "A Study on the Concept of Crime Victims according to Traditional Justice Theories." Korean Association Of Victimology 31, no. 2 (2023): 233–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36220/kjv.2023.31.2.233.
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The laws and systems that have not grasped the essence of the purpose of recovering the damage of “crime victims” without accurately organizing the concept of crime victims are very dangerous. Fundamentally, the concept of crime victims is relative. It is also the reason for the relativity of the concept that a crime victim can be defined only when it is determined who is a criminal and what is a crime. However, the reason why it is difficult to define the concept of crime victims is that the concept is inevitably different depending on which theory of justice is selected.
 Traditional justice theories do not define the social role of crime victims or even their definitions. Furthermore, traditional justice does not see criminals as social evils or objects that should be permanently separated from society, but also criminals as members of society who pursue individual freedom and interests as rational human beings with free will.
 In the theory of retribution justice, the existence of crime victims seems to be only a means of determining the amount of punishment in the active aspect of requesting that the degree of disadvantage deserved be proportional to criminal damage. However, in the negative aspect, retaliation is a disadvantage that only justifies the existence of punishment and is not related to the amount of punishment, so crime victims are not considered.
 Utilitarianism can be said to be the sum of human responses to the distribution result, not the distribution method of goods. Maximizing the subjective value of utility, in terms of goods, the distribution of goods and the objective sum of goods are always constant. Therefore, it is not possible to confirm how crime victims are defined and what values and respect should be received within society. In Hegel's theory of absolute punishment, there is no room for a crime victim to intervene in the national punishment right, and his absence becomes clear. The state should never reflect the victim’s subjective sense of damage in punishment. If a criminal is approved as a right holder to be punished by his/her criminal act itself as an existence of immediate will, there will be no room for the criminal victim to exist in the action of the right to punish.
 Furthermore, it was confirmed that the distribution of fair resources is emphasized as a matter of welfare, resources, and opportunities if it is approached in terms of means of equal distribution for the purpose of guaranteeing more equal freedom.
 As such, traditional criminal theories approach how to punish criminals from the perspective of justice, so they do not consider the concept of crime victims at all, or the treatment of crime victims is not a matter of justice. However, it can be seen that the principle of proportionality presented as a means of pursuing justice in most justice theories cannot be fully explained by excluding crime victims.
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Drout, Cheryl E., and Samuel L. Gaertner. "GENDER DIFFERENCES IN REACTIONS TO FEMALE VICTIMS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 22, no. 3 (1994): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1994.22.3.267.
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The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship of gender and level of belief in the just world to reactions to victims. Eighty-six female and sixty-five male college students were led to believe that their partner in a study of work groups was a victim of a sexual assault. A gender difference in the choice of specific justice-restoring strategies was observed. While high just-world males provided significantly more help to victims than controls and low just-world males did not differentiate, female subjects distanced themselves from victims by perceiving them to be less similar to themselves than controls. Findings are discussed in relation to evidence that attempts to restore justice may evoke a multitude of cognitive and behavioral responses.
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Bolimos, Ioannis A., and Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo. "Online fraud offending within an Australian jurisdiction." Journal of Financial Crime 24, no. 2 (2017): 277–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-05-2016-0029.
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Purpose This paper aims to determine the level of online fraud offending within an Australian jurisdiction and how to best apply resources to combat it. Design/methodology/approach Empirical data were provided by an Australian law enforcement agency, and qualitative responses were obtained from the parties involved in the crimes themselves (the victims, the offenders and the nominated law enforcement agency). Findings Although there was variance between the ages of the online fraud victims, there was a slightly higher chance of an older member of the population falling victim to an offender than that of a younger person. The number of a particular gender reporting an instance of cybercrime in a given area can be higher if the total number of participants in that area was also high. Older victims were more likely to lose larger amounts of money to online fraud. Furthermore, it was found that when the non-gender identifiable data were removed, this increased to over 80 per cent. Originality/value Existing literature on online fraud and criminal offending generally focused on the quantitative aspects of measuring offending, which does not give an indication into the “why” component of the study: why are these offences being committed; why do these offenders pick particular victims; and why do the victims fall for such ruses? In this paper, the authors combined the qualitative responses obtained from those parties involved in the crimes themselves (the victims, the offenders and the nominated law enforcement agency) with a quantitative examination of the crime figures provided by an Australian law enforcement agency.
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Gilani, Syed Raza Shah, Ilyas Khan, and Ashraf Ali. "HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL RESPONSES: THE CASE OF COMBATING HUMAN AND WOMEN TRAFFICKING." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 03 (2022): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i03.689.
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Over the last two decades, the United Nations and various non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have increased their efforts to combat human trafficking and women trafficking for sex around the world through international legal frameworks and conventions along with implementing mechanisms. These steps are aimed at limiting the potential victims’ vulnerability to trafficking, providing adequate help and protection for victims, and ensuring the speedy trials of the traffickers (and other important, behind-the-scene players), all while preserving the fundamental human rights of all. Given that the prohibition of slavery and human trafficking is a jus-cogens principle, states are obligated to act with reasonable diligence to prevent human trafficking, investigate and prosecute traffickers, and help and protect the trafficked individuals. Governments often tackle trafficking from the standpoint of law enforcement or criminal control (as opposed to victims’ protection and/or human rights perspective). Typically, they are preoccupied with border security, preventing unwelcome migration, combating organized crime, and lately, terrorism. This article argues that any attempts to combat trafficking are unlikely to be successful if the emphasis is on criminal prevention rather than on victim protection and rights, as demonstrated in the following pages. Key Words: Human Trafficking, Women Trafficking, Human Rights Approach, Sexual Exploitation.
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Petter, Stacie, and Laurie Giddens. "Is it Your Fault? Framing Social Media Inclusion and Exclusion Using Just World Theory." Journal of the Association for Information Systems 24, no. 5 (2023): 1248–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00813.
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Individuals who have experienced harm (also known as victims) by people, organizations, or adverse events sometimes use social media to share their experiences with others, search for information, and find social support. While some observers offer support and engage in inclusion toward victims on social media, other observers blame victims for their plight and participate in revictimization and exclusion. Victim blaming, which can lead to social exclusion, disproportionately impacts those in society who are already at risk for exclusion and may perpetuate existing racial, ethnic, gender, and economic inequalities. This research provides a theoretical framework to identify reasons why observers engage in such wide-ranging responses to victims on social media. Specifically, we consider social inclusion and exclusion at the confluence of a social phenomenon (victim blaming), a theory (just world theory), and an information technology artifact (social media) among a specific type of actor (observers). Our theoretical framework of social media inclusion and exclusion is informed by just world theory and considers how social media functionalities can promote social media inclusion or exclusion. We also offer research questions to stimulate future research related to social media inclusion, social media exclusion, and just world theory.
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Rakovec-Felser, Zlatka, and Lea Vidovič. "Maternal Perceptions Of And Responses To Child Sexual Abuse." Slovenian Journal of Public Health 55, no. 2 (2016): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjph-2016-0017.
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Abstract Background Several researches indicate that most child victims delay disclosing of sexual abuse for significant periods of time. There are numerous reasons as to why children are avoiding the disclosure of the abuse. The aim of this study was to determine how a mother’s response to a child’s allegations impacts the child’s willingness to disclose sexual abuse. Methods We conducted a retrospective quantitative and qualitative analysis of 73 court-referred cases of child sexual abuse which have been disclosed in Slovenia in the last ten years. All the child victims included in the study were female and the perpetrators adult male persons. The expert opinions were made by the same expert. Results We realized that, at the occurrence of abuse, the child victims were from 4 to 15 years old and their mean age was at 11. 5 years. About two-thirds of children were victims of the intra-familial type (61.6%) and a little more than one third of extra-familial type of sexual abuse (38.4%). The group of victims with the support of their mothers needed about 9 months to disclose the secret, while the delay of the disclosure in the cases without the support of mothers was much longer (M=6.9 years). Conclusion For female child victims of sexual abuse the perceived protective attitude of their mothers is very important. Especially when the sexual abuse happened in the family, the mother’s support can attribute to stop the ongoing abuse, eliminate its immediate effects and decrease its likely negative long-term outcome.
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Izu, Cynthia Chukwufumnanya, Sesan Fabamise, and Oriola Oyewole. "Re-conceptualising the Theory of Justice and the Needs of Victims of Sexual Violence in Nigeria: an Appraisal of a Victim Centered Approach." F1000Research 13 (October 28, 2024): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.153823.1.
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Abstract Background In the 21st century, the recognition of the rights and needs of victims of sexual violence has emerged as a fundamental discourse within international, regional, and local policy agendas. This has been influenced by the lasting psychological, emotional, and physical effects of sexual violence on the victims. These commentaries and agitation have spurred the need for alternative ways in which the Nigerian criminal justice system can be strengthened by incorporating criminal justice mechanisms and interventions that would enhance the needs and interests of victims in accessing justice despite its adversarial system of justice. Methods This study aims to appraise the different mechanisms of justice, needs, and interests of victims of sexual violence through a theoretical lens and drawing lessons from South Africa and Australia. To achieve this work, a doctrinal research methodology that utilized existing literature and secondary sources such as textbooks and online websites was adopted. Results The study found that there is a need for accountability for the protection of victims, implementation of legislation, and scaling up of resources for effective support services. In addition, the absence of resources, effective monitoring and compliance institutions, monitoring reports, specialized courts, and special regulations hampers the implementation of a victim-centered approach. Among others, the study recommends an all-inclusive criminal justice mechanism that would further incorporate a victim-centered approach towards advancing the rights and quality of justice for victims of Sexual Violence and the need for a victim impact statement to our criminal justice system for cases of sexual violence. Conclusion The study concludes that there is a need to make provisions for more effective alternative responses to incorporate the justice interests and needs of victims of sexual violence.
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Silvermint, Daniel. "Resisting for other reasons." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 48, no. 1 (2018): 18–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2017.1332257.
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AbstractDoes a victim have to intend to resist oppression in order to discharge her obligation to do so, or is it sufficient to resist oppression intentionally in the course of pursuing other plans and projects of importance to her? I argue that resisting intentionally can be sufficient: given the ways that oppression interferes with the lives of victims, trying to counteract that interference by living the life you want is genuine resistance. Requiring that victims have justice-oriented or agency-preserving reasons before their actions count as resistance will distort or miss a wide range of everyday responses to oppressive burdens.