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Journal articles on the topic 'Responsibility to Protect'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Holmes, John. "Responsibility to Protect." Global Responsibility to Protect 6, no. 2 (June 12, 2014): 126–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875984x-00602003.

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Where does the humanitarian community sit in relation to continuing debates about the Responsibility to Protect (R2P)? The third pillar of R2P is often seen as the practical manifestation of an older idea of humanitarian intervention, given much attention after the Rwandan genocide and Srebrenica. Many humanitarians have long been reticent about the idea of so-called humanitarian intervention and, thus, of R2P. This article examines the logic behind this reticence and explores the practical relationship between R2P and humanitarian action. In particular, it focuses on three major crises during Holmes’s time as Emergency Relief Coordination – Darfur, Sri Lanka and Myanmar – and goes on to consider briefly how and why R2P has been invoked, or not, in the more recent crises of Libya and Syria. It concludes with reflections about the implications for the future.

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2

Chesterman, Simon. "Responsibility to Protect, Responsibility to Whom?" International Studies Review 17, no. 4 (December 2015): 699–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/misr.12259.

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3

Šimonović, Ivan. "The responsibility to protect." UN Chronicle 53, no. 4 (February 27, 2017): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/b27e76ec-en.

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4

Doyle, Colonel Colm. "A Responsibility to Protect." Irish Studies in International Affairs 20, no. 1 (2009): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/isia.2009.0011.

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5

Ashford, Mary-Wynne. "The Responsibility to Protect." Medicine, Conflict and Survival 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/714004281.

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6

Welsh, Jennifer, Carolin Thielking, and S. Neil Macfarlane. "The Responsibility to Protect." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 57, no. 4 (December 2002): 489–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070200205700401.

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7

Eckhard, Frederic. "Whose Responsibility to Protect?" Global Responsibility to Protect 3, no. 1 (2011): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187598411x549495.

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AbstractThe 2009 challenge in the United Nations General Assembly to the Responsibility to Protect was a warning call. This landmark piece of human rights legislation makes a lot of governments nervous; some of them would want to wipe R2P off the books. It might be worthwhile therefore to review how it came about and ask what its importance is to you. R2P had many “fathers”, but one important one was UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan. Seared by the UN experience in Bosnia, the genocide in Rwanda and the persecution of the Kosovars by Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic, Annan asked the International Peace Academy to look into the basis in international law for humanitarian intervention. They couldn't find one. Canadian Foreign Minister Lloyd Axworthy then stepped in and set up a commission that did in a report called e Responsibility to Protect. Annan carefully laid the groundwork for international acceptance of the principle. He created a high-level panel to study security threats in the 21 st century and named former Australian Foreign Minister Gareth Evans to it. Evans co-chaired the Canadian panel. Annan's panel endorsed R2P. With that crucial backing, he put R2P to the General Assembly, which, against all odds, voted in favor of it in 2005, making R2P international law. Humanitarian intervention is in fact a threat to national sovereignty. But so are most international treaties. Governments trade on their sovereignty when it is in their interest to do so. On R2P they did so again. Why should it matter to you? Just remember the Holocaust.

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8

Doyle (retd), Colonel Colm. "A Responsibility to Protect." Irish Studies in International Affairs 20, no. -1 (January 1, 2009): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3318/isia.2009.20.21.

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9

Evans, Gareth, and Mohamed Sahnoun. "The Responsibility to Protect." Foreign Affairs 81, no. 6 (2002): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20033347.

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10

Deutscher, Matt. "The Responsibility to Protect." Medicine, Conflict and Survival 21, no. 1 (January 2005): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1362369042000315041.

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11

Boulden, J. "The Responsibility to Protect." Journal of Refugee Studies 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/15.4.428-a.

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12

Doyle, Colonel Colm. "A Responsibility to Protect." Irish Studies in International Affairs 20, no. 1 (2009): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/isia.2009.a810322.

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13

BAIN, WILLIAM. "Responsibility and obligation in the ‘Responsibility to Protect’." Review of International Studies 36, S1 (October 2010): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210511000106.

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AbstractThis article takes up Louise Arbour's claim that the doctrine of the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ is grounded in existing obligations of international law, specifically those pertaining to the prevention and punishment of genocide. In doing so, it argues that the aspirations of the R2P project cannot be sustained by the idea of ‘responsibility’ alone. The article proceeds in arguing that the coherence of R2P depends on an unacknowledged and unarticulated theory of obligation that connects notions of culpability, blame, and accountability with the kind of preventive, punitive, and restorative action that Arbour and others advocate. Two theories of obligation are then offered, one natural the other conventional, which make this connection explicit. But the ensuing clarity comes at a cost: the naturalist account escapes the ‘real’ world to redeem the intrinsic dignity of all men and women, while the conventionalist account remains firmly tethered to the ‘real’ world in redeeming whatever dignity can be had by way of an agreement. The article concludes by arguing that the advocate of the responsibility to protect can have one or the other, but not both.

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14

Rivera, Adelaida. "Responsibility To Protect: What For?" Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science 20 (June 29, 2013): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22151/politikon.20.6.

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On March 17th 2011, the United Nations Security Council approved the Resolution 1973 which authorized the use of force in Libya in order to protect civilians from the attacks performed by the state armed forces. The military action by NATO in Libya has resulted in diverse and divided opinions. The recourse of Responsibility to protect appeared later as a measure intended to be implemented in the ongoing conflict in Syria, but after two failed resolutions, it became clear that some UN Security Council members are not willing to repeat the Libyan scenario. This text aims to examine some basic notions of the R2P concept, its application in Libya and the implications of the results after the Libyan case on its possible application in Syria. Should the discussed objectives behind the application of Responsibility to Protect in the Libyan case and its results be determinant on the decision whether this doctrine can be applied in Syria? Is it possible that the mistakes committed in Libya, the atrocities now experienced in Syria and the non-response by the international community could mark the end of the whole concept of Responsibility to Protect? These questions are intended to be discussed in this paper.

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15

Kreß, Claus. "Christopher Verlage: Responsibility to Protect." JuristenZeitung 66, no. 8 (2011): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/jz-2011-0040.

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16

Kreß, Claus. "Christopher Verlage: Responsibility to Protect." JuristenZeitung 66, no. 8 (April 15, 2011): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/002268811795472242.

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17

Mekonnen, Getachew Alebachew. "Fulfilling the Responsibility to Protect." International Journal of Risk and Contingency Management 9, no. 1 (January 2020): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrcm.2020010103.

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Iddirs are traditional community-based organizations (CBOs) primarily established to facilitate burial ceremonies and comforting the bereaved. This study emphasized the additional roles and functions of Iddirs on supporting vulnerable groups of the community. The research has employed a qualitative research method, and it employs in-depth interviews, FGD and document analysis as data gathering instruments. Participants of the study were beneficiaries of Iddir (orphans and their caregivers), Iddir members and Iddir committees. The findings of this study showed that Iddir has significant contribution to improve the life of orphans and their caregivers. The types of care and support provided by Iddir include financial, material, medical, emotional, and psychosocial support. The study also shows that orphans in the area are vulnerable to a range of problems: food insecurity, lack of clothes and footwear, inadequate access to school and school materials, poor health, and physical and sexual abuse, in terms of their severity.

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18

Stojanović, Đorđe, and Danijela Barjaktarović. "„Responsibility to Protect“ from Aggression." Serbian Political Thought 5, no. 1 (2012): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22182/spt.512012.3.

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19

NEWMAN, MICHAEL. "Revisiting the ‘Responsibility to Protect’." Political Quarterly 80, no. 1 (March 9, 2009): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923x.2009.01963.x.

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20

Baranovsky, Vladimir, and Anatoly Mateiko. "Responsibility to Protect: Russia’s Approaches." International Spectator 51, no. 2 (April 2, 2016): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2016.1176648.

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21

Bellamy, Alex J. "Realizing the Responsibility to Protect." International Studies Perspectives 10, no. 2 (May 2009): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-3585.2009.00365.x.

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22

Nackers, Kimberly. "Framing the Responsibility to Protect." Global Responsibility to Protect 7, no. 1 (May 22, 2015): 81–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875984x-00701005.

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The Responsibility to Protect (r2p), as enshrined in the 2005 World Summit Outcome document, aims to protect populations from the commission of mass atrocities. Yet both Sri Lankan government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (ltte) forces killed thousands of civilians during the conclusion of Eelam War Four in Sri Lanka, in spite of the adoption of r2p by the Sri Lankan government. In this article, I argue that these atrocities occurred with little involvement on the part of the international community to stop them, in large part due to existing international political dynamics, which the framing efforts of the Sri Lankan government played upon. The government was able to determine the dominant discourse on the conflict and portrayed it as part of the War on Terror. This facilitated states in supporting the government in the conflict, while diminishing criticism from actors that may otherwise have been more supportive of the invocation of r2p.

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23

DeLaet, Debra L. "Beyond the Responsibility to Protect." International Studies Review 18, no. 2 (May 21, 2016): 390–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isr/viw019.

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24

Glanville, Luke, and James Pattison. "Where to Protect? Prioritization and the Responsibility to Protect." Ethics & International Affairs 35, no. 2 (2021): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679421000198.

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AbstractGiven the multiple threats of atrocities in the world at any given time, where should states direct their attention and resources? Despite the rich and extensive literature that has emerged on the responsibility to protect (RtoP), little thought has been given to the question of how states and other international actors should prioritize when faced with multiple situations of ongoing and potential atrocities. As part of the roundtable “The Responsibility to Protect in a Changing World Order: Twenty Years since Its Inception,” in this essay we first demonstrate the importance of questions of prioritization for RtoP. We then delineate some of the issues involved in assessing the issue of prioritization, beginning with what we call the “basic maximization model,” and introducing additional atrocity-specific and response-specific issues that also need to be considered. We also emphasize the importance of considering how the need to address mass atrocities should be weighed against other global responsibilities, such as those concerning global poverty, global health, and climate change. We thereby set an agenda for future discussions.

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25

Deng, Francis. "From 'Sovereignty as Responsibility' to the 'Responsibility to Protect'." Global Responsibility to Protect 2, no. 4 (2010): 353–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187598410x519534.

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AbstractThis essay examines the origins and evolution of the concepts of 'sovereignty as responsibility' and the 'responsibility to protect'. In particular, it considers the role and duty of states and how ideas of sovereignty have evolved since the modern nation-state was conceived by the European Treaty of Westphalia of 1648. It then examines the responsibility of states towards their own citizens and traces the development of the R2P norm in Africa as it has related to conflict prevention, management, and resolution since the end of the Cold War. The essay further considers the responsibilities of national democratic governments in Africa and beyond. Recent developments that have widened the scope and helped the acceptance and application of the concept of 'sovereignty as responsibility' are discussed, and the essay concludes with an examination of the accountability and enforcement challenges faced by R2P.

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26

Jacob, Cecilia. "State Responsibility and Prevention in the Responsibility to Protect." Global Responsibility to Protect 7, no. 1 (May 22, 2015): 56–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875984x-00701004.

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This article responds to the 2013 un Secretary General’s (unsg) annual report on the Responsibility to Protect (r2p), titled ‘State Responsibility and Prevention’. The orientation of r2p as a tool for addressing risk factors for atrocity crimes in domestic contexts indicates a conceptual deepening and widening of r2p to provide states with an atrocity prevention lens within their jurisdiction. This article examines state policies and practices of protecting civilians during communal violence in India, arguing that progress on the First Pillar of r2p necessitates a conceptual shift at both the international level and at the domestic level. The politics surrounding communal violence in India provides an important case study to question the salience of r2p norms for domestic practices of state responsibility and prevention that are currently being promoted in the unsg agenda on r2p, and considers the implications this report has for states committed to a narrow interpretation of r2p.

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27

Seaman, Kate. "Networking Responsibility." Global Governance 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 47–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02501003.

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Abstract The rapid rise of the Responsibility to Protect and its establishment within the global lexicon is nothing short of astounding. However, there are a number of questions that remain unanswered: Who has the Responsibility to Protect? Who are they protecting? What are the wider implications of this concept of responsibility? How is the concept being operationalized? Regional and subregional organizations are seen as key actors in the operationalization of the Responsibility to Protect, providing increased legitimacy and accountability. This article situates these organizations within a wider “network of responsibility” and examines the impact this engagement has on norm contestation, diffusion, development, and operationalization. The article highlights the potential that regional and subregional organizations have for acting as “linchpins” within a network of responsibility. It also demonstrates the challenges surrounding this role, and the wider implementation and operationalization of the concept.

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28

Melgaard, Peter, and Liselotte Odgaard. "Kina og ‘the Responsibility to Protect’." Udenrigs, no. 2 (October 1, 2015): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/udenrigs.v0i2.118361.

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29

von Arnauld, Andreas, Michael Haspel, Beate Wagner, Lena Kiesewetter, and Werner Ruf. "Responsibility to Protect: Kernprobleme und Konsequenzen?" Sicherheit & Frieden 32, no. 1 (2014): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0175-274x-2014-1-61.

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30

Deng, Francis. "JISB Interview: The Responsibility to Protect." Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 4, no. 1 (March 2010): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17502970903557115.

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31

ANG, Jennifer Mei Sze. "Kant and the Responsibility to Protect." International Journal of Applied Philosophy 29, no. 1 (2015): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ijap201561739.

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32

Glanville, Luke. "Christianity and the Responsibility to Protect." Studies in Christian Ethics 25, no. 3 (July 24, 2012): 312–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0953946812444683.

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33

Kraisoraphong, Keokam. "Thailand and the Responsibility to Protect." Pacific Review 25, no. 1 (March 2012): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2011.632960.

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34

Alexandra, Lina. "Indonesia and the Responsibility to Protect." Pacific Review 25, no. 1 (March 2012): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2011.632964.

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35

Martin, Stevie. "Sovereignty and the Responsibility to Protect." Griffith Law Review 20, no. 1 (January 2011): 153–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10383441.2011.10854694.

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36

Ganguly, Sumit. "India and the Responsibility to Protect." International Relations 30, no. 3 (July 28, 2016): 362–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047117816659593.

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37

Paris, Roland. "Responsibility to Protect: The Debate Continues." International Peacekeeping 22, no. 2 (March 15, 2015): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2015.1017079.

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38

Chen, Zheng. "China and the responsibility to protect." Journal of Contemporary China 25, no. 101 (April 13, 2016): 686–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2016.1160500.

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39

Hassler, Sabine. "Peacekeeping and the Responsibility to Protect." Journal of International Peacekeeping 14, no. 1-2 (March 25, 2010): 134–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187541110x12592205205739.

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This article examines the debate surrounding the responsibility to protect [R2P] with particular reference to the use of peacekeeping forces in that regard. Post-Cold War, human protection had expanded into a matter of international concern. Yet, where formerly humanitarian intervention was the mot du jour, a change in conceptual vocabulary led to the introduction of R2P and to a redefinition of sovereignty. Accordingly, the primary responsibility to protect its citizens rests with the sovereign state but, owing to international solidarity, the residual responsibility rests with the international community. Contextually, R2P is embedded in a continuum of responsibilities: prevent, react and rebuild. Proponents of the concept already see a norm in development. Still, divisions and confusion remain concerning the concept’s legal basis, its scope and its parameters. This is particularly relevant in view of peacekeeping forces, which have been increasingly deployed for humanitarian purposes. Because of ill-defined mandates and an overextension of resources, however, traditional peacekeeping is no longer suitable, lacking the resources, the personnel and the necessary expertise. To be able to fulfil the goals of R2P, peacekeeping will have to be redefined and the forces equipped with more robust mandates or fail.

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40

Bellamy, Alex J. "The Responsibility to Protect Turns Ten." Ethics & International Affairs 29, no. 2 (2015): 161–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679415000052.

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Ten years since its adoption by the UN General Assembly, the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) has become an established international norm associated with positive changes to the way that international society responds to genocide and mass atrocities. In its first decade, RtoP has moved from being a controversial and indeterminate concept seldom utilized by international society to a norm utilized almost habitually. This is an assessment that stands in contrast to the widespread view that RtoP is associated with “growing controversy,” but is one that rests on evidence of state practice.

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41

The Lancet. "Our responsibility to protect the Rohingya." Lancet 390, no. 10114 (December 2017): 2740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)33356-1.

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42

Babbitt, Eileen F. "Responsibility to Protect: Time to Reassess." Journal of Human Rights Practice 9, no. 3 (November 1, 2017): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/hux024.

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43

Glanville, Luke. "The International Community's Responsibility to Protect." Global Responsibility to Protect 2, no. 3 (2010): 287–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187598410x500408.

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AbstractThe concept of the responsibility to protect (R2P) holds that not only do sovereign states have a responsibility to protect their populations, but so too does the international community. The international community is said to be responsible for encouraging and assisting states to protect and also for taking collective action to enforce the protection of populations in instances where states fail to carry out their obligations. This idea that the international community itself bears not merely a right but a responsibility to protect, through military intervention if necessary, is perhaps the most novel aspect of the R2P concept, and it would seem to have extraordinary implications. Yet it remains largely under-examined. In this article, I consider how the notion that the international community bears a responsibility to protect might be fruitfully understood and conceptualised. After briefly outlining from where this idea has emerged, I consider two interrelated questions: What kind of responsibility is it – moral, legal, or political, or some combination of the three? And who in particular bears the responsibility – the international community broadly speaking, particular international institutions such as the Security Council, regional organisations, or individual states?

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44

Almeida, Paula Wojcikiewicz. "Brazilian View Of Responsibility To Protect." Global Responsibility to Protect 6, no. 1 (2014): 29–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875984x-00601003.

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Brazil’s foreign policy has traditionally been conducted based on the principle of non-intervention. With the objective of attaining a permanent seat on the Security Council, the country has been demonstrating an effective engagement in peace operations. The principle of non-intervention has given way to that of non-indifference, which represents the first major change in Brazilian diplomacy. A second change stems from Brazil’s proposal of ‘responsibility while protecting’. While this initiative demonstrates the country’s intention to participate actively in the UN, one might ask whether it makes any substantial contribution to the RtoP debate, since several fundamental questions remain unanswered. Is this an attempt to renegotiate and reformulate the concept of RtoP or is it a new a strategy to implement measures based on the RtoP? This article aims to analyse the evolution of the Brazilian view on the RtoP in order to understand its true value.

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45

Gallagher, Adrian, and Jason Ralph. "The Responsibility to Protect at Ten." Global Responsibility to Protect 7, no. 3-4 (October 30, 2015): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875984x-00704002.

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This article introduces the special issue and identifies three key contributions. First, RtoP advocates are right to mark the progress that has been made, but that should not – and generally does not – lead norm diffusers to rest on their laurels or to fall into a complacency that sees moral progress as inevitable. Second, the burden of concrete protection practices – whether they be reflected in contributions to peacekeeping missions or the granting of asylum – is being unfairly distributed across international society. This hierarchy is potentially destabilising and it demands that the great powers – or those laying claim to that identity – recognise their ‘special responsibility to protect’. Third, the great powers do have an important responsibility to reconcile the demands of human protection and international peace and security. It is difficult to reconcile these if we look narrowly at the former in terms of intervention, especially military intervention. Reiterating RtoP to remind states that other prudent options are available – such as receiving refugees – is an important step, especially in the current context.

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46

Steinberg, Donald. "Responsibility to Protect: Coming of Age?" Global Responsibility to Protect 1, no. 4 (October 1, 2009): 432–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187598509x12505800144792.

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47

THAKUR, RAMESH. "The Responsibility to Protect at 15." International Affairs 92, no. 2 (March 2016): 415–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12557.

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48

Weinert, Matthew S. "Democratic Sovereignty andthe Responsibility to Protect." Politics and Ethics Review 2, no. 2 (October 2006): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/per.2006.2.2.139.

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49

Peters, Anne. "The security Council's Responsibility to Protect." International Organizations Law Review 8, no. 1 (2011): 15–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157237411x584075.

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AbstractThe objective of this paper is to spell out the legal consequences of the concept "responsibility to protect" (R2P), postulated as a binding legal principle of international law, for the Security Council and its members. The paper is a thought experiment, because the binding legal force of R2P is not settled. My argument is that, once R2P is accepted as a full-fledged legal principle, the Security Council (and its members) would be under a legal obligation to authorize or to take sufficiently robust action in R2P situations. The paper then discusses the problems engendered by the acceptance of such a material obligation and suggests a procedural obligation to justify inaction instead.

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50

Glanville, L. "The Responsibility to Protect Beyond Borders." Human Rights Law Review 12, no. 1 (January 24, 2012): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngr047.

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